| 1 | 22 | Section I | Section I | NEW FACT | N/A - incorrect word | Under the section If you think you failed, in the second paragraph, it's written "You make take Step 1..." It should be "You may take Step 1..." | Spelling/formatting | |
| 2 | 33 | Biochemistry | Molecular | Nucleotides | https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/nucleic-acids/acquire | In the figure, Nitrogenous base is attached to carbon #5 instead of carbon #1 of the dexoyribose sugar; and the phosphate is attached to the carbon #1 instead of the carbon #5. | Minor erratum | |
| 3 | 50 | Biochemistry | Laboratory Techniques | Homocystinuria | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ectopia-lentis-dislocated-lens-in-children?search=homocysteinuria%20marfan&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=3 | Mnemonic for remembering the difference between lens dislocation in Marfan vs. Homocysteinuria: The MOUse HID his eyes (Marfan = lens Out & Up; Homocysteinuria = In & Down) | Mnemonic | |
| 4 | 50 | Biochemistry | Genetics | Polymerase chain reaction | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21400259/#:~:text=PCR%20is%20based%20on%20three,DNA%20strands%20from%20the%20primers. | For the polymerase chain reaction procedure, there is Denaturation, Annealing and Elongation, which occur at 95 dC, 55 dC, and 72 dC temperatures respectively. My proposed mnemonic to help all medical students remember this is: "9 to 5, 7 DAE's (days) a week." The 9, 5 and 7 are all first digits of the required respective PCR steps' temperatures, in order. DAE can be remembered as 'Day', meanwhile, it also spells out Denaturation, Annealing and Elongation. I would be honored, if possible, to have this added as a mnemonic to your next years edition or the following year's First Aid Textbook edition. Thank you for reading my entry. | Mnemonic | |
| 5 | 55 | Biochemistry | Genetics | Population genetics | NBME 27 | In genetic drift, the shift is caused by chance not change. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 6 | 65 | Biochemistry | Nutrition | Vitamin B5 | https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Vitamins | The D.E.A. like to Be at work from 7 to 5. Vitamin B5 and Vitamin B7 deficiencies both present with Dermatitis, Enteritis, and Alopecia. | Mnemonic | |
| 7 | 75 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Pyruvate metabolism | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7821707/ | anaerobic glycolysis takes place mostly in sertoli cells for developing spermatogenic cells. So saying testes as a whole where anaerobic glycolysis is the preferred pathway is confusing and wrong. | Clarification to current text | |
| 8 | 78 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Disorders of galactose metabolism | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/galactosemia-management-and-complications | Under the "classic galactosemia" section, there is a typo for the word galactitol. It is currently spelled galacitol (missing the first "t"), which is an incorrect spelling of the word. This type is in the row on pathophysiology within the parenthetical showcasing an example of the toxic substance in classic galactosemia. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 9 | 79 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Amino acids | not needed | A mneomonic for glucogenic/ketogenic amino acids is: Finn is at the trip, Finn:phenyalanine Is:isoleucine The:Threonine Trip:Tryptophan | Mnemonic | |
| 10 | 81 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Catecholamine synthesis/tyrosine catabolism | Mnemonic created by me | Pure True Love Does Not Exist is the mnemonic here pure of P is for phenyalanine , T for tyrosine, L for l dopa , N for norepinephrine and E for epinephrine | Mnemonic | |
| 11 | 84 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Glycogen | First Aid USMLE Step 1 2023 page 72 | In the figure, Nr1 should be placed on the rights, since glucose 6 phosphates catalyzed the reaction glucose 6P to glucose and not the other way around. The green rectangle does not represent glycolysis, since the reactions enclosed in it lead to gluconeogenesis (ie glucose is produced from glucose 6P) | Minor erratum | |
| 12 | 84 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Glycogen | typo, not needed | Wrong numbers in the text under "Hepatocytes" subtitle. Nr 4 (glycogen phosphorylase) should be changed to Nr5, Nr5 (4aD glucanotransferase) should be changed to Nr6 and Nr6 (a1,6 glucosidase) should be changed to Nr7. In the sentence under the figure, Nr7 (a1,4 glucosidase) should be changed to Nr8. This way the numbers in the text will correspond to the numbers in the figure. | Minor erratum | |
| 13 | 84 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Glycogen storage diseases | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/941632-overview | In the diagram captions, Andersen was spelled as Anderson | Spelling/formatting | |
| 14 | 87 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Glycogen storage diseases | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459277/ | Victor's Giant Pen Can Annoy My Husband | Mnemonic | |
| 15 | 88 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Lysosomal storage diseases | Not needed = mnemonic | Sphingomyelin rhymes with Niemann => can be used to remember the substrate buildup. Tay-Sachs is GM Two (two words and GM2 ganglioside buildup) | Mnemonic | |
| 16 | 90 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Lipid transport | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/lipoprotein-classification-metabolism-and-role-in-atherosclerosis; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305896/ | It appears that IDL has CII as a membrane protein in the image; however, the literature states that IDL has only E and B-100. | Minor erratum | |
| 17 | 142 | Biochemistry | Cellular | RNA polymerases | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.596914/full | RNA pol III makes the small sized RNAs (tRNAs and 5S rRNA). The bigger the number, the smaller the RNA. | Mnemonic | |
| 18 | 109 | Immunology | Immune Responses | Vaccination | Mnemonic created by me | Lively Mother Very Just Bought Roti : here l for signify live vaccine , M for MMR , V for varicella , J for influenJa , B for BCG, roti for rota | Mnemonic | |
| 19 | 49 | Microbiology | Mycology | Opportunistic fungal infections | https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/cid/ciac882/6821728?redirectedFrom=fulltext | I am emailing you because I'd like to suggest a new addition to the upcoming version of the (2023) FirstAid For the USMLE 1. This is regarding the geographical distribution of dimorphic fungi in North America (i.e., US) (Microbiology, Section II, Pg. 49). Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis, and Coccidiomycosis were initially thought to be endemic to the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys; Eastern and Central US/Great Lakes; and Southern US/CA, respectively. In a recent report by Science News (https://www.sciencenews.org/article/fungi-cause-serious-lung-infections-found), with original publication by Mazi et al, Clinical Infectious Diseases https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac882); however, a new endemic distribution of dimorphic fungi for the modern era is published and suggested - expanding their original geographic distribution to other areas of the continental USA. | Clarification to current text | |
| 20 | 134 | Microbiology | Cellular | Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci) | Not needed, this is my mneumonic | I would like to suggest a mneumonic for the pyogenic illnesses: SPICEy Pie for S pyogenes' Pharyngitis Impetigo Cellulitis and Erysipela. | Mnemonic | |
| 21 | 134 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci) | Mnemonic created by me | Pure honey caused gas , here pure for pyogenes , honey for honey crusted lesion and Gas for group A sterptococci | Mnemonic | |
| 22 | 135 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci) | Mnemonic created by me | Swab pregnant mother vagina & hip in camp : hip is here for hippurate and camp in camp factor , rest as it is | Mnemonic | |
| 23 | 146 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Diagnosing syphilis | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2020.574806/full | The text says "direct treponemal test results will remain positive." So, first, treponemal tests are not direct, as they detect antibodies (direct tests would only by direct visualization, i.e. darkfeild, or detection of DNA, i.e. PCR/NAAT). Second, direct tests do not remain positive after treatment (PCR, darkfield microscopy) because the causal agent is absent (successfully treated). This is why PCR is used to detect mainly primary syphillis (though it maybe can be used for 2ary and latent, non treated syphilis). Thus, I reccommend to just say that non treponemals are used in followup and are expected to be negative and treponemals (take out the word DIRECT) are likely to be remain positive. | Clarification to current text | |
| 24 | 152 | Microbiology | Parasitology | Protozoa—gastrointestinal infections | All previous versions of First Aid; https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02873.x | Cryptosporidium treatment is nitazoxanide in immunocompetent host | Minor erratum | |
| 25 | 160 | Microbiology | Virology | Viral envelopes | It’s just a suggestion | For the naked RNA viruses (Calici,Hepe,Reo,Picorna) I suggest to use the nemonic CHiRP | Mnemonic | |
| 26 | 162 | Microbiology | Virology | Herpesviruses | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219019-overview#:~:text=Human%20herpesvirus%206%20(HHV%2D6)%20is%20a%20herpesvirus%20that,in%20immunocompetent%20hosts%20is%20supportive./https://www.uptodate.com/contents/roseola-infantum-exanthem-subitum#H19 | Human herps virus6&7 also called sixth disease | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 27 | 164 | Microbiology | Virology | Paramyxoviruses | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?lvl=0&id=11250 | In First Aid 2022 and 2023 editions, RSV is classified as a Paramyxovirus. However, RSV (also known as Human orthopneumovirus) is in the family Pneumoviridae in the genus Orthopneumovirus. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has recognized RSV (Human orthopneumovirus) as a member of the Pneumoviridae family since 2015, when Pneumovirinae (previously a subfamily within the Paramyxoviridae family) was elevated to its own viral family Pneumoviridae, also within the order Mononegavirales. The other commonly known human pathogen from the family Pneumoviridae is Human metapneumovirus in the genus Metapneumovirus. Please see attached the 2015 ICTV documentation of this change, a link to the NCBI taxonomy browser page for RSV (noting its placement within Pneumoviridae), and the ICTV's most recent Master Species List (Version 3: published November 1, 2022; downloaded Feb 2, 2023). | Minor erratum | |
| 28 | 176 | Microbiology | Systems | Common causes of pneumonia | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18855228/ | A mnemonic I came up with for bugs that cause COPD exacerbation: "COPD patients Have MORe Prurulent SPutum" (H. influenza, MORexella catarrhalis, Pseudomonas, S. Pneumonia) | Mnemonic | |
| 29 | 189 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | Tetracyclines | https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/doxycycline-oral-route/precautions/drg-20068229 , https://sso.uptodate.com/contents/image/print?imageKey=OBGYN%2F55702&source=graphics_gallery&topicKey=4793, https://reference.medscape.com/drug/vibramycin-doryx-doxycycline-342548#5 | 189 | Clarification to current text | |
| 30 | 197 | Microbiology | Pharmacology | Protozoa—hematologic infections | https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-13-463#:~:text=Artemisinin%20combination%20therapy%20(ACT)%20is,Plasmodium%20ovale%20and%20Plasmodium%20malariae). | The treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium Malaria is artemether-lumefantrine or atovaquone-proguanil and artesunate for severe malaria. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 31 | 222 | Microbiology | Mycology | Accepting gifts from patients | UPTODATE.COM | THIS IS JUST A TEST - JEFF | Minor erratum | |
| 32 | 209 | Pathology | Inflammation | NEW FACT | https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjR9JHLvaL9AhWuQvEDHfC2AaEQFnoECD8QAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Finflammation&usg=AOvVaw19BNIG4FjQMPbJQ5iGTrju | Regarding cardinal signs of inflammation, about tumor mediators, Bradykinin also can increase vascular permeability and therefore it must be written with tumor mediators, but you did not write it. Please check that and thank you very much for reading | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 33 | 211 | Pathology | Inflammation | Leukocyte extravasation | N/A | Capitalize "p" in "Weibel-Palade bodies" | Spelling/formatting | |
| 34 | 238 | Pharmacology | Autonomic Drugs | Tissue distribution of adrenergic receptors | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12464941/#:~:text=Specific%20beta(2)%2Dagonist,apparent%20decrease%20in%20insulin%20sensitivity. | Beta-2 receptor activation is known to cause an increase in insulin secretion. As written in the text, Beta-2 activation has an effect of "inhibition of insulin secretion," which is incorrect. | Major erratum | |
| 35 | 243 | Pharmacology | Autonomic Drugs | Sympathomimetics | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/use-of-vasopressors-and-inotropes?search=dobutamine%20mechanism%20isoproterenol&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H4 | Mnemonic to remember actions of dobutamine vs isoproterenol: Dobutamine does “Double” duty (acts on β & α receptors, as opposed to “Iso”proterenol, which is “Iso”lated to β receptors) | Mnemonic | |
| 36 | 247 | Pharmacology | Autonomic Drugs | Phosphodiesterase inhibitors | - | PDE-4 inhibitor -- Roflumilast -- RuOF when you read opposite FOUR: 4 - lumilast. Mnemonic | Mnemonic | |
| 37 | 247 | Pharmacology | Toxicities and Side Effects | Specific toxicity treatments | Not needed | (C)yanide with hydroxo(C)obalamin | Mnemonic | |
| 38 | 250 | Pharmacology | Toxicities and Side Effects | Drug reactions—gastrointestinal | https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000259.htm | Drug-induced Pseudomembreanous colitis mnemonic: This Agent Can Cause Pseudomembranous Qulitis | Mnemonic | |
| 39 | 250 | Pharmacology | Toxicities and Side Effects | NEW FACT | UWorld Notes | Mnemonics for Drug-Induced Hepatopathy 1. Cholestasis - NEC of gall bladder (Nitrofurantoin, Ery thromycin, Chlorpromazine) 2. Fatty Liver - VAT of fat (Valproate, Anti-Retrovirals, Tetracycline) 3. Hepatitis - HAPI hepatitis (Halothane, Alpha methyldopa, Phenytoin, Isoniazid) | Mnemonic | |
| 40 | 536 | Pharmacology | Neuropathology | Headaches | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-treatment-of-migraine-in-adults?search=gepant&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~8&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Two relatively newer classes that are being used in clinical practice in the treatment of headaches (migraine) are Gepant (under names of ubrogepant, rimegepant) and Ditans (under names of lasmiditan) as CGRP antagonists. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 41 | 257 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Clinical therapeutic trial | none | In the cartoon under phase 4 "long-term" is spelled incorrectly. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 42 | 258 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Quantifying risk | First aid 2023 page 258 | Add the formula RRR=1-RR! | Clarification to current text | |
| 43 | 258 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Quantifying risk | https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/toolkit/learn-ebm/how-to-calculate-risk/ | The formula for Relative risk reduciton is given as "RRR = (ARC – ART) /ARC", it is really confusing while reading because the initial text states "attributable to the intervention (ARI)" and in the formula there is ART, so I think it would be better to formulate as RRR = (ARC – ARI)/ ARC | Minor erratum | |
| 44 | 259 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Likelihood ratio | https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/dx-2017-0011/html?lang=en#:~:text=According%20to%20Bayes'%20rule%20(or,multiplied%20by%20the%20likelihood%20ratio. | In FA, pretest probability * LR = posttest odds. But "pretest odds * LR = posttest odds" is correct. | Major erratum | |
| 45 | 266 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Confidence interval | not needed | The word confidence seems to be missing the second letter "c" in the word in the title; I'll confirm with others with the new book and write another entry if I find anything. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 46 | 267 | Public Health Sciences | Ethics | Pearson correlation coefficient | not needed | The word coefficient seems to be missing the second letter "e" and "n" in the word in the title; I'll confirm with others with the new book and write another entry if I find anything. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 47 | 294 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle | Figure 10-4 https://www.zuniv.net/physiology/book/chapter10.html | The contractility curve should have a change of BOTH pressure and volume. | Minor erratum | |
| 48 | 296 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Heart murmurs | UWorld QI: 14966 | The order of manifestations of symptoms for aortic stenosis can be remembered as DASH. D for dyspnea, A for angina, S for syncope/precyncope, and H for overt heart failure. | Mnemonic | |
| 49 | 298 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Heart murmurs | eMedicine | in mitral stenosis topic ( page -298) where it is written that decrease in interval between S1 and OS correlates with increase in severity..but actually severity of MS should be correlated inversely with S2 and OS gap | Minor erratum | |
| 50 | 298 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Heart murmurs | https://www.uptodate.com/%7B%7D | In the diastolic murmurs section, in mitral stenosis it should be decreased interval between S2 and OS AND NOT S1 | Major erratum | |
| 51 | 298 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Heart murmurs | https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Mitral_valve_stenosis/ | Mitral Stenosis: decreased interval between S2* and OS correlates with increased severity | Minor erratum | |
| 52 | 298 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Heart murmurs | Harrison textbook 21st edition | The time interval between S1 and OS varies inversely with the severity of the MS correction to The time interval between A2 and OS varies inversely with the severity of the MS | Minor erratum | |
| 53 | 298 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Heart murmurs | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/auscultation-of-heart-sounds | Under Mitral Stenosis : Follows opening snap (OS) Delayed rumbling mid-to-late murmur (interval between S2* (not S1 as per current text) and OS correlates with severity) | Major erratum | |
| 54 | 298 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Heart murmurs | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155724-clinical#b2 | under subheading - Diastolic - Mitral stenosis - Auscultation - its mentioned that "Delayed rumbling mid-to-late murmur (decrease interval between S1 and OS correlates with increase in severity)", instead it should be "decrease interval between S2 and OS correlates with increase in severity" (S1 is misprinted, it should be S2). Refrence and screenshot attched from emedicine (Medscape) | Minor erratum | |
| 55 | 308 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Ischemic heart disease manifestations | First Aid | ECG changes for stable angina in the table shows "None", while the main text from Angina above shows Stable angina demonstrating "possibly with ST depression on ECG" | Minor erratum | |
| 56 | 308 | Cardiovascular | Pharmacology | NEW FACT | Not needed | Classes of anti-arrhythmic drugs : Sometimes Being Proud Causes Additional Damage = Sodium channel inhibitors [class I], Beta blockers [class II], Potassium channel inhibitors [class III], Calcium channel inhibitors [class IV], Adenosine [addtl.], Digoxin[addtl.] | Mnemonic | |
| 57 | 322 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Acute pericarditis | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21666814/ | purulent pericarditis | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 58 | 323 | Cardiovascular | Pharmacology | Calcium channel blockers | Not needed | Nimodipine for subarachnoid hemorrhage, Nemo is a fish swimming in hemorrhage | Mnemonic | |
| 59 | 324 | Cardiovascular | Pharmacology | Cardiovascular agents and molecular targets | Pubmed | Ezetimibe: - Prevents cholesterol absorption by inhibiting Niemann Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1) protein present at the brush border of the small intestine | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 60 | 325 | Cardiovascular | Pharmacology | Cardiovascular agents and molecular targets | Pubmed | PCSK-9 inhibitors: - inhibits degradation of the LDL-Receptor and therefore increases the number of LDL-Receptors on the cell surface of hepatocytes | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 61 | 344 | Endocrine | Pathology | Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion | no link as i used the info in FA to make the mnemonic | Treatments = SIADH = S (salt tablets), I (inhibit fluid intake), A (ADH antagonists), D (diuretics), H (IV hypertonic saline) | Mnemonic | |
| 62 | 346 | Endocrine | Pathology | Primary polydipsia and diabetes insipidus | https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetes-insipidus/treatment/ | Add NSAIDs under Drugs causing Nephrogenic DI | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 63 | 347 | Endocrine | Pathology | Thyroid cancer | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/follicular-thyroid-cancer-including-hurthle-cell-cancer | In the Follicular carcinoma entry, change (thyroid capsule) to (tumor capsule). | Minor erratum | |
| 64 | 348 | Endocrine | Pathology | Hyperthyroidism | no link as I used FA to make mnemonic | Clinical presentation of thyroid storm: ABCDEF = A (agitation), B (bowels running), C (coma), D (delirium), E (extra rhythms), F (fever) | Mnemonic | |
| 65 | 350 | Endocrine | Pathology | Diabetes mellitus | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/glycogenolysis | In the digram of DM, glycogenolysis should lead to hyperglycemia instead of hypoglycemia | Major erratum | |
| 66 | 350 | Endocrine | Pathology | Diabetes mellitus | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diabetic-ketoacidosis-and-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-state-in-adults-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis?sectionName=Hyperglycemia&search=diabetes%20and%20dka&topicRef=1792&anchor=H7&source=see_link#H7 | In the figure showing the effects of decreased available insulin, increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, and decreased tissue uptake of glucose all lead to hyperglycemia not hypoglycemia. | Minor erratum | |
| 67 | 350 | Endocrine | Pathology | Diabetes mellitus | Previous FA 2022 pg352 | In the flow diagram, under the Diabetes Mellitus, it starts of with decreased available insulin. The arrows from increase gluconeogensis, increase glycogenolysis, and decrease tissue glucose uptake towards hypoglycemia, glycosuria has an error. The word should be "hyperglycemia", glycosuria." | Clarification to current text | |
| 68 | 364 | Gastrointestinal | Embryology | Normal gastrointestinal embryology | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560888/ | In 8th line it is mentioned that the midgut first rotate 180 degrees before 10th week then another 90 degrees happen, which is incorrect. the digestive tract elongates and undergoes counterclockwise 90 degrees rotation, followed by retraction of the bowel into the abdominal cavity where another 180-degrees counterclockwise rotation occurs. | Minor erratum | |
| 69 | 380 | Gastrointestinal | Physiology | NEW FACT | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ghrelin | Ghrelin is secrete by P/D1 cell on stomach and Epsilon cell on pancreas. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 70 | 412 | Hematology and Oncology | Physiology | Anemias | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/regulation-of-iron-balance?search=hepcidin&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~52&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | The MOA of Hepcidin and its roles | Major erratum | |
| 71 | 427 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | NEW FACT | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545151/ | Image labeled 'C' is of (thalassemia) target cells, however the letter 'C' is not noted within the text. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 72 | 428 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Vitamin B12 | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiency?search=vitamin%20b12%20deficiency&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1060064805 | A way to determine Folate Deficiency vs. Vitamin B12 Deficiency is the presence of Neurological symptoms. A way to remember this is the words Vitamin or Cobalamin has an "n" in it which can help you remember there are Neurological manifestations compared to Folate, which has no "n" and no neurological symptoms | Mnemonic | |
| 73 | 441 | Hematology and Oncology | Pharmacology | Warfarin | UpToDate | Warfarin inhibits vitamin k epoxide reductase (VKOR) enzyme and thereby prevents vitamin K from being converted from its inactive epoxide to its active quinone form. As active form of vitamin K is needed for the γ-carboxylation of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X and proteins C and S. Therefore, warfarin interferes with synthesis of vitamin k dependent clotting factors. | Clarification to current text | |
| 74 | 443 | Hematology and Oncology | Pharmacology | Cancer therapy––cell cycle | First-Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022 - Pages 447, 448, 449 | In cell-cycle independent drugs, Anthracyclines and Dactinomycin are given under alkylating agents, however, these are anti-tumour antibiotics that work by intercalating DNA and NOT by alkylating and cross-linking DNA. Both of these should be mentioned under Cell cyle independent drugs only, however, not under alkylating agents, but rather separately. | Minor erratum | |
| 75 | 444 | Hematology and Oncology | Pharmacology | Antitumor antibiotics | Not needed | (D)oxorubicin and (D)aunorubicin adverse effect is (D)ilated cardiomyopathy letter D in different color to help remember it’s dilated | Mnemonic | |
| 76 | 2021 edition eg 447 | Hematology and Oncology | Pharmacology | Antiplatelets | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544363/ | In FA 2021 ed; antiplatelet Cilostazol, dipyridamole - block PDE -> dec cAMP in platelets; this is incorrect, it increases cAMP by inhibiting PDE3 which decreases the degradation of cAMP hence it increases cAMP in platelets and vascular smooth muscle not decrease, which causes increase pKa, vasodilation, smooth muscle relaxation, inhibition of MLCK and decrease platelet aggregation. This is also explained on NBME 27 question 172 | Clarification to current text | |
| 77 | 454 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Anatomy and Physiology | Hand muscles | - | I suggest adding a table with thumb movements and their nerve supply 1) opposition + flexion + abduction of the thumb by median nerve 2) extension of the thumb by radial nerve 3) abduction of the thumb by ulnar nerve | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 78 | 454 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Anatomy and Physiology | Hand muscles | Not needed | I suggest adding a table with thumb movements and their nerve supply 1) opposition + flexion + abduction of the thumb by median nerve 2) extension of the thumb by radial nerve 3) adduction of the thumb by ulnar nerve | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 79 | 465 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Anatomy and Physiology | Types of skeletal muscle fibers | uworld | Please mention in the table that lipid content is higher in type 1 fibers and glycogen content is higher in type 2 (which make sense) . Also mention that type 1 fibers are mainly for posture helping but type 2 for other peripheral muscles like triceps | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 80 | 466 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | NEW FACT | not needed | In osgood-schlatter disease, i think the use of (proximal tibial tubercle) at the second line indicates the presence of another distal tibial tubercle which is not true. This can be clarified by replacing the (proximal tibial tubercle) with (tubercle at the proximal tibia) | Clarification to current text | |
| 81 | 469 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Common knee conditions | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/89442-clinical.https://www.instagram.com/direct/t/340282366841710300949128439332408523414 | MAMM: mnemonic stand for:ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus.“Unhappy triad” | Mnemonic | |
| 82 | 474 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Septic arthritis | uworld | Osteomyelitis and its common affected location is not included in the first aid !, despite that its a high yeild fact in uworld and life.Hematogenous osteomyelitis occurs most commonly in children. It usually affects the metaphysis of long bones due to the presence of slow-flowing sinusoids that are conducive to bacterial seeding. Fever and refusal to bear weight are common manifestations in young children who are unable to localize the pain. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 83 | 478 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Vasculitides | UpToDate | Diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki disease is Fever for at least 5 days with any 4 out of the 5 "CRASH" features. | Clarification to current text | |
| 84 | 479 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Vasculitides | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/984105-overview | Immunoglobulin A vascultis can cause both arthralgia and arthitis , not just arthritis | Clarification to current text | |
| 85 | 481 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Dermatology | Skin layers | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470464/ | Mention that stratum lucid is only present on glabrous (e.g., palmoplantar) skin | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 86 | 483 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Vasculitides | N/A | I remember Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is associated with c-ANCA because it has nasopharyngeal involvement -> Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is noCey "nosey" | Mnemonic | |
| 87 | 489 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Dermatology | Autoimmune blistering skin disorders | Not needed | Bu(ll)ous pemphigoid with Linear pattern at epidermal-dermal junction think double l for two layers completely separated | Mnemonic | |
| 88 | 489 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Dermatology | Autoimmune blistering skin disorders | N/A | Under the description for the pathophysiology of pemphigus vulgaris, "desmoglein" is spelled as "desmogelin." | Spelling/formatting | |
| 89 | 492 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Dermatology | Vascular tumors of skin | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vascular-lesions-in-the-newborn?search=vascular%20tumors&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H2615244240 | Cystic hygromas are no longer called that. They are now referred to as "lymphatic malformations (LM)" or "isolated lymphatic malformations (ILM)". They are further subdivided into macrocystic and microcystic forms, the former of which is a cystic hygroma. | Minor erratum | |
| 90 | 492 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Dermatology | Vascular tumors of skin | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vascular-lesions-in-the-newborn?search=vascular%20tumors&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H2615244240 | Hemangiomas can and usually are treated in early infancy. They have the potential to ulcerate, bleed, and become infected. Patients are treated with oral propranolol. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 91 | 492 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Dermatology | Vascular tumors of skin | https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pik3ca-related-overgrowth-spectrum/ | Many vascular tumors and dermatologic findings are part of a new diagnosis called PIK3CA related overgrowth spectrum (PROS). They all have an activating variant in the PIK3CA gene that leads to overexpression within the mTOR/AKT pathway. They exhibit a mosaic pattern. All of the following were originally their own diagnoses, but they all share the same mutation: KTS (Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome) CLOVES syndrome (Congenital Lipomatous Overgrowth, Vascular malformations, Epidermal nevi, Scoliosis/skeletal and spinal) ILM (Isolated Lymphatic Malformation) MCAP or M-CM (Megalencephaly-Capillary Malformation) HME (HemiMegalEncephaly)/DMEG (Dysplastic MEGalencephaly)/Focal cortical dysplasia type II HHML (HemiHyperplasia-Multiple Lipomatosis) FIL (Facial Infiltrating Lipomatosis) FAVA (FibroAdipose Vascular Anomaly) Macrodactyly Muscular HH (HemiHyperplasia) FAO (FibroAdipose hyperplasia or Overgrowth) CLAPO syndrome (Capillary malformation of the lower lip, Lymphatic malformation of the face and neck, Asymmetry of the face and limbs, and Partial or generalized Overgrowth) Epidermal nevus, benign lichenoid keratosis, or seborrheic keratosis. There is a targeted drug therapy called alpelisib. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 92 | 492 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Dermatology | Vascular tumors of skin | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vascular-lesions-in-the-newborn?search=vascular%20tumors&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H2615244240 | Strawberry hemangioma is no longer the term used. They are either infantile hemangiomas or congenital hemangiomas. IHs are the type that appear shortly after birth, regress in 5-7 years, and can grow rapidly. Congenital hemangiomas are fully formed at birth and do not grow and can be the rapidly involuting form or non-involuting form. | Minor erratum | |
| 93 | 496 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pharmacology | Gout drugs | N/A | PRObenecid inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in PROximal convoluted tubule | Mnemonic | |
| 94 | 498 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Dermatology | Skin cancer | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/uncommon-brain-tumors?sectionName=PRIMARY%20MELANOCYTIC%20LESIONS&search=neurocutaneous%20melanosis&topicRef=4847&anchor=H37&source=see_link#H37 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-melanocytic-nevi?search=neurocutaneous%20melanosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~3&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Add a portion on Meningeal melanocytoma/melanocytosis/neurocutaneous melanosis. These are proliferations of melanocytes within the CNS that present at different decades of life and the latter two are associated with giant congenital melanocytic nevi. Symptoms will depend on location but are most commonly seizures. A good tip is that these are usually GNAQ positive and not BRAF positive. Test questions will try to trick you that it is a malignant melanoma to the CNS when it is actually primary. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 95 | 36 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Neurotransmitter changes with disease | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18494537/ | To remember which Neurotransmitters are decreased in depression: "No DANES have Depression" (No Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin). I also remember that Denmark has previously been labeled the "happiest country on Earth", which helps me link it to depression. | Mnemonic | |
| 96 | 504 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Oligodendrocytes | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4436696/ | the book states "that oligodendrocytes have a fried egg appearance histologically when it is actually oligodendroliomas that have a fried egg appearance | Clarification to current text | |
| 97 | 506 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Neurotransmitter changes with disease | - | (Nor)th to the (cer)cus (nor)epinephrine in locus (cer)uleus | Mnemonic | |
| 98 | 506 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Neurotransmitter changes with disease | - | Serotonin made from trypto(Phan) in ra(ph)e nuclei | Mnemonic | |
| 99 | 507 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Meninges | n/z | The labels of the meninges are non-displayed text. They appear to be boxes with 'x'es through them instead of labels. | Major erratum | |
| 100 | 507 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Meninges | no supporting reference needed | the picture only has symbols, the letters were not printed | Spelling/formatting | |
| 101 | 521 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Cranial nerves | N/a | Mnemonic for 12 cranial nerves: Oh (Olfactory) Oh (Optic) Oh (Oculomotor) The (Trochlear) Turkey (Trigeminal) Ate (Abducens) Five (Facial) Very (Vestibulocochlear) Green (Glossopharyngeal) Vegetables (Vagus) At (Accessory) Halloween (Hypoglossal) | Mnemonic | |
| 102 | 524 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Spinal tract anatomy and functions | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542201/ | The anterior corticospinal tract crosses over at the spinal cord level while the lateral corticospinal tract crosses over at the medulla. This can aid students in understanding Brown-Séquard syndrome better. | Mnemonic | |
| 103 | 535 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pathology | NEW FACT | UpToDate: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ilae-classification-of-seizures-and-epilepsy?search=seizure%20terminology&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1882822503 ; Epilepsy Foundation: https://www.epilepsy.com/what-is-epilepsy/seizure-types/focal-onset-aware-seizures#What-is-a-focal-onset-aware-seizure? | The Seizures section is highly outdated. In 2017 there are new seizure terminology that is now in use in NBME and USMLE exams regarding seizure semiology / terminology. Simple partial is now focal onset aware and Complex partial is focal onset impaired. Furthermore Focal should not be parenthesis since this is the new terminology according to the ILAE Classification. You also need to update the chart on the seizures section as it shows the old terminology there. My recommendation is to also show EEG waves and basic EEG rhythms such as alpha rhythm of 8-12 Hz and the typical montage one frame EEG epoch so medical students understand how to look at an EEG. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 104 | 559 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Relative afferent pupillary defect | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3588138/ | First Aid mentions that "When light is swung from a normal eye to an affected eye, both pupils dilate instead of constricting." In RAPD, when light is swung from a normal eye to an unaffected eye, there is less pupillary constriction. Dilatation of the pupil is not associated with the parasympathetic pathway which is tested in the swinging flashlight exam. Therefore, the pupils do not dilate but they constrict less in RAPD. | Major erratum | |
| 105 | 559 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Visual field defects | https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Disorders_of_the_visual_pathway | In visual field defects in first aid 2023 the 6 number of illustrated diagram show dorsal optic radiation but it says left temporal lesion when instead it should be right parietal lesion. | Major erratum | |
| 106 | 560 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Ocular motility | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537152/#_article-29709_s2_ and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545253/#_article-36670_s2_ | I think the sketch portrays what seems to be the clinical testing of each muscle using the Hirschberg test (also referred to as h test). Nonetheless I would strongly suggest to clarify by an added caption. However, if the goal is to portray the function of each extraocular muscle when unopposed by other muscles (or anatomical action) then the sketch is incorrect. May I also suggest to add another sketch (adding up to two in total for the concept of ocular motility) to portray both the anatomical action and the clinical testing of each muscle. Attached you will find the suggested changes to portray the anatomical actions. Also an explanation of the clinical testing (inferior oblique tested when the eye is depressed and adducted and mutatis mutandis for superior oblique) would be welcome if added | Clarification to current text | |
| 107 | 560 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Ocular motility | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526067/#:~:text=The%20superior%20rectus%20has%20a,degrees%20with%20the%20visual%20axis. | In first aid 2022 , direction of action of superior oblique and inferior oblique shown wrong , also superior and inf rectus direction shown wrong ,: superior oblique move eye download and laterally while inf oblique upward and laterally, sup rectus moves eye upward and medially while inf rectus moves inf and medially but in book it is shown wrong | Minor erratum | |
| 108 | 562 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | NEW FACT | eMedicine | The lesions which are mentioned on optic nerve tract diagram in numbers, do not correspond to the text written in bullet points on left side. In diagram the lesions are specified on ‘left side’ but in text they are on right side. Also some points are haphazard and do not match numbers. | Clarification to current text | |
| 109 | 569 | Neurology and Special Senses | Systems | Neurodegenerative disease therapy | - | I desgined a mnemonic for Huntington disease and Tetrabenazine drug that is used for the disease and the only drug mentioned in First Aid for Huntington disease. He goes to hunt but he fell into a trap (trab) | Mnemonic | |
| 110 | 570 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pharmacology | Glaucoma therapy | Not needed | I suggest changing the mnemonic from “βαD humor may not be politically correct.” To “ αβCD prostaglandin” | Mnemonic | |
| 111 | 572 | Neurology and Special Senses | Systems | Opioid analgesics | - | "Opioid May Beat Down Every Kolon(Colon) and Diaphgram "The mnemonic aids the student in recalling the different opioid receptor subtypes and the many families to which they belong. Furthermore, it aids in recalling two significant adverse effects like respiratory depression and constipation. Thus, I believe it will be effective and kill two birds with one stone ! I've included an image that illustrates the mnemonic's components and usage. I sincerely hope you find it as helpful as I do and If you require any more clarification, kindly let me know. | Mnemonic | |
| 112 | 595 | Psychiatry | Pathology | Alcohol use disorder | made by myself | "Where I can find A Cup Of Alcohol ? " . where for wer in Wernicke encephalopathy and the first letters in "A Cup Of" is for the triad Ataxia ,Confusion, Ophthalmoplegia. Also, "alcohol" helps to remind that Wernicke encephalopathy is associated with alcohol use. | Mnemonic | |
| 113 | 605 | Renal | Physiology | Fluid compartments | http://www.pathwaymedicine.org/body-fluid-shifts | Section describing different fluid shift compartments with graphs. The changes in ECF, ICF, osmolarity, hct and plasma for isoosmotic, hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic volume contraction and expansion. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 114 | 612 | Renal | Physiology | NEW FACT | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson%E2%80%93Hasselbalch_equation | Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is pH = pK + lg(hco3/co2). The main point is "lg", not "log" as it stated in FA2023 | Major erratum | |
| 115 | 614 | Renal | Physiology | Antidiuretic hormone | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/desmopressin-ddavp-stimulation-test?search=kidney%20physiology%20vasopressin&source=search_result&selectedTitle=5~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=5 | ADH acts in both the cortical and medullary collecting duct to increase reabsorption of urea; the medullary collecting duct should be highlighted orange as well. I believe also that ANP acts primarily in the cortex (distal tubule) so in fact the colors for ANP and ADH in the figure should just be switched. | Major erratum | |
| 116 | 621 | Renal | Pathology | Pyelonephritis | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/urinary-tract-infections-and-asymptomatic-bacteriuria-in-pregnancy | 6th line in acute pyelonephritis which states that pregnancy is a risk factor of pyelonephritis due to (progesterone-mediated decrease in uterine tone) should be edited into (progesterone-mediated decrease in ureter tone) since the decrease in ureter tone and subsequent dilatation is what causes higher incidence of pyelonephritis in pregnancy | Major erratum | |
| 117 | 623 | Renal | Pathology | Acute tubular necrosis | not needed | A mnemonic for toxic ATN inducing drugs. First, the main sentence to remember is acute tubular necrosis, take the last 3 letter of the word tubular and first 3 letter of the word necrosis.Now we have LAR NEC in which the names of the drugs hide. L=Lead A=Aminoglycoside R=Radiocontrast agent N=the N in both hemoglobiNuria and myoglobiNuria E:Ethylene glycol C:Cisplatin | Mnemonic | |
| 118 | 626 | Renal | Pathology | Renal oncocytoma | .. | Indicated "arrows in A point". However image doesn't show any arrows | Minor erratum | |
| 119 | 652 | Reproductive | Physiology | Menstrual cycle | I dont have that | "Lutheal phase -corpus luteum formation from follicular remnants; stimulated by LH; last a fixed 14 days" But the image below indicates that this phase is stimulated by FSH (light blue line) instead of LH (dark blue line or purple dark line). | Clarification to current text | |
| 120 | 661 | Reproductive | Pathology | Sex chromosome disorders | https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/turner-syndrome/ | I am proposing a Mnemonic to help remember that Turner syndrome, a monosomy, is represented by 45 "XO". The mnemonic is as follows: "Club Mono turns up at 10 O'clock." Here, Club Mono represents that turner syndrome is a monosomy. 'X' is represented by 10 and 'O' can be remembered by O'clock. 'turns' also represents Turner, in Turner syndrome. | Mnemonic | |
| 121 | 662 | Reproductive | Pathology | Hypertension in pregnancy | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/preeclampsia-clinical-features-and-diagnosis#H2006628663 | Addition of "Nulliparity" to the list of risk factors for PREECLAMPSIA. Preeclampsia is famous for being a disease of the "nullipara". Citing UpToDate "...The nulliparous state is consistently found to be the most prevalent predisposing factor for preeclampsia." | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 122 | 668 | Reproductive | Pathology | NEW FACT | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/uterine-adenomyosis | Add gross image of adenomyosis hysterectomy. Subtext: The wall uterine wall is thickened and contains hemorrhagic foci | Clarification to current text | |
| 123 | 677 | Reproductive | Pathology | Choriocarcinoma | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/human-chorionic-gonadotropin-biochemistry-and-measurement-in-pregnancy-and-disease?search=hcg%20subunit&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H927013887 | The text lists that the beta subunit of hCG is similar to beta subunit of TSH. I believe it should be the alpha subunit similarity that causes symptoms of hyperthyroidism in choriocarcinoma. | Major erratum | |
| 124 | 678 | Reproductive | Pharmacology | Antiandrogens | - | (Fi)n(a)steride is 5 alpha reductase inhibitor with (fi) for (fi)ve and A for Alpha | Mnemonic | |
| 125 | 694 | Respiratory | Pathology | Obstructive lung diseases | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482437/, https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/chronic-bronchitis, | Chronic bronchitis is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that is defined as a productive cough of more than 3 months occurring within a span of 2 years. However, in the text, it is written incorrectly as productive cough for 3 or more months in a year for more than 2 years. | Major erratum | |
| 126 | 697 | Respiratory | Pathology | Flow-volume loops | https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Pulmonary_function_testing | In flow volume loops that demonstrate the difference between (obstructive/normal/restrictive) parameters the one for the obstructive shows a shift to the left which is correct but it also shows a larger VC or FVC than normal which is not correct because VC is decreased in obstructive lung diseases which is mentioned just above the diagram in the table that compares obstructive and restrictive lung diseases. | Minor erratum | |
| 127 | 713 | Rapid Review | Physiology | Hypothyroidism | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16252929/ | For Myxedema in hypothyroidism, it should be increased GAGs (Glycosaminoglycans) in interstitial space instead of increased CAGs | Spelling/formatting | |
| 128 | 757 | Photo Acknowledgments | Nutrition | Vitamin A | Bitot spots was mentioned correctly in biochemistry nutrition section (p 64) and in rapid review section (p 710) | "Bitot sponts" was written instead of "Bitot spots" | Spelling/formatting | |
| 129 | 764 | Photo Acknowledgments | Abbreviations and Symbols | Index | First aid 2023, p388 | Page 764, photo acknowledgement 388, correct whippeli to whipplei | Spelling/formatting | |
| 130 | 796 | Index | Index | Gout | N/A | Looking up "gout" in the index should lead to page 473, the section that specifically discusses gout. | Clarification to current text | |
| 131 | 818 | Index | Parasitology | Ectoparasites | N/A | "Scabies" in the index should also direct the reader to the "Ectoparasites" fact on page 158 in the index. Currently, it only leads to a page in the pharmacology section. | Clarification to current text | |
| 132 | 821 | Index | Dermatology | Other blistering skin disorders | N/A | The entry for Stevens-Johnson syndrome in the index should direct the reader to page 490, not 191, as page 490 has a dedicated section for this syndrome. | Clarification to current text | |
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| 145 | 60 | Microbiology | Genetics | Cystic fibrosis | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2863368/ ; UWorld question explanation | This is a mnemonic for the microbes that put people with cystic fibrosis at risk for pulmonary exacerbations. "Some People Are Having Issues Breathing"- Stap aureus, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Haemophilus Influenzae, Burkholderia cepacia complex | Mnemonic | |
| 146 | 350 | Endocrine | Pharmacology | Insulin | No need | Hyperglycemia instead of hypoglycemia in chart of insulin deficiency | Minor erratum | |
| 147 | 537 | Neurology and Special Senses | Neuropathology | Restless legs syndrome | https://www-uptodate-com.rossuniversity.idm.oclc.org/contents/management-of-restless-legs-syndrome-and-periodic-limb-movement-disorder-in-adults?search=restless%20leg%20syndrome%20treatment&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H1167751183 | First-line treatment is gabapentin for chronic symptoms. For intermittent symptoms levidopa and carbidopa are preferred.o longer first-line treatment | Major erratum | |
| 148 | 507 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Meninges | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningioma/multimedia/meninges/img-20008665#:~:text=Three%20layers%20of%20membranes%20known,is%20called%20the%20dura%20mater. | PRINTING ERROR- the image of the three membranes does not have proper labels | Major erratum | |
| 149 | 49 | Biochemistry | Cellular | Osteogenesis imperfecta | self understood | Blue sclerae because of thin, translucent sclerae over choroidal veins. | Clarification to current text | |
| 150 | 96 | Immunology | Lymphoid Structures | Thymus | not required | Text says Good syndrome instead of Good Pasture syndrome | Spelling/formatting | |
| 151 | 434 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Hodgkin lymphoma | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview | histological slide of Hodgkins lymphoma looks like basophilic prominent nucleoli stain, it should be eosinophilic prominent nucleoli | Minor erratum | |
| 152 | 452 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Anatomy and Physiology | Miscellaneous skin disorders | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-upper-extremity-peripheral-nerve-syndromes | Medial winging of scapula is because of serratus anterior muscle weakness (long thoracic nerve) and lateral winging of scapula is because of Trapezius muscle weakness (Spinal accessory CN XI) | Clarification to current text | |
| 153 | 463 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Clavicle fractures | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clavicle-fractures | lateral fragment is depressed due to arm weight; medially rotated by arm adductors [eg, pectoralis major]) while Medial Fragment is lifted because of pull of sternocleidomastoid muscle. | Clarification to current text | |
| 154 | 438 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Plasma cell disorders | None needed. | Instead of CRAB you can use the mnemonic. HYPER CRABS : Hypercalcemia, Renal involvement, Anemia, Bone lysis and back pain, Sick (recurrent infections) | Mnemonic | |
| 155 | 559 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Visual field defects | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/homonymous-hemianopia?search=meyer%20loop&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H6 | In the figure, it states that the dorsal optic radiations are found in the left temporal. This is wrong. It is in the parietal lobe | Major erratum | |
| 156 | 536 | Neurology and Special Senses | Neuropathology | Neurodegenerative disease therapy | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/homonymous-hemianopia?search=meyer%20loop&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H6 | Lewy body dementia is an umbrella term that includes PDD and dementia with lewy bodies. This section is discussing dementia with lewy bodies (DLB) not Lew body Dementia | Major erratum | |
| 157 | 543 | Neurology and Special Senses | Neuropathology | NEW FACT | Not needed as this is a mnemonic of existing information. | Updating the Neurofibromatosis type II mnemonic to be more inclusive of its presentation. NF2 for 2 ears, 2 eyes, and 2 brain hemispheres (for the two brain tumors it can cause -- meningioma and ependymoma) | Mnemonic | |
| 158 | 103 | Immunology | Immune Responses | Immunoglobulin isotypes | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/structure-of-immunoglobulins#H2743196314 | Mnemonic- MAGiC: IgM in Acute disease states (immediate response), IgG in Chronic disease states. (M-A, G(i)-C) | Mnemonic | |
| 159 | 405 | Gastrointestinal | Pathology | Cholelithiasis and related pathologies | Up to Date: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gallstones-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-prevention?csi=38daf20c-9b3b-46e5-a446-ffac9d7fe394&source=contentShare Amboss - https://next.amboss.com/us/article/V30Ghf#Zc3e341724400466518024a2ce72c8489 | An expanded mnemonic should be used to include 2 important risk factors for cholelithiasis (TPN and rapid weight loss). It could then read: Female, fat, fertile, forty, fair, Feeds (TPN), and Fasting (Rapid weight loss) | Mnemonic | |
| 160 | 171 | Microbiology | Virology | Hepatitis serologic markers | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2109144-overview | Mnemonic for Anti HBc antibodies- MAGiC: IgM in Acute disease states, IgG in Chronic disease (or recovery) states. (M-A, G(i)-C) | Mnemonic | |
| 161 | 804 | Index | Index | Hereditary channelopathies | N/A | Looking up "long QT syndrome" in the index should also lead to page 312, not just page 308. | Clarification to current text | |
| 162 | 786 | Index | Index | Renal clearance | N/A | Looking up "clearance" in the index should also have an entry for renal clearance leading to page 602, not just clearance of drugs. | Clarification to current text | |
| 163 | 819 | Index | Index | Shock | N/A | The term "septic shock" should also lead to the "Shock" fact on page 317. | Clarification to current text | |
| 164 | 331 | Endocrine | Anatomy | Endocrine pancreas cell types | Not related to Uptodate | The image for the islets of Langerhans hasn’t been labeled appropriately | Spelling/formatting | |
| 165 | 413 | Hematology and Oncology | Anatomy | Erythrocytes | https://labpedia.net/red-blood-cell-rbc-part-4-blood-indices/ | A concise summary of RBC indices (as reported on CBC lab tests) would be helpful to most students. I attached a figure I designed that explains the relationships between MCV, MCH, MCHC, RBC count, Hb, and Hct. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 166 | 683 | Respiratory | Anatomy | Lung anatomy | uworld QID:1745 | Regarding foreign body aspiration, in addition to superior segment of RLL being most common site of aspiration in supine position,also the posterior segment of RUL.Also an addition is aspiration at prone position with the RML and lingual of left lung most commonly affected | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 167 | 528 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pathology | Effects of strokes | You can remember that AICA goes with Lateral Pontine syndrome with the mnemonic "LATERAL PACIAL" - Lateral pontine involving AICA (the word PACIAL looks like facial and uses the letters AICA and involves the facial nerve) | Posterior Circulation: Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)--> Lateral Pontine Syndrome. You can remember that AICA goes with Lateral Pontine syndrome with the mnemonic "LATERAL PACIAL" - Lateral pontine involving AICA (the word PACIAL looks like facial and uses the letters AICA and involves the facial nerve). please see uploaded image :) | Mnemonic | |
| 168 | 537 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pathology | Restless legs syndrome | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-restless-legs-syndrome-and-periodic-limb-movement-disorder-in-adults?csi=66a6a972-ccda-47f1-b5fe-cb329eb93315&source=contentShare | Dopamine agonists (pramipexole) are alternate agents for the treatment of restless leg-syndrome and the alpha-2-delta calcium channel ligands (e.g. gabapentin, pregabalin) are preferred for the treatment of restless leg syndrome. This is due to the risk of augmentation with chronic use, and also the development of impulse control disorders with dopamine agonists. | Major erratum | |
| 169 | 52 | Biochemistry | Laboratory Techniques | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay | It’s image mistake not need link | Regarding the indirect ELISA image, the small green ball on 1o antibody is incorrect. It’s should not be here | Minor erratum | |
| 170 | 473 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Gout | https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi2sLW69OT9AhVnQ_EDHQXpDEcQFnoECA0QAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fneuroscience%2Furate-transporter&usg=AOvVaw2IieEsz05d1VXqhC2QEBn7 | Regarding effect of alcohol on uric acid, you had said that lactic acid (from alcohol metabolism) is compete with uric acid at excretion site in the kidney and that’s wrong. The correct answer is lactic acid increase the activity of URAT transporter 1 (which is anti-porter transporter) which means increase of lactic acid excretion and increase of uric acid reabsorption. Please check carefully because am very sure from that | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 171 | 138 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Tuberculosis | https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/tests/ppd-skin-test | The top of this section notes: "PPD⊕ if current infection or past exposure." The PPD test will only be positive if there is current or past INFECTION. Simply being exposed to TB will NOT cause a positive PPD test. It should also be noted that a PPD can be positive if person was immunized with the BCG vaccine. | Minor erratum | |
| 172 | 559 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Visual field defects | I don't have | in the right photo number 5 and 6 both say temporal lesions however, upper should be temporal and lower should be parietal. also the numbers on the left doesn't match with ones on the right | Major erratum | |
| 173 | 635 | Reproductive | Embryology | Types of errors in morphogenesis | National Board of Medical Examiners. Comprehensive Basic Science Self-Assessment Form 30. Section 1. Item 2 of 50. | Potter sequence may be described as a deformation | Major erratum | |
| 174 | 489 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Dermatology | Common skin disorders | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/role-of-allergy-in-atopic-dermatitis-eczema?search=atopic%20dermatitis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=7~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=74 | Atopic dermatitis is not a Type I hypersensitivity reaction. The pathogenesis is complex and still not entirely understood. It does not really neatly fall into any of the hypersensitivity reaction categories. | Major erratum | |
| 175 | 428 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Extrinsic hemolytic anemias | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hereditary-spherocytosis?search=hereditary%20spherocytosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~49&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | supplement with Folate in patient without splenectomy. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 176 | 366 | Gastrointestinal | Embryology | Tracheoesophageal anomalies | self understood | In clinical presentation, omit the word "first" in vomit with first feeding because not all TEF present with vomiting in "first" feeding. | Clarification to current text | |
| 177 | 366 | Gastrointestinal | Embryology | Tracheoesophageal anomalies | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-anomalies-of-the-intrathoracic-airways-and-tracheoesophageal-fistula?search=tracheoesophageal%20fistula&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~114&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#topicGraphics | Please mention the type of TEF in the illustration; also add type B and D type of TEF | Clarification to current text | |
| 178 | 366 | Gastrointestinal | Embryology | Tracheoesophageal anomalies | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-anomalies-of-the-intrathoracic-airways-and-tracheoesophageal-fistula?search=tracheoesophageal%20fistula&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~114&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1936476987 | Avoid Positive pressure ventilation in TEF. also add, TEF is associated with mesodermal defect(VACTERL) | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 179 | 365 | Gastrointestinal | Embryology | Hernias | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/care-of-the-umbilicus-and-management-of-umbilical-disorders?search=congenital%20umbilical%20hernia%20&topicRef=3688&source=see_link | Instead of failure of umbilical ring to close; mention: "Delay of umbilical cord to close spontaneously following physiological herniation of midgut which lead to patent umbilical orifice." | Clarification to current text | |
| 180 | 366 | Gastrointestinal | Embryology | Intestinal atresia | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/intestinal-atresia?search=intestinal%20atresia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~58&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H5 | Mention: Presents with bilious vomiting "if the stenosis is distal to the major duodenal papillae." In Duodenal atresia: mention failure of vacuolization from it's solid cord stage or "partial canalization of the lumen." | Clarification to current text | |
| 181 | 366 | Gastrointestinal | Embryology | NEW FACT | self understood. | follow the sequence: first text on TEF, then Hypertrophic Pyloric stenosis then Intestinal atresia as in anatomical sequence. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 182 | 366 | Gastrointestinal | Embryology | Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/infantile-hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis?search=hypertrophic%20pyloric%20stenosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H17026729 | Under etiology: add: associated with exposure to Macrolide(Erythromycin and Azithromycin), Bottle feeding, and exposure to Nicotine during pregnancy; Under treatment: Remove the word Surgical and mention: Longitudinal incision of hypertrophied pyloric muscle without mucosal injury (Ramstedt Pyloromyotomy) | Clarification to current text | |
| 183 | 473 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Gout | https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjsqLT18ez9AhVoQvEDHRblB5sQFnoECAkQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC423433%2F&usg=AOvVaw26k8uTWxfKhKobndFZy7m- | Regarding findings section of gout, mechanism of von Gierke disease in causing hyperuricemia is similar to alcohol by increasing lactic acidosis so therefore von Gierke disease must be also written with causes of under-excretion of uric acid. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 184 | 368 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Important gastrointestinal ligaments | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/portal-hypertension-in-adults?search=portal%20hypertension&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Under Notes of Falciform ligament: add : can get recanalized with blood vessels in patient with portal hypertension. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 185 | 371 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Gastrointestinal blood supply and innervation | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/thoracic-paravertebral-block-procedure-guide?search=paravertebral%20block&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H4116151923 | add Splanchnic to "Pelvic Splanchnic" under parasympathetic for Hindgut; Add a column of Sympathetic innervation(Prevertebral ganglia): Foregut: celiac ganglia(T5-T9), Midgut: Superior Mesenteric ganglia(T10-T12), Hindgut:Inferior Mesenteric ganglia(L1-L2); Structured supplied can be removed as it supplies all the embryological development of the corresponding anatomy. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 186 | 372 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Portosystemic anastomoses | Self Understood | Remove the bullet number "4" for TIPS | Spelling/formatting | |
| 187 | 373 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Pectinate line | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anal-fissure-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-prevention?search=anal%20fissure&topicRef=83135&source=see_link | associated with low-fiber diets and "Chronic constipation or diarrhea." Secondary anal fissures can be found in patients with IBD. | Clarification to current text | |
| 188 | 375 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Biliary structures | self understood | add duct to : common bile "duct" (red arrow); only common bile is mentioned | Spelling/formatting | |
| 189 | 375 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Biliary structures | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-cholangiocarcinoma/abstract/12 | mention: "palpable *nontender gallbladder with Jaundice; the gallbladder is shrunken owing to fibrosis and is unlikely to be distensible and, hence, palpable." (Jaundice is not painful/painless., thus remove the word painless infront of jaundice) | Clarification to current text | |
| 190 | 376 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Hernias | self understood. | Though abdominal wall is a gross area for protrusion of a direct hernia; abdominal wall per se is a vague term here, thus better to "site of......"; more specific one is the Hesselbach's triangle. we can illustrate the triangle more clearly on this image rather than the image presented on femoral region. | Clarification to current text | |
| 191 | 382 | Gastrointestinal | Physiology | Bile | self understood | under composition of bile, instead of bilirubin alone mention *Bile Pigments* (Bilirubin, Biliverdin) | Clarification to current text | |
| 192 | 243 | Pharmacology | Pharmacology | α-blockers | Not needed, this is my hook | I would like to suggest a memory hook for mirtrazapine mechanism of action: mirtrazapine has 2 as, and its mechanism is α2 blockade. So it could be useful to put mirtrαzαpine (bolding the αs) or mirtrAzApine (capitalized and bolded) and put a note that mirtrAzApine has 2 as, for α2 blockade. | Mnemonic | |
| 193 | 424 | Hematology and Oncology | Systems | Microcytic, hypochromic anemias | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnostic-approach-to-anemia-in-adults | Mentzer Index: Iron deficiency and thalassemia are the most likely causes of a very low MCV (<80 fL). The ratio of the MCV to the red blood cell (RBC) count (Mentzer index) is useful in predicting the likelihood of thalassemia trait versus iron deficiency. If the ratio of MCV (in fL) to RBC count (in millions of cells/microL) is less than 13, thalassemia is more likely than iron deficiency | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 194 | 713 | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183532/ | For euvolemic hyponatremia in SIADH- HighADH-> Water retention-> low aldosterone, high "ANP" and BNP->high urinary Na secretion. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 195 | 580 | Psychiatry | Pathology | Bipolar disorder | Self study | I have a diagram to put- bipolar 1 & 2, cyclothymic and dysthymic disorders into better perspective according to mania-hypomania-depression. | Clarification to current text | |
| 196 | 253 | Pharmacology | Toxicities and Side Effects | Cytochrome P-450 interactions (selected) | My own mnemonic | CRiMINAl GP (Carbamazepine = C., Ri = Rifampin, M= Modafinal, Inducer (St.John`s Wort), N = Nevirapine, Al= alcohol (chronic), G= Griseofulvin, P = Phenytoin/phenobarbital | Mnemonic | |
| 197 | 101 | Immunology | Cellular | B cells | https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwicxdSh7_X9AhUoS_EDHXbxCyIQFnoECDUQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2891102&usg=AOvVaw1VgfX1h4Q3XLLmJPBsMq6q | In T cell dependant activation for B cell, there is a B7 receptor (on B cell) will bind with CD28 (on T cell) in order to stimulate T cell to produce cytokines, but this is not mentioned. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 198 | 106 | Immunology | Immune Responses | Important cytokines | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5586489/#:~:text=In%20addition%20to%20its%20effects,T%20cells%20and%20mast%20cells. | Regarding IL-3 function, in addition to support growth and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells, Il-3 also induce expressions of MHC II and B7 on eosinophils and basophils which means it mediates activation of eosinophils and basophils, which are the key players in allergic inflammation. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 199 | 473 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Gout | https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjz7cDq0Pj9AhWFS_EDHeyWATgQFnoECFUQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fmedicine-and-dentistry%2Furate-transporter&usg=AOvVaw0vLUUpJQAT9Nk-MQAxDrXi | Regarding effect of alcohol on uric acid, you had said that lactic acid (from alcohol metabolism) is compete with uric acid at excretion site in the kidney and that's wrong. The correct answer is lactic acid increase the activity of URAT transporter 1 (which is anti-porter transporter) which means increase of lactic acid excretion and increase of uric acid reabsorption. Please check carefully because am very sure from that. | Major erratum | |
| 200 | 98 | Immunology | Cellular | HLA subtypes associated with diseases | These facts are already stated in the First Aid on pages 346, 472, and 478 (2023 version). | Missing : HLA-B8 for Graves disease, HLA DRB1 for Rheumatoid arthritis, and HLA-B51 for Behçet syndrome | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 201 | 96 | Immunology | Lymphoid Structures | Thymus | NA | In "Thymus" entry, change (asteriks in A) to (pentagonal arrows in A). Alternatively, use asteriks in the figure instead of pentagonal arrows. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 202 | 533 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pathology | NEW FACT | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-evaluation-of-febrile-seizures?search=febrile%20seizure&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Definition and criteria of Febrile seizures | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 203 | 55 | Biochemistry | Genetics | Population genetics | https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(11)00882-7?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982211008827%3Fshowall%3Dtrue | In the genetic drift definition, 'by change' should be changed to 'by chance' | Minor erratum | |
| 204 | 677 | Reproductive | Pathology | Choriocarcinoma | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089158-overview#:~:text=hCG%20is%20a%20dimer%20consisting,%2Dstimulating%20hormone%20(TSH). | It is given that the beta subunit of hCG is similar to the beta subunit of TSH, when it is the alpha subunit that is similar. It was previously mentioned correctly in the physiology part. | Minor erratum | |
| 205 | 406 | Gastrointestinal | Pharmacology | Proton pump inhibitors | Not needed | OLPER’S milk as mnemonic for PPI drugs. | Mnemonic | |
| 206 | 623 | Renal | Pharmacology | Kidney stones | https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2209275?query=recirc_curatedRelated_article | Thiazide Diuertics do not help treat calcium stones | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 207 | 612 | Psychiatry | Pathology | Psychoactive drug intoxication and withdrawal | https://www-uptodate-com.rossuniversity.idm.oclc.org/contents/cocaine-acute-intoxication?search=cocaine%20intoxication&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~57&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H9 | Cocaine Intoxication Treatment: benzodiazepines and alpha-blockers (or alpha-beta mixed blockers; labetalol); beta-blockers contraindicated because of unopposed vasoconstriction by alpha1 receptors; Nitroglycerin & calcium channel blockers for chest pain | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 208 | 596 | Psychiatry | Pharmacology | Medically supervised opioid withdrawal and relapse prevention | https://www-uptodate-com.rossuniversity.idm.oclc.org/contents/buprenorphine-and-naloxone-drug-information?source=auto_suggest&selectedTitle=1~1---1~4---suboxone&search=suboxone | Nalt-R-exone = R-elapse; M-ethadone = Withdrawal (M and W); Nalox-One = O-verdose; Sublingual Buprenorphine is combined with Naloxone (suboxone) to prevent abuse from dissolving Suboxone to use via IV injection | Mnemonic | |
| 209 | 393 | Gastrointestinal | Pathology | Other intestinal disorders | https://www-uptodate-com.rossuniversity.idm.oclc.org/contents/management-of-short-bowel-syndrome-in-adults?search=short%20bowel%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Short-bowel syndrome | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 210 | 161 | Microbiology | Virology | NEW FACT | https://www-uptodate-com.rossuniversity.idm.oclc.org/contents/pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-brain-abscess?search=ring%20enhancing%20lesion&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | MRI images of the brain comparing the different types of lesions seen in toxo; cns lymphoma, HIV, PML, Neurocysticercosis, etc. (obviously i do not own the rights to these images; i have used it to give an example) | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 211 | 429 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Extrinsic hemolytic anemias | NA | Change "Warm weather is Good.” to "Warm weather is Great!" as the latter have already been used in Page 103. | Mnemonic | |
| 212 | 369 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Digestive tract anatomy | N/A | Searching the term "Auerbach plexus" in the index should lead to this page as well. | Clarification to current text | |
| 213 | 677 | Reproductive | Pathology | Choriocarcinoma | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089158-overview | It's written in the characteristics of Choriocarcinoma that β subunit of hCG is similar to β subunit of TSH, this is wrong it's the alpha subunit of hCG that's similar to alpha subunit of TSH. | Minor erratum | |
| 214 | 673 | Reproductive | Pathology | Choriocarcinoma | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089158-overview | In Choriocarcinoma characteristics the text states that "β subunit of hCG is similar to β subunit of TSH", this is wrong, It's the alpha subunit of hCG that's similar to alpha subunit ot TSH | Major erratum | |
| 215 | 667 | Reproductive | Pathology | Extragonadal germ cell tumors | https://medbooksvn.org/first-aid-2023-for-usmle-step-1/ | In the section about yolk sac tumor, it is indicated that "arrow in e", as in picture E, however in the picture there is no arrow shown | Minor erratum | |
| 216 | 547 | Neurology and Special Senses | Neuropathology | Friedreich ataxia | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563199/ | Please add spinocerebellar tract in the cross section of the spine | Minor erratum | |
| 217 | 557 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Ocular motility | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anatomic-danger-zones-for-nerve-injury-in-cutaneous-surgery-of-the-head-and-neck?search=infraorbital%20nerve&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H12456780 | infraorbital nerve damage leads to impaired sensation of the ipsilateral lower eyelid, mid cheek and upper lip. | Major erratum | |
| 218 | 148 | Microbiology | Basic Bacteriology | Mycoplasma pneumoniae | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1941994-overview | Under Mycoplasma P. it has an image box [A] pointing to the rash seen in the image above. This image only applies to the Rocky mountain spotted fever rash seen on the same page. There should be either an image of Erythema Multiforme for M. Pneumonia or an image of pleomorphic cells as stated in the text. | Minor erratum | |
| 219 | 695 | Respiratory | Pathology | Obstructive lung diseases | https://medicalstudyzone.com/first-aid-for-the-usmle-step-1-pdf-download/ | Bracket în wrong Direction în the notes of emphysema explaining antitrypsin | Minor erratum | |
| 220 | 474 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | NEW FACT | https://next.amboss.com/us/article/7Q04xf?q=giant-cell%20tumor%20of%20bone#Z0094eb7d9dc080e6fe137bbc8bbbbc74 | the " giant/villain " is " destructive / aggresive " , been chased until the very edge cliff i.e present at the very edge of the long bone " epiphysis " where he’s defeated and vanished into bubbles " soap bubble appearance " | Mnemonic | |
| 221 | 677 | Reproductive | Pathology | Choriocarcinoma | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10548880/ | The note in parentheses states that the Beta subunit of hCG is similar to the Beta subunit of TSH, but in fact it is the Alpha subunit of hCG is similar to the Alpha subunit of TSH. | Minor erratum | |
| 222 | 325 | Cardiovascular | Pharmacology | Lipid-lowering agents | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2172172-overview | The diagram and chart do not include that fibrates reduce VLDL production through its impact on PPAR-alpha activation. I discovered this through an UWorld question (ID 11844), which stated that one of the mechanisms of action of fibrates is the reduction of hepatic VLDL production. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 223 | 601 | Renal | Physiology | Glomerular filtration barrier | N/A | The text says "Charger barrier" when it should say "Charge barrier" | Spelling/formatting | |
| 224 | 144 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Vibrio cholerae | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vibrio-vulnificus-infections?search=vibrio%20vulnificus&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~44&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | DRUNK CaptaINS : Diarrhea, Cirrhosis, Cellulitis, Necrotizing Fasciitis, gram Negative, Severe wound, Septisemia, Salt tolerant, | Mnemonic | |
| 225 | 395 | Gastrointestinal | Pathology | Molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer | First aid 2022 | Change common right sided in adenoma-carcinoma sequence to left sided | Major erratum | |
| 226 | 395 | Gastrointestinal | Pathology | Molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer | Fa 2022 | Change more common right sided to left sided | Major erratum | |
| 227 | 447 | Hematology and Oncology | Pharmacology | Antiplatelets | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31335083/#:~:text=Cilostazol%20improves%20walking%20distance%20by,subsequent%20increases%20in%20available%20cAMP. | Cilostazol mechanism blocked phosphodiesterase which leads to a subsequent INCREASE in cAMP since it is the enzyme directly responsible for breakdown of cAMP. It is written in the book that it decreases cAMP which is an error. | Minor erratum | |
| 228 | 115 | Immunology | Immune Responses | Immunodeficiencies | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/wiskott-aldrich-syndrome?search=wiskott%20aldrich%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome: The mnemonic in First Aid is already "WATER", which stands for the clinical features of the disease. In addition, the vowels in "WATER" represent the immunoglobulins that are increased in this disorder; i.e. IgA and IgE. Additionally, if a person is on a "WATER diet", they will look like a "skeleton", which is helpful in remembering that Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is a defect in the CYTOSKELETON. | Mnemonic | |
| 229 | 345 | Endocrine | Pathology | Hypopituitarism | (1) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26038692/ (2) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27405776/#:~:text=Dahan's%20syndrome%20is%20pituitary%20injury,hormone%20production%20by%20the%20gland. | Rarer causes of hypopituitarism: Simmond's disease: atrophy/destruction of the anterior pituitary lobe, and Dahan's syndrome: severe vasospasm without severe hemorrhage, leading to pituitary injury | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 230 | 98 | Immunology | Cellular | HLA subtypes associated with diseases | self understood | Remove the annotation of "Short and long chain" from MHC II; both arms are of equal length | Minor erratum | |
| 231 | 98 | Immunology | Cellular | HLA subtypes associated with diseases | no needed | Upon Binding row, behind CD8 mention (8x1) 8 for CD8 and I for MHCI; behind CD4, mention (4x2) 4 for CD4 and 2 for MHCII | Mnemonic | |
| 232 | 582 | Psychiatry | Pathology | Panic disorder | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/panic-disorder-in-adults-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=panic%20disorder&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H2136975568 | Panic disorder is specifically defined in the DSM 5 as being without a known trigger. This disorder cannot be diagnosed if panic attacks happen with a trigger.FA 2023 says "+/- a known trigger" | Major erratum | |
| 233 | 713 | Rapid Review | Systems | Hypoparathyroidism | Pg 344 in FA 2023 for reference | Myxedema in Hypoparathyroidism (text states CAGs should GAGs glycosaminoglycans) see 344 for reference | Minor erratum | |
| 234 | 648 | Reproductive | Anatomy | Seminiferous tubules | n/a | Sertoli cell arrow in diagram A is not pointing to anything. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 235 | 37 | Biochemistry | Molecular | DNA repair | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683898/ | On page 37, base excision repair image B, incorrectly shows the final repaired product to have a uracil when it should have a cytosine. | Minor erratum | |
| 236 | 98 | Immunology | Cellular | HLA subtypes associated with diseases | N/A | DR4: “Addison is going to the DR (doctor) 4 her RA”. To associate Addison disease and RA with HLA DR4 | Mnemonic | |
| 237 | 458 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Anatomy and Physiology | Ankle sprains | Not Needed | In keeping with the memory hook that the Anterior TaloFibular Ligament “Always Tears First” perhaps the Anterior Inferior TibioFibular Ligament could be said to connect the tibia and fibula "Always In The Front" | Mnemonic | |
| 238 | 299 | Cardiovascular | Anatomy and Physiology | Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors | https://www.boardsbeyond.com/video/step-1-p/regulation-of-blood-pressure | Clarification is needed that aortic arch baroreceptors have poor sensing of hypotension. The carotid sinus can detect both low and high blood pressure. This isn't mentioned in FA which can be confusing to learners. | Clarification to current text | |
| 239 | 58 | Biochemistry | Genetics | Autosomal dominant diseases | This mnemonic is created by me personally. And, it will not be found on any website, or textbook. | Dominant MAN Faced HTLV (32223111). Autosomal dominant conditions 3 M's, 2 A's, 2 N's, 2 F's, 3 H's, 1 T, 1 L, and 1 V. This is an easy mnemonic associated with even easier code to remember the number of conditions for each capital. letter | Mnemonic | |
| 240 | 570 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pharmacology | NEW FACT | Not needed , my own mnemonic | side effect of enflurane Alright so patient inhales unkown substance now he’s knocked down seizing in the floor ? he inhaled enflurane In short : in floor ? en(floor)ane | Mnemonic | |
| 241 | 570 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pharmacology | NEW FACT | Not needed, my own mnemonic | side effect of halothane : lover’s halo = liver for halothane | Mnemonic | |
| 242 | 217 | Pathology | Neoplasia | Hallmarks of cancer | https://www.nature.com/articles/s42255-020-0172-2 | Shift of glucose metabolism away from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation toward (ANAEROBIC) glycolysis, even in the presence of oxygen. *Aerobic* (ITS ANAEROBIC) glycolysis provides rapidly dividing cancer cells with the carbon needed for synthesis of cellular structures. | Major erratum | |
| 243 | 418 | Hematology and Oncology | Physiology | Coagulation and kinin pathways | not needed | There is grey line is the pathways that indicate positive regulation(e.g: the grey lines between thrombin and factor 11,8,5).A clarification of the grey line meaning is not present in the symbols clarification at the bottom left and i think it should be added | Clarification to current text | |
| 244 | 123 | Microbiology | Basic Bacteriology | Stains | NA | For Periodic acid–Schiff stain, there is a mnemonic as "PaSs the sugar" to highlight that the PAS stains glycogen. Although this is true, this information is irrelevant to the use of PAS in microbial diagnosis. Rather, PAS is used in microbiological diagnosis because it also stains glycoproteins, not glycogen, on bacteria. Moreover, there is another mnemonic on page 388 (PASs the foamy Whipped cream in a CAN), indicating that PAS dye is used for the diagnosis of Whipple disease. Therefore, I recommend the removal of the mnemonic "PaSs the sugar", as this may mislead the reader and is irrelevant to the microbiological use of PAS stain. | Minor erratum | |
| 245 | 560 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Ocular motility | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1189799-overview#a4 | An easier way to remember the innervation of the extraocular muscles is: All extraocular muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve except from the LAST ones. LAST: Lateral rectus- Abducens nerve, Superior oblique- Trochlear nerve. (L-A, S-T) | Mnemonic | |
| 246 | 68 | Biochemistry | Nutrition | Vitamin D | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-vitamin-d?search=Vitamin%20D&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | The section on Vitamin D lists both types of vitamin D (i.e., D2 and D3). It then mentions that they are “both converted to 25-OH D3 (storage form) in liver and to the active form 1,25-(OH)2 D3 (calcitriol) in kidney”. This suggests that vitamin D2 is ultimately converted to D3, but this is incorrect. D2 is converted to 25-OH D2 and 1,25-(OH)2 D2 (while D3 is converted to 25-OH D3 and 1,25-(OH)2 D3) The new statement should read something like this: “Both D2 and D3 undergo hydroxylation to their respective storage forms (25-OH D2 and 25-OH D3) in the liver and to their respective active forms (1,25-(OH)2 D2 and 1,25-(OH)2 D3) in the kidney.” | Minor erratum | |
| 247 | 68 | Biochemistry | Nutrition | Vitamin D | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-vitamin-d?search=Vitamin%20D&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | The figure on vitamin D metabolism indicates that both D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol) are converted to 25-OH D3. This is not accurate because D2 is converted to 25-OH D2 NOT 25-OH D3. That is, D2 and D3 are converted into their respective hydroxy and dihydroxy forms. The downstream parts of the figure should also be edited accordingly. Suggested correction: Instead of using 25-OH D3 and 1,25-(OH)2 D3, simply state 25-OH vitamin D and 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D without specifying a subtype. Alternatively, add D2 and D3 to the hydroxy and dihydroxy vitamin forms (e.g., 25-OH D2 and D3 and 1,25-(OH)2 D2 and D3) | Minor erratum | |
| 248 | 317 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Cardiac tamponade | NBME Comprehensive Basic Exam Assessment Form 25; Exam Section 3; Item 5 of 50; In a patient w cardiac tamponade...their explanation says "Pulsus alternans (Choice A) is an arterial waveform characterized by alternating strong and weak beats and can be observed in severe left-sided heart failure. On the first beat, the impaired left ventricle may have a reduced ejection fraction, which leads to a greater end-diastolic volume. The second beat will then have greater contractility as the myocardium starts with a greater preload per the Frank-Starling mechanism, and a greater percentage of the ventricular volume will be ejected. However, this leads to a decreased end-diastolic volume and the next beat will have a reduced ejection fraction. This phenomenon is not seen in cardiac tamponade." | Are electrical alternans in cardiac tamponade the same thing as pulsus alternans? NBME says that Pulsus Alternans are not seen in Cardiac Tamponade. Interestingly, in Amboss, the way pulsus alternans has been defined sounds like it is the same thing as electrical alternans. If they are the same, NBME is saying that alternans is not seen in cardiac tamponade. What's going on here? | Clarification to current text | |
| 249 | 261 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | NEW FACT | Calculation | Mortality rate calculation=Deaths/1000 people. Should be Deaths/population x1000 | Major erratum | |
| 250 | 622 | Renal | Pathology | Acute interstitial nephritis | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-acute-interstitial-nephritis?search=acute%20interstitial%20nephritis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Current mnemonic is pretty poor and hard to remember. There are many mnemonics that use the “# P’s”. Replace existing 5 P’s mnemonic with DRAINS (Diuretics, Rifampin, Antibiotics (Penicillins and cephalosporins), Inhibitors (PPIs), NSAIDs, Sulfa drugs) | Mnemonic | |
| 251 | 524 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | NEW FACT | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/pseudounipolar-neuron | Spelling error. On page 526 under the 1st order neurons subset for the Dorsal column tract, the word "pseudounipolar" is spelled incorrectly. It is currently spelled as "pseudonipolar", (missing the letter u). | Spelling/formatting | |
| 252 | 61 | Biochemistry | Genetics | NEW FACT | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482240/#:~:text=Nondisjunction%20in%20meiosis%20II%20results,the%20other%20with%20n%2D1. | In the Nondisjunction diagram, the gametes are shown to be trisomic and monosomic. But trisomy or monosomy occurs only after fertilization has taken place between a normal haploid gamete and the diploid gamete(leading to trisomy) or with a nulliploid gamete (leading to monosomy). I appreciate that the author intends to convey the correct information, but I found it perplexing and so may other students. Please take a look at it. The author has also tried to show the normal meiotic process (through yellow chromosomes) to compare it with Nondisjunction, but they add to the confusion. I request a labelling of the diagram as well. | Minor erratum | |
| 253 | 589 | Psychiatry | Pathology | Psychiatric emergencies | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tricyclic-antidepressant-poisoning#H9 | In the row titled "Tricyclic antidepressant toxicity", the "manifestations" column should include QRS widening. Currently "prolonged QT" is the only cardiac manifestation listed. According to UpToDate, QRS widening is the most significant feature of TCA toxicity | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 254 | 49 | Biochemistry | Cellular | Osteogenesis imperfecta | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/osteogenesis-imperfecta-an-overview?search=osteogenesis%20imperfecta&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~77&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1033315582 | Hearing loss in OI is not only conductive but rather mixed | Major erratum | |
| 255 | 375 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Biliary structures | https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/other-conditions/what-is-courvoisier-syndrome#:~:text=Courvoisier%20syndrome%20is%20also%20called,small%20pouch%20by%20the%20liver. | Tumor that arise in the head of the pancreas (usually adenocarcinoma) can cause obstruction of the common bile duct--> enlarged painless gallbladder with jaundice (Courvoisier sign) | Spelling/formatting | |
| 256 | 805 | Index | Index | Mannitol | N/A | Searching "Mannitol" in the index should indicate page 627. | Clarification to current text | |
| 257 | 236 | Pharmacology | Autonomic Drugs | Micturition control | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/urgency-urinary-incontinence-overactive-bladder-oab-in-females-treatment#H96373682 | BOMT "Baby One More Time" | Mnemonic | |
| 258 | 352 | Endocrine | Pathology | Diabetes mellitus | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diabetic-ketoacidosis-and-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-state-in-adults-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis | in page page 350 of the 2023 edition, in the diagram that starts with "low insulin", its stated that increased gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and decreased tissue glucose uptake will lead to "hypoglycemia, glycosuria", when in fact it's quite the opposite (leads to hyperglycemia), i provided a reference from uptodate to back my claim. thank you | Major erratum | |
| 259 | 605 | Renal | Physiology | Nephron transport physiology | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25488859/ | UT1 is a urea ransporter not a receptor (as labeled on collecting tubule cartoon). Ther terminology is alos out of date, this protein is now called UT-A1. | Minor erratum | |
| 260 | 613 | Renal | Physiology | Renal tubular acidosis | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-and-diagnosis-of-distal-type-1-and-proximal-type-2-renal-tubular-acidosis?search=renal%20tubular%20acidosis%20type%201&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~67&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | RTA1 is also caused by mutations in the Cl/HCO3 exchanger, not just in the H+-ATPase | Minor erratum | |
| 261 | 613 | Renal | Physiology | Renal tubular acidosis | FA2023 p605-1 | The Na/HCO3 cotransporter that is mutated in RTA2 is not shown in the cartoon, depsite being displayed correctly in the 'nephron transport physiology' section | Clarification to current text | |
| 262 | 613 | Renal | Physiology | Renal tubular acidosis | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-and-pathophysiology-of-renal-tubular-acidosis-and-the-effect-on-potassium-balance?search=ammoniagenesis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=9~9&usage_type=default&display_rank=9 | Proximal tubule cells secrete NH4+ (or NH3 plus H+ which immediately form NH4+ in the PT lumen). The pK of the equilibrium is too alkaline for NH3 to persist for substantial titration in the collecitng duct lumen. | Minor erratum | |
| 263 | 231 | Pharmacology | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Urine pH and drug elimination | n/a | please add ( Treat overdose with ammonium chloride to acidify urine) for the weak base... I teach students from FA, and I discovered this. (Added on behalf of Dr. Skaik who submitted this over email. - MC) | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 264 | 583 | Psychiatry | Pathology | Trauma and stress-related disorders | n/a | PTSD is too wordy... replace with ( severe anxiety, triggered by intrusive, recurrent memories of highly traumatic experience) . (Submitted on behalf of Dr. Skaik, who sent via email. - MC) | Clarification to current text | |
| 265 | 583 | Psychiatry | Pathology | Trauma and stress-related disorders | n/a | PTSD is too wordy... replace with ( severe anxiety, triggered by intrusive, recurrent memories of highly traumatic experience) . (Submitted on behalf of Dr. Skaik, who sent via email. - MC) | Clarification to current text | |
| 266 | 199 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | HIV therapy | https://next.amboss.com/us/article/mf0V52?q=didanosine#Z6d33b65bf647cdaea1f5a2722e03d382 | Didanosine - missing from the NRTI list of HIV therapy | Major erratum | |
| 267 | 369 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Digestive tract histology | NA | In "Ileum" section, it is indicated that Peyer patches is pointed out in Figure C via an arrow; however, the arrow is absent. Therefore, it is required to put an arrow pointing out the peyer patches in Figure C. | Clarification to current text | |
| 268 | 257 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Clinical therapeutic trial | n/a | change "long-tern" to "long-term" | Spelling/formatting | |
| 269 | 651 | Reproductive | Physiology | Oogenesis | https://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/embryology/embryo/02prefertilization.htm#:~:text=After%20ovulation%20the%20oocyte%20is,and%20a%20second%20polar%20body. | Meiosis 2 arrest mnemonic: "Meiosis TWO is arrested in MeTWOphase TWO until ferTWOlization" | (The meiosis 1 mnemonic is great as it is in my opinion) | Mnemonic | |
| 270 | 382 | Gastrointestinal | Physiology | Bilirubin | https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?sectionid=264532502&bookid=3095#266376482 | In the illustration, it is shown that the some amount of urobilinogen is reabsorbed from gut and most of them enters enterohepatic circulation, while 10% is excreted in urine as urobilin. The arrowlines mislead readers such that 10% of urobilinogen directly goes from gut to kidney. Actually, the reabsorbed urobilinogen goes to liver, and while most of them undergoes enterohepatic cycling, small amount of urobilinogen reaches the systemic circulation, from which some is cleared by the kidneys. In summary, the arrow line from gut to kidney is incorrect and should be replaced such that urobilinogen goes to liver and some urobilinogen enters systemic circulation and excreted to urine by kidneys. (Source: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 21e: "Urobilinogen undergoes enterohepatic cycling. Urobilinogen not taken up by the liver reaches the systemic circulation, from which some is cleared by the kidneys.") | Minor erratum | |
| 271 | 333 | Endocrine | Anatomy | Adrenal cortex and medulla | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278945/ | the mnemonic is about the embryological origin of the adrenal gland. so most student know that the adrenal cortex produce mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. while adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and nor epinephrine. based on that a mnemonic can be made such that the adrenal cortex (which produce Mineralocorticoids)is derived from Mesoderm and adrenal medulla (which produce NE) is derived from NEural crest(upper case letters indicate the letters which can be highlighted) ) | Mnemonic | |
| 272 | 388 | Gastrointestinal | Pathology | Malabsorption syndromes | https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/67-s2.0-0e9fa5fe-c145-4252-ae6f-9abcc3836317 | In Celiac disease subsection, the right figure indicates villous atrophy as flattening of microvilli. Although microvillus atrophy occurs in gluten-sensitive enteropathy, villous atrophy is a histopathologic finding indicating the atrophy of intestinal villi, not microvilli. Therefore, "villous atrophy" in the right figure should be changed as "microvillus atrophy/flattening" or something else, and this issue should be clarified to avoid any misunderstanding. | Minor erratum | |
| 273 | 396 | Gastrointestinal | Pathology | Cirrhosis and portal hypertension | NA | The reader should be directed to Figure A at the end of the sentence mentioning diffuse fibrosis and regenerative nodules. Various systemic changes resulting from chirrosis are summarized and illustrated in scheme, not in Figure A. | Clarification to current text | |
| 274 | 316 | Cardiovascular | Pharmacology | Antiarrhythmics—sodium channel blockers (class I) | USMLE first aid step 1 2023 pages 326-327 | 1- Class I-A, A for all arrhythmias Supra-ventricular and ventricular. 2- class I-B, B is for bottom, so I-B are for ventricular arrhythmias specially when Blood is Blocked 3- class I-C, C is for supra-ventricular arrhythmias mainly | Mnemonic | |
| 275 | 692 | Respiratory | Physiology | Carbon dioxide transport | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747205/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/carbaminohemoglobin | Text says that CO2 is transported in the blood as bicarbonate (70%), carbamino hemoglobin (21-25%), and dissolved CO2 (5-9%). These percentages do not agree with what I believe are the most reliable numbers. The carbamino CO2 (carbamate) percentage is actually 10% or less, and the bicarbonate percentage is >80%. See Table 1 in Geers and Gros 2000 Physiological Reviews (PubMed link below). See also Feher 2017 Quantitative Physiology: Carbaminohemoglobin Accounts for a Small Fraction of Transported CO2 (link to Science Direct below). | Minor erratum | |
| 276 | 573 | Psychiatry | Psychology | Ego defenses | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559106/ | The example used in fixation defense is actually a regression example. Fixation is when an adult doesn't develop beyond a certain childish behaviour.In regression its transient regression to a childhood behavior and thumb sucking in stressful exam is a type of regression. Examples of oral fixation are nail pitting,smoking | Minor erratum | |
| 277 | 156 | Microbiology | Parasitology | Nematodes (roundworms) | Ascariasis can migrate "to" nose and mouth. | Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm): .......migrates " from" nose/mouth. Correction needed. ... migrate "to" nose and mouth | Spelling/formatting | |
| 278 | 674 | Reproductive | Pathology | Benign prostatic hyperplasia | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/medical-treatment-of-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia?sectionName=5-alpha%20reductase%20inhibitors&search=testosterone%20levels&topicRef=7461&anchor=H1411353933&source=see_link#H1411353933 | Directly after the sentence "5α-reductase inhibitors (eg, finasteride)", add ", which decreases prostate volume" | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 279 | 539 | Neurology and Special Senses | Neuropathology | Multiple sclerosis | UpToDate [https://www.uptodate.com/contents/symptom-management-of-multiple-sclerosis-in-adults#H9], AMBOSS | In the treatment section of Multiple Sclerosis, I suggest extending the list of 'symptomatic treatment' by adding "fatigue (amantadine, modafinil)". The 2 drugs suggested are used in classic teaching (and not inclusive). | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 280 | 317 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Shock | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6174192/ | Cardiac Output decreases in anaphylicatic shock , not increase. | Minor erratum | |
| 281 | 358 | Endocrine | Pharmacology | Diabetes mellitus therapy | https://reference.medscape.com/drug/glucophage-metformin-342717, https://doi.org/10.2337/db20-1143, https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10184113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.03.007, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4916963, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2014.09.005, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-014-3365-7, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2013.256, https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI13505, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2009.11.001, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-019-09494-w, https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.14087 | Metformin's MOA is still an area of debate, but There are several papers that suggest that metformin's efficacy in treatment of diabetes is not due to inhibition of mGPD. There are several papers that suggest that the relevant mechanism is likely the activation of AMPK and inhibition of ETC complex 1. Therefore, I believe the inclusion of mGPD isn't relevant for STEP1 study or in need of clarification, as it is not agreed upon in the medical literature. Emedicine does not mention mGPD in reference to metformin's MOA. | Minor erratum | |
| 282 | 507 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Meninges | N/A | The meninges image labels printed boxes with X's where the labels were supposed to be. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 283 | 459 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Anatomy and Physiology | Motoneuron action potential to muscle contraction | Self study | In addition to point-8 please add: after death-->no ATP-->rigor mortis. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 284 | 451 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Anatomy and Physiology | Arm abduction | Self study | I have made a diagram to make it easy to visualize and recall muscles of arm abduction | Clarification to current text | |
| 285 | 61 | Biochemistry | Genetics | Autosomal trisomies | Self study | A mnemonic that i use for easier recall of the trisomies is- "trisomies of the PEDs". Where "PEDs" is referring to the pediatric aspect of the trisomies and each letter (coming in increasing order of their incidence) stands for an abnormality- P: Patau, E:Edwards and D: Down syndrome. | Mnemonic | |
| 286 | 84 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Glycogen | not necessary | the numbers in the text don't match with those listed in the diagram | Spelling/formatting | |
| 287 | 78 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Disorders of galactose metabolism | not necessary | on the right side of the table (Classic galactosemia) the word "galactitol" was spelled "galacitol" | Spelling/formatting | |
| 288 | 88 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Ketone bodies | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diabetic-ketoacidosis-and-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-state-in-adults-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis?csi=4d7cc0b0-2eaa-4e21-b4b6-21ffd78dbaa3&source=contentShare | Ketogenesis is the process of breaking down fatty acids and amino acids into ketone bodies, which occurs in the liver. In the diagram, however, the purple box labeled ketogenesis is not overlaying the process of ketogenesis in the liver. Instead, it overlays the ketoacids in the blood and those in the muscle (where ketogenolysis, not ketogenesis, can occur with the highlighted substrates). | Minor erratum | |
| 289 | 88 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Ketone bodies | not needed | acetoacetate is described as both a “ketone” and a “ketoacid” in separate parentheses before and after the word “acetoacetate” but in the same phrase due to comma placement. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 290 | 294 | Immunology | Cellular | NEW FACT | First Aid 2022 | - Wiskott-Aldrich is X-linked - alphabet: W,X,y,z | Mnemonic | |
| 291 | 114 | Immunology | Pathology | Immunodeficiencies | First Aid 2022 | Increased in Wiskott-Aldrich: vocals (IgA, IgE) / - Decreased to normal in Wiskott-Aldrich: consonants (IgM, IgG) | Mnemonic | |
| 292 | 294 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Ischemic heart disease manifestations | First Aid 2022 | - vasospaSTIc angina - ST Increased *Highlight in S, T an I* | Mnemonic | |
| 293 | 294 | Immunology | Cellular | NEW FACT | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/naive-b-cell | MaDonna - Like a Birgin - IgM and IgD in Virgin B Cells *highlight in the M, D and B* | Mnemonic | |
| 294 | 294 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Corynebacterium diphtheriae | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.10.032 | - Cardiac symptoms of Corynebacterium diphtheriae: HAM - Heart Block - Arrhytmias - Myocarditis | Mnemonic | |
| 295 | 377 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Hernias | not needed | "In"direct hernias stay "in"side the spermatic cord, while dir"e"ct hernias "e"xpand s"e"parated/besides the spermatic cord. | Mnemonic | |
| 296 | 635 | Reproductive | Embryology | Fetal alcohol syndrome | Not needed | States "One of the leading preventable causes of intellectual disability in the US. Secondary only to maternal alcohol use during pregnancy." Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by maternal alcohol use during pregnancy, therefore this is both redundant and incorrect. | Clarification to current text | |
| 297 | 559 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Visual field defects | https://step1.medbullets.com/neurology/113086/visual-pathway | 2023 edition First aid page 559 visual field defects conflicting image with the explanation. On image number 6 is wrong explanation-- right lower quadrantanopia is due to left parietal lesion not due to temporal lesion. | Clarification to current text | |
| 298 | 559 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Visual field defects | https://click.smartsheet.com/f/a/A9yJo_vCLx3Yn_sAxCa-GA~~/AARF7wA~/RgRmNq0jP0Q8aHR0cHM6Ly9zdGVwMS5tZWRidWxsZXRzLmNvbS9uZXVyb2xvZ3kvMTEzMDg2L3Zpc3VhbC1wYXRod2F5VwNzcGNCCmRRIyhUZHCoYNBSEmphbHl1Y2VsQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAA~~ | visual field defects conflicting image with the explanation. On image number 6 is wrong explanation-- right lower quadrantanopia is due to left parietal lesion not due to temporal lesion. | Major erratum | |
| 299 | 135 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci) | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/homonymous-hemianopia?search=meyer%20loop&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H6 | GBS screening is done at 36-37 weeks | Major erratum | |
| 300 | 318 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle | Chambers, D., Huang, C., & Matthews, G. (2019). Cardiac Pressure–Volume Loops. In Basic Physiology for Anaesthetists (pp. 136-140). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108565011.034 | Both systolic and diastolic heart failure must show reduced stroke volume (X-Axis loop length/Volume difference) in pressure-volume loop. | Major erratum | |
| 301 | 120 | Immunology | Immunosuppressants | Therapeutic antibodies | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482425/#:~:text=Tumor%20necrosis%20factor%20(TNF)%2D,suppurativa%20(A)%2C%20juvenile%20idiopathic | Mnemonic for TNF alpha inhibitors (adalimumab, infliximab, certolizumab, golizumab, etanercept): "ADA and ETA are CERTified IN GOLf" | Mnemonic | |
| 302 | 677 | Reproductive | Pathology | Choriocarcinoma | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089158-table#a1 | beta subunit of hCG is similar to beta subunit of TSH | Major erratum | |
| 303 | 669 | Reproductive | Pathology | Cervical pathology | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/virology-of-human-papillomavirus-infections-and-the-link-to-cancer?search=HPv%20e6%20e7&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | HPV gene E 7 : cR-7 (Retinoblastoma gene) | Mnemonic | |
| 304 | 667 | Reproductive | Abbreviations and Symbols | Ovarian tumors | First aid | In 10th row, yolk sac tumor (resemble glomeruli, arrow in E) but there is no arrow in E . | Minor erratum | |
| 305 | 345 | Endocrine | Pathology | Hypothyroidism | None | First two letters of Hurthle cells can be a mnemonic, because they are pronounced as the first two letters of Hashimoto, and they both begin with the same letter (H). | Mnemonic | |
| 306 | 460 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Anatomy and Physiology | Lower extremity nerves | This is just a mnemonic based on the facts already provided in that page | The Obturator nerve is injured in pelvic Operations while the Femoral nerve is injured in pelvic Fractures. This is an easy way to guide you in the nerve injury based on the patient history. | Mnemonic | |
| 307 | 458 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Anatomy and Physiology | Hand muscles | This is based on information from first aid, just a way to remember those facts. | When looking at your hand from the side and using your lumbricals (flex at MCP and extend at PIP and DIP) it makes an L shape is the L was turned 90 degrees clockwise. Your palm is the bottom of the L and your fingers are the vertical portion of the L. | Mnemonic | |
| 308 | 658 | Reproductive | Pathology | NEW FACT | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-differences-of-sex-development | 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis is a relatively uncommon (1:20000 to 1:64000 live births) condition that is characterized by testicular dysgenesis in individuals with a 46, XY karyotype. usually caused by mutations in genes, such as SRY, involved in testicular development. Despite the presence of testicular tissue, individuals with 46, XY gonadal dysgenesis typically have female external genitalia and a rudimentary or absent uterus and fallopian tubes. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 309 | 353 | Endocrine | Pathology | Diabetes mellitus | uworld | great informations | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 310 | 365 | Gastrointestinal | Embryology | Ventral wall defects | None | First 2 letters of omphalocele sound nearly the same as first 2 letters of Umbilicus, which is where abdominal contents herniate through. | Mnemonic | |
| 311 | 454 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Anatomy and Physiology | Arm abduction | All info from the textbook already | "Supra" DAX TAstes SALT for Supraspinatus/Suprascapular (Supra), Deltoid innervated by AXillary nerve (DAX), Trapezius innervated by Accessory (TAstes), Serratus Anterior innervated by Long Thoracic (SALT). | Mnemonic | |
| 312 | 454 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Anatomy and Physiology | Upper extremity nerves | All info from the textbook already | Radial nerve presentation: decreased grip strength and wrist drop -> "if you injure your radius you cannot grip your radial rattle and it will drop to the ground" (or you could not do the wrist drop part and just use radial rattle to remember the grip strength" | Mnemonic | |
| 313 | 386 | Gastrointestinal | Pathology | Gastric cancer | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6394356/#:~:text=The%20Troisier%20sign%20represents%20an,%2C%20or%20Virchow%2DTroisier%20node. | The "Troisier sign" represents an enlargement of a left-sided supraclavicular lymph node. The enlarged supraclavicular lymph node is known as a Virchow node (VN), Troisier node, or Virchow-Troisier node. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 314 | 84 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Glycogen | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/119318-overview#a5 | In the diagram below, the pair of reverse arrows are placed in the wrong boxes. The arrows in the glycolysis box are pointing in the wrong direction and so are the arrows in the gluconeogenesis box. This led to a major erratum in which the enzyme numbered (1) which catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is labeled as glucose-6-phosphatase, which is wrong. The enzyme's number should have been placed on the opposite arrow. | Major erratum | |
| 315 | 84 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Glycogen | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/119318-overview#a5 | The enzymes are numbered in the paragraph differently than their numbers in the diagram. | Minor erratum | |
| 316 | 49 | Biochemistry | Cellular | Osteogenesis imperfecta | n/a | Patients can't BITE 1 red vine (1 for collagen type 1, red vine has multiple helix so deformed triple helix)) | Mnemonic | |
| 317 | 86 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Lysosomal storage diseases | n/a | Wash PICKed large (hepatosplenomegaly) cherry (cherry-red, and cherry stems look like phospholipid tails) in FOAM (foam cells) | Mnemonic | |
| 318 | 464 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Common knee conditions | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/medial-tibial-collateral-ligament-injury-of-the-knee | Lateral meniscus involvement is NOT more common than medial meniscus involvement in conjunction with ACL and MCL injury. According to up-to-date ("Medial (tibial) collateral ligament injury of the knee", section "Association with other injuries"), they mention that 5% of MCL injuries are associated with medial meniscus injury & did not mention association with lateral meniscus at all, additionally in diffrential diagnosis section, they mention the importance of excluding medial meniscus injury but not lateral meniscus injury. | Major erratum | |
| 319 | 164 | Microbiology | Virology | Paramyxoviruses | None- memory aid that I made up. | “Parismyxoviridae” Fermenting singles feel negative at the big steeple in Paris (-ssRNA, lactose fermenter, and causes steeple sign seen in croup) | Mnemonic | |
| 320 | 133 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Hemolytic bacteria | None- memory aid I made up | Betas are A PAL-Aureus, Pyogenes, Agalactiae, Listeria | Mnemonic | |
| 321 | 321 | Cardiovascular | Pharmacology | Hypertension in pregnancy | None- mnemonic I made up | Hypertensive moms love nifedipine- this mnemonic is easier to associate with hypertension and features one easy to remember drug name for additional benefit. | Mnemonic | |
| 322 | 426 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Macrocytic anemias | None- mnemonic I came up with | Massive Hypersegmented Sanguinous Products are caused by Methotrexate, Hydroxyurea, Sulfas, and Phenytoin | Mnemonic | |
| 323 | 426 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Vitamin B12 | None- mnemonic I made up | Mnemonic for causes of B12 deficiency: TWELVE- Tapeworm, Wernickes (EtOH), Enteritis, Lap Band Surgery, Vegan, Endocrine Pancreas | Mnemonic | |
| 324 | 426 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Vitamin B12 | None- memory aid I came up with. | Cobalamin causes CNS deficits, but Folate Deficiency is Fine. | Mnemonic | |
| 325 | 614 | Renal | Pathology | Casts in urine | None- memory aid I came up with. | Nephrotic Syndrome results in Nephatty Casts- fatty casts seen in nephrotic syndrome | Mnemonic | |
| 326 | 614 | Renal | Pathology | Casts in urine | None- memory aid I came up with. | Waxy Casts indicate Waning Function- end stage or chronic disease. Alternatively, wAXy casts when kidneys get "axed". | Mnemonic | |
| 327 | 310 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Diagnosis of myocardial infarction | None- memory aid I came up with. | 6-12 graders are Crazy Kids: CK-MB increases at 6-12 hours. Alternatively, can use "cute", "cool", "chuckling" or another C adjective to avoid use of the sometimes-offensive term "crazy". | Mnemonic | |
| 328 | 79 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Amino acids | none- I made these up. | Kids Love These Vital Molecules In Highly Wholesome Foods- Mnemonic for essential amino acids using standard 1- letter abbreviations. Glucogenic AAs are High Velocity Molecules- mnemonic for these using standard 1-letter abbreviations. Fast to Weigh In- Ketogenic AAs using standard 1-letter abbreviations. Loves Keto- Ketogenic AAs using standard 1-letter abbreviations. Really, You Can make conditionally essential amino acids- mnemonic using standard 1-letter abbreviations. | Mnemonic | |
| 329 | 139 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Leprosy | None- memory aid I came up with. | TH Two response is seen in the most Terrible form of Leprosy. TH1 is only visible on skin in the sun- limited skin lesions that are more visible when the individual wears summer clothing. | Mnemonic | |
| 330 | 148 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Rickettsial diseases and vector-borne illnesses | None- memory aid I came up with. | Q Fever "Qoxiella" lives in a Cute little endospore and is Quiet on Culture. | Mnemonic | |
| 331 | 193 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | Antituberculous drugs | Mnemonic | RifaButin for Blocked CD4+ : use rifabutin in patients with HIV infection | Mnemonic | |
| 332 | 295 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | NEW FACT | not needed | i couldnt find " aortic regurgitation in the "fact name portion". errata: In Aortic regurgitation, Time (RR interval) diagram, the dicrotic notched is shown, despite its well known fact that "dicrotic notched" disappear in Aortic regurgitation, as mentioned/written beside the diagram on same page. | Minor erratum | |
| 333 | 249 | Pharmacology | Toxicities and Side Effects | Drug reactions—musculoskeletal/skin/connective tissue | https://www.aao.org/eyenet/article/hydroxychloroquine-induced-retinal-toxicity | Myopathy → hydroxychloroquine (paracentral scotoma and "Bull's Eye" Maculopathy) and ethambutol (central scotoma) | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 334 | 34 | Biochemistry | Molecular | NEW FACT | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc Pyrimidine Biosynthetic Enzyme CAD: Its Function, Regulation, and Diagnostic Potential. From U world laso | CPS 2 is the rate limiting step of pyrimidine Synthesis. You can put a sign ( example # with cps 2 ) and mention it Rate Limiting step at the bottom of the page | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 335 | 36 | Biochemistry | Molecular | DNA replication | Self | under dna topoisomerase - mneumonic is PRO-LONES. ( prokaryotes - Floroquinolones) | Mnemonic | |
| 336 | 40 | Biochemistry | Molecular | RNA polymerases | U WORLD , AMBOSS | along with nucleolus word in paragraph1 mention in braket— BASOPHILIC REGION INSIDE NUCLEUS. NUCLEOLUS WORD IS MANY A TIMES NOT MENTIONED IN VARIOUS MCQS | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 337 | 40 | Biochemistry | Molecular | Splicing of pre-mRNA | SELF | REMEMBER THE ‘S’ word =. deceased SMN protein , Snurps assembly affected, Sloppy baby syndrome, Snrnp abs= SLE | Mnemonic | |
| 338 | 46 | Biochemistry | Cellular | Peroxisome | Self | For Zellweger Syndrome- say ‘SHELL Pex’. =. S=sizure, H= hepatomegaly, hypotonia, E = early death , L = liver problems. pex is mutated genes | Mnemonic | |
| 339 | 402 | Gastrointestinal | Pathology | Hemochromatosis | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9681215/ | Mention: HH is associated with HLA-A3 genotype; the most common HFE mutation produces an inactivating cysteine-to-tyrosine substitution at amino acid 282 (C282Y). | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 340 | 647 | Reproductive | Embryology | Congenital penile abnormalities | N/A | Epispadias= Epic fail in positioning (bold epi on both sides) | Mnemonic | |
| 341 | 637 | Reproductive | Embryology | Embryologic derivatives | N/A | Mesoderm MASKOT: Mesoderm gives rise to Microglia, Adrenal cortex, Spleen, Kidneys, Ovaries, Testes | Mnemonic | |
| 342 | 646 | Reproductive | Embryology | Sexual differentiation | N/A | Dr. Lee suggested the GENtleman TIED his tubes (Lee= leydig cells, GENTleman= genitalia, TIED= Testosterone for internal & external due to DHT) | Mnemonic | |
| 343 | 142 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Salmonella vs Shigella | https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/tritzid/SHIGELLO.htm#:~:text=Shigellae%20are%20closely%20related%20to,toxin%20and%20the%20cholera%20toxin. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9925864/ | Shigella produces both endotoxin and exotoxin not just endotoxin. The exotoxin component is responsible for meningismus and coma in patients. Also u world mentions shigella toxin to be exotoxin | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 344 | 196 | Microbiology | Mycology | Griseofulvin | https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/22435/ | Griseofulvin is a microtubule assembly inhibitor. It interacts with microtubules to affect the formation of the mitotic spindle. This interference ultimately inhibits mitosis in dermatophytes. | Clarification to current text | |
| 345 | 197 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | NEW FACT | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anthelminthic-therapies#H2 | Ivermectin opens glutamate-sensitive chloride channel currents in helminths and this may be its mechanism of action. | Clarification to current text | |
| 346 | 636 | Reproductive | Embryology | Early embryonic development | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5958571/#:~:text=PMID%3A%2029915761-,The%20ultrasound%20identification%20of%20fetal%20gender%20at,age%20of%2011–12%20weeks | Fetal Movement starts by week 8 and Genitals have sex-specific characteristics; sex can be determined on ultrasound at week 12. | Major erratum | |
| 347 | 192 | Microbiology | Pharmacology | Metronidazole | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/metronidazole-an-overview#:~:text=Metronidazole%20is%20one%20of%20the,of%20anaerobic%20and%20protozoal%20infections. | It is debatable wether metronidazole causes disulfiram-like reaction | Minor erratum | |
| 348 | 35 | Biochemistry | Molecular | Purine salvage deficiencies | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate | The first part of purine salvage pathway indicates that ribose 5 phosphate becomes IMP by the enzyme PRPP synthetase while the enzyme PRPP synthetase converts Ribose 5 phosphate to PRPP then through multiple enzyme one of which is glutamine PRPP-aminotransferase the PRPP in incorporated with hypoxanthine to become IMP.So the enzyme PRPP ynthetase converts Ribose 5 phosphate to PRPP not to IMP directly | Major erratum | |
| 349 | 416 | Hematology and Oncology | Physiology | Hemoglobin electrophoresis | First Aid 2023 | "C Sticks Far from Anode" --> HbC distance > HbS distance > HbF distance > HbA distance from Anode. HbC = C, HbS = Sticks, HbF = Far, HbA = Anode. "Anode" represents both HbA and the anode itself. This new mnemonic is better than the current one because it lists it in order towards the anode, whereas the current mnemonic lists it away from the anode, then requires you to suddenly reverse directions with the "can't" of "can't go far" from cathode --> anode, when the beginning of the mnemonic "a fat santa claus" is from anode to cathode. Thus it's confusing. Hope this helps | Mnemonic | |
| 350 | 350 | Endocrine | Pathology | Diabetes mellitus | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview | It should be "Hyperglycemia" instead of "Hypoglycemia" in the diagram on page 350 of FA step 1, 2023. | Major erratum | |
| 351 | 197 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | Echinocandins | Original mnemonic to remember content presented in First Aid 2022. | Echinocandins inhibit cell wall synthesis. As an example of the class, here's a mnemonic to remember CASPoFunGin - CASPer the Friendly Ghost goes through walls. | Mnemonic | |
| 352 | 538 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pathology | Trinucleotide repeat expansion diseases | Personal mnemonic | CAlifornia Girls like Huntington beach (There is an actual Huntington Beach in CA) | Mnemonic | |
| 353 | 659 | Reproductive | Pathology | Placental disorders | uworld | Placenta accreta disorders occur due to placental invasion into the myomtrium through defects in the decidua basalis of the endometrium | Clarification to current text | |
| 354 | 465 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | NEW FACT | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/de-quervain-tendinopathy | want to point out a mistake that is not corrected even in the FIRST AID latest 2023 edition pg #465 topic=De QUERVAIN tenosynovitis .In the picture plz change the word (INFLAMED TENDON SHEATHS) with (NON INFLAMED TENDON SHEATHS). | Major erratum | |
| 355 | 81 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Catecholamine synthesis/tyrosine catabolism | N/A | Phil, the dog, does not enjoy meeting vicious cats: (P-Phe, T-Tyr, D-DOPA, D-Dopamine, N-Norepinephrine, E-Epinephrine, M-Metanephrine, V-Vanillymandelic acid, Cats for catecholamine synthesis) | Mnemonic | |
| 356 | 629 | Renal | Pharmacology | Potassium-sparing diuretics | my mind :) | Spironolactone and Eplerenone - both inhibit Aldesterone "SEA" S=spirolactone E=Eplerenone A= Aldesterone, Triamterene and Amiloride - both block Na "TAN" T=Triamterene A= Amiloride N= Na,,,,,,,,,,, "SUN TAN" mnemonic for Potassium sparing diuretics | Mnemonic | |
| 357 | 667 | Reproductive | Pathology | Ovarian tumors | The image is simply missing an arrow that is stated above should be there. Adding the arrow, would help with confirmation of what to look for. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49809538_Unusual_anatomic_location_of_a_primary_intracranial_yolk_sac_tumor) | In the Yolksac tumor characteristics it states that "Schiller-Duval bodies (resemble glomeruli, arrow in E)". However, the E image does NOT have an arrow, so I am unsure what the Schiller-Duval bodies actually are based on the image provided. | Minor erratum | |
| 358 | 375 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Femoral region | Any Atlas and Anatomy book | Satorius muscle is written incorrectly, it is Sartorius muscle. | Minor erratum | |
| 359 | 347 | Endocrine | Pathology | Pituitary gland | Asa SL, Mete O, Perry A, Osamura RY. Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Pituitary Tumors. Endocr Pathol. 2022;33(1):6-26. doi:10.1007/s12022-022-09703-7 | What was previously classified as a "pituitary adenoma" is now part of the broader classification of a "pituitary neuroendocrine tumor". | Minor erratum | |
| 360 | 526 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Spinal tract anatomy and functions | All info from the textbook already | SpinoThalamic Synapses Then crosses, CorticoSpinal Crosses then Synpases | Mnemonic | |
| 361 | 350 | Endocrine | Pathology | Diabetes mellitus | No link needed. Hard copy book in use. | Not sure whether to call this a minor error or a major one. The illustration for the unopposed actions of glucagon in the absence of insulin is misleading in the box beneath glycogenolysis. It states 'HYPOGLYCEMIA,GLYCOSUIRIA'. but describes features consistent with Hyperglycemia in the boxes below. | Minor erratum | |
| 362 | 84 | Biochemistry | Pathology | Glycogen | Hard copy book in use. | The illustration for Glycogenesis/Glycogenolysis showing the list of enzymes in the pathway, does not correspond with the preceding text about glycogenesis/glycogenolysis. Also the footnote is more in line with the text than the flowchart, the enzyme labeled '7" (acid maltase) does not match that listed as '8' in the illustration. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 363 | 528 | Neurology and Special Senses | Neuropathology | NEW FACT | Home Cooked Spiderman Mnemonic | I wanted to suggest for the effects of strokes for the posterior cerebral artery strokes entry in the Neurology and Special Senses Pathology section in Section III that for the Notes portion to write a good possible mnemonic could be "Doc Occ's posterior arms can write but not read or recognize Pete's face" | Mnemonic | |
| 364 | 552 | Neurology and Special Senses | Otology | Common causes of hearing loss | First Aid material was the reference. Just thought it would be an easy way to remember that fact. | "Corti's organ damaged the stereo because the volume was too high" or "Corti's organ can't play high notes after he damaged the stereo" - noise induced hearing loss is caused by damaged stereocillia in the organ of corti with high frequency sound being lost first. | Mnemonic | |
| 365 | 685 | Respiratory | Physiology | Lung and chest wall properties | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7204163/ | Y axis in the image above should change from: Lung volume(L) to Lung volume change(L), because at FRC a normal lung has 2.2 L air and it is not zero as mentioned in this image incorrectly. | Major erratum | |
| 366 | 137 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | NEW FACT | Page 133 | In the listeria monocytogenes profile on page 137, mention that it is a beta-hemolytic bacteria, as is mentioned in page 133 under ‘’hemolytic bacteria’’ | Clarification to current text | |
| 367 | 559 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Visual field defects | https://www.aao.org/education/image/visual-field-defect-of-right-parietal-lobe-lesion-2 | dorsal optic radiation lesions ("pie on the floor") result from lesions to the parietal lobe, not the temporal lobe. | Major erratum | |
| 368 | 559 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Visual field defects | Text on the same page of supports this reference, there is only minor error in figure only. | On Page no. 559, in Visual Field Defects section, in the figure, (6) Dorsal Optic Radiation - Right lower quadrantanopia - which occurs due to Left parietal lesion , not left temporal lesion (which is written there). | Minor erratum | |
| 369 | 253 | Pharmacology | Toxicities and Side Effects | Drug reactions—musculoskeletal/skin/connective tissue | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/drug-induced-lupus | Drugs causing Drug-Induced Lupus (DLE): Don't be basic (HIGH pH) and SIMMPE for your PHRENDS. It will leave you embarrassed (red face). The basic "HIGH pH" - high risk drugs Procainamide and Hydralazine. SIMMPE - Sulfa drugs, Isoniazid, Methyldopa, Minocycline, Phenytoin, Etanercept. PHRENDS - PHENytoin in addition to Procainamide | Mnemonic | |
| 370 | 323, 328 | Cardiovascular | Pharmacology | Calcium channel blockers | not needed | On page 323 the clinical use of nondihydropyridines (diltiazem, verapamil) is: "hypertension, angina, atrial fibrillation/flutter" - but on page 328 the clinical use for diltiazem and verapamil is "prevention of nodal arrhythmias, rate control in atrial fibrillation"? | Clarification to current text | |
| 371 | 317 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Shock | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6174192/ | In anaphylaxis the cardiac output is decreased hence it should be separated from the sepsis where the cardiac output is increased | Major erratum | |
| 372 | 258 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Quantifying risk | first aid | please add the formula explained in words- control risk/ experimental event risk | Clarification to current text | |
| 373 | 317 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Cardiac tamponade | first aid | beck triad I would recommend to change it to beck's triad | Spelling/formatting | |
| 374 | 317 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Shock | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4173449/ | In anaphylactic shock SVO2 usually will be decreased not increased | Major erratum | |
| 375 | 5 | Section I | Section I | Section I Supplement | https://www.usmle.org/apply-exams | Step 1 can be taken in the first two weeks in January. The text book says otherwise. What is written in the textbook applies to step 3 not step 1 | Major erratum | |
| 376 | 336 | Endocrine | Physiology | NEW FACT | not required | Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is pro-bone-o; protective of bone from calcium loss. | Mnemonic | |
| 377 | 358 | Endocrine | Pharmacology | Diabetes mellitus therapy | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prevention-of-hyperkalemia-in-adults | It is stated that "Regular (short-acting) insulin is preferred for DKA (IV), hyperkalemia (+ glucose), stress hyperglycemia.". In this sentence, "hyperkalemia (+ glucose)" is not clear and it requires further explanation. The authors intent to say that regular insulin is preferred for the treatment of hyperkalemia, while IV glucose is also administered in these patients to avoid hypoglycemia. Therefore, "hyperkalemia (+ glucose)" can be changed as "hyperkalemia (IV glucose is also administered to avoid hypoglycemia)" or something to avoid any misunderstanding and enhance the clarity of the text. | Clarification to current text | |
| 378 | 377 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Femoral region | https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sartorius | Labeled image has spelling error. Muscle labeled "Satorius" ('r' is missing) should be changed to "Sartorius". | Spelling/formatting | |
| 379 | 152 | Microbiology | Parasitology | Protozoa—gastrointestinal infections | https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/gen_info/infect_ic.html | For treatment of cryptosporidium, FA 2023 reads that nitazoxanide is used to treat immunocompromised hosts. However, Sketchy and the CDC both state that it is used to treat immunocompetent hosts. | Minor erratum | |
| 380 | 164 | Microbiology | Virology | NEW FACT | Self | Mnemonic for RNA viruses with helical capsid symmetry | Mnemonic | |
| 381 | 435 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-pathologic-features-diagnosis-and-prognosis-of-follicular-lymphoma | Follicular lymphoma has t(14,18) so follicular pronounce (FourEightular) lymphoma | Mnemonic | |
| 382 | 104 | Immunology | Immune Responses | Complement | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/complement-pathways | IgG or IgM mediate complement activation. Mnemonic: complete(complement) your body in Gym(IgG and IgM) | Mnemonic | |
| 383 | 123 | Microbiology | Basic Bacteriology | Stains | none | Giemsa gives Red Color To Plasmodium Because of H.pylori (Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium, Borrelia, H.pylori) | Mnemonic | |
| 384 | 693 | Respiratory | Pathology | Pulmonary emboli | https://www-uptodate-com.rossuniversity.idm.oclc.org/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-acute-lower-extremity-ischemia?search=arterial%20thrombus&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Arterial thrombus vs Venous thrombus | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 385 | 126 | Microbiology | Basic Bacteriology | In vivo biofilm-producing bacteria | https://www-uptodate-com.rossuniversity.idm.oclc.org/contents/risk-factors-and-prevention-of-hospital-acquired-and-ventilator-associated-pneumonia-in-adults?search=decrease%20ventilator%20pneumonia%20risk&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Decrease risk for Ventilator associate pneumonia | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 386 | 701 | Respiratory | Pathology | Pleural effusions | https://www-uptodate-com.rossuniversity.idm.oclc.org/contents/management-of-malignant-pleural-effusions?search=pleural%20effusion%20treatment&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2; https://www-uptodate-com.rossuniversity.idm.oclc.org/contents/management-of-nonmalignant-pleural-effusions-in-adults?search=pleural%20effusion%20treatment&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Pleural effusion underlying cause and treatment | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 387 | 388 | Gastrointestinal | Pathology | Malabsorption syndromes | https://www-uptodate-com.rossuniversity.idm.oclc.org/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-chronic-diarrhea-in-resource-abundant-settings?search=stool%20osmolar%20gap&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~10&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Types of diarrhea and differential diagnosis | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 388 | 542 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pathology | Adult primary brain tumors | https://www-uptodate-com.rossuniversity.idm.oclc.org/contents/evaluation-and-management-of-secondary-amenorrhea?search=amenorrhea&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Amenorrhea and hormonal changes | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 389 | 494 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pharmacology | Acetaminophen | https://www-uptodate-com.rossuniversity.idm.oclc.org/contents/general-approach-to-drug-poisoning-in-adults?search=drug%20toxicity%20antidote&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2 | Common Drug toxicity and antidote | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 390 | 433 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders | https://www-uptodate-com.rossuniversity.idm.oclc.org/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-a-suspected-bleeding-disorder?search=bleeding%20disorder&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H2233110929 | Differential Diagnosis of Bleeding Disorders | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 391 | 681 | Respiratory | Embryology | Alveolar cell types | NA | Please change "Glucocorticoids important for fetal surfactant synthesis and lung development." to "Glucocorticoids are important for fetal surfactant synthesis and lung development." | Clarification to current text | |
| 392 | 232 | Pharmacology | Pharmacology | Pharmacokinetics | . | Potency is missing in Index (not mentioned) | Minor erratum | |
| 393 | 688 | Respiratory | Physiology | Hypoxia and hypoxemia | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11307-021-01700-2 | Number 4 in diagram, mention that "Normal perfusion in areas of reduced ventilation", this statement does not apply on pulmonary embolism which is mention in examples "(eg, COPD, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism)". Pulmonary embolism result in reduced perfusion in presence of normal ventilation. | Major erratum | |
| 394 | 84 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Glycogen | page 72 of First Aid (same edition as 2023) | The arrows under the Gluconeogenesis and Glycolysis pathways of the figure are in opposite directions (see encircled area). | Minor erratum | |
| 395 | 619 | Renal | Pathology | Kidney stones | FA | at the title is says cystine stones are radiolucent but lower in the description. of cystine it says Faintly radi- opaque and not mentioned radiolucent please may you make it more clear. | Minor erratum | |
| 396 | 536 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pathology | Neurodegenerative movement disorders | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/huntington-disease-genetics-and-pathogenesis | I am waiting for(chromosome four) hunting(huntington disease) a bird in the cage(CAG trinucleotide) | Mnemonic | |
| 397 | 420 | Hematology and Oncology | Physiology | Hemoglobin electrophoresis | First Aid | California Sunshine’s Feel Amazing (a better mnemonic for the order of hemoglobin as it travels closest to farthest & C to A indicates cathode to anode) | Mnemonic | |
| 398 | 570 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pharmacology | Glaucoma therapy | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/open-angle-glaucoma-treatment?csi=ef379de1-77c4-4c45-a729-e8fb44eb1c1e&source=contentShare | Replace the mnemonic “βαD humor may not be politically correct.” By “βαD PC(personal computer)” | Mnemonic | |
| 399 | 212 | Pathology | Inflammation | Wound healing | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2017.11.004 | Wound healing tissue mediators, TGF-B have mainly two functions which are first stimulating fibroblasts to synthesise collagen and inhibit collagen breakdown (fibrosis) and second is anti-inflammatory which inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and activation and this last function had demonstrated when Knock-out mice TGF-B gens, the result was widespread inflammation and from here we know rolling of TGF-B as Anti-inflammatory but instead you had written angiogenesis and TGf-B participating a little bit in angiogenesis. | Minor erratum | |
| 400 | 212 | Pathology | Inflammation | Wound healing | Not needed | Regarding wound healing phases, I suggest to name the phase 1 as Exudative phase because it involves both haemostats and inflammation. I think this more accurate than you had named with ”inflammation phase” | Clarification to current text | |
| 401 | 626 | Renal | Pathology | Renal oncocytoma | no link needed | In the image (A) the arrows are missing which are supposed to show the mass | Minor erratum | |
| 402 | 60 | Biochemistry | Genetics | Fragile X syndrome | I m providing supportive reference from robbins latest edition textbook | Fragile X syndrome is x linked recessive disorder not x linked dominant as mentioned in robbins latest edition also. | Minor erratum | |
| 403 | 86 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Lysosomal storage diseases | I hope first aid usmle rx will include some of the mnemonics for lysosomal storage disorder | I'll provide my mnemonic list for lysosomal storage disorder | Mnemonic | |
| 404 | 57 | Biochemistry | Genetics | Autosomal dominant diseases | Mnemonic attached | I am giving mnemonic for autosomal disorders | Mnemonic | |
| 405 | 57 | Biochemistry | Genetics | Autosomal recessive diseases | Mnemonic attached | Providing my mnemonic for autosomal recessive disorder | Mnemonic | |
| 406 | 645 | Reproductive | Anatomy | Female reproductive anatomy | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/surgical-female-pelvic-anatomy-uterus-and-related-structures | In the figure, the cervical cross section could be better illustrated. The depth contrast for cervical canal could be increased for more accurate 3D illustration. Also, the point that indicates cervical os could be a little downwards. Moreover, if this cross section passes through the external orifice, the notch that is present at the most distal part of cervix, which is the external orifice notch, should be removed. | Clarification to current text | |
| 407 | 673 | Reproductive | Pathology | Testicular tumors | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/chorionic-gonadotropin-alpha-subunit | Choriocarcinoma: alpha (not beta) subunit of hCG is similar to alpha (not beta subunit of TSH) | Minor erratum | |
| 408 | 645 | Reproductive | Anatomy | Female reproductive anatomy | NA | In the right part of the left-side illustration, the broad ligament could also be indicated, as in the right-side illustration. | Clarification to current text | |
| 409 | 703 | Respiratory | Pathology | Pneumonia | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/aspiration-pneumonia-in-adults#H8 | In the aspiration pneumonia field, the text listsl that it is more common in RUL if lying down due to bronchial anatomy, but this would be better stated as a recumbent position as the current wording could be interpreted as prone, which is incorrect. | Minor erratum | |
| 410 | 88 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Ketone bodies | Not applicable. | Misplaced comma in the sentence: Ketone bodies: acetone, (ketone) acetoacetate (ketoacid), beta-hydroxybutyrate (ketoacid). Correction: Ketone bodies: acetone (ketone), acetoacetate (ketoacid), beta-hydroxybutyrate (ketoacid) | Minor erratum | |
| 411 | 197 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | Antiviral therapy | Kaplan Medical | I want to suggest a good mnemonic to remember some of antiviral drugs. antiVIRal drugs —> suffix “-vir” ; 1. for anti-Influenza (I) drugs —> add i —> “-ivir” (oseltamIVIR , zanamIVIR) ; 2. for anti-HIV (AIDS) (A) drugs [protease inhibitors] , add A —> “-avir” (atazanAVIR , darunAVIR , indinAVIR) , 3. For anti-herpes drugs , add O (just remember, there is no connection of O with herpes like previous two examples) —> “-ovir” (acyclOVIR , valacyclOVIR , ganciclOVIR) | Mnemonic | |
| 412 | 186 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | Cephalosporins | Kaplan Medical | For 2nd gen cephalosporins, already one mnemonic is given. But i also want to suggest another one : It’s a FACt (ceFAClor) that I’m a FOXy (ceFOXitin) FURry (ceFURoxime) man at TEa (cefoTEtan) parties. | Mnemonic | |
| 413 | 186 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | Cephalosporins | Page 182 ; First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, 2023 Edition | First gen cephalosporin mnemonic - PEcK ( Proteus , E. coli , Klebsiella ) ———> these 3 are UTI causing bacteria | Clarification to current text | |
| 414 | 136 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Clostridia | https://microbiologynote.com/nagler-reaction-lecithinase-test/ | In the laboratory, the action of the lecithinase (produced by C. perfringens) can be observed in Nagler's reaction, in which strains of C. perfringens will lyse the lecithin in egg-yolk agar. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 415 | 369 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Digestive tract histology | first aid | Peyer patches described in ilium missing arrow in image C | Minor erratum | |
| 416 | 162 | Microbiology | Virology | Herpesviruses | https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Dynamics-of-anti-EBV-antibody-responses-over-time-during-primary-infection_fig2_283439011 | Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4) is diagnosed by monospot test, but sometimes there’s a false negative in situations like : 1-early stage infection (due heterophile antibodies are Not produced in enough quantity yet) 2-Children beneath age 4 (due their immune system is not maturated enough to deal with such type of infection) ,so for these reasons above if we have a false negative monospot in suspected patient, we must go to do a EBV specific antibody test in which involve VCA IgM and EBNA IgG. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 417 | 668 | Reproductive | Pathology | Uterine conditions | www.pathoma.com | Leiomyosarcoma is a malignant proliferation of smooth muscle arising from the myometrium. It arises de novo, i.e., leiomyosarcomas do not arise from leiomyomas. It is usually seen in postmenopausal women (VS leiomyoma which is more common in premenopausal women).Gross examination often shows a single lesion (VS leiomyoma which is typically multiple) with areas of necrosis and hemorrhage. Histological features include necrosis, mitotic activity, and cellular atypia. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 418 | 442 | Hematology and Oncology | Pharmacology | Antiplatelets | https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00054 | Abciximab is not mention along with other antiplatlets such as Eptifiatide and Tirofiban | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 419 | 186 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | Cephalosporins | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cephalosporins#H6 | "2nd generation (cefaclor, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, cefotetan)—gram ⊕ cocci, H influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria spp., Serratia marcescens, Proteus mirabilis, E coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae." These sentense is incorrect beacuse listed bacterias are gram-negative and we use 2nd generation drugs mostly with gram-negatives. | Major erratum | |
| 420 | 189 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | Tetracyclines | Kaplan Medical | Tetracyclines causes photosensitivity. Also one of the adverse effect of sulphonamides is photosensitivity. And floroquinolones too causes photosensitivity (but it is not mentioned in first aid). So I would like to suggest a good mnemonic for this drugs causing photosensitivity. Photosensitivity = photos = FoToS (Fluoroquinolones, Tetracyclines, Sulfonamides) | Mnemonic | |
| 421 | 189 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | Tetracyclines | Self (Not applicable) | Some of the High-Yield facts related to "T"etracyclines can be memorised by this —> (1) prevent attachment of "t”RNA ; (2) “T”ransported into the cell [= accumulate intracellularly] ; (3) “T”eratogenic ; (4) “T”eeth discolouration ; (5) causes pho”T”osensitivity ; (5) causes type “T”wo RTA (fanconi syndrome) | Mnemonic | |
| 422 | 181 | Microbiology | Systems | TORCH infections | Not needed | I have a helpful mnemonic about congenital cmv symptoms, which is ‘MR DICS’ this for : M-Microcepaly. R-menatl Retardation. D- Deafness. I & C-Intracranial calcification. S- Seizures | Mnemonic | |
| 423 | 294 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | NEW FACT | https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsbas&AN=edsbas.BE2C712&site=eds-live | Book said: "Paradoxical Splitting: Heard in conditions that delay aortic valve closure (eg, aortic stenosis, left bundle branch block)." This could be confusing because Aortic stenosis is most common associated with a delay of the valve opening and is given as an example of a delay in closure of the valve. So, the mechanism for this is that the aortic valve becomes narrowed, restricting the flow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta. This narrowing can lead to turbulent blood flow and may result in delayed closure of the aortic valve. | Clarification to current text | |
| 424 | 517 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Vagal nuclei | https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?sectionid=248250776&bookid=2945&Resultclick=2 | In page 517 the cranial nerves that nucleus ambiguus contribute are indicated as CN IX and CN X. However, in page 529, these nerves are indicated as CN IX, X, and, XI. The second one is true. Thus, in page 517, the CN XI should be added to the nerves that nucleus ambiguus contribute. | Minor erratum | |
| 425 | 69 | Biochemistry | Nutrition | Zinc | N/A | "(congenital defect in interstial zinc..." has an opening bracket with no closing bracket | Spelling/formatting | |
| 426 | 534 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pathology | Headaches | https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?sectionid=265448265&bookid=3095#1199147984 - https://www.thelancet.com/article/S1474-4422(17)30405-2/fulltext | It is worth noting that cluster headaches are often referred to as "suicide headaches" by some sources due to its intensity. However, it is important to approach this analogy with sensitivity and kindness. While it may be used in certain contexts, it is not widely accepted or endorsed by reputable sources such as Harrison's. It is crucial to avoid normalizing or trivializing the seriousness of suicide. Moreover, recent analyses indicate that although cluster headaches can cause severe pain, leading to increased feelings of depression and suicidal thoughts, actual suicide attempts are rare. As a physician and scientist, I understand the intention behind emphasizing the intensity of pain associated with cluster headaches. Nonetheless, it is important to refrain from using the term "suicide headache" to describe this condition, as it can perpetuate a negative and potentially harmful association. | Minor erratum | |
| 427 | 316 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Heart failure | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-management-of-heart-failure-with-reduced-ejection-fraction-in-adults/print | I would like to suggest stating the ejection fraction range for HFrEF (≤40%) and HFpEF (≥50%). This seems to be a high-yield fact, the knowledge of which is often assumed in many heart failure-related practice questions (e.g., UWorld) and sometimes required to correctly answer the question. Alternatively (or additionally), the fact that non-reduced ejection fraction is ≥50% may be added to the physiology section on page 290. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 428 | 448 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Anatomy and Physiology | NEW FACT | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31641356/ | Hello, I have several mnemonics and one error: 1. gastRoschisis vs oMphalocele: Right-sided vs Midline and Membrane-covered 2. Klumpke's palsy = CLAW-mpke's palsy (claw hand) 3. neural crest structures: MOM'S APPLES (not MMOtEL PPASS) 4. Collagen in the Eye: Lens is 4 letters (type IV collagen), cOrNEa has ONE (type I collagen), viTWOus humor (type II collagen, admittedly this one isn't very strong) 5. strawberry vs cherry hemangioma: Straw-BABY occurs in infants, cherry in elderly 6. Errata: "four carcinomas route hematogenously" mnemonic is unhelpful. Other carcinomas besides the ones mentioned that commonly metastasize via blood: colon, anal, prostate, breast, lung. | Mnemonic | |
| 429 | 44 | Biochemistry | Cellular | Cell cycle phases | https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/cell-cycle/a/cell-cycle-phases | Please specify the checkpoints in the cell cycle. Between g1\s and g2/m. | Minor erratum | |
| 430 | 548 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pathology | Facial nerve lesions | NA | In the facial nerve lesions subsection, “other symptoms” associated with upper and lower motor neuron lesions are indicated. However, some of them are not the “symptoms” of motor neuron lesions. Instead, these are “associations” or “associated symptoms”. To give an example, loss of taste sensation to the anterior tongue is not a symptom of lower motor neuron lesion of the facial nerve. Instead, it is an “associated symptom” of lower motor neuron lesions, due to the lesions of sensory, not motor, neurons in the facial nerve. Therefore, to avoid any misunderstanding, the heading “other symptoms” could be changed to “other associated symptoms”. | Clarification to current text | |
| 431 | 253 | Pharmacology | Pharmacology | Cytochrome P-450 interactions (selected) | No link | CARGO of SICK FACES is a better mnemonic than the one used in First Aid 2022. It includes all agents mentioned in the list. CARGO: Ciprofloxacin, Amiodarone, Ritonavir, Grapefruit juice, Omeprazole. | Mnemonic | |
| 432 | 289 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Cardiac output variables | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3062524/ | increased intracellular sodium decreases the activity of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and therefore increases cardiac contractility. But decreased extracellular Na+ (aka hyponatremia) is not known to increase contractility, in fact some studies (like the one I attached the link for below) suggest that hyponatremia decreases contractility. | Minor erratum | |
| 433 | 544 | Neurology and Special Senses | Neuropathology | Childhood primary brain tumors | Self-Study | Parinaud syndrome-upward gaze palsy --->Pari"naud" prevents you from "nodding" your eyes | Mnemonic | |
| 434 | 767 | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482292/#:~:text=Pulsus%20paradoxus%20refers%20to%20an,greater%20than%2010%20mm%20Hg. | In cardiovascular section of the Rapdi Review, the pulsus paradoxsus definition is incomplete. Pulsus paradoxsus is a "decrease" in systoilc ..... | Minor erratum | |
| 435 | 777 | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tumor-lysis-syndrome-pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-definition-etiology-and-risk-factors | Electrolyte changes in tumor lysis syndrome: Change decrease uric acid to increase uric acid level | Major erratum | |
| 436 | 324 | Cardiovascular | Pharmacology | Sacubitril | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sacubitril-and-valsartan-drug-information?search=sacubitril%20valsartan&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1~35&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1 | Regarding the adverse effects of sacubitril, the textbook states "hyperkalemia" as one of them. This is quite misleading as sacubitril in itself does not cause hyperkalemia. Instead, it is the ARB component of the sabubitril-valsartan(ARB) combination that causes the hyperkalemia. (Extra note: Sacubitril actually attenuates the risk of hyperkalemia caused by ARB, as ARBs alone are more likely to cause hyperkalemia than the sacubitril-ARB combination). Suggested clarification: add note next to hyperkalemia- between parentheses - saying that it is caused by the ARB component of the Sacubitril-valsartan combination and not sacubitril per se. | Clarification to current text | |
| 437 | 557 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Ocular motility | NA | Lateralization is crucial when it comes to medical figures and images. While the concept of lateralization can be understood by analyzing the locations of anatomical structures, it is important to consider that this book is intended for students who may not be familiar with the subject matter. Therefore, it is essential to provide clear indications in the illustrations to aid their understanding. For instance, when referring to the eyes in page 557, it is helpful to label the illustrations as follows: "Anterior view of the right eye" and "Lateral view of the right eye," respectively. These labels will provide students with a better understanding of the specific orientation and perspective being depicted in the images. By incorporating these precise descriptions, the book will offer a clearer and more comprehensive learning experience for students. | Clarification to current text | |
| 438 | 776 | Index | Cellular | α1-antitrypsin deficiency | Le Tao et al. First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2023. New York: McGraw Hill LLC, 2023. | The α1-tripsin deficiency index entry incorrectly references page 46, which does not mention α1-tripsin deficiency. | Minor erratum | |
| 439 | 695 | Respiratory | Pathology | Obstructive lung diseases | Tao Le et al. First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2023. New York: McGraw Hill LLC, 2023. | In the NOTES for Emphysema, the last sentence includes two typos: an inverted parenthesis "(antiprotease that inhibits neutrophil elastase(" and a missing period at the end of the sentence. | Minor erratum | |
| 440 | 55 | Biochemistry | Genetics | Genetic terms | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=ALLRG%2F76528&source=graphics_gallery&topicKey=561 | A simplified example (adjunt) for "linkage disequilbrium" for best comprehension | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 441 | 95 | Immunology | Lymphoid Structures | Lymphatic drainage associations | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5891651/#:~:text=The%20deep%20lymph%2Dcollecting%20vessels,types%20segregated%20from%20each%20other. | for best comprehension of lymphatic drainage is important to add that: -The deep lymph-collecting vessels accompany the arteries (Ex. drainage of dorsolateral foot to popliteal and then to deep inguinal nodes). Whereas the superficial lymph-collecting vessels tend to follow veins (Ex. medial foot drain to superficial inguinal nodes) | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 442 | 166 | Microbiology | Virology | Rubella virus | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340181216_Forchheimer_Spots_in_Rubella | to add. Forchheimer Spots: red vesicular rash on palate in 20% of patients with Rubella | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 443 | 429 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Anemias | made by myself | a simplified overview in form of diagram to differentiate aplastic anemia from the other types | Mnemonic | |
| 444 | 467 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Estrogen | kaplan, UWorld explanation | Estrogen rises leves of OP and decrease Rankl als Interleukins, that is why it prevents osteoporosis | Clarification to current text | |
| 445 | 470 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Common musculoskeletal conditions | kaplan, Uworld and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3213256/ | a GANGLION CYST will transilluminate with a shining light, this will help in differentiating this kind of cystic tumors from solid tumors as schwannomas wich not transilluminate | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 446 | 479 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Seronegative spondyloarthritis | Uworld explanation and https://www.uptodate.com/contents/reactive-arthritis#subscribeMessage | An important clinical clue of REACTIVE ARTHRITIS is Keratoderma blennorrhagicum, wich is described as hyperkeratotic vesicles on palms and soles in UWorld | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 447 | 483 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Vasculitides | not needed, just clarification | in Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is important to clarify that a renal manifestation is nephritic syndrome | Clarification to current text | |
| 448 | 485 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Dermatology | Scleroderma | UWorld explanation | 1. renal crisis in scleroderma looks like HTA crisis, both have hyperplastic arteriosclerosis and fibrinoid necrosis and scleroderma also has vasospasm.2. in Scleroderma, hyperplastic arteriosclerosis, fibrinoid necrosis and vasospasm contribute to reduce the lumen of renal vessels, causing ischemia. This rises RAAS producing hypertension and other manifestations. That is the reason why we use ACE to treat this condition | Clarification to current text | |
| 449 | 489 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Dermatology | Common skin disorders | made by myself with UWorld explanation and images | table to help in the differentiation of the types of melanocytic nevi (adjunct file) | Clarification to current text | |
| 450 | 240 | Pharmacology | Autonomic Drugs | Muscarinic antagonists | NA | On page 240, it is stated that benztropine and trihexyphenidyl are used in Parkinson's disease, and a mnemonic is provided as "park my Benz" to remember the use of benztropine in Parkinson's disease. However, on page 565, another mnemonic is given that includes both drugs as "Tri Parking my Mercedes-Benz." This mnemonic is more comprehensive as it includes both benztropine and trihexyphenidyl. Therefore, it would be advisable to update the mnemonic on page 240 to match the one on page 565 for consistency and completeness. | Mnemonic | |
| 451 | 586 | Psychiatry | Pathology | NEW FACT | UWorld 2023 | UWORLD lists both lisdexamfetamine and topiramate as treatments for Binge-eating disorder. FA only lists lisdexamfetamine | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 452 | 92 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Familial dyslipidemias | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15630634/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567738/#:~:text=Familial%20dysbetalipoproteinemia%20is%20a%20condition,disease%20and%20peripheral%20vascular%20disease. | In dysbetalipoproteinemia ,It should be mentioned that there is also an increase in blood levels of triglycerides. It should also be mentioned that it is associated with Alzheimer. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 453 | 622 | Renal | Pathology | Acute interstitial nephritis | Tao Le et al. First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2023. New York: McGraw Hill LLC, 2023. | I suggest my easier but more comprehensive version of the 5 P's: Pyuria (eosinophilic pus), Pee (diuretics), Pain (NSAIDS), PPI (Proton pump inhibitors), and PQRS Antibiotics (Penicillins, Quinolones, Rifampin, Sulfonamides). | Mnemonic | |
| 454 | 623 | Renal | Pathology | Renal papillary necrosis | Tao Le et al. First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2023. New York: McGraw Hill LLC, 2023. | I suggest the following mnemonic for Papillary Necrosis: "Pop an NSAID" NSAID, Sickle cell disease or trait, Acute pyelonephritis, Interstitial nephritis, Diabetes mellitus. | Mnemonic | |
| 455 | 455 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Anatomy and Physiology | Knee exam | NA | Lateralization is crucial when it comes to medical figures and images. While the concept of lateralization can be understood by analyzing the locations of anatomical structures, it is important to consider that this book is intended for students who may not be familiar with the subject matter. Therefore, it is essential to provide clear indications in the illustrations to aid their understanding. So, it would be helpful to indicate that the illustration shows “Anterior view of the left knee” This label will provide students with a better understanding of the specific orientation and perspective being depicted in the images. By incorporating these precise descriptions, the book will offer a clearer and more comprehensive learning experience for students. | Clarification to current text | |
| 456 | 574 | Psychiatry | Psychology | Normal infant and child development | No need | Under toddler’s social milestones, 2. Rapproachment should be Reapproachment. (Minor printing mistake) | Spelling/formatting | |
| 457 | 466 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Childhood musculoskeletal conditions | NA | Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease confers idiopathic avascular necrosis of femoral head. [Femoral head is like the CALVErium of the LEGG] | Mnemonic | |
| 458 | 445 | Hematology and Oncology | Pharmacology | Topoisomerase inhibitors | Self-Study | I can come 1st; with number 2 on my side. --------> I "can" [denoting -can suffix of drugs Irinotecan, topotecan] come "1"st [being topoisomerase1]; with number "2" [denoting topoisomerase 2] my "side" [-side suffix of drugs Etoposide, teniposide] | Mnemonic | |
| 459 | 413 | Hematology and Oncology | Embryology | Antibody structure and function | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9369710/ | Main Anti A or Anti B antibies are IgM (predominantly), whereas, this fact is written otherwise in FA2022, ie IgG shown as predominant Antibody against Type A or Type B antigen on RBC. | Minor erratum | |
| 460 | 793 | Index | Molecular | DNA repair | Tao Le et al. First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2023. New York: McGraw Hill LLC, 2023. | The Index entry for "Fanconi Anemia and non-homologous end joining, 37" is inconsistent with the DNA repair fact on pg. 37, which states that Fanconi Anemia is associated with Homologous Recombination, not NHEJ. I suggest either updating the Index entry OR updating the DNA repair fact. | Minor erratum | |
| 461 | 350 | Endocrine | Pathology | Vitamin D | Robbins Pathology p.330 paragraph B | in the table , the active form of VitD is increasing but it is actually decreasing | Major erratum | |
| 462 | 566 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pharmacology | Neurodegenerative disease therapy | https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-converts-novel-alzheimers-disease-treatment-traditional-approval | 6th July 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration converted Leqembi (lecanemab-irmb), indicated to treat adult patients with Alzheimer’s Disease, to traditional approval following a determination that a confirmatory trial verified clinical benefit. Leqembi is the first amyloid beta-directed antibody to be converted from an accelerated approval to a traditional approval for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The drug works by reducing amyloid plaques that form in the brain, a defining pathophysiological feature of the disease. The most common side effects of Leqembi were headache, infusion-related reactions and amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA), a side effect known to occur with the class of antibodies targeting amyloid. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 463 | 536 | Neurology and Special Senses | Neuropathology | Neurodegenerative disease therapy | Self-Study | To better recollect ApoE2 decreases risk and ApoE4 increases risk, we can use the mnemonic- 4 steps "four"ward 2 steps back | Mnemonic | |
| 464 | 84 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Glycogen | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554417/#:~:text=Glycogenolysis%20is%20the%20biochemical%20pathway,phosphorylase%20kinase%20and%20glycogen%20phosphorylase. | The mention of glycogenolysis enzyme numbers are wrongly printed | Spelling/formatting | |
| 465 | 623 | Renal | Pathology | Consequences of renal failure | Wang Y, Si S, Liu J, et al. The Associations of Serum Lipids with Vitamin D Status. PLoS One 2016;11(10):e0165157. ("The serum 25(OH)D levels were inversely associated with TG (p < 0.001)... It seems that the serum 25(OH)D levels are closely associated with the serum lipids and AIP. Vitamin D deficiency may be associated with the increased risk of dyslipidemias, especially in men." (N=1475)) | First and foremost, I would like to make the high-yield addition that vitamin D is associated to dyslipidemia (which may also be added to the "Lipoprotein functions" fact on p. 92 in Biochemistry—Metabolism) and, further, that this fact helps to explain the relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and dyslipidemia (Wang et al.). Secondly, based on this high-yield addition, I suggest the following new mnemonic for the "Consequences of Renal Failure": CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease), ↑ uriC aCid (URemia, ACIDosis), ↑ K⁺/Na⁺/H₂O (Hypertension, HF), Deficiency of vitamin D (osteoDystrophy, Dyslipidemia) and EPO (anemia). Alternatively, "↑ K⁺/Na⁺/H₂O" may be changed to "hyperKalemia, Na⁺/H₂O retention (Hypertension, HF)", and "Deficiency" may be replaced with "Decrease". My mnemonic is significantly shorter and, I think, easier to remember than the existing one, MAD HUNGER, which includes nonspecific abbreviations such as M for Metabolic, H for High, G for Growth, and R for Renal. More importantly, my mnemonic attempts to reflect important connections between the included concepts (e.g., uric acid is related to uremia and acidosis, electrolytes are related to one another and to H₂O retention, vitamin D is related to osteodystrophy and dyslipidemia (cf. Wang et al.), and both vitamin D (calcitriol) and EPO are made in the kidneys). MAD HUNGER seems to have the contradictory implication that chronic kidney disease leads to hunger; on the contrary, it leads to uremia and, hence, anorexia—i.e., the opposite of hunger. Finally, it may be more simple, specific, and consistent to also change the fact name from "Consequences of Renal Failure" to "Chronic Kidney Disease". | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 466 | 55 | Biochemistry | Genetics | NEW FACT | https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Genetic-Drift | Spelling error "Genetic drift - A dramatic shift in allelic frequency that occurs by **change". Is not by change, it is by Chance. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 467 | 147 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Zoonotic bacteria | https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/plague + UWORLD | THERE IS NO ANY OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT YERSINIA PESTIS. I WOULD SUGGEST TO ADD MAIN MANIFESTATION TO HELP RECOGNIZE EXCEPT FOR THE PALGUE, PAINFUL LYMPHADENOPATHY/ SWOLLEN LYMPH NODES. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 468 | 572 | Psychiatry | Psychology | Ego defenses | NA | In the expamle of "Displacement" subsection, change "her principal" to "his principal", and "her wife's" to "his wife's". | Clarification to current text | |
| 469 | 578 | Psychiatry | Pathology | Psychosis | NA | In "Hallucinations" subsection, please remove "Contrast with misperceptions (eg, illusions) of real external stimuli." as the difference between hallucinations and illusions is already explained at the end of the subsection as "Contrast with illusions, which are misperceptions of real external stimuli (eg, mistaking a shadow for a black cat)." | Clarification to current text | |
| 470 | 692 | Respiratory | Anatomy | Epistaxis | https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMcp2019344 | Posterior ethmoidal artery doesn't involve in forming Kiesselbach plexus | Minor erratum | |
| 471 | 100 | Immunology | Lymphocytes | Regulatory T cells | https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/immune-dysregulation-polyendocrinopathy-enteropathy-x-linked-syndrome/ | It should be mentioned that IPEX is Xlinked RECESSIVE | Clarification to current text | |
| 472 | 127 | Microbiology | Basic Bacteriology | Bacterial virulence factors | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK333431/ | STREPTOCOCUS PYOGENES | Clarification to current text | |
| 473 | 114 | Immunology | Immune Responses | Immunodeficiencies | BNB+ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12708982/ | Autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome (Job syndrome)- IN FINDINGS ADD DECREASED IFN GAMMA | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 474 | 193 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | Rifamycins | First aid 2023 edition, page 193, Rifamycins | as rifampin works by inhibiting RNA polymerase and causes red-orange discoloration -> "Rifampin Restrics Red RNAses" | Mnemonic | |
| 475 | 516 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Brain stem—ventral view | https://www.uptodate.com/share-content-messaging?errorMessage=invalidLink | CN-XIIin medulla & CN-Xi from spinal cord. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 476 | 563 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pharmacology | Benzodiazepines | NA | Change "Treat overdose with flumazenil (competitive antagonist at GABA benzodiazepine receptor). Can precipitate seizures by causing acute benzodiazepine withdrawal." to "Treat overdose with flumazenil (competitive antagonist at GABA benzodiazepine receptor) with caution as it may precipitate seizures by causing acute benzodiazepine withdrawal." This revision addresses any potential misunderstandings or ambiguities associated with the second sentence. | Clarification to current text | |
| 477 | 248 | Pharmacology | Toxicities and Side Effects | Age-related changes in pharmacokinetics | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21061523/#:~:text=Until%20recently%2C%20gastric%20acid%20secretion,as%20the%20phenomenon%20following%20aging. | Absorption does change with age i.e. gastric aicd production decreases with age and gastric emptying also decreases. this leads to less bioavailability of drug and also causes increases drug-drug and drug-food interactions | Minor erratum | |
| 478 | 595 | Psychiatry | Pharmacology | Monoamine oxidase inhibitors | NA | It is not explained why it is necessary to wait 2 weeks after stopping MOA inhibitors before starting serotonergic drugs or stopping dietary restrictions. The reasons for these are preventing serotonin syndrome and hypertensive crisis, respectively, as partly explained on page 589. Therefore, it would be very effective to change the last sentence to “Wait 2 weeks after stopping MAO inhibitors before starting serotonergic drugs (to avoid serotonin syndrome) or stopping dietary restrictions of tyramine-rich foods (to avoid hypertensive crisis).” | Clarification to current text | |
| 479 | 104 | Immunology | Immune Responses | Complement | https://www.scielo.br/j/rbr/a/wnCT8r7nCywSkY7ZSDbP65p/?lang=en&format=pdf#:~:text=CD55%20and%20CD59%20are%20glycosylphosphatidylinositol,membrane%20attack%20complex%20by%20CD59. | its mentioned only about CD55 decay accelerating factor, add please CD59 inhibits the formation of the membrane attack complex | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 480 | 33 | Biochemistry | Molecular | Nucleotides | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725800000486 | Nucleosides are synthesized as a monophosphate form which are converted into triphosphate form later. Only the triphosphate form can be incorporated into the DNA | Clarification to current text | |
| 481 | 582 | Psychiatry | Pathology | Obsessive-compulsive disorders | Self study | Obsessions (recurring intrusive thoughts or sensations) that can cause severe distress")", and/or compulsions. ------> last bracket is mis-placed. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 482 | 574 | Psychiatry | Psychology | Grief | Identifying abnormal grief BMJ https://www.bmj.com › bmj › bmj.j2016.DC1 › grief_v27 / OR / https://www.statpearls.com/ArticleLibrary/viewarticle/22431 | Discussing normal vs abnormal grief reactions would be helpful since this has come up on board exams and practice questions quite a few times. Thoughts about suicide or death as well as any signs of psychosis are abnormal grief. Normal grief includes illusions or hallucinations that the person knows is not real (intact reality testing) vs abnormal grief where they believe the illusions or hallucinations are real. | Clarification to current text | |
| 483 | 350 | Endocrine | Pathology | Insulin | First Aid 2020, First Aid 2022 | decreased available insulin causes hypoglycemia. It should be hyperglycemia not hypoglycemia. Previous editions were correct about it. Only the 2023 edition bears the mistake. | Major erratum | |
| 484 | 667 | Reproductive | Pathology | Ovarian tumors | - | Yolk sac tumors → their is no arrow in E. | Minor erratum | |
| 485 | 229 | Pharmacology | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Pharmacokinetics | NA | Please explain "Hemodialysis is most effective for drugs with a low Vd." more. A suggestion: "Hemodialysis is most effective in the treatment of overdose or toxicity for drugs with a low Vd." | Clarification to current text | |
| 486 | 413 | Hematology and Oncology | Anatomy | Monocytes | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/an-overview-of-the-innate-immune-system#H9421079 | Monocytes differentiate into macrophages AND dendritic cells. The text currently only says macrophages, but it would be helpful to include that it can give rise to either. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 487 | 258 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Quantifying risk | Uworld explanation | To simplify the equations for AR and ARR, add the explanation of what they represent in case they show up in percentages- For AR- Rate of adverse events in the experimental group minus the rate of adverse effects in the control group (RAEexperimental –RAEcontrol). For ARR- Rate of adverse events in the control group minus the adverse effects in the experimental group- (RAEcontrol- RAEexperimental). It would make calculations much faster for students! | Clarification to current text | |
| 488 | 589 | Psychiatry | Pharmacology | Buspirone | - | Buspirone may cause serotonin syndrome if combined with other serotonergic agents (especially MAOIs). | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 489 | 685 | Respiratory | Physiology | Lung and chest wall properties | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32644430/ | "Transpulmonary static pressure" should be replaced with "Airway pressure" ; as the x axis can't represent the transpulmonary pressure across lung tissue because at FRC the transpulmonary pressure ( the difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure) doesn't equal 0 it equals +5, whereas the alveolar pressure equals 0 | Minor erratum | |
| 490 | 62 | Biochemistry | Genetics | Sexual differentiation | First aid 2023, p657 | Add ‘’Turner syndrome’’ beside the syndromes involved with the X chromosome. | Clarification to current text | |
| 491 | 350 | Endocrine | Pathology | Insulin | . | Decreased available insulin causes hyperglycemia but in book hypoglycemia is written. | Major erratum | |
| 492 | 667 | Reproductive | Pathology | Ovarian tumors | im not sure if im allowed to send a screenshot of the table from uworld due to copyright issues | Sertoli - Leydig tumors are referenced as benign when UWORLD references them as malignant | Major erratum | |
| 493 | 616 | Renal | Pathology | Nephritic syndrome | N/A | Correct "hypocomplimentemia" to "hypocomplementemia" in infection-related glomerulonephritis row | Spelling/formatting | |
| 494 | 293 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Pressure-volume loops and valvular disease | https://images.app.goo.gl/jrZeg1YYaJcuCLxr6 | Aortic Regurgitation, in this disease some blood will flow back from aorta into the LV after systole for that reason the Isovolumetric Relaxation is disturbed on PV loops, which means increasing in ESV but you had written instead EDV. You can see the PV loop of aortic regurgitation in First aid 2023 book and you can make sure that increasing is ESV Not EDV. | Major erratum | |
| 495 | 397 | Gastrointestinal | Pathology | Serum markers of liver pathology | mnemonic | aspartate aminotransferase (AST) - think od the S in AST for smirnoff. which is increased in alcoholic hepatitis. | Mnemonic | |
| 496 | 359 | Endocrine | Pharmacology | Diabetes mellitus therapy | Mnemonic | Pi Met Mega Urea Gulps 4 Sodium with Alpha Amy Pi= pioglitazone Met= metformin Mega= meglitinides Urea= sulfonylurea Gulps= GLP1 Analogs 4= DPP 4 inhibitor Sodium= sodium glucose co transporter inhibitor Alpha= alpha glucosidase inhibitor Amy= amylin analogs | Mnemonic | |
| 497 | 376 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Inguinal canal | Mnemonic | PET TIA, Parietal peritoneum Extraperitoneal tissue Transversalis fascia, Transversus abdominis muscle, Internal oblique muscle ,Aponeurosis of external oblique muscle | Mnemonic | |
| 498 | 545 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pathology | Herniation syndromes | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549801/#:~:text=The%20Cushing%20reflex%20is%20a,)%20bradycardia%2C%20and%20irregular%20respirations. | Cushing reflex results from brainstem compression, and it is a late sign of increasing ICP and indicative that brainstem herniation is imminent. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 499 | 566 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pharmacology | Neurodegenerative disease therapy | NA | Change "Dona Riva dances at the gala" to "Dona Riva forgot the gala", which was also present in page 239. The latter is a better mnemonic as "forgot" remind the Alzheimer disese. Also change the "Don Riva forgot the gala" in page 239 to "Dona Riva forgot the gala", as this is much more rhyming and easy to memorize and remember. | Mnemonic | |
| 500 | 350 | Endocrine | Physiology | Diabetes mellitus | Uptodate | It should be hyperglycemia and glycosuria in the flow diagram instead of hypoglycemia | Minor erratum | |
| 501 | 292 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle | Not needed | In jugular venous pressure(JPV), Right side heart failure (RHF) caused in a giant or prominent a wave due to increased pressure in Right ventricle, so the right atrium have to increase contraction pressure in order to eject blood into the right ventricle, but instead in First aid book 2023, it had written that X descent is absent or reduced in RHF | Minor erratum | |
| 502 | 292 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5535186/ | In jugular venous pressure (JVP), a giant or prominent a wave also seen in Tricuspid stenosis, Right side heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 503 | 71 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | NEW FACT | https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(18)30302-8/fulltext | PRPP (phosphoribosylpyrophosphate) is an Activator of Glutamine-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) amidotransferase in De novo purine synthesis | Minor erratum | |
| 504 | 573 | Psychiatry | Psychology | Ego defenses | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559106/ | ego defense Repression is descriped wrong as conscious behavior when it is a subconscious behavior. | Major erratum | |
| 505 | 563 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pharmacology | Benzodiazepines | UWorld step 1, Question ID: 1352 | alprazolam and oxazepam are considered intermediate acting (half-life 6-50 hr) NOT short acting (half-life <6 hr) | Minor erratum | |
| 506 | 166 | Microbiology | Virology | Influenza viruses | NA | Change "host cell" in the illustration to "host cells", as the illustration shows multiple cells. | Clarification to current text | |
| 507 | 170 | Microbiology | Virology | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/covid-19-diagnosis | Dİagnoses of viral infection can be performed by NAATs and by the detection of viral antigens or antibodies produced against the virus. In addition to rapid antigen tests, serology-based tests offer point-of-care diagnosis opportunity. Therefore, it would be changed "Tests detecting viral antigen are rapid and more accessible, but typically less sensitive than NAATs" to "Tests detecting viral antigen or antibodies produced against viral proteins are rapid and more accessible, but typically less sensitive than NAATs". | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 508 | 261 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Precision vs accuracy | UWorld QID: 1765 | The definition of precision is not so clear, a better more understandable definition could be used, such as: the ability of a test to give identical or similar results with repeated measurements. | Clarification to current text | |
| 509 | 36 | Biochemistry | Molecular | DNA replication | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1790367-overview?form=fpf | Ir-one-tecan inhibits DNA Topoisomerase I (One) , E-two-poside inhibits DNA Topoisomerase II (Two) | Mnemonic | |
| 510 | 37 | Biochemistry | Molecular | DNA repair | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mutyh-associated-polyposis#:~:text=MUTYH%2Dassociated%20polyposis%20is%20an%20autosomal%20recessive%20polyposis%20syndrome%20caused,8%2Ddihydroxy%2D2%20deoxyguanosine. | MUYTH associated Polyposis occurs due to defect in MUYTH gene (a 'base excision' repair gene) | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 511 | 457 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Anatomy and Physiology | Lower extremity nerves | Self study | for Fibular nerve (common peroneal)- FED uP ---> F-Fibular E- Everts D- Dorsiflex P- Peroneal while UP-symbolizes dorsiflexion and F could also highlight "F"ootdrop. | Mnemonic | |
| 512 | 256 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Observational studies | Link 1 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448143/); Link 2 (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glossary-of-common-biostatistical-and-epidemiological-terms) | The descriptions for "cross-sectional study" and "case-control study" are inconsistent and contradicts one another in the written text field and diagram. The "Cross-sectional study" type design states "Frequency of disease and frequency of risk related factors..." at the top of the page. The diagram at the bottom of the page for "Case-control study" states "Compare risk factor frequency". | Major erratum | |
| 513 | 375 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Femoral region | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532889/ | in the drawing of femoral region, Sartorius is spelled "Satorius" | Minor erratum | |
| 514 | 375 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Femoral region | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541140/#:~:text=The%20borders%20of%20the%20femoral,and%20the%20sartorius%20muscle%20laterally. | It's important to add the anatomical boundries of Femoral triangle, and the inguinal triangle as an independant text. almost every medical student who attends a surgical rotation will be asked about these boundaries. and it comes a lot in Uworld | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 515 | 546 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pathology | Spinal cord lesions | https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/973926#:~:text=Edaravone%20is%20a%20pyrazolone%20free,IV)%20infusion%20to%20treat%20ALS. | Edaravone is a free-radical scavenger used in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 516 | 519 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy | NEW FACT | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=SURG%2F86026 | The arch of aorta, in the picture of Circle of Wills, seems to be laterally inverted. The descending thoracic aorta should be slightly to the left (unless there is situs inversus), and the first branch of the arch must be brachiocephalic artery, not subclavian artery. | Minor erratum | |
| 517 | 265 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Statistical vs clinical significance | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4504060/#:~:text=In%20clinical%20research%2C%20study%20results,its%20impact%20on%20clinical%20practice. | The first letter (c) is missed in [statistical vs clinical significance | Spelling/formatting | |
| 518 | 266 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Confidence interval | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4504060/#:~:text=In%20clinical%20research%2C%20study%20results,its%20impact%20on%20clinical%20practice. | The letter (c) is missed in [Confidence interval] | Spelling/formatting | |
| 519 | 502 | Neurology and Special Senses | Embryology | Posterior fossa malformations | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chiari-malformations?search=chiari%202%20malformation&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | MRI showing Chiari II malformation attached below (it's very good to compare with that of Chiari I malformation already present in the text). | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 520 | 293 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Pressure-volume loops and valvular disease | UWorld Step 1 Qbank - Question ID 945 -> Explanation of choice (A) | Under title of Aortic Regurgitation, explanation (in words) is correct, but graph is wrong. Aortic Regurgitation -> blood backflows in LV during diastole -> EDV increases -> SV increase (this is correctly written in FIrst Aid) but the graph is wrong. Due to increased SV -> Systolic pressure also increases (not 120 mm Hg). | Major erratum | |
| 521 | 353 | Endocrine | Pathology | Adrenal insufficiency | BNB https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441832/#:~:text=Patients%20with%20secondary%20adrenal%20insufficiency,%2C%20hyperkalemia%2C%20or%20skin%20hyperpigmentation.&text=The%20most%20common%20laboratory%20findings,anemia%2C%20hyponatremia%2C%20and%20hyperkalemia. | ACTH levels tend to be high in primary adrenal insufficiency and low in secondary adrenal insufficiency.add please arrow in primary to clarify increased ACTH | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 522 | 137 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Nocardia vs Actinomyces | UW, Sketchy, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560872/#:~:text=Unlike%20mycobacteria%20(also%20acid%2Dfast,catalase%2Dpositive%20and%20urease%20positive. | Nocardia is an catalase-positive. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 523 | 125 | Microbiology | Basic Bacteriology | Encapsulated bacteria | first aid 2023 | change ''conjugating capule'' to ''conjugating capsule'' | Spelling/formatting | |
| 524 | 133 | Microbiology | Basic Bacteriology | Staphylococcus aureus | first aid 2023 p 131, staph aureus. toxins. | it should be mentioned that tsst-1 does not bind directly to the receptor, but binds to the beta region of the receptor! | Clarification to current text | |
| 525 | 411 | Hematology and Oncology | Embryology | Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn | https://accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=1303 | In type O mothers, isoantibody is predominantly 7S-IgG (immunoglobulin G) and is capable of crossing the placental membranes. Because of its larger size, the mostly 19S-IgM (immunoglobulin M) isoantibody found in type A or type B mothers cannot cross | Clarification to current text | |
| 526 | 412 | Hematology and Oncology | Anatomy | Neutrophils | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5612428/ | Definition of Hypersegmented neutrophil – “A normal neutrophil has up to three to four segments in its nucleus, and a hypersegmented neutrophil has six or greater. Microscopic criteria cite 1% neutrophils with six lobes or 5% with five lobes as a relevant finding” | Clarification to current text | |
| 527 | 413 | Hematology and Oncology | Anatomy | Thrombocytes (platelets) | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11474308/#:~:text=The%20liver%20plays%20an%20important,)%2Dproducing%20organ%20for%20life. | Erythropoietin (EPO) is produced in the kidney while thrombopoietin is produced in the liver | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 528 | 415 | Hematology and Oncology | Anatomy | Natural killer cells | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19278419/#:~:text=Human%20natural%20killer%20(NK)%20cells,dim)%20CD16(%2B)%2C%20respectively. | CD16 and CD56 markers are associated with Natural Killer (NK) cells | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 529 | 415 | Hematology and Oncology | Anatomy | Natural killer cells | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19278419/#:~:text=Human%20natural%20killer%20(NK)%20cells,dim)%20CD16(%2B)%2C%20respectively. | CD16 and CD56 markers are associated with Natural Killer (NK) cells | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 530 | 250 | Pharmacology | Pharmacology | Drug reactions—endocrine/reproductive | https://reference.medscape.com/drug/amidate-etomidate-343098#4 | Etomidate also causes HPA suppression | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 531 | 334 | Endocrine | Physiology | Prolactin | Le Tao et al. First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2023. New York: McGraw Hill LLC, 2023. | Under 'Regulation', the fact states, 'TRH ↑ prolactin secretion (eg, in 1° or 2° hypothyroidism).' However, this sentence does not seem to make sense and the arrow placement does not follow conventions. I think the sentence is missing a right arrow and should instead state, 'TRH → ↑ prolactin secretion (eg, in 1° or 2° hypothyroidism).' | Minor erratum | |
| 532 | 340 | Endocrine | Physiology | Cortisol | Le Tao et al. First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2023. New York: McGraw Hill LLC, 2023. | Under 'Regulation', this fact states, 'Excess cortisol ↓ CRH, ACTH, and cortisol secretion.' I suggest that it should be reformatted to state, 'Excess cortisol → ↓ CRH, ACTH, and cortisol secretion.' | Spelling/formatting | |
| 533 | 561 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pharmacology | Anticonvulsants | First Aid | (G)abapentinoids, (E)thosuximide, (V)alproate all block Ca+2 channels, i suggest using this mnemonic: "dont GEV calcium for epileptics". it also reinforces that calcium can mediate excitotoxicity, and calcium channel BLOCKERS should be used. | Mnemonic | |
| 534 | 251 | Pharmacology | Toxicities and Side Effects | Cytochrome P-450 interactions (selected) | dirty medicine's P450 Enzyme System video on youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhIopfQm9_w&pp=ygUeZGlydHkgbWVkaWNpbmUgY3l0b2Nocm9tZSBwNDUw | for cytochrome inducers : using "CRAP GPSS induce my rage" for Carbamazepine, Rifampin, Alcohol (chronic), phenytoin, Griseofulvin, Phenobarbital, St john wort, Sulfonylureas. the original one from dirty medicine is GPS with one s, i added a second for sulfonylureas. it is much easier to memorize than the one already in the book ( much longer and harder to memorize) | Mnemonic | |
| 535 | 556 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Relative afferent pupillary defect | https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/shown?q=shown | extent of pupillary constriction differs when light is SHOWN in one eye at a time | Spelling/formatting | |
| 536 | 98 | Immunology | Cellular | Major histocompatibility complex I and II | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948753-overview?form=fpf#a1 | In figure of MHC2 there is written (short chain) which is wron, we have 2 beta and 2 alpha chain so there are both equal not like MCH1. | Major erratum | |
| 537 | 98 | Immunology | Cellular | Major histocompatibility complex I and II | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948753-overview?form=fpf#a1 | In figure of MHC2 there is written (short chain) which is wrong, in MHC2 we have 2 beta and 2 alpha chain so there are both equal not like MCH1 Wich has short beta chain and long alpha chain. | Major erratum | |
| 538 | 414 | Hematology and Oncology | Anatomy | Hematopoiesis | https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Basics_of_hematology | I suggest adding to the Hematopoiesis drawing: Myeloid stem cells also differentiate into Mast cells, and that both Myeloid Stem cells and Lymphoid Stem cells differentiate into Dendritic Cells. Also, I suggest clarifying that all of the cell differentiations mentioned except for Erythropoiesis and Thrombopoiesis are Leukopoiesis. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 539 | 105 | Immunology | Immune Responses | Complement disorders | UpToDate | Mutation of PIGA gene; PIGA gene is required for the synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) protein on cell surface; Mutation of PIGA gene leads to deficiency of GPI and subsequently deficiency of its anchored proteins CD55 and CD59 (CD55 and CD59 is secured to the cell membrane by GPI | Clarification to current text | |
| 540 | 319 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Acute pericarditis | UpToDate | Drugs causing pericarditis: - Procainamide, Hydralazine, INH | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 541 | 319 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Acute pericarditis | UpToDate | Diffuse ST elevation and/or PR depression in all leads except in lead aVR | Clarification to current text | |
| 542 | 319 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Constrictive pericarditis | UpToDate | Juglar venous distension with rapid y descent | Clarification to current text | |
| 543 | 2023: 688 | Respiratory | Physiology | Hypoxia and hypoxemia | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5234199/#:~:text=PULMONARY%20EMBOLISM,-Hypoxemia%2C%20hypocapnia%2C%20and&text=%5B49%5D%20V%2FQ%20mismatch,regions%20due%20to%20over%20perfusion. | V/Q mismatch is written as: normal perfusion in areas of low ventilation (eg, COPD, Pulmonary edema, Pulmonary embolism). while in reality pulmonary embolism mismatch is caused by redistribution of blood from occluded pulmonary arteries (decreased perfusion with normal ventilation) to the nonoccluded vessels. | Minor erratum | |
| 544 | 507 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Meninges | www.usmle-rx.com | I dont know what the labelling is | Spelling/formatting | |
| 545 | 645 | Reproductive | Anatomy | Female reproductive anatomy | 1) https://www.uptodate.com/contents/images/OBGYN/72614/Vulvaranatomyedt5.jpg; 2) https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-gynecologic-history-and-pelvic-examination | The current diagrams of posterior and anterosuperior views of female reproductive anatomy are only indicative of internal female reproductive anatomy. This section is missing a clear diagram for external female reproductive anatomy. This section and the subsequent section on female reproductive epithelial histology would be more complete with a diagram for external female reproductive anatomy, especially with the mention of the vulvar histology (pg 646). A diagram depicting external female reproductive antomy would also provide visuals for the mons pubis, Skene's glands, Bartholin's glands, prepuce, and perineum (lacerated in trauma from childbirth). | Major erratum | |
| 546 | 298 | Cardiovascular | Anatomy and Physiology | Heart murmurs | https://geekymedics.com/heart-murmurs/#:~:text=Aortic%20stenosis%20is%20associated%20with,radiates%20to%20the%20carotid%20arteries. | Aortic Stenosis: Crescendo-decrescendo ejection murmur, loudest at Right 2nd Intercostal. Not the heart base. | Minor erratum | |
| 547 | 559 2023 edition | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Visual field defects | obvious as text in the opposite site states that its parietal lesion which leads to lower quadrantanopia | Dorsal optic radiation Right lower quadrantanopia (left temporal lesion). This should be left parietal lesion. | Minor erratum | |
| 548 | 556 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Relative afferent pupillary defect | https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image%3FimageKey%3DNEURO/119490%23:~:text%3DAfferent%2520pupillary%2520defect%2520right%2520eye%2520%252D%2520UpToDate%26text%3DAn%2520afferent%2520pupillary%2520defect%2520occurs,sluggish%2520in%2520the%2520affected%2520eye&ved=2ahUKEwjsmtmr5uOAAxW3T2wGHRw6DUMQFnoECA0QBQ&usg=AOvVaw0plE7nTprSVGV97ZAN3wsw | In the last line, it is written that "when light is swung from a normal eye to an affected eye, both pupils dilate instead of constricting. However, if there is less pupil constriction in the eye with the retinal or optic nerve disease, not both pupils. | Major erratum | |
| 549 | 350 | Endocrine | Pathology | Diabetes mellitus | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-diagnosis-and-initial-evaluation-of-diabetes-mellitus-in-adults | In the flow chart for diabetes, increased gluconeogenisis and glycogenolysis will lead to hyperglycemia instead of hypoglycemia mentioned in the text | Major erratum | |
| 550 | 559 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Visual field defects | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2094663-overview#a1 | In this section, the picture has demonstrated the defect in "left side" of the visual pathway and the adjacent text has mentioned defects in the "right side" of the visual pathway. As the picture and text are together and are showing two different defects, readers can be confused at first. I believe that it would be more clear if the right sides visual field defects are also demonstrated in the picture as done for the left side (ie to be added in the same picture on the right side and the text description to be removed). | Spelling/formatting | |
| 551 | 561 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pharmacology | Abbreviations and Symbols | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/drug-reaction-with-eosinophilia-and-systemic-symptoms-dress#:~:text=May%2003%2C%202023.-,INTRODUCTION,%2C%20eosinophilia%2C%20and%20atypical%20lymphocytosis | The full form to the abbreviation DRESS is not mentioned in the end (page number 750, FA 2023 EDITION). It should be: Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms. | Clarification to current text | |
| 552 | 105 | Immunology | Abbreviations and Symbols | Complement disorders | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-paroxysmal-nocturnal-hemoglobinuria/print | The abbreviation to PIGA is missing: phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class A (PIGA) gene | Minor erratum | |
| 553 | 565 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pharmacology | Parkinson disease therapy | https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2719782/&ved=2ahUKEwjjkKKvkOaAAxXZyDgGHTP9BHMQFnoECBwQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1LxJ2v9xEXCBZ_9KKcN6w8 | The full form to abbreviation DOPAC is missing: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid | Minor erratum | |
| 554 | 436 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Plasma cell disorders | UpToDate | The best prognosis marker for multiple myeloma is urinary beta 2 microglobulin level. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 555 | 433 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders | UpToDate | vWF binds to the factor VIII and increases its half-life. Therefore, deficiency of vWF leads to increased aPTT. vWF helps in platelet adhesion via GPIb receptors present in the platelets. Therefore, deficiency of vWF leads to increased BT. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 556 | 433 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders | 10.1182/blood-2014-08-528398. Epub 2015 Feb 23. PMID: 25712990; PMCID: PMC4375103 | ↓ vWF activity leads to ↓ platelet aggregation, in presence of ristocetin (measured by ristocetin cofactor assay). | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 557 | 115 | Immunology | Immune Responses | Immunodeficiencies | UpToDate | Leukocyte adhesion defect: - Autosomal recessive disorder, Type 1 (deficiency of beta 2 integrin subunit/deficiency of CD 18 subunit) vs Type 2 (deficiency of E-selectins, P-selectins, Sialyl Lewis); LAD 1 is the most common LAD Features: - Delayed separation of umbilical cord (>30 days), Recurrent pyogenic infections, Absent pus, Defect in neutrophils adhesion results into defective neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis (i.e. neutrophilia in peripheral blood smear but no neutrophils at infection sites) Diagnosis: - Flow cytometry to detect deficiency of beta 2 integrin subunit Management: - Bone marrow transplantation | Clarification to current text | |
| 558 | 324 | Cardiovascular | Pharmacology | Lipid-lowering agents | UpToDate | Ezetimibe: - Prevents cholesterol absorption by inhibiting Niemann Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1) protein present at the brush border of the small intestine | Clarification to current text | |
| 559 | 431 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Coagulation disorders | DrugBank | Emicizumab (restores the function of missing factor VIII by bridging factor IX and factor XI) | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 560 | 354 | Endocrine | Pathology | Hyperaldosteronism | self understood | Secondary hyperaldosteronism:- ↑ aldosterone and ↑ renin | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 561 | 355 | Endocrine | Pathology | Pheochromocytoma | self understood | Pheochromocytoma is characterized by the triad of @PPH (i.e. Palpitations, Profuse sweating, Headache) along with episodic/paroxysmal hypertension. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 562 | 353 | Endocrine | Pathology | Adrenal insufficiency | UpToDate | Treatment of waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome:- IV fluids, IV hydrocortisone and IV antibiotics | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 563 | 353 | Endocrine | Pathology | Adrenal insufficiency | N/A | Should be Adrenal insufficiency | Spelling/formatting | |
| 564 | 353 | Endocrine | Pathology | Adrenal insufficiency | self understood | Adrenal insufficiency is characterized by polyuria along with weakness, fatigue, orthostatic hypotension, muscle aches, weight loss, GI disturbances, sugar and/or salt cravings. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 565 | 347 | Endocrine | Pathology | Thyroid cancer | UpToDate | Follicular carcinoma of thyroid occurs more commonly in iodine-deficient areas | Clarification to current text | |
| 566 | 296 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Heart murmurs | self understood | Mitral stenosis murmur: - Low frequency mid to late diastolic, decrescendo murmur with presystolic accentuation | Clarification to current text | |
| 567 | 388 | Gastrointestinal | Pathology | Malabsorption syndromes | UpToDate | These autoantibodies may be negative (i.e. false negative) in patients with primary IgA deficiency as patient with celiac disease have concomitant primary IgA deficiency. | Clarification to current text | |
| 568 | 343 | Endocrine | Pathology | Acromegaly | self understood | Laron Syndrome | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 569 | 418 | Hematology and Oncology | Physiology | Coombs test | https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwj3___E2OmAAxWpSPEDHRQDBhUQFnoECBIQAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uptodate.com%2Fcontents%2Fimage%3FimageKey%3DHEME%2F100639%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520direct%2520antiglobulin%2520test%2520(DAT%2Caddition%2520of%2520anti%252Dhuman%2520globulin.&usg=AOvVaw0bHuBvl7aS4X22ol4Zzqh3&opi=89978449 | The DIRECT Coombs test detects antibodies that are DIRECTLY attached to the RBCs. The indirect (or NOT direct) Coombs test detects serum antibodies that are NOT bound to rbcs. | Mnemonic | |
| 570 | 84 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Abbreviations and Symbols | N/A | In the hepatocytes text, the numbers used to represent the glycogen enzymes mentioned are incorrect and should be changed as follows to avoid confusion: Glycogen phosphorylase [5], 4-α-D-glucanotransferase (debranching enzyme [6]) and α-1,6-glucosidase (debranching enzyme [7]) | Spelling/formatting | |
| 571 | 395 | Gastrointestinal | Pathology | Molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6089587/ https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colorectal-cancer-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-protective-factors?search=sporadic%20colorectal%20carcinoma&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H3 | I believe that that the first sentence about the chromosomal instability pathway should say that it is commonly left-sided via the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, while the microsatellite instability pathway is more common on the right. If this lateralty is, instead, in reference to just overall colorectal cancer, that is not clear and the placement in the sentence implies that the adenoma-carcinoma sequence is commonly right-sided. I had a difficult time finding the information in UpToDate, but I found an article saying that the microsatellite instability pathway is more common on the right and a paper that further confirms this and that the adenoma-carcinoma sequence occurs on the left. | Minor erratum | |
| 572 | I am not sure. | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy | Cranial nerves | . | To remember that CN 9,10,11 go together - use the phrase "can't go to vegas without your gloss and accessories" | Mnemonic | |
| 573 | 626 | Renal | Pathology | Renal oncocytoma | FA 2023 | Text says arrows in A point to wellcircumscribed mass with central scar, arrow is not present in the diagram. | Minor erratum | |
| 574 | 314 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Myocardial infarction complications | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538254/#:~:text=In%20fibrinous%20pericarditis%2C%20the%20pericardial,collagen%20vascular%20disorders%2C%20and%20malignancies. | Postcardiac injury syndrome, fibrinous pericarditis isn’t same Derssler’s syndrome. Two main differences between them : 1-fibrinous pericarditis; it’s simply due extension of myocardial inflammation into the pericardium (for that reason it’s also called “Post-MI”pericarditis). Dressler’s syndrome; it’s autoimmune mediated (not understood reason) occurs after MI (for that reason it’s also called “Post-cardiac injury”) 2-fibrinous pericarditis; occurs days after MI. Dressler’s syndrome; occurs several weeks-months after MI. So the inclusion of what I would to say is fibrinous pericarditis Not autoimmune mediated and Not the same of Dressler’s syndrome (as written in 2023 FA). | Major erratum | |
| 575 | 317 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Cardiomyopathies | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441911/; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5654557/#:~:text=Hypertrophic%20cardiomyopathy%20(HCM)%20is%20a,preserved%20or%20increased%20ejection%20fraction. | I have two high-yield suggestions that I believe would benefit test takers. In the dilated cardiomyopathy section, it states that the findings are HF. However, we should clarify that this results in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction due to systolic dysfunction. Additionally, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is associated with heart failure with sustained ejection fraction because it results in malfunction with diastolic filling. I keep seeing these concepts appear in review sources, videos and practice questions and I was surprised when I saw that it was not written in first aid. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 576 | 2023: 642 | Reproductive | Embryology | Sexual differentiation | First aid | i think its important to clarify that the scenario mentioned in the first paragraph "absence of sertoli cells or lack of MIF" is about an XY individual who has SRY gene, because absence of sertoli cells can exist in an XX individual who doesnt have SRY gene | Clarification to current text | |
| 577 | 259 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Likelihood ratio | The references for the accurate equation are mentioned down: 1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2683447/#:~:text=Posttest%20odds%3A%20(pretest%20odds%20×,(as%20we%20will%20show). 2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9506499/ 3. http://www.bandolier.org.uk/booth/glossary/ppto.html 4. https://www.med.unc.edu/medclerk/wp-content/uploads/sites/877/2018/10/DR6.pdf | The equation for posttest odds is stated as pretest probability multiplied by likelihood ratio, which is incorrect. The correct equation should involve pretest odds instead of pretest probability. Thus, the true equation is: posttest odds=pretest odds*LR, and the pretest odds= pretest probability/(1-pretest probability). | Major erratum | |
| 578 | 236 | Pharmacology | Autonomic Drugs | Tissue distribution of adrenergic receptors | No reference | Mnemonics for sympathetic receptors on page 236: ⁃ Alpha-ONE: vascular/ visceral/ sphincter cONEntraction/ cONEstriction. ⁃ Alpha-TWO: inhibiTWOry, TWO LIPS: low Lipolysis, low Insulin secretion, high Platelets aggregation, low Sympathetic flow and low Secretion of aqueous humor. ⁃ Beta-ONE: one kid has one heart (kidney and heart) ⁃ Beta-TWO: two lungs and two eyes, heart+uterus=two, liver+pancreas=two, two=di: vasoDIlation, bronchoDIlation. ⁃ Beta-THREE: THREE bats: Bladder relaxation, Adipose lipolysis, Thermogenesis in Skeletal muscles. | Mnemonic | |
| 579 | 237 | Pharmacology | Autonomic Drugs | G-protein–linked second messengers | No reference | Mnemonics for G-protein-linked second messengers on page 237: ⁃ Gq: at first, Me And Her Viewed the third Map quickly: At first: type one (M1, alpha1, H1…) Me: M1 (good Meal; stimulates enteric nervous system=good Mental health; higher cognitive function) And: alpha1 (cONEntraction/ cONEstriction) Her: H1 (histamine response) Viewed: V1 (vasopressin hormone for single organ; vessels) Third Map: M3 (3 constricted/contracted; eye, bronchi, uterus. Vs 1 dilated; vessels, 1 secreted; exocrine glands) Quickly: Gq ⁃ Gi: G-inhibiTWOry= I am TWOtally MAD: Two: type two (M2, alpha2, D2) M: M2 (My heart and yours are TWO; lower heart rate and contractility) A: alpha2 (inhibiTWOry, TWO LIPS: low Lipolysis, low Insulin secretion, high Platelets aggregation, low Sympathetic flow and low Secretion of aqueous humor) D: D2 (inhibiTWOry for striatum indirect pathway) ⁃ Gs: hiS first Daughter has HBV-2: HiS: G-protein class S First Daughter: D1 (relaxed kiDney and activates Direct striatum pathway) Type 2 HBV: type TWO H, Beta, Vasopressin (H2, beta1/2/3, V2) H: H2( two Hamburgers; High gastric acid secretion) B: beta1 (one kid has one heart; kidney and heart), beta2 (two lungs and two eyes, heart+uterus=two, liver+pancreas=two, two=di: vasoDIlation, bronchoDIlation), beta3 (THREE bats: Bladder relaxation, Adipose lipolysis, Thermogenesis in Skeletal muscles) V: V2 (vasopressin hormone for TWO kidneys; reabsorption). | Mnemonic | |
| 580 | 2023: 650 | Reproductive | Physiology | Menstrual cycle | First Aid | There has to be at least 2 paragraphs talking about FSH and LH, they play a pivotal role in menstrual cycle and pregnancy. including a paragraph for each will help students organize their thoughts more | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 581 | 476 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis | https://www-uptodate-com.aucmed.idm.oclc.org/contents/management-of-knee-osteoarthritis?search=osteoarthritis%20acetaminophen&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Due to safety concerns pertaining to acetaminophen (paracetamol) use and an increased awareness of its negligible and non-clinically significant effects on pain [7,62-65], we do not initiate treatment with acetaminophen for knee OA in our clinical practice. Data from a meta-analysis including 10 trials (3541 patients) revealed that there is high-quality evidence that paracetamol has only small, non-clinically meaningful benefits for pain in the short term [64]. This finding was further strengthened by a network meta-analysis comparing different analgesics for the treatment of OA pain, which demonstrated that paracetamol was not superior when compared with placebo irrespective of the dose (4 mm difference on a 0 to 100 mm visual analogue scale [VAS]) [62]. The risk of harm of acetaminophen is usually higher with increasing dose but may also occur at doses within the therapeutic range, including gastrointestinal bleeding, liver toxicity, renal failure, and cardiovascular disease [65]. This is especially concerning due to the risk of unintentional overdose, as paracetamol is frequently combined with other common over-the-counter medications used to treat pain and cold symptoms. | Major erratum | |
| 582 | 476 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis | https://www-uptodate-com.aucmed.idm.oclc.org/contents/management-of-moderate-to-severe-knee-osteoarthritis?sectionName=Limited%20role%20of%20intraarticular%20glucocorticoid%20injections&search=osteoarthritis&topicRef=106097&anchor=H1879045343&source=see_link#H1879045343 | Limited role of intraarticular glucocorticoid injections — We recommend against routine use of intraarticular glucocorticoid injections for patients with knee OA. We limit the use of intraarticular injections to patients with moderate to severe pain and contraindications to or failure of other treatment options who are seeking short-term pain relief. This procedure, either as a single injection or multiple repetitive injections, is not routinely recommended in our clinical practice. When indicated, we usually use 40 mg of triamcinolone or methylprednisolone, although other formulations such as betamethasone can also be used. Although there are conflicting results across trials, it seems that there is no superiority of one formulation over others [46] and no difference between 40 and 80 mg of triamcinolone [47]. Serial injections (every three months) are discouraged due to potential negative effects on the progression of cartilage damage in knee OA patients, although it is unclear if the difference in cartilage loss between the groups is of clinical relevance [48]. (See "Intraarticular and soft tissue injections: What agent(s) to inject and how frequently?".) | Major erratum | |
| 583 | 2023: 136 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Clostridia | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459273/ | I think it's important for students to know that Clostridium botulinum can cause "symmetrical descending muscle weakness" VS. Guillain-Barré syndrome which causes symmetric ascending muscle weakness. It is a characteristic feature of the infection and help to distinguish it from another condition which causes the opposite. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 584 | 412 | Hematology and Oncology | Anatomy | Neutrophils | No references | Neutrophilic granules: Zoro likes a Peruvian dish called sweet and sour chicken. He specifically asked for alkaline cola or milk to digist it. Zoro: azurophilic granules. PERUvian: myeloPEROxedase. Sweet: beta- GLUcoronidase Sour: acid phosphatase. Chicken: proteinase. And he likes specific: Specifically: specific granules. Cola: collagenase. Milk: lactoferrin. Alkaline: LAB: leukocyte alkaline phosphatase. Digist: lysozyme. Neutrophilic chemotactic factors: Neutrophils chemotaxis cause a (pinch-like) sensation: PINCH-LIKE: P: PAF. I: IL-8. N: N-formylmethionine. C: C5a. H: 5-HETE. L: LTB4. K: Kallikrein. | Mnemonic | |
| 585 | 412 | Hematology and Oncology | Anatomy | Erythrocytes | No references | an(is)ocytosis= variation in (si)ze (P)oikilocytosis= variation in sha(p)e | Mnemonic | |
| 586 | 413 | Hematology and Oncology | Anatomy | Macrophages | No references | Septic shock occurs through MACROphage by LPS binding to CD14: Last Photography Session (LPS) was talking about the MACROmoon (macrophage) in 14th day of lunar month (CD14) | Mnemonic | |
| 587 | 413 | Hematology and Oncology | Anatomy | Thrombocytes (platelets) | No references | Receptors vWF= v(one) wille(b)rand factor= gpIb | Mnemonic | |
| 588 | 414 | Hematology and Oncology | Anatomy | Mast cells | Not needed | Mastocytosis etiology: Try to MASTer kitten raising: Try: high serum (Try)ptase. Master: mastocytocis. Kitten: c-KIT mutation. Mast cell granules contain: (the) T: tryptase. H: heparin/ histamine. E: eosinophilic chemotactic factors. | Mnemonic | |
| 589 | 196 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | Azoles | First aid picture page 195 | Azoles MOA is inhibiting 14 alpha demethylase not cytochrome p450 | Minor erratum | |
| 590 | 670 | Reproductive | Pathology | Breast cancer | https://images.app.goo.gl/JXtYGRFpdt4Wsr3H6 | The picture "A" shows calcification seen in mammography which is cited incorrectly in text. The text mentions palpable hard mass most often in upper outer quadrant but the photo "A" shows picture of mammogram. | Major erratum | |
| 591 | 303 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Congenital heart diseases | https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470196/%23:~:text%3DASDs%2520are%2520associated%2520with%2520a,shunt%252C%2520allowing%2520for%2520paradoxical%2520embolism.&ved=2ahUKEwiundem1IGBAxUp7jgGHbR_C2wQFnoECBIQBQ&usg=AOvVaw1P3G8OyqRkmeZ2vhDvPTWe | In section "Atrial Septal Defect" which is a left to right shunt, paradoxical embolism is mentioned, which requires right to left shunt which can occur in eisenmenger syndrome, not just ASD or VSD, it requires shunt reversal | Major erratum | |
| 592 | 713 | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | not needed. | Under myxedema of hypothyroidism, it has been mistyped as: increased "CAG" in interstitial space; which has to be GAG | Minor erratum | |
| 593 | 715 | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | not needed | Under Psoriasis, ......and Th17 (IL-23) cells that secrete IFN-"y"; instead of y mention Gamma. | Minor erratum | |
| 594 | 715 | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | Not needed | Under Superior Gluteal Nerve injury, ......side of hip that drops due to "adductor" weakness; replace adductor with "ABDUCTOR WEAKNESS". | Major erratum | |
| 595 | 692 | Respiratory | Pathology | Epistaxis | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-epistaxis | Kiesselbach drives his Lexus with his LEGS: superior Labial artery, anterior and "posterior" Ethmoidal arteries; remove Posterior Ethmoidal Artery as it doesn't involve in formation of Kiesselbach's plexus; also correct the illustration of plexus by removing posterior ethmoidal artery from the kiesselbach plexus. | Minor erratum | |
| 596 | 45 | Biochemistry | Cellular | Cell trafficking | https://pubs.acs.org/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1021%2Fjacs.3c07687&include=cit&format=ris&direct=true&downloadFileName=jacs.3c07687&href=/doi/10.1021/jacs.3c07687 | "adding mannose-6-phosphate to proteins for LYSOSOMAL AND OTHER PROTEINS" should be for "LYSOSOMAL DEGRADATION". The text " LYSOSOMAL AND OTHER PROTEINS" goes in the Rough endoplasmic reticulum "... of N-linked oligosaccharide addition to lysosomal and other proteins" | Spelling/formatting | |
| 597 | 317 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Shock | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5678958/ | SVO2 in PE and Tension Pneumothorax is decreased | Minor erratum | |
| 598 | 298 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Electrocardiogram | not needed | For conditions in which U wave is prominent: "U OK? you look BAD"; U for U wave, OK for 0 K (zero potassium ie hypokalemia), and BAD for BrADycardia. | Mnemonic | |
| 599 | 350 | Endocrine | Pathology | Diabetes mellitus | satyanarayn book of biochemistry | increase in glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and decrease in tissue glucose uptake causes hyper glycemia instead of hypoglycemia. But in the table hypoglycemia is mentioned | Major erratum | |
| 600 | 247 | Pharmacology | Autonomic Drugs | Phosphodiesterase inhibitors | n/a | for PDE-3, under mechanism of action, in cardiomyocytes - it says ionotropy and it should be inotropy (this is also wrong in the 2023 edition, p.245) | Spelling/formatting | |
| 601 | 606 | Renal | Physiology | NEW FACT | https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Physiological-role-of-the-two-isoenzymes-11b-HSD-type-1-and-2-Predominant-reaction_fig12_259631626 | Under "Syndrome of Apparent Mineralcorticoid excess" it is mentioned as 11b-HSD deficiency that leads to increase in cortisol but I feel that if it was written as 11b-HSD(2) deficiency it will be more clear as there are 2 types of 11b-HSD , (1& 2). if written as one or two , the meanind of the text will change.Since we are talking about increase in cortisol (thus eventually leading to mineralcorticoid excess),I feel its best to write it as "11b-HSD2 deficiency" | Minor erratum | |
| 602 | 317 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Shock | Simmons J, Ventetuolo CE. Cardiopulmonary monitoring of shock. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2017 Jun;23(3):223-231. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000407. PMID: 28398907; PMCID: PMC5678958. | SVO2 is increased only in distributive shock, NOT in Obstructive (PE, tension pneumothorax) | Major erratum | |
| 603 | 337 | Endocrine | Physiology | Calcium homeostasis | https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2087469-overview%23:~:text%3Din%2520the%2520blood.-,An%2520increase%2520in%2520pH%252C%2520alkalosis%252C%2520promotes%2520increased%2520protein%2520binding%252C,sweat%252C%2520urine%252C%2520and%2520feces.&ved=2ahUKEwj8krPpxY2BAxVd8DgGHUSfCkkQFnoECA8QBQ&usg=AOvVaw1W03MoLSE44HZBVu1jH0Kn | The relationship between increased pH and calcium can be better clarified here. An increase in pH, alkalosis, promotes increased protein binding, which decreases free calcium levels. Acidosis, on the other hand, decreases protein binding, resulting in increased free calcium levels. Hence, if it was written as--> Inc pH (less H)--> Calcium competes with H to bind to albumin--> albumin binds more Ca-->....... | Major erratum | |
| 604 | 350 | Endocrine | Pathology | Diabetes mellitus | https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview&ved=2ahUKEwin36GCg46BAxXUS2wGHUx1BKwQFnoECBUQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3TnpEs8KfVhRZSO34JeHUt | In the chart, it's written that Inc in gluconeogenesis, Inc glycogenolysis and Dec tissue uptake will result in hypoglycemia, but it actually results in HYPERGLYCEMIA | Major erratum | |
| 605 | 427 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | NEW FACT | Thats a general topic(not having any link for that) | I think we are leaving a very high yield topic that is iron absorption and its GI transport with regulatory proteins | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 606 | 589 | Psychiatry | Pathology | Psychiatric emergencies | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mdma-ecstasy-intoxication#H1 | Full form of MDMA is missing in the end abbreviations: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; commonly called "ecstasy | Minor erratum | |
| 607 | 578 | Psychiatry | Pathology | Psychosis | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1941476-table#a11 | In the section "disorganized thought", the thought processes are explained as "speech" which although closely correlated can be misleading. Thought processes include loose associations, tangential, etc while speech can be rapid, pressured, etc | Major erratum | |
| 608 | 590 | Psychiatry | Pathology | Psychoactive drug intoxication and withdrawal | https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2729543/&ved=2ahUKEwjVscCjxpCBAxW4S2wGHRg4C54QFnoECBsQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0hDJw0PUBfKovwa-vqQVs5 | Full form of VMAT, DAT, SERT, NET are not mentioned here or in abbreviations at the end | Minor erratum | |
| 609 | 371 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Digestive tract histology | n/a | In the 2023 edition, on p. 369, for Ilium, it says "arrow in C", but there is no arrow in the picture. The photograph was changed from the one used in the 2022 edition (in 2022 it was labelled image D), so you can't tell 100% what the arrow was supposed to refer to | Clarification to current text | |
| 610 | 317 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Shock | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-acute-pulmonary-embolism-in-adults?search=pulmonary%20embolism&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | SVO2 should decrease in pulmonary embolism | Major erratum | |
| 611 | 420 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | RBC morphology | https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201066-overview&ved=2ahUKEwjV8sjqp5OBAxXkzTgGHQdLBQwQFnoECA8QAQ&usg=AOvVaw17F-qC1ts8G785_KxZacbw | Full form of MAHA is missing in Abbreviations at the end: Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia | Minor erratum | |
| 612 | 422 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | RBC inclusions | https://sso.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=HEME%2F51160&source=graphics_gallery&topicKey=4435 | Inclusion of Picture for Pappenheimer bodies would be more effective. It is also seen in Thalassemia | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 613 | 458 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Anatomy and Physiology | Ankle sprains | N/A | Anterior ta'LO'fibular Ligament: 'LO'w ankle sprain; Anterior inferior 'TI'biofibular ligament: 'HI'gh ankle sprain (Mnemonic: 'HI'gh 'TI'de) | Mnemonic | |
| 614 | 311 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome | Not needed | I have helpful mnemonic to remember ecg findings, WPW; W: wide QRS complex, P: PR interval short, W: wave ( delta wave) | Mnemonic | |
| 615 | 257 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Clinical therapeutic trial | spelling issue | it should be "long-term", not "long-tern" | Spelling/formatting | |
| 616 | 689 | Respiratory | Physiology | Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve | Non | Pathologically occurs with CO, MetHb, genetic mutation ( 2,3BPG). Left is lower. I think the CO2 should be decrease instead of increased. | Minor erratum | |
| 617 | 411 | Hematology and Oncology | Embryology | Blood groups | https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/273995-overview&ved=2ahUKEwj1zMTXspiBAxXJzDgGHQE6C6QQFnoECBgQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3Ynlm1UrJinC7KlQsmcxlD | Anti kell Antibody is a high yield topic that is frequently being tested in the exams. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 618 | 37 | Biochemistry | Molecular | DNA repair | None | There is a typo in the image of base excision repair. The replaced nucleotide should be cytosine not uracil. | Minor erratum | |
| 619 | 369 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Digestive tract histology | Le Tao et al. First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2023. New York: McGraw Hill LLC, 2023. | In Ileum subsection, it refers to "arrow in C", but Figure C appears to contain no arrows. | Minor erratum | |
| 620 | 462 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Overuse injuries of the elbow | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/elbow-tendinopathy-tennis-and-golf-elbow?source=related_link#H5808248 | Change wrist to elbow in both medial and lateral tendinopathy sections | Major erratum | |
| 621 | page 659 of the 2023 edition of First Aid for the USMLE Step 1. | Reproductive | Pathology | Placental disorders | 1. Oyelese, Y., Javinani, A. & Shamshirsaz, A. A. Vasa Previa. Obstet. Gynecol. 142, 503–518 (2023). 2. Oyelese, Y. et al. Vasa previa: the impact of prenatal diagnosis on outcomes. Obstet. Gynecol. 103, 937–942 (2004). 3. Catanzarite, V. et al. Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of vasa previa: ultrasound findings and obstetric outcome in ten cases: Vasa previa. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 18, 109–115 (2001). 4. Matsuzaki, S. et al. The Characteristics and Obstetric Outcomes of Type II Vasa Previa: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomedicines 10, 3263 (2022). 5. Suekane, T., Tachibana, D., Pooh, R. K., Misugi, T. & Koyama, M. Type‐3 vasa previa: normal umbilical cord insertion cannot exclude vasa previa in cases with abnormal placental location. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 55, 556–557 (2020). 6. Matsuzaki, S. & Kimura, T. Vasa Previa. N. Engl. J. Med. 380, 274 (2019). | Three mistakes or inappropriatenesses in the image of Vasa previa on page 659 of the 2023 edition of First Aid for the USMLE Step 1. | Clarification to current text | |
| 622 | Page 659 of the 2023 edition of First Aid for the USMLE Step 1. | Reproductive | Pathology | Placental disorders | 1. Oyelese, Y., Javinani, A. & Shamshirsaz, A. A. Vasa Previa. Obstet. Gynecol. 142, 503–518 (2023). 2. Oyelese, Y. et al. Vasa previa: the impact of prenatal diagnosis on outcomes. Obstet. Gynecol. 103, 937–942 (2004). 3. Catanzarite, V. et al. Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of vasa previa: ultrasound findings and obstetric outcome in ten cases: Vasa previa. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 18, 109–115 (2001). 4. Matsuzaki, S. et al. The Characteristics and Obstetric Outcomes of Type II Vasa Previa: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomedicines 10, 3263 (2022). 5. Suekane, T., Tachibana, D., Pooh, R. K., Misugi, T. & Koyama, M. Type‐3 vasa previa: normal umbilical cord insertion cannot exclude vasa previa in cases with abnormal placental location. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 55, 556–557 (2020). 6. Matsuzaki, S. & Kimura, T. Vasa Previa. N. Engl. J. Med. 380, 274 (2019). | Three mistakes or inappropriatenesses in the image of Vasa previa on page 659 of the 2023 edition of First Aid for the USMLE Step 1. | Major erratum | |
| 623 | 827 | Index | Index | Nephroblastoma | n/a | it would be helpful to have p.626 Nephroblastoma under Wilms tumor in the index as well | Spelling/formatting | |
| 624 | 510 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Microglia | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-hematopoietic-stem-cells | Microglia are only present in the CNS, and schwann cells are only present in the PNS. The drawing of chromatolysis represents the interaction between microglia, axon, and what seems to be schwann cells (Single cell bind to single axon). Although the drawing may represent oligodendrocyte myelin sheath, I suggest to specify the interaction with either intraneural macrophage with schwann cells, or microglia with oligodendrocyte myelin sheath. | Minor erratum | |
| 625 | 562 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Visual field defects | First Aid 2022 | In the 2023 version of First Aid, there were some changes made to the diagram (lesions were all marked on the left eye, whereas in previous editions most things were on the right eye), but the text was left unchanged, so the text is incorrect | Major erratum | |
| 626 | 344 | Endocrine | Physiology | Cortisol | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/thyroid-function-in-nonthyroidal-illness?search=cortisol%20and%20hypothyroid&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | High endogenous serum cortisol concentrations or exogenous glucocorticoid therapy can inhibit 5'-monodeiodination of T4 and therefore lead to low serum T3 concentrations | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 627 | 147 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Zoonotic bacteria | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6936817/ | In the list of Zoonotic Bacteria, there is no mention of Babesia which is spread by the Ixodes tick. This would be helpful to see here to compare all of the bacteria spread by one vector. | Minor erratum | |
| 628 | 697 in 2023 book | Respiratory | Pathology | Sarcoidosis | Ethics | Please change the use of “Black females” to African American females. I am sure you use Caucasian so to think it is okay to use “black female” is unacceptable. Thank you. | Major erratum | |
| 629 | 298 | Cardiovascular | Anatomy and Physiology | Heart murmurs | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155724-clinical?src=mbl_msp_android&ref=share | Mitral stenosis... interval between S1and OS | Major erratum | |
| 630 | 681 | Reproductive | Pharmacology | Hormone replacement therapy | axmidani@gmail.com | MifepristONE >> progesterONE. BOTH end with ONE. getting ask on the new Qustions Uworld. | Mnemonic | |
| 631 | For USMLE First AID 2023, 584 | Psychiatry | Pathology | Personality disorders | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-personality-disorders | The following is a mnemonic I teach to medical students. It is very useful to remember which personality disorder go under which cluster. Medical students for years have told me to submit it to first aid so here it is for your consideration. | Mnemonic | |
| 632 | 288 | Cardiovascular | Anatomy | Heart anatomy | Uworld; ID:11837. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrioventricular_node | Regarding coronary blood supply, The atrioventricular (A) nodal artery most often arises from the dominant coronary artery. SoAV node get blood supply from RCA in 90% of individuals and from LCX in 10% of individuals. | Major erratum | |
| 633 | 164 | Microbiology | Virology | RNA viruses | https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202204872 | The family name Reoviridae is now known as Sedoreoviridae. | Minor erratum | |
| 634 | 436 | Hematology and Oncology | Pharmacology | Direct coagulation factor inhibitors | None needed | Reversal agent for DOACs= Andexanet alfa AnDeXanet alfa, ADD X BACK! | Mnemonic | |
| 635 | 467 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Osteoporosis | It's present in the clinical criteria to predict fracture in osteoporosis according to UpToDate "https://www.uptodate.com/contents/osteoporotic-fracture-risk-assessment?search=osteoporosis%20risk%20factors§ionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H57538184&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#H57538184" According to USPTF osteoporosis screening and diagnosis guidelines (grade B recommendation) in postmenopausal females according to the clinical risk factors included low weight, full link "https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/osteoporosis-screening". Moreover, I saw some Uworld and Amboss questions include low BMI as part of the explainations of ruling in or out osteoporosis as a disagnosis, since BMI is in most musculoskeletal/orthopedic questions. I hope that people benefit from this addition! | Low-BMI (or weight) should be added as a risk factor for osteoporosis | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 636 | 507 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Meninges | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1898830-overview?icd=login_success_email_match_norm#a6 | Image under Meninges missing labeling of membranes in 2023 edition. | Major erratum | |
| 637 | 376 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Myopectineal orifice | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2075362-overview | Regarding inguinal canal contents, there is also a Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve also pass through inguinal canal | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 638 | 698 | Respiratory | Pathology | Obstructive lung diseases | n/a | on p. 695 in First Aid 2023, under the notes section for emphysema, in the last line, the "(" is supposed to be a ")" | Spelling/formatting | |
| 639 | The USMLERx subscription’s online First Aid on the website and app, which is integrated with flashcards and Rx bricks | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | Alveolar gas equation | Paid for your Rx 360+ 2 year subscription fulll | the a in the alveolar gas equation should be capitalized as it is Partial pressure of Alveolar Not arterial, which is completely wrong. This is incorrect in the online Rx subscription version of FA 2023. In addition, I reported 5-6 other errata via the email contact and was told to submit them again here. Could I just forward the emails to you? As this doesn’t seem to be the feedback page for USMLE Rx 360+ content. | Minor erratum | |
| 640 | 251 | Pharmacology | Toxicities and Side Effects | Drug reactions—musculoskeletal/skin/connective tissue | https://next.amboss.com/us/article/uL0pzg#L780f9d184bf128b46dd4e3192b680fb4 | New mneumonic for Rash (Stevens-Johnson syndrome). Instead of it being anti-epileptic drugs (which is too general, and does not specify the anti-epileptics that actually cause SJS/TEN) I reccomend this: Someone Please Come Across Very Powerful Potent Extremely Long-lasting Stevens Johnson drugs. S is for sulfa drugs, first P is for penicillin, C is for carbamazepine, V is for valproate, second P is for phenytoin, last P is for phenobarbital, E is for ethosuximide, L is for lamptrigine, and Stevens Johnson drugs is to signify that these are that drugs that can cause it. | Mnemonic | |
| 641 | Rapid Review section of USMLERx online FA 2023, CV subsection | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | Resistance, pressure, flow | My expensive usmlerx subscription | Also reporting error for Rapid Review section in FA 2023 in the CV Equation Review section again,the resistance formula wrote 8 degrees (viscosity) x length which is incorrect. It should state 8 ETA x length | Minor erratum | |
| 642 | RR First Aid online Rx subscription | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | Acid-base physiology | UTD | Equation Review for Renal: Henderson Hasselbach equation should state PCO2 in the denominator | Minor erratum | |
| 643 | 809 | Index | Index | Proteasome | No Need | In the index of 2023 edition, proteasome it's written as "proteosome" in "ubiquitin-proteosome system defects", whereas it should be written as "Proteasome" | Spelling/formatting | |
| 644 | 614 | Renal | Pathology | Casts in urine | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/urinalysis-in-the-diagnosis-of-kidney-disease?search=RBC%20cast&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~86&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1028146572 | The picture of the RBC cast seems to be of a fatty cast. This is due to the sizes of the cells varying which is typically seen in a fatty cast. I have included a picture of a RBC cast from UpToDate.. | Minor erratum | |
| 645 | 153 | Microbiology | Parasitology | Protozoa—CNS infections | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7033973/#:~:text=The%20three%20primary%20transmission%20routes,et%20al.%2C%202000). | Cysts in meat (most common); oocytes in cat feces *(oo in the poo)*; crosses placenta (Pregnant patients should avoid cats) | Mnemonic | |
| 646 | 455 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Anatomy and Physiology | Knee exam | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2704345/#B3 | Mcmurray test generally is without varus/valgus stress. (Reference) if stress is applied, it should be directed towards the meniscus to further compress it (varus stress = medial compression and vice versa). This is stated the other way around (and wrong) in the text, as varus force (force directing the into varus) will rather decompress the injured meniscus. | Minor erratum | |
| 647 | 89 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Fasted vs fed state | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089224-overview | under fasting and starvation in Fed state(after a meal) it's written : ''Insulin stimulates storage of lipids, proteins, and glycogen.'' Insulin DOES NOT stimulate storage of proteins, it stimulates synthesis of proteins | Minor erratum | |
| 648 | 644 | Reproductive | Anatomy | Gonadal drainage | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/carcinoma-of-the-penis-clinical-presentation-diagnosis-and-staging?search=lymphatic%20drainage%20penis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=5~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=5#H282022439 | Text incorrectly states that lymphatic drainage of glans penis is directly to deep inguinal lymph nodes. Lymphatic drainage is first to superficial inguinal lymph nodes | Major erratum | |
| 649 | 713 | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | No need | On page 713, Myxedema in hypothyroidism -> it is written that edema occurs because of increased CAG .. actually it should be GAG (GlycosAminoGlycans) | Spelling/formatting | |
| 650 | 715 | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | - | Superior Gluteal Nerve injury supplies Gluteus medius & Gluteus minimus -> which are abductors of hip , not adductors (as written on this page) | Major erratum | |
| 651 | 2023 edition page 673 | Reproductive | Pathology | Choriocarcinoma | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089158-overview?_ga=2.227471390.227648009.1696431305-2057451350.1696431303 | it is mentioned that the B subunit of hCG is similar to the B subunit of TSH. Is it not the alpha subunit that is similar | Major erratum | |
| 652 | 50 | Biochemistry | Cellular | Elastin | Nbme 25, section4, question 31 | In the explanation on marfan syndrome, pleiotropy is a much more important part of this disease than variable expressivity, and should be added to th text. | Clarification to current text | |
| 653 | 350 | Endocrine | Pathology | Insulin | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/118361-overview#a3 | The effect of decrease in insulin is hyperglycemia contrary to the flowchart which mentions hypoglycemia | Major erratum | |
| 654 | 218 | Pathology | Neoplasia | Neoplasia and neoplastic progression | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-benign-breast-diseases?csi=a6b23311-95ee-45a0-8798-a8e554ef6e36&source=contentShare | Hamartoma was considered to be a non-neoplastic in the past and it is still in 2022 & 2023 edition , but nowadays it is considered a neoplastic rxn and it was found to be a translocation rxn, and I will attach a few pictures of Robbins pathology, and UpToDate | Major erratum | |
| 655 | 350 | Endocrine | Pathology | Hypoglycemia in diabetes mellitus | Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in adults: Epidemiology and pathogenesis". | In the flow chart,increase glycogenolysis and increased gluconeogeneis causes hyperglycemia but in the text hypoglycemia is mentioned | Minor erratum | |
| 656 | 395 | Gastrointestinal | Pathology | Molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7469945/ https://jnccn.org/downloadpdf/journals/jnccn/15/3/article-p411.pdf | Chromosomal instability pathway mutations causes sporadic cases of CRC which are commonly left sided.The opposite seems to be mentioned in the text. | Major erratum | |
| 657 | 456 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Anatomy and Physiology | NEW FACT | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430733/#:~:text=The%20genital%20branch%20of%20the,labia%20majora%20and%20mons%20pubis. | The genitofemoral nerve has genital branch and femoral branch. The sensory and motor supply of the nerve as a whole is written in the text.It would be better if we as a readers knew the innervation written in the text only covers the genital branch of genitofemoral nerve. | Clarification to current text | |
| 658 | 692 | Respiratory | Pathology | Epistaxis | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/kiesselbach-plexus. Alvi A, Joyner-Triplett N. Acute epistaxis. How to spot the source and stop the flow. Postgrad Med 1996; 99:83. Yaniv D, Zavdy O, Sapir E, et al. The Impact of Traditional Anticoagulants, Novel Anticoagulants, and Antiplatelets on Epistaxis. Laryngoscope 2021; 131:1946 | Posterior ethmoidal artery is not considered to be a part of kiesselbach plexus which is demonstrated otherwise in the pictorial in first aid book | Clarification to current text | |
| 659 | 71 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Enzyme terminology | Devlin, Thomas M. (2011). Textbook of biochemistry : with clinical correlations (7th). Hoboken: N.J. : JWiley. | Synthases do not use nucleotide triphosphate (ATP, GTP) as an energy sourse, further more, they are under the group of lyases. In contrast, synthetases do use nucleotide triphosphate as an energy source, also they are the the group ligases. I suggest to detach the two terminologies, explaing each one separately. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 660 | 171 | Microbiology | Virology | Hepatitis viruses | Robbins Pathology 10e. Chapter Liver and Bile Duct, pg 825 | Remove the word “councilman body” from liver biopsy in Hepatitis A. Robbins 10e pg, 825 says! “ Apoptotic hepatocytes were first clearly described in yellow fever by William Thomas Councilman and therefore have often been referred to as Councilman bodies; while apoptosis occurs in many forms of liver disease, by convention this eponym is restricted to that disease.“ | Clarification to current text | |
| 661 | 541 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pathology | Neurocutaneous disorders | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/neurofibromatosis-type-1-nf1-pathogenesis-clinical-features-and-diagnosis?search=neurofibromatosis%20type%201&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H20886007 | Mnemonic for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1): NEUROFIBROMA: N=Neurofibroma E= Eye-Lische Nodules, U=Under arm freckle, R= Renal Artery Stenosis, O= dOminant, F= neuroFibromin, I=Intellectual Disability, B= Bone Abnormality, R= von Recklinghausen, O= Optic Nerve Glioma, M= Macrocephaly, A= Astrocytoma | Mnemonic | |
| 662 | 541 | Neurology and Special Senses | Neuropathology | Neurocutaneous disorders | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tuberous-sclerosis-complex-genetics-clinical-features-and-diagnosis?search=tuberous%20sclerosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~106&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H9 | Mnemonic for Tuberous Sclerosis: HAMARTOMAS: H= Hamartomas A=Andenoma sebaceum, M=Mitral Regurgitatin, A=Ash Leaf Spots, R= Rhabdomyomas, T= TSC1, TSC2, O= dOminant, M=Mental Disability, A=Astrocytomas (GBM), S=Shagreen Patch, Seizures | Mnemonic | |
| 663 | 508 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Oligodendrocytes | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0192623310389621 | Mnemonic for "fried egg" appearance of oligodendrocytes on histo= "ol-egg-odendrocytes" | Mnemonic | |
| 664 | 437 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | Mantle cell lymphoma, more prominent in men, translocation of cyclin D1, chromosomes 11 and 14 | Mantle cell lymphoma: Men like to cycle between 11 and 2 pm | Mnemonic | |
| 665 | 104 | Immunology | Immune Responses | Complement | not needed | CD59 disrupts the MAC formation in the complement pathway. A nice way to remember CD59 (MAC-inhibitory protein) is by remembering that the MAC complex consists of complement proteins C5-C9. | Mnemonic | |
| 666 | 84 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Glycogen | Small error of labeling occurs. No additional information is required. | Under the Hepatocytes section: the numbers that are used to state which enzymes are being used for which steps are marked incorrectly. The diagram is correct but in the paragraph #4 should correspond to $5 in the labeled diagram, #5 become #6, and #6 become #7. | Minor erratum | |
| 667 | 109 | Immunology | Immune Responses | Vaccination | not needed | "Betty, HPV Has Potential iN MEN, So Protect your Zinky" or "Zayne, Have Better Protection, HPV's Shown Potential iN MEN too!" This represents the examples used for the Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines (B = hep B, HPV, P = Pertussis, N MEN = N meningitidis, S = s pneumoniae, H= H influenza, Z = herpes Zoster) | Mnemonic | |
| 668 | 290 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Starling curves | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvcA3TjujrY&ab_channel=Physeo-USMLELibrary | I believe it should be "heart failure + negative inotrope", not "heart failure + positive inotrope) | Major erratum | |
| 669 | 314 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Myocardial infarction complications | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2022.801511/full ; https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/aimcc.2022.1050 | The first aid book states that ventricular pseudoaneurysm occurs in a 3-14 day timeframe and true ventricular aneurysm occurs in a timeframe of 2 weeks to several months. Recent journal articles state that true ventricular aneurysms occur typically within the first 2 weeks usually anteriorly opposed to the 2 week to several month time frame in the first aid text. Whereas, pseudoaneurysms occur typically inferiorly. | Major erratum | |
| 670 | 559 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Visual field defects | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search?search=visual%20field%20defect&sp=4&searchType=GRAPHICS&source=USER_PREF&searchControl=TOP_PULLDOWN&searchOffset=1&autoComplete=true&language=en&max=40&index=&autoCompleteTerm= | The numbers and the explanations on the left doesn't match with the illustration and it's numbers and explanations in the middle. | Major erratum | |
| 671 | page 407 | Gastrointestinal | Pharmacology | Antiemetics | uworld | All act centrally in chemoreceptor trigger zone of area postrema ---> no ,all act centrally on Nucleus tractus solitarius according to Neurology chapter of FA and Uworld also ! | Minor erratum | |
| 672 | 320 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Myocarditis | https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/myocarditis | Myocarditis , causes mild chest pain ,and only causes severe chest pain if the pericardium is involved. So please edit the "chest pain" to "mild chest pain if the pericardium is spared" | Minor erratum | |
| 673 | Unsure | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Anatomy | NEW FACT | https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/cubital-fossa | Mnemonic for contents of the cubital fossa (medial to lateral): Molly Bounces Beach Rats (median n, brachial a, biceps tendon, radial n) | Mnemonic | |
| 674 | 551 | Neurology and Special Senses | Otology | Otitis media | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-otitis-media-in-adults?search=otitis%20media&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | SMH (Shaking my head) for Otitis Media (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus Influenzae) | Mnemonic | |
| 675 | 262 | Renal | Pathology | Renal oncocytoma | 2021 First Aid USMLE Step 1 Textbook | The image provided for renal oncocytoma is missing an arrow which indicates the affected tissue. I drew a blue square on the page to reference what disease I'm referring to in the 2023 textbook. | Minor erratum | |
| 676 | 69 | Biochemistry | Nutrition | Protein-energy malnutrition | I made this up | Mnemonic to differentiate kwashiorkor vs marasmus: We can use the K in kwashiorkor to stand for Kolloid (colloid) pressure aka oncotic pressure. We are spelling colloid with a K to match the first letter of kwashiorkor. In kwashiorkor the colloid pressure is generally decreased. When colloid pressure is decreased it leads to edema. Kwashiorkor is the one that presents with edema. They usually dont give all the MEALS symtoms like in the book but they cant really leave out the edema from what ive seen. | Mnemonic | |
| 677 | 90 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Lipid transport | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pcsk9-inhibitors-pharmacology-adverse-effects-and-use/print | LDL receptors are mainly found on hepatocyte. Even, PCSK9 binds to the LDL receptor (LDL-R) on the surface of hepatocytes. This fact is also shown in the figure on page 325. Not showing the LDL receptor in the figure on page 90) may mislead the reader, such that LDL receptor is found on peripheral cells, but not on hepatocytes. | Minor erratum | |
| 678 | 230 | Pharmacology | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Enzyme kinetics | First Aid itself | Increased Km is a hallmark of competetive inhibitors. Whereas, decreased Vmax is a hallmark of noncompetitive inhibitors. I suggest to add these facts into Michaelis-Menten Kinetics graph like the following graphs, as, I think, it will make it easier to understand. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 679 | 645 | Reproductive | Embryology | Orofacial clefts | uWorld Question ID: 21438 | Patients with cleft palate are at increased risk of chronic or recurrent acute otitis media, partly because of dysfunction of the muscles (eg, levator veli palatini) that contract against the soft palate to open the eustachian tube. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 680 | 166 | Microbiology | Virology | Influenza viruses | https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/change.htm | In First Aid 2022 and 2023 section discussing influenza viruses, the diagram that explains the antigenic shift and drift as it stands, could potentially lead to a misunderstanding. The positioning of virus B and the directional arrow in the diagram inadvertently gives the impression that Influenza B undergoes antigenic shift rather than drift. However, based on widely accepted information from other high-yield and authoritative resources, it is generally understood that influenza B undergoes antigenic drift, while influenza A can undergo both antigenic shift and drift. I suggest making this clarification and modification in the diagram to avoid any confusion among readers. | Minor erratum | |
| 681 | 524 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Spinal cord and associated tracts | Its a mnemonic | Change “legs” to “Limbs” in “Legs (lumbosacral) are lateral in lateral corticospinal, spinothalamic tracts.” Because upper limbs (cervical) and lower limbs (lumbosacral) both travel in the lateral spinothalamic, corticospinal tracts | Mnemonic | |
| 682 | 552 | Neurology and Special Senses | Otology | Diagnosing hearing loss | First Aid / not needed | Mnemonic to remember the Weber test for diagnosing hearing loss - Weber's SOC(k)S - Sensorineural Opposite, Conductive Same (the ear with hearing loss). | Mnemonic | |
| 683 | 651 | Reproductive | Anatomy | Autonomic innervation of male sexual response | Dean RC, Lue TF. Physiology of penile erection and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction. Urol Clin North Am. 2005 Nov;32(4):379-95, v. doi: 10.1016/j.ucl.2005.08.007. PMID: 16291031; PMCID: PMC1351051. | Norepinephrine release and antierection are the functions of sympathetic nervous system. In the book the phrase "Norepinephrine [Ca2+]in smooth muscle contraction vasoconstriction antierectile" is written bellow parasympathetic nervous system. I suggest to add a topic "resolution" and include norepinephrine there, after erection, emission, expulsion. Furthermore, I suggest to add that sympathetic nervous system and norepinephrine are responsible for tobic penis flaccidity. | Major erratum | |
| 684 | 673 | Reproductive | Pathology | Testicular tumors | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089158-table?form=fpf | "B subunit of hCG is similar to B subunit of TSH" should be changed to ALPHA subunit of hCG is similar to alpha subunit of TSH | Major erratum | |
| 685 | 514 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Ischemic brain disease/stroke | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/stroke-etiology-classification-and-epidemiology?search=man%20in%20the%20barrel&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 ; https://www.medscape.com/s/viewarticle/715299?form=fpf ; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559186/ ; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32644612/ | Man-in-the-barrel Syndrome due to ACA-MCA watershed infarct presents with bilateral proximal upper extremity weakness, while sparing the lower extremities and face. In FA 2023, it incorrectly states "proximal upper AND LOWER extremities weakness" | Major erratum | |
| 686 | 318 | Cardiovascular | Systems | Heart failure | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/primary-pharmacologic-therapy-for-heart-failure-with-reduced-ejection-fraction?search=sglt2%20inhibitors%20heart%20failure%20mortality%20benefits&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H918984312 | SGLT2 inhibitors decreases mortality in HFrEF | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 687 | 261 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Likelihood ratio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-_and_post-test_probability | Pretest odds = Pretest probability / (1 - Pretest probability) | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 688 | 568 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pharmacology | Parkinson disease therapy | n/a | Tolcapone pays the toll and can cross the BBB | Mnemonic | |
| 689 | 260 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Quantifying risk | Uworld Step 2; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4763519/ | Add the following formulas: ARR= control rate – treatment rate; RRR= ARR/control rate | Clarification to current text | |
| 690 | 37 | Biochemistry | Molecular | DNA repair | N/A | In the image labeled 'B,' there is a typo in the illustration of base excision repair. It initially shows a deaminated cytosine becoming uracil and undergoing base excision repair, but it mistakenly still displays uracil after repair instead of cytosine. The corrected nucleotide should be cytosine, not uracil. | Minor erratum | |
| 691 | 478 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Vasculitides | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7430790/ | Kawasaki disease- add criteria-one very important criteria to differentiate it from other diseases is that the fever should be present at least 5 days together with 4 more criteria | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 692 | 617 | Renal | Pathology | Glomerular diseases | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/membranoproliferative-glomerulonephritis-classification-clinical-features-and-diagnosis?search=mpgn&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~77&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H981933439 | "MPGN has traditionally been classified as MPGN types I, II, and III based upon electron microscopic findings. However, advances in the understanding of processes involved in the pathogenesis of MPGN suggest that the electron microscopy (EM)-based classification can result in overlap among the types" ; "MPGN was initially classified into types I, II, and III based upon electron microscopy (EM). However, this classification has important limitations, and we prefer the classification based upon immunofluorescence microscopy. The classification based upon EM is presented here solely for historical reasons."[Uptodate] Prior to immunofluorescence microscopy, MPGN was classified based on electron microscopy findings into types I (subendothelial deposits), Il (dense deposits into basement membrane), and I|l (subepithelial and subendothelial deposits). [uworld qid. 3946] | Clarification to current text | |
| 693 | 115 | Immunology | Dermatology | Immunodeficiencies | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1113394-overview#:~:text=Ataxia%2Dtelangiectasia%20(A%2DT)%20is,hypersensitivity%2C%20ocular%20and%20cutaneous%20telangiectasia%20( | Arrows need to point to the ataxia-telangiectasia that is being referred to in image A. | Minor erratum | |
| 694 | 230 | Pharmacology | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Drug metabolism | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1884408/ | Geriatric patientes lose the first part of the HOR-GASM (H-hydrolysis, O-oxidation, R-reduction, G-glucuronidation, A-Acetylation, S-Sulfation, M-Methylation) | Mnemonic | |
| 695 | 692 | Respiratory | Pathology | Rhinosinusitis | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/875126-overview?form=fpf&scode=msp&st=fpf&socialSite=apple&icd=login_success_ap_match_fpf#a2 | Drainage pathway of the sphenoid sinus is not indicated. It is located in superior meatus. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 696 | 692 | Respiratory | Pathology | Epistaxis | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/835134-overview#a3 | I think, it is important to specify the Kisselbach plexus location (caudal septum). Otherwise it seams it is somewhere in nostril. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 697 | 595 | Psychiatry | Psychology | NEW FACT | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/293257-overview. | Please add more info about premenstrual dysphoric disorder in Psychiatry chapter (diagnostic criteria and treatment). Also D/d with premenstrual syndrome is essential. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 698 | 701 | Respiratory | Pathology | Pleural effusions | no major references; explanation: "ex" is common for extra and exudative so easy to remember | Exudative = extra protein/LDH | Mnemonic | |
| 699 | 593 | Psychiatry | Pharmacology | Antipsychotics | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/second-generation-antipsychotic-medications-pharmacology-administration-and-side-effects | Mnemonic for second-generation antipsychotics most associated with QT prolongation, which are Risperidone and Ziprasidone: the RiZz makes your heart flutter (QT prolongation) | Mnemonic | |
| 700 | 527 | Pathology | Neuropathology | Ischemic brain disease/stroke | https://next.amboss.com/us/article/UR0bmf#Z0bcefc4a0343127ba6af7653bbc47846 | "Treatment: tPA (if within 3–4.5 hr of onset and no hemorrhage/risk of hemorrhage) " may be misleading as it could lead some to think it has to be within 3-4.5, more clear version: "tPA (if within <3–4.5 hr of onset... " | Clarification to current text | |
| 701 | 621 | Renal | Pathology | Nephrotic syndrome | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6874928/ | Minimal Change Disease- there's SELECTIVE proteinuria consisting of albumin and no immunoglobulins. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 702 | 477 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Polymyositis/dermatomyositis | Self-Study | To aid in more readily recall and differentiate between the types of inflammation, we can use the mnemonic- "PEN 8, 4 DERI," with the phonation "pen it for Deri". Which stands for: P-Polymyositis, EN-ENdomysial, 8-cd8; 4-cd4, D-dermatomyositis, ERI-pERImysial. | Mnemonic | |
| 703 | 627 | Renal | Pathology | Acute tubular necrosis | not needed | addition to nephrotoxic injury causes - uric acid in tumor lysis syndrome... and also, in the beginning, there is written "FE Na" without the explanation of what "FE" means ( fractional excretion)in the " abbreviations and Symbols" | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 704 | 233 | Pharmacology | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Therapeutic index | Boards and Beyond | In the Quantal Dose Response Curve, "Therapeutic Index" -> "Therapeutic Window" | Spelling/formatting | |
| 705 | 630 | Renal | Pathology | Renal cell carcinoma | Boards and Beyond | Renal Adenocarcinoma - arises from remnants of Urachus. It is a cancer at the dome of the bladder. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 706 | 628 | Renal | Pathology | Renal cyst disorders | Boards and Beyond | autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease has also early onset gout | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 707 | 407 | Gastrointestinal | Pharmacology | Loperamide, diphenoxylate | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diphenoxylate-and-atropine-drug-information?search=diphenoxylate%20dependence&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#F161131; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559300/#:~:text=Drug%20Interactions%3A%20Diphenoxylate%20crosses%20the,%2C%20restlessness%2C%20headache%2C%20hallucination. | Diphenoxylate does have CNS penetration and has addictive potential. It is also known to cause CNS side effects. Diphenoxylate is administered with atropine to prevent misuse. | Minor erratum | |
| 708 | 480 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | NEW FACT | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nail-patella-syndrome | Nail-Patella Syndrome - rare autosomal dominant disorder. characterized by limb and pelvic skeletal abnormalities (eg, hypoplastic or absent patella, dysplasia of elbows, including pterygia, and iliac horns), nail and distal digital abnormalities, and kidney disease. Treat with ACE inhibitors | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 709 | 307 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Aortic dissection | Robbins Basic pathology Tenth edition, page 381 | Discrepancy between type of aortic tear in First aid step 1 and First Aid step 2. | Clarification to current text | |
| 710 | 436 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Plasma cell disorders | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha-inhibitors-an-overview-of-adverse-effects | in multiple myloma section there is written (TNF-a) please change it to (TNF-α) because this one is only written like that. | Major erratum | |
| 711 | 446 on FA 2023 | Pharmacology | Pharmacology | Tamoxifen | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5160016/ | Hot Tamales = Hot Flashes on Tamoxifen users side effect on 80 % of patients (from uworld 2ck question ID 2606) | Mnemonic | |
| 712 | 673 | Reproductive | Pathology | Choriocarcinoma | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089158-overview?form=fpf | in choriocarcinoma it is stated that beta subunit of hcg is similar to beta subunit of tsh whereas it is the alpha subunit of hcg which is similar to alpha subunit of tsh | Major erratum | |
| 713 | 335 | Endocrine | Physiology | Growth hormone | Ayuk J, Sheppard MC: Growth hormone and its disorders. Postgrad Med J 2006;82:24. | Growth hormone(GH) level is decreased during deep sleep. Specifically, it is reduced during REM Sleep as the levels of GHRH reduces and levels of cortisol are higher compared to slow wave sleep. GH levels are increased during non-REM sleep. (Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th Edition Page No.919 , Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology , 25th Edition Page No. 328,329) | Clarification to current text | |
| 714 | 78 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Disorders of fructose metabolism | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/galactitol | Damage caused by accumulation of toxic substances (eg, galacitol). supposed to be galactitol | Spelling/formatting | |
| 715 | 21 | Section I | Section I | NEW FACT | N/A - Spelling | Under "Clinical Vignette Strategies" and "Strategy" the last sentence in paragraph 1 says "In some cases, they will be a dead giveaway for the diagnosis." "They" should be "there". Thank you! | Spelling/formatting | |
| 716 | 317 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Shock | UWORLD | Comment submitted to MH from student: the table entry for Distributive Shock says that the SVO2 is “Normal/increased” while the UWorld explanation states that it should be decreased due to “impaired sympathetic reflexes” | Minor erratum | |
| 717 | 642 | Reproductive | Embryology | Uterine (Müllerian duct) anomalies | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hysterosalpingography | Incorrect spelling hysterosalpigogram . Correct spelling hysterosalpingogram | Spelling/formatting | |
| 718 | 205 | Pathology | Pathology | Necrosis | Self-study | For fibrinoid necrosis: Immune complex deposition and/or plasma protein leakage from “the damaged intima depositing within the vessel wall.”; would bring more clarity to the text. | Clarification to current text | |
| 719 | 171 | Microbiology | Virology | Hepatitis viruses | Self-study- UWorld | Please add a picture of apoptotic hepatocyte (also known as Councilman bodies) as this is noteworthy in histology questions. I have attached a reference image from UWorld. | Clarification to current text | |
| 720 | 579 | Psychiatry | Pathology | Schizophrenia spectrum disorders | https://repository.poltekkes-kaltim.ac.id/657/1/Diagnostic%20and%20statistical%20manual%20of%20mental%20disorders%20_%20DSM-5%20(%20PDFDrive.com%20).pdf | Page 579 under schizophrenia spectrum disorder Defining criteria for Brief psychotic disorder - It is written “more than or equal to 1 positive symptoms lasting between 1 day and 1 month “ this is misleading as per latest DSM 5 criteria ( reference American psychiatric association) Criteria is - A. Presence of one (or more) of the following symptoms. At least one of these must be (1), (2), or (3): Delusions. Hallucinations. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence). Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. Note: Do not include a symptom if it is a culturally sanctioned response. Duration of an episode of the disturbance is at least 1 day but less than 1 month, with eventual full return to premorbid level of functioning. The disturbance is not better explained by major depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features or another psychotic disorder such as schizophrenia or catatonia, and is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition In DSM 5 , catatonic behaviour has been included alltogeather as a new category which does not come under any of the positive , negative or cognitive symptoms So , as it is one of the diagnostic criteria for brief psychotic disorder so we should also add this Thank you | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 721 | 140 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Otitis media | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/994656-overview#a4 | The most common bacterial pathogen in AOM is Streptococcus pneumoniae, followed by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. Thus, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is not the most common cause of acute otitis media. Furthermore, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae may not be the most common cause of conjunctivitis and bronchitis. | Major erratum | |
| 722 | 576 | Psychiatry | Psychology | Ego defenses | No need. | "her wife's cooking" seems to be wrong. .It must be "Her husbend" or change the whole context into "After being reprimanded by his principal, a frustrated teacher returns home and criticizes his wife’s cooking instead of confronting the principal directly". | Spelling/formatting | |
| 723 | 616 | Renal | Pathology | NEW FACT | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557430/ | Under the electron microscopy column for rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, the texts reads "Goodpasture syndrome: breaks in GMB". I believe this should be GBM for glomerular basement membrane unless GMB is an acronym for something else. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 724 | 84 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Glycogen | first aid book p84 diagram | Then 4-α-d-glucanotransferase (debranching enzyme " 6 " ) moves 3 of the 4 glucose units from the branch to the linear linkage. following the diagram debranching enzyme is number "6" not "5" | Minor erratum | |
| 725 | 84 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Glycogen | first aid book p84 diagram | Note: A small amount of glycogen is degraded in lysosomes by "8" α-1,4-glucosidase (acid maltase).following the diagram lysosome"8" not "7" | Minor erratum | |
| 726 | 145 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Syphilis | https://firstaidteam.com/2014/10/13/mnemonic-monday-argyll-robinson-pupil/#:~:text=To%20remember%20the%20ocular%20symptoms,have%20PRA%20%E2%80%93%20Pupillary%20Reflex%20Absent. | To remember the ocular symptoms of Argyll-Robertson Pupil, just take the first letter of each word – ARP – and read it forwards and backwards. Forwards, you have ARP – Accommodation Reflex Present. Backwards, you have PRA – Pupillary Reflex Absent. | Mnemonic | |
| 727 | 297 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Auscultation of the heart | https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zo-zwe5zpCCf0KW3g3WwuOMSJ5lWRTwm/view?usp=sharing | I have made a 14-minute video (it definitely can be shorter I’m just slow at talking) attempting to simplify heart murmur and maneuvers. I think it’s helpful in addresses the common challenge of distinguishing between systolic and diastolic murmurs, as well as recognizing the unique murmurs. With the added bonus of getting a Birds Eye view on the maneuvers and understanding where you are likely to see the exceptions. Id love to see what you guys think :)!!! Especially if I made any errors in the diagram. I think it’s a very useful tool because it can be written within 2min and contains good amount of information. Please watch the video and see how I explain he diagram. I tried to make as visually and intuitively memorable. Hope you guys like it -VaL https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zo-zwe5zpCCf0KW3g3WwuOMSJ5lWRTwm/view?usp=sharing | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 728 | 177 | Microbiology | Systems | Common causes of meningitis | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-therapy-and-prognosis-of-community-acquired-bacterial-meningitis-in-adults#:~:text=The%20presence%20of%20bacterial%20meningitis,bacterial%20meningitis%20in%20adults%22.) | signs like kernigs sign, brudzinskis sign and stiff neck can be diagnostic to identify the patient as a case of meningitis | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 729 | 657 | Reproductive | Pathology | Sex chromosome disorders | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6374553/#:~:text=Turner%20syndrome%20(TS)%20is%20one,seems%20to%20be%20genetically%20triggered. | turner syndrome increases the risk for type 2 Diabetes mellitus | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 730 | 657 | Reproductive | Pathology | Sex chromosome disorders | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18333372/ | turner syndrome increases the risk for hypothyroidism | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 731 | 200 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | NEW FACT | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1069686-overview#a7 | Emtricitabine (FTC) causes hyperpigmentation of palms and soles | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 732 | 395 | Gastrointestinal | Pathology | Molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colorectal-cancer-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-protective-factors | "most sporadic cases of CRC (commonly right sided) via adenoma-carcinoma sequence" should stated commonly left sided, microsatellite instability is more commonly right sided | Minor erratum | |
| 733 | 736 | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | FA | mamillary body- mammillary body | Spelling/formatting | |
| 734 | 403 | Gastrointestinal | Pathology | Cholelithiasis and related pathologies | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8118134/ | Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is a risk factor for cholesterol gallstones not pigment gallstones due to lack of CCK due to absence of enteral fat which causses bile stasis | Minor erratum | |
| 735 | 685 | Respiratory | Physiology | NEW FACT | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpulmonary_pressure | The x-axis should be Alveolar pressure or Intrapulmonary pressure, the Transpulmonary pressure should not be = 0, the lungs would be collapse | Clarification to current text | |
| 736 | 350 | Endocrine | Pathology | Diabetes mellitus | FA Biochemistry section says that these processes lead to more glucose in the blood | It is written that decrease glucose uptake into tissue, increased gluconeogenesis, and increased glycogenolysis leads to HYPOglycemia instead of HYPERglycemia | Spelling/formatting | |
| 737 | 263 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Confounding vs effect modification | self understood | In the illustration of Confounding section, in stratfied analysis make the solid bold bar in Smoker, Drinking coffee (a bold solid arrow) to Lung cancer; to indicate a strong association. | Minor erratum | |
| 738 | 264 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Statistical distribution | self understood | In definition of Mode mention; Mode = most repeated value or you may mention value with highest frequency; instead of most common value. "Common" itself sounds vague here. | Clarification to current text | |
| 739 | 567 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pharmacology | Insomnia therapy | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pharmacotherapy-for-insomnia-in-adults#H1289632638 | ZaleplON is used for sleep ONset (highlight ON in red to serve as a memory hook). Whereas Zolpidem and eszopiclone are used for sleep onset or maintenance. | Mnemonic | |
| 740 | 187 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | Carbapenems | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/imipenem#:~:text=Antibacterial%20Drugs,-Jane%20E.&text=Imipenem%20is%20degraded%20by%20dehydropeptidase,inactive%20metabolite%20that%20is%20nephrotoxic. | always administered with cilastatin (inhibitor of renal dehydropeptidase 1) to decrease activation of drug in renal tubules and "prevent the production of inactive metabolite that is nephrotoxic" | Minor erratum | |
| 741 | 187 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | Vancomycin | p136 first aid book | and "Clostridioides" difficile | Minor erratum | |
| 742 | 175 | Microbiology | Systems | Prions | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9874101/ | In the section of autoclaving prions, mention "Prions resist standard autoclaving; they must be sterilized at 121 to 132 degree celsius for 60 min." Standard autoclaving is 121 celsius for 15 min or 134 celsius for 3 minutes. | Clarification to current text | |
| 743 | 635 | Reproductive | Embryology | Types of errors in morphogenesis | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6598048/ | In the section of deformation; add an example "Congenital Telipes Equinovarus/Clubfoot and Developmental Dysplasia of Hip" along with congenital torticollis which has already been mentioned. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 744 | 475 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Seronegative spondyloarthritis | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331347-overview?form=fpf#a4 | E coli is not a commom cause of reactive arthritis, there is just some case report | Major erratum | |
| 745 | 621 | Renal | Pathology | NEW FACT | Uworld | Hypertensive (malignant) Nephrosclerosis - Onion Skinning of arteries and other facts. there's no information about how kidney vessels are affected in this condition | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 746 | Please see attached | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Tongue development | Please see attached | Please see attached | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 747 | 397 | Gastrointestinal | Pathology | Lynch syndrome | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?csi=c3cec6c1-e64a-42c3-96c1-a31ee22a1069&source=contentShare&imageKey=GAST%2F59832 | The Amsterdam II criteria helps clinicians identify Lynch syndrome and differentiate it from familial adenomatous polyposis by focusing on the family history of cancers. Lynch syndrome, as per these criteria, is identified by the presence of certain cancers in multiple generations of the same family. In short, the 3-2-1 rule: High suspicion of lynch syndrome if the patient has 3 affected family members, 2 generations, 1 relative under 50 years of age. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 748 | 69 | Biochemistry | Nutrition | Protein-energy malnutrition | It is discussed under the topic of 'pathogenesis' in the following link : https://www.uptodate.com/contents/malnutrition-in-children-in-resource-limited-settings-clinical-assessment?csi=10c1fb08-b1e0-4fa7-8a43-0bd91b242a49&source=contentShare#H25698054 | Under the topic ‘Kwashiorkor’, the First Aid mentions edema in this condition is due to low plasma oncotic pressure (due to low serum albumin). However, UpToDate stated the following: In the past, dietary protein deficiency was thought to be the key factor underlying edematous malnutrition. This assumption was based on observations that many patients with kwashiorkor have hypoalbuminemia, which was thought to be a consequence of inadequate nutrients for protein synthesis. In addition, albumin concentrations generally increase within the first two weeks of refeeding (albeit subtly), and edematous malnutrition has features similar to congenital nephrotic syndrome, in which the primary pathology is renal loss of albumin. However, multiple lines of evidence have shown that inadequate intake of dietary protein is not the primary trigger for edematous malnutrition. As examples, some patients have edematous malnutrition without hypoalbuminemia, others develop edematous malnutrition despite adequate proportion of protein in the diet (eg, in exclusively breastfed infants), and others recover from edematous malnutrition with supportive care even without enhancing the protein content of the diet. Thus, neither protein deficiency nor hypoalbuminemia appear to be the primary cause of the edema in kwashiorkor. Instead, hypoalbuminemia appears to be a common complication and may contribute to the edema in many patients by permitting movement of fluid from the vascular space into the interstitium; this is compounded by retention of sodium and water by the kidneys. The carbohydrate component of the diet increases insulin levels, which further enhances renal reabsorption of sodium and water. | Minor erratum | |
| 749 | 193 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | Antituberculous drugs | no need | isoniazid("INH") "INH"ibit CYP450 | Mnemonic | |
| 750 | 335 | Endocrine | Physiology | Antidiuretic hormone | First Aid 2022 | V"2" receptor in kidneys - you have "2" kidneys | Mnemonic | |
| 751 | 619 | Renal | Pathology | Cystinuria | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9317473/ | "Cystine-reabsorbing PCT transporter" should be corrected to "Cysteine -reabsorbing PCT transporter" as it's a dysfunction in the amino acid transporter that leads to the formation of cystine. | Minor erratum | |
| 752 | 317 in first aid 2023 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Oxygen content of blood | First Aid 2022 | I found this typo error in First Aid 2023, page 317, a section on obstructive shock, in 2023 it says (in tension pneumothorax and pulmonary embolism there is an elevation of SV02 but the correct answer is a decreased level of SV02 as mentioned in the first aid 2022. | Major erratum | |
| 753 | 152 | Microbiology | Parasitology | Antiprotozoal therapy | https://next.amboss.com/us/article/Pf0Wm2#Z2838c305630a575a1e345dd9004ef9ea + https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17335543/ | "nitazoxanide in immunocom- promised hosts" should be corrected to "nitazoxanide in immunocom- petent hosts" as nitazoxanide has only been shown to be effective in immunocompetent individuals. Can also be changed to "antiretroviral in immunocompromised hosts" | Major erratum | |
| 754 | 625 | Renal | Pathology | Tuberculosis | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/urogenital-tuberculosis?csi=09e7651d-b531-48c4-8141-53cab486116e&source=contentShare | I recommend adding Renal Tuberculosis as a high-yield topic in the book to address its global significance, clinical relevance, and its importance: Tuberculosis involving the urologic system occurs via mycobacterial seeding of the urogenital tract via hematogenous spread. Tuberculous bacilli enter the medullary interstitium and cause formation of granulomas. These may heal with associated fibrosis (in the absence of overt kidney disease) or, may break down and rupture into the tubular lumen with excretion of tuberculous bacilli into the urinary tract. Descending spread of infection to the ureter and bladder causes ureteral stricture and obstruction, hydronephrosis, and kidney function impairment. The diagnosis of urologic TB should be suspected in patients with relevant clinical manifestations (urinary frequency, dysuria, hematuria, and/or sterile pyuria) and relevant epidemiologic factors (history of prior TB infection, known or possible TB exposure, and/or past or present residence in or travel to an area where TB is endemic). Diagnosis may be established by demonstration of tubercle bacilli in the urine. Three to six early-morning urine samples should be sent for urine mycobacterial culture or urine polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In general, radiographic evidence of concomitant upper and lower urinary tract involvement is strongly suggestive of TB. Strictures throughout the collecting system (from the renal pelvis to the ureterovesical junction) are observed in 60 to 84 percent of cases. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 755 | 299 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Pacemaker action potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacemaker_current | It says that funny current is due to Na influx + K efflux, but I haven't found a single source to support that, all the sources I've read say it is a mixed Na + K influx by HCN channels | Minor erratum | |
| 756 | 427 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Anemias | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-of-thalassemia-adults-and-children?search=beta%20thalassemia%20target%20cells&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Unlabeled Figure C on page 427 | Spelling/formatting | |
| 757 | 186 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | Cephalosporins | https://reference.medscape.com/drug/teflaro-ceftaroline-999606 | Mnemonic for 5th generation cephalosporin (ceftaroline): The "Line" covers 'ME' (MRSA and Enterococcus faecalis) but not "P-him" (this last part referring to Pseudomonas, referring to the letter P). | Mnemonic | |
| 758 | 64 | Biochemistry | Nutrition | Vitamin B1 | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/branched-chain-alpha-keto-acid-dehydrogenase-complex | "Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase" should be changed to "Branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase" | Minor erratum | |
| 759 | 199 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | HIV therapy | no need | "efavividz" for efavirenz vivid dreams adverse effect | Mnemonic | |
| 760 | 321 | Cardiovascular | Pharmacology | Thiazide diuretics | https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/489521_8 | with the new research , they suggest that thiazide is contraindicated or not preferable to be used in diabetic patients since it may lead to hyperglycemia | Minor erratum | |
| 761 | 817 | Microbiology | Index | Remdesivir | N/a | Remdesivir is discussed on pages 170 and 198 (at least), but it is not included in the index in this edition (unless I completely missed it). Adding it would be helpful! | Minor erratum | |
| 762 | 377 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Femoral region | No need | In the drawing, lateral border of the femoral triangle is written as "Satorius" where it must be written as " Sartorius". | Spelling/formatting | |
| 763 | 298 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Electrocardiogram | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1894014-overview?form=login#a5 https://ecgwaves.com/topic/introduction-electrocardiography-ecg-book/ https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ecg-tutorial-physiology-of-the-conduction-system , | EKG segments do not correspond properly with where the signal is in the cardiac conduction system. Normally, P wave includes atria, PQ semgment includes AV Node, Bundle of HIS, and Purkinje fibers, T wave is Ventricular repolarization (not depolarization / Purkinje Fiber location as is listed in the diagram). | Major erratum | |
| 764 | 44 | Biochemistry | Cellular | NEW FACT | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26877/#:~:text=Mitogens%20stimulate%20the%20rate%20of,inhibiting%20the%20degradation%20of%20macromolecules. | Cyclins are phase-specific regulatory proteins that activate CDKs when stimulated by MITOGENS (not Growth Factors as given in FA 2023) | Major erratum | |
| 765 | 481 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Polymyositis/dermatomyositis | https://pathologymcq.com/2023/04/20/histologic-findings-of-inflammatory-myopathies/ | Understanding the differences in histology between polymyositis and dermatomyositis was initially challenging for me. Fortunately, I improved my understanding by using online resources. I've attached hand-drawn histology illustrations of both conditions, that I created while studying for my exams. I hope you find them helpful. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 766 | 594 | Psychiatry | Pharmacology | NEW FACT | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519062/ | Lithium is written to treat acute manic episodes but it is not so because it starts to work only after 3-4 days | Minor erratum | |
| 767 | 553 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Glaucoma | Not needed | Black population. Consider revising to people of color or more inclusive term. | Minor erratum | |
| 768 | 485 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Dermatology | NEW FACT | https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=bonQApL9&id=A56ACFAAA13CD92062F45048E2ADE5EC33357B78&thid=OIP.bonQApL9X91iPFxesg2U2QHaFj&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.sunflowerdermatology.com%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2f2018%2f11%2fwhat-does-keratosis-pilaris-look-like-treatments-available-kansas-city-dermatology-1024x768.jpg&cdnurl=https%3a%2f%2fth.bing.com%2fth%2fid%2fR.6e89d00292fd5fdd623c5c5eb20d94d9%3frik%3deHs1M%252bzlreJIUA%26pid%3dImgRaw%26r%3d0&exph=768&expw=1024&q=keratosis+pilaris&simid=608029359549203905&FORM=IRPRST&ck=BB77EEB1D53D59B393BC3A729D80ECBC&selectedIndex=2&itb=0 | add a picture of keratosis pilaris as it is assessed in UWSA2. Easier to remember with picture. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 769 | 485 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Dermatology | NEW FACT | asteatosis dermatitis | Winter's itch was asked in UWSA2 completely new for me who only read FA. Consider adding picture as well. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 770 | 664 | Reproductive | Pathology | Menopause | https://orientation.nbme.org/Launch/USMLE/STPF1 | Mechanism of premature ovarian failure by apoptosis. Asked in New free 120 | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 771 | 144 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | NEW FACT | Not needed | Urea breath/fecal test false negative result causes tested in UWSA2 block#1 Q2. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 772 | 505 | Neurology and Special Senses | Embryology | Brain malformations | helpful anchoring tool | Holoprosencephaly - one wHOLe brain | Mnemonic | |
| 773 | 513 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Hypothalamus | helpful anchoring tool | Area Postrema - Area PostrEMESIS | Mnemonic | |
| 774 | 420 | Hematology and Oncology | Physiology | Coagulation and kinin pathways | helpful anchoring tool | PT - Play Tennis outside (extrinsic) PTT - Play Table Tennis inside (intrinsic) | Mnemonic | |
| 775 | 687 | Respiratory | Physiology | Ventilation/perfusion mismatch | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-13-0499-6_7 | In the figure, the alveoli at the lung apex are depicted as smaller than the alveoli at the lung base. I learned in lecture and could verify through other resources that the alveoli at the lung apex are larger than those at the base due to the difference in intrapleural pressure. I am using the online version through USMLERx. | Minor erratum | |
| 776 | 249 | Pharmacology | Toxicities and Side Effects | NEW FACT | N/A | Causal Agents (Hydralizine, Isoniazid, Procainamide, Methyldopa, Quinidine) of Drug-Induced Lupus can be remembered with the mnemonic "HI, Professor Lupus Might Quit." | Mnemonic | |
| 777 | 161 | Microbiology | Virology | NEW FACT | N/A | Adenovirus Sx mnemonic - "Children Get Free Meals At Preschool" - C = conjunctivitis, G = gastroenteritis, F = febrile pharyngitis, M = myocarditis, A = acute hemorrhagic cystitis, P = pneumonia | Mnemonic | |
| 778 | 211 | Pathology | Inflammation | Inflammation | pubmed | differentiate between mediators causing localized pain | Minor erratum | |
| 779 | 257 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | NEW FACT | not needed | Spelling error- "long-tern" instead of "long-term" in the clinical trials diagram under Phase 4. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 780 | 572 | Psychiatry | Psychology | Ego defenses | Null | frustrated teacher returns home and criticizes her wife’s cooking / should be his wife’s | Spelling/formatting | |
| 781 | 52 | Biochemistry | Cellular | Cystinuria | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ectopia-lentis-dislocated-lens-in-children?search=marfan%20lens%20%20dislocation&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | MARfan vs HOMOcystinuria lens dislocation. You look upward to see MARtians, and you look downward to see HOMOsapians | Mnemonic | |
| 782 | this should read 2023, no? 695 | Respiratory | Pathology | NEW FACT | no need | Your close parentheses is backwards at the end of the note on a1-antitrypsin. | Minor erratum | |
| 783 | 557 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Horner syndrome | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500000/ | First Aid 2023 states that, in Horner syndrome, along with Anhidosis, there is " absence of flushing of affected side of face." However, what happen is the opposite: flushing of the affected side of the face due to loss of ipsilateral sympathetic innervation. | Major erratum | |
| 784 | 2023 page 507 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy | Meninges | NA | Rx image for meninges on page 507 of 2023 FA book, the labels are just jumbled characters and not real words! | Spelling/formatting | |
| 785 | 2023 page 559 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy | Visual field defects | NA | Visual field defects page 559 the numbers don't line up with the figure, also, the figure shows number 6 as a right lower quadrantanopia with left tmporal in parentheses shouldn't this say left parietal lesion? | Major erratum | |
| 786 | 775 | Index | Index | NEW FACT | N/A | A-a gradient "normal vs increased" is indexed for page 679 but its actually on 688 | Minor erratum | |
| 787 | 781 | Index | Index | NEW FACT | N/A | incorrect indexing of bacterial vaginosis - "characteristics of" & "gardnerella vaginalis" should be indexed to page 147; page 155 only briefly mentions gardnerella for comparison purposes, page 121 is the Microbiology Section page | Minor erratum | |
| 788 | 69 (2023 version) | Biochemistry | Cellular | NEW FACT | https://www.cell.com/fulltext/0092-8674(75)90132-4#:~:text=Procollagen%20peptidase%20acts%20as%20an,nonhelical%20aminoterminal%20residues%20of%20procollagen. | In the collagen synthesis and structure part with the 7 steps, the disease associated with each step is mentioned but not Ehlers-Danlos. Step 5: Proteolytic processing: Ehlers-Danlos is implicated if there is a deficiency in procollagen peptidase (which cleaves the disulfide-rich terminals of procollagen). As a matter of fact, this important enzyme is not even mentioned in the 7 steps. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 789 | 152 | Microbiology | Parasitology | Protozoa—gastrointestinal infections | https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/cryptosporidiosis#treatment | Text says that nitazoxanide is for immunocompromised hosts only, but the CDC Yellow Book says that nitazoxanide has not been shown to be effective in immunocompromised hosts and is FDA approved for immunocompetent people only. | Major erratum | |
| 790 | 492 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Dermatology | Cutaneous mycoses | null | Tinea cruris - tinea CROTCH ITCH | Mnemonic | |
| 791 | 382 | Gastrointestinal | Physiology | Carbohydrate absorption | helpful anchoring tool | SGLT1= MONOsaccharides (1=mono) | Mnemonic | |
| 792 | 257 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Clinical therapeutic trial | None | Phase 4, long-term is spelled incorrectly as long-tern | Spelling/formatting | |
| 793 | 44 | Biochemistry | Cellular | NEW FACT | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/personalized-genotype-directed-therapy-for-advanced-non-small-cell-lung-cancer?search=BRAF,%20KRAS&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | An entry explaining how EGFR/HER2 receptors work via tyrosin kinase or MAP kinase pathway. Showing the molecular cascade that includes the presence of molecules such as RAS, RAF and others which are important oncogenes. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 794 | 98 | Immunology | Cellular | HLA subtypes associated with diseases | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-graves-disease?search=GRAVES%20HLA&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H18 | HLADR3. Add Three and Thyroid (Highlight the Th and number 3) for Graves and Hashimoto Thyroiditis. | Mnemonic | |
| 795 | 136 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Clostridia | First Aid 2022 | When you get tetani you get R.O.S.T.= Risus Sardonicus, Opisthotonos, Spastic Paralysis, Trismus | Mnemonic | |
| 796 | 688 | Respiratory | Physiology | Lung volumes and capacities | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482502/ | TD= Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle. NOT JUST EACH INSPIRATION. | Major erratum | |
| 797 | 706 | Respiratory | Pathology | Pancoast tumor | https://www.eajm.org/en/thoracic-outlet-syndrome-caused-by-pancoast-tumor-case-report-132318 | Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 798 | 339 | Endocrine | Physiology | Glucagon | null | glucagon tells us with the GLUCose is GONe | Mnemonic | |
| 799 | 249 | Pharmacology | Toxicities and Side Effects | Drug reactions—musculoskeletal/skin/connective tissue | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20656071/ | I could be wrong about this but I noticed the list of Drug-induced Lupus reactions was missing a number of drugs that were on last years version. Maybe they are on another page? | Minor erratum | |
| 800 | 606 | Renal | Physiology | Renal tubular defects | Not needed | There is a missing parenthesis for Fanconi syndrome under Causes. It currently reads "...multiple myeloma, drugs (eg, ifosfamide, cisplatin, tenofovir, lead poisoning". It should read "...multiple myeloma, drugs (eg, ifosfamide, cisplatin, tenofovir), lead poisoning" | Spelling/formatting | |
| 801 | 220 | Pathology | Neoplasia | Oncogenes | no need | ALK=Adenocarcinoma of Lung Kinase | Mnemonic | |
| 802 | 289 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Digoxin | https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.CIR.0000132482.95686.87 | The bullet point says digoxin decreases sodium/calcium exchanger activity because it blocks the sodium potassium pump but instead digoxin should increase the sodium/calcium exchanger activity. | Minor erratum | |
| 803 | 626 | Renal | Pathology | Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK304406/ | The specific carcinogen which is found in tobacco smoking that is harmful to the transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder is "naphthylamine". | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 804 | 630 | Renal | Pathology | Nephroblastoma | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10805171/ | Neonatal hypoglycemia is seen in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 805 | 615 | Renal | Physiology | Electrolyte disturbances | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypomagnesemia-clinical-manifestations-of-magnesium-depletion?csi=7d8e88a9-b388-416c-93f8-695c85ca8088&source=contentShare#H3 | Hypokalemia is a common event in hypomagnesemic patients. The following sequence may explain how this might occur. Potassium secretion from the cell into the lumen by the cells of the connecting tubule and cortical collecting tubule is mediated by luminal potassium (ROMK) channels, a process that is inhibited by intracellular magnesium. Hypomagnesemia is associated with a reduction in the intracellular magnesium concentration, which releases this inhibitory effect on potassium efflux. Given the very high cell potassium concentration, this change would promote potassium secretion from the cell into the lumen and enhanced urinary losses. The hypokalemia in this setting is relatively refractory to potassium supplementation and requires correction of the magnesium deficit. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 806 | 617 | Renal | Physiology | Renal tubular acidosis | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?csi=ed82125e-5fbf-4c1a-9623-76e78a0b69a6&source=contentShare&imageKey=NEPH%2F56437 | I suggest considering the addition of Sjögren's syndrome in the discussion of renal tubular acidosis Type 1, as it is a well-documented cause and important for comprehensive medical understanding. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 807 | 667 | Reproductive | Pathology | Ovarian tumors | no need | germ cell tumors, immature teratoma : incorrect "typically represented by immature/embryoniclike neural tissue" correct "typically represented by immature/embryonic like neural tissue" space missing | Spelling/formatting | |
| 808 | 629 | Renal | Pathology | Renal cell carcinoma | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9953937/ | Mechanism of VHF induced RCC VHL gene mutations → Failure to degrade HIF(Hypoxia inducible factor)-α subunits → Accumulation of HIF-α → Overexpression of target genes (cyclin D, c-Myc, VEGF-a, EGFR, TGF-α, GLUT-1) in the renal tissue → RCC Treatment: Belzutifan MOA: Inhibition of HIF-2α and associated pathways → Suppresses cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Mnemonic: VHL Mutations Hinder Degrading, Belzutifan Halts Invasive Factors (HIF) | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 809 | 362 | Endocrine | Pharmacology | Levothyroxine, liothyronine | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123577-medication?form=fpf | Hydrocortisone is added to levothyroxine/liothyronine in patients with myxedema coma to help support their adrenal function, which may be impaired due to severe hypothyroidism. It is given prior to thyroid hormone administration to avoid precipitating an adrenal crisis. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 810 | 2023 edition- 257 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | NEW FACT | https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/long-term | Under Phase 4 (midpage) long term is spelled incorrectly “long-tern” | Spelling/formatting | |
| 811 | 124 | Microbiology | Basic Bacteriology | Catalase-positive organisms | N/A | I understand you already have a mnemonic but I believe mine is better. Reason being is that the mnemonic itself ties down to the cause of infections with catalast positive organisms. Following is the mnemonic. "BeCause NAdPH is LESS" this stands for "B cepacia, Candida, Nocardia, Aspergillus, pseudomonas, H.pylori, Listeria, E. Coli, staph, Serratia. | Mnemonic | |
| 812 | 559 of 2023 Edition | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy | Visual field defects | https://www.aao.org/education/image/visual-field-defect-of-right-parietal-lobe-lesion-2 | Right Lower Quadrantanopia should be a result of a Left Parietal Lesion, it says Left Temporal Lesion as seen in the provided screenshot. To the left of this figure, it says "Left lower quadrantanopia (right parietal lesion, MCA)" which is just a contralateral version of the above mentioned lesion. | Major erratum | |
| 813 | 319 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Rheumatic fever | N/A | Current text says "Associated with Aschoff bodies (granuloma with giant cells, Anitschkow cells...)". There is a missing parenthesis after granuloma with giant cells. It should read "Associated with Aschoff bodies (granuloma with giant cells), Anitschkow cells..." | Spelling/formatting | |
| 814 | 559 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Visual field defects | http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2094663-overview?form=fpf#a1 | The numbers for defect in visual field are different from the named defects ex 5 defect is not with 5 name of image lost | Major erratum | |
| 815 | 521 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Cranial nerves | NA | Glossy Car - GLOSSopharyngeal monitors CARotid body and sinus | Mnemonic | |
| 816 | 530 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pathology | Intracranial hemorrhage | NA | suBDural hematoma - BriDgeing veins; use a BRIDGE to cross suture lines | Mnemonic | |
| 817 | 671 | Reproductive | Pathology | Ovarian tumors | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/andr.13201#:~:text=Reinke%20crystals%20are%20pathognomonic%20for,though%20malignant%20variants%20can%20occur. | Sertoli Leydig Tumor missing mention of reinke crystals | Minor erratum | |
| 818 | 677 | Reproductive | Pathology | Testicular tumors | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089158-overview?form=fpf | States that hCG shares BETA unit with TSH but it shares an ALPHA unit and the beta units are distinct | Major erratum | |
| 819 | 36 | Biochemistry | Molecular | DNA replication | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7574479/ | On the picture, label G, it says dna polymerase, it should be specified to dna polymerase iii | Clarification to current text | |
| 820 | 314 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Myocardial infarction complications | N/A | It would be more helpful and less confusing if you complete the MI section by putting the complications right after ECG localization of STEMI rather than 3 pages later | Spelling/formatting | |
| 821 | 604 | Renal | Physiology | Glucose clearance | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555976/#:~:text=Blood%20glucose%20is%20measured%20in,72%20to%20108%20mg%2FdL.&text=Lab%2Dbased%20testing%20is%20required,appropriate%20diagnosis%20of%20diabetes%20mellitus. | Under the "Glucose clearance" section 375 mg/min should be changed to 375 mg/dL to correctly state the blood sugar as milligrams per deciliter | Spelling/formatting | |
| 822 | 601 | Renal | Physiology | Glomerular filtration barrier | https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-structure-of-the-glomerular-filtration-barrier-Glomerular-capillary-wall_fig4_318625550 | slit diaphragm (prevents entry of molecules > 40-50 nm) = should be > 4-11 nm according to my research, (also it would be better to clarify what the slit diaphragm is) | Minor erratum | |
| 823 | 367 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Retroperitoneal structures | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4899-6621-6_30 | It is better to say that it is the abdominal portion of the esophagus that can be considered retroperitoneal not the thoracic portion. It would be better to write it as abdominal portion or maybe write esophagus (partially) to avoid confusion. | Minor erratum | |
| 824 | 37 | Biochemistry | Molecular | DNA repair | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4859697/#:~:text=Base%20excision%20repair%20(BER)%20is,%2C%20neurodegenerative%20diseases%2C%20and%20cancer. | The diagram for base excision repair (page 37, B) has a minor error. following the removal of the base (in the example Uracil) by glycosylase, the backbone is still present, as AP-endonuclease and AP-lyase have yet to cleave and remove the backbone. The figure in the textbook has the backbone removed with the base. I have also attached a link of an article "Base Excision Repair, a Pathway Regulated by Posttranslational Modifications", which under Figure 1 (although more detailed) supports the correction. | Minor erratum | |
| 825 | 589 | Renal | Pathology | Kidney stones | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6501498/#:~:text=Go%20to%3A-,Oxalate%20stones,irregularity%2C%20it%20produces%20symptoms%20early. | Calcium oxalate stones, often referred to as "mulberry stones" due to their sharp projections, are commonly associated with hematuria, or blood in the urine. This is because their jagged edges can cause irritation and damage to the urinary tract lining. Although hematuria can be associated with other types of kidney stones as well, the presence of blood in the urine remains a valuable diagnostic indicator for identifying calcium oxalate stones. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 826 | 606 | Renal | Physiology | Renal tubular defects | none | Fanconi syndrome > causes > very last word “poisoning”, parenthesis forgotten | Spelling/formatting | |
| 827 | 377 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Femoral region | spelling mistake | in the diagram "sartorius" is spelled "satorius" | Spelling/formatting | |
| 828 | 441 | Hematology and Oncology | Pharmacology | Heparin vs warfarin | none | war is long = warfarin has a longer half-life | Mnemonic | |
| 829 | 258 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Quantifying risk | Step 1 bookFA TYPO | RRR =ARC-ART/ARC ART should be ARI | Minor erratum | |
| 830 | 46 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mitochondrial-regulation-and-functions?csi=df0d1dd5-1a63-498b-9f24-230981ee8645&source=contentShare | Complex I - NADH dehydrogenase, Complex II - succinate dehydrogenase, Complex III - ubiquinone-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, Complex IV - cytochrome c oxidase, Complex V - ATP synthase | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 831 | 623 | Renal | Pathology | Kidney stones | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/kidney-stones-in-adults-prevention-of-recurrent-kidney-stones?csi=86252dba-d130-44f8-ba16-e0a95aaefe7e&source=contentShare | Many hold the misconception of reducing calcium intake in patients with calcium oxalate stones. However, patients with these stones are actually advised against a low-calcium diet. Calcium intake decreases calcium oxalate stone formation by binding to oxalate in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing the absorption of oxalate. Therefore, it's crucial to address this in First Aid as it may correct a widespread misconception and help in proper management. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 832 | 417 | Hematology and Oncology | Physiology | Thrombogenesis | none | Abciximab = cix = 6 = GpIIb/IIIa = 2 * 3 = 6 | Mnemonic | |
| 833 | 416 | Hematology and Oncology | Physiology | Hemoglobin electrophoresis | none | lySIne = C = HbC | Mnemonic | |
| 834 | 418 | Hematology and Oncology | Physiology | Coagulation and kinin pathways | none | PT = shorter than PTT = pathway with the lesser number of components and a component with the shortest half-life | Mnemonic | |
| 835 | 420 | Hematology and Oncology | Physiology | RBC morphology | none | DaCROcytes = cry = teardrop | Mnemonic | |
| 836 | 430 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Heme synthesis, porphyrias, and lead poisoning | https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/140/Supplement%201/5346/489288/Conditional-Synthetic-Lethality-between-the#:~:text=Heme%20biosynthesis%20depends%20upon%20pyridoxal,precursor%20of%20porphyrins%20and%20heme. | vitamin B6 is a cofactor of ALAS | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 837 | 346 | Endocrine | Pathology | Hyperthyroidism | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/radioiodine-in-the-treatment-of-hyperthyroidism#H30632233 | This is a high-yield addition to the hyperthyroidism section, specifically regarding radioactive iodine uptake. I think it would be helpful to include a schematic of what RAIU looks like for normal thyroid, Graves disease, toxic adenoma, etc. I have also included the schematic with arrows representing T3, T4, TSH levels. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 838 | 495 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pharmacology | Celecoxib | n/a | Celecoxib is specifically a COX-2 inhibitor, there are 2 C’s in CeleCoxib for COX-2. | Mnemonic | |
| 839 | 354 | Endocrine | Pathology | Neuroblastoma | my creative mind | “Little children like to have a blast & dance everywhere while throwing roses left and right” -> children: most common age group, dance: opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, blast: neuroblastoma, everywhere: crosses midline, roses .. right: Homer-WRIGHT ROSETTES | Mnemonic | |