2019 FA Step 1 Proposed Errata & Su...

2019 FA Step 1 Proposed Errata & Su...
	Page #	Chapter	Section	Fact Name	Supporting Reference(s)	Main Comment	Submission type	Date Submitted
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1	34	Biochemistry	Molecular	Chromatin structure	N/A	Heterochromatin --> column 2 --> Barr bodies (INACTIVATED X chromosomes) - Not inactivate X chromosomes	Spelling/formatting	01/01/19 11:34 AM
2	34	Biochemistry	Molecular	Chromatin structure	Not needed, mnemonic	Histone Deacetylation Deactivates DNA	Mnemonic	06/10/19 7:10 PM
3	35	Biochemistry	Molecular	Nucleotides	FA 2019 Page 35	Why (-1 ring ) is colored in red?	Spelling/formatting	01/06/19 5:33 AM
4	35	Biochemistry	Molecular	Nucleotides	aaa	Purines (A, G); 2 rings -- PURe As Gold; Exchange 2 gold Rings in a wedding	Mnemonic	03/01/19 5:26 AM
5	35	Biochemistry	Molecular	Nucleotides	Self-created.	I have created a helping mneumonic for the major deamination reactions. C U At Home Get Xtra 5 Toppings. It allows one to remember the order of the deamination reactions and which reactions are paired.	Mnemonic	05/21/19 8:09 AM
6	36	Biochemistry	Molecular	De novo pyrimidine and purine synthesis	http://tmedweb.tulane.edu/pharmwiki/doku.php/proguanil https://www.uptodate.com/contents/antimalarial-drugs-an-overview#H14	Add proguanil (anti-malarial) to list list of medications that inhibit dihydrofolate reductase.	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 12:52 AM
7	36	Biochemistry	Molecular	De novo pyrimidine and purine synthesis	FA 2019 page 416 Orotic aciduria	In main pyrimidine base production diagram i think it would be better if you add (UMP synthase) enzyme on arrow from Orotic acid to UMP as it's clinically high yield.	Clarification to current text	04/18/19 2:43 AM
8	37	Biochemistry	Molecular	Genetic code features	https://www.ugg.com/men-footwear/	Add mnemonic "when you wear your UGG, you Tryp (trip; for Tryptophan)" to remember that UGG codes for tryptophan and that it is an exception to the Degenerate/Redundant feature of the genetic code	Mnemonic	02/08/19 10:45 AM
9	37	Biochemistry	Molecular	Genetic code features	Personal Mnemonic	The 4 genetic code features are: Unambiguous, Degenerate, Commaless, and Universal. Take the first letters of these 4 features and you can spell "CUUD." The mnemonic would be: Genetic "CUUD" features.	Mnemonic	04/28/19 11:58 AM
10	37	Biochemistry	Molecular	Purine salvage deficiencies	https://reference.medscape.com/drug/elitek-rasburicase-342255#90	Rasburicase is colored as an enzyme with green. Please color it like a drug so as we don't get confused.	Clarification to current text	04/27/19 1:33 PM
11	37	Biochemistry	Molecular	Purine salvage deficiencies	https://reference.medscape.com/drug/elitek-rasburicase-342255#10 link2: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Mechanism-of-action-rasburicase-and-allopurinol-Depicted-is-the-pathway-of-purine_fig1_11995629	uric acid is the normal end of metabolism in human body. If rasburicase(urate oxidase) is taken as MEDICATION then it transform uric acid to allantoin	Major erratum	05/13/19 10:33 AM
12	38	Biochemistry	Molecular	DNA replication	Mnemonic	"2 'sides' to every 1 coin ['can']" hint for Etoposide/teniposide inhibit TOP II and irinotecan/topotecan inhibit TOP I. This can also be placed on page 434	Mnemonic	01/09/19 6:30 AM
13	38	Biochemistry	Molecular	DNA replication	Mnemonic	FlUORoquinolones inhibit TOP IV(4).	Mnemonic	01/12/19 7:15 AM
14	38	Biochemistry	Molecular	DNA replication	Mnemonic	To remember that DNA Polymerase reads DNA 3’ to 5’ and DNA is synthesized 5’ to 3’ write out the words “reads” and “synthesized” but replace every letter “E” with the number “3” and every “S” with the number “5”. This works both for prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication and synthesis. Clarifying image attached.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 8:28 PM
15	38	Biochemistry	Molecular	DNA replication	Mneumonic	DNA polymerase III (III, red color) proofreads with 3' (3, red color) --> 5' exonuclease. DNA I (I, red color) degrades RNA primer (prime, red color)	Mnemonic	02/19/19 12:51 AM
16	38	Biochemistry	Molecular	DNA replication	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15137905	Regarding Bloom Syndrome it would be better if add more information about it like it's autosomal recessive. clinical manifestations include : growth retardation, facial anomalies, photosensitive skin rash, and immunodeficiency.	High-yield addition to next year	04/18/19 3:46 AM
17	39	Biochemistry	Molecular	Mutations in DNA	N/A	In the image provided for "Mutations in DNA", the silent mutation coding DNA (GAA) is the same as the mRNA codon (GAA). This would be a correct translation... not a silent mutation.	Minor erratum	02/16/19 2:53 PM
18	40	Biochemistry	Molecular	DNA repair	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16238440	Fanconi Anemia is given as example under "homologous recombination", it is actually an example of "Non-Homologous End Joining" repair mechanism.	Minor erratum	01/16/19 9:09 AM
19	40	Biochemistry	Molecular	DNA repair	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining	NHEJ is also defective in many forms of SCID.	High-yield addition to next year	01/20/19 6:06 PM
20	41	Biochemistry	Molecular	DNA replication	https://www.genscript.com/molecular-biology-glossary/12074/ATG-or-AUG	This submission is referring to a video associated with page 41 -- not an errata in the text. The title of the video / section is "Functional organization of a eukaryotic gene." I believe the error is spoken starting at time 1:09 -- "Also recall, the start codon is AUG when referring to DNA, and ATG when referring to RNA."	Minor erratum	05/29/19 8:53 PM
21	41	Biochemistry	Molecular	Functional organization of a eukaryotic gene	Uworld Question #2033	Poly-A tail is NOT AAAAAA its AAUAAA	Minor erratum	07/25/19 8:46 PM
22	41	Biochemistry	Molecular	Protein synthesis	Mnemonic	The directionality of protein synthesis proceeds from the amino (N) terminus to the carboxy (C) terminus. This can be remembered by “proteiNs are Created N → C terminus"	Mnemonic	03/01/19 7:43 AM
23	41	Biochemistry	Molecular	RNA polymerases	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22085/	RNA polymerase 2 synthesizes 5' to 3'; it does not read 5' to 3'	Major erratum	05/12/19 1:50 PM
24	42	Biochemistry	Molecular	RNA polymerases	It's Mnemonic	Actinomycin D (also known as Dactinomycin) inhibits RNA polymerase in Dual (both) prokaryotes and eukaryotes.	Mnemonic	01/12/19 8:13 AM
25	42	Biochemistry	Genetics	Splicing of pre-mRNA	mnemonic for existing material in book	GULAG - A mnemonic for the sequences at either end of an intron: FU at 3' end and AG at 5' end. The L stands for Lariat/Loop.	Mnemonic	02/07/19 8:25 AM
26	44	Biochemistry	Molecular	tRNA	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6236/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848691/ ;and also UWorld	In the diagram explaining the structure of a tRNA, the acceptor stem is incorrectly labeled; it should include the whole length of the vertical 3' end attached to the T arm (so basically the CCA end is only part of the acceptor stem)	Minor erratum	03/08/19 5:45 PM
27	44	Biochemistry	Molecular	tRNA	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_arm#cite_note-hardt1993-1	The D-arm is a portion of the tRNA molecule that acts as a recognition site for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase; wording is unclear "D-arm detects the tRNA by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase."	Clarification to current text	03/29/19 5:49 AM
28	46	Biochemistry	Cellular	Cell cycle phases	https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2443.1996.d01-234.x	EPO is Non-receptor tyrosine kinase, while insulin, PDGF, EGF are receptor tyrosine kinase of the family tyrosine kinases.	Minor erratum	02/06/19 6:26 AM
29	46	Biochemistry	Cellular	Cell cycle phases	mnemonic, FA 19 p. 46	Phosphorylated Rb allows cell cycle to Proceed	Mnemonic	05/07/19 5:00 PM
30	46	Biochemistry	Cellular	Cell cycle phases	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC23451/	hypophosphorylation (activation) of Rb should be hyperphosphorylation (activation) of Rb	Minor erratum	05/30/19 9:17 PM
31	46	Biochemistry	Cellular	Cell cycle phases	not needed	Cyclin-dependent kinases is Constitutive and inactive (in absence of cyclin)	High-yield addition to next year	08/06/19 1:02 PM
32	46	Biochemistry	Cellular	Rough endoplasmic reticulum	aaa	N-glycosylation occurs in the eNdoplasmic reticulum; O-glycosylation occurs in the gOlgi apparatus	Mnemonic	03/02/19 2:34 AM
33	47	Biochemistry	Cellular	Cell trafficking	https://www.uniprot.org/locations/SL-0075	COPI transports from Golgi -> Endoplasmic Reticulum (currently says from Golgi -> Golgi)	Minor erratum	01/11/19 11:19 AM
34	47	Biochemistry	Cellular	Cell trafficking	N/A	I-cell disease: “I” is a part of the alphabet, so we start there. Ignoring A through E, we start with F to recall the clinical features of I-cell disease: Facial features coarse/ Gingival hyperplasia/ Hand deformity “claw”/ “I’s” (eyes) corneal clouding/ Joints/ Kyphoscoliosis/ Lysosomal enzymes ↑↑	Mnemonic	08/15/19 2:38 PM
35	47	Biochemistry	Cellular	Peroxisome	not needed	Zellweger syndrome: Renee Zellweger has WEAK PEX (hypotonia; PEX gene mutation) and SEIZES (seizures) big livers (hepatomegaly); Refsum disease: ALPHA (alpha-oxidation disorder) males are PHYTAN A LOT (buildup of phytanic acid) because the REF's SON (Refsum) made the team but is CLUMSY (ataxia) and CAN'T SEE (cataracts/night blindness); Adrenoleukodystrophy: ß-A-L-D for ß-oxidation	Mnemonic	01/02/19 1:06 PM
36	48	Biochemistry	Cellular	Cytoskeletal elements	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2064177/	In 2006 a new systematic nomenclature for mammalian keratins was created, and the proteins previously called "cytokeratins" are simply called keratins	Minor erratum	08/07/19 7:17 AM
37	48	Biochemistry	Cellular	Microtubule	nature.com/subjects/dynein	Tie-Dye is retro: Tie-Dye (dynein) in Retro(grade)	Mnemonic	02/24/19 3:41 PM
38	49	Biochemistry	Cellular	Sodium-potassium pump	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2949520/	The cardiac glycosides activate the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger which results in the exit of 3 Na+ ions and the entry of 1 Ca2+ ion	Minor erratum	03/09/19 5:26 PM
39	50	Biochemistry	Cellular	Collagen	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/360747	As Type 1 collagen is important for late wound repair, Type 3 collagen is also important for EARLY WOUND HEALING	Clarification to current text	04/20/19 12:58 PM
40	50	Biochemistry	Cellular	Collagen synthesis and structure	none needed	Hosts Give Partygoers Champagne at their SOIREE. Each of the four first words corresponds with the step in collagen synthesis that has an associated deficiency/syndrome. SOIREE corresponds with the first letter in the associated problem. Hosts (hydroxylation) Give (glycosylation) Partygoers (proteolytic processing) Champagne (cross-linking) at their SOIREE (scurvy, osteogenesis imperfecta, SKIP step 4 (R), Ehlers-Danlos, Ehlers-Danlos and Menkes)	Mnemonic	03/10/19 5:23 PM
41	50	Biochemistry	Cellular	Collagen synthesis and structure	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093059/	Clarify on the sentence: Glycine content best reflects collagen synthesis. For example, If i have two tissue samples, one of which is primarily made up of collagen (i.e, Bone or cartilage) and another one is devoid of collagen or containg negligible amount of collagen (i.e, synovial fluid). In this case, using glycine content reflects the amount of collagen present in these tissues. However, if i have two tissue samples, both made up of more or less collagen (let's say skin and ligaments). In this case, I can not use glycine to reflect the collagen amount present in these tissues as glycine though not abundant as much as in collagen, is still present in various other protiens such as elastin. Therefore, measuring glycine content could give me false results. In these cases, measuring hydroxylated proline (i.e, hydroxyproline) would be the best choice since it is very specific for collagen only.	Clarification to current text	03/17/19 7:21 AM
42	50	Biochemistry	Cellular	Collagen synthesis and structure	NA	Vitamin C deficiency leads to a problem with Hydrox"C"lation.	Mnemonic	03/17/19 3:52 PM
43	50	Biochemistry	Cellular	Collagen synthesis and structure	self-made	I have created a helpful mnemonic for memorizing that lysine is involved in the collagen cross-linking process. "Do not lie or you will be cross-examined."	Mnemonic	05/21/19 8:13 AM
44	50	Biochemistry	Cellular	Collagen synthesis and structure	not needed	"formation of procollagen to hydrogen and disulfide bonds " is better to be mentioned as independent step	Clarification to current text	08/07/19 1:34 PM
45	51	Biochemistry	Cellular	Menkes disease	It's Mnemonic	Menkes protein (ATP7A ,vs ATP7B in Wilson) --->M precedes W and A precedes B alphabetically ,so " Menkes =ATP7A ,,Wilson =ATP7B".	Mnemonic	01/12/19 8:36 AM
46	51	Biochemistry	Cellular	Menkes disease	not required	Please see attachment: W=copper goes up, M=copper goes down	Mnemonic	02/04/19 9:06 PM
47	51	Biochemistry	Cellular	Menkes disease	Doesn't need one (just a mnemonic)	Tip for remembering ATP7A (Menkes Disease) v. ATP7B (Wilson's Disease): The B stands for Bronze, whose main ingredient is Copper	Mnemonic	07/10/19 3:08 PM
48	52	Biochemistry	Cellular	Elastin	Mneuomnic	People with Marfans are so tall you have to look up to see them. Thus the subluxation of the lens is upward (and temporal)	Mnemonic	05/10/19 4:07 PM
49	52	Biochemistry	Cellular	Elastin	mnemonic	Marfan syndrome lens subluxation is upward: look up to see Mars vs homocysteinuria lens subluxation which is downward: look down to see urine	Mnemonic	07/23/19 5:30 AM
50	55	Biochemistry	Laboratory Techniques	Fluorescence in situ hybridization	N/A	Second to last line states "(two blue arrows...)" but the arrows are not blue. Irrelevant wording.	Spelling/formatting	01/22/19 8:22 PM
51	55	Biochemistry	Genetics	Molecular cloning	Webster-Miriam Dictionary	Step two should say Add "reverse" transcriptase, not Add "reserve" transcriptase	Spelling/formatting	02/14/19 2:06 AM
52	56	Biochemistry	Genetics	Genetic terms	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/li-fraumeni-syndrome?search=li%20fraumeni&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~40&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Li-Fraumenia syndrome is listed as an example of loss of heterozygosity but more often functions as a dominant negative mutation as having one mutant allele creates 1/16th functional proteins in the final tetramer.	Minor erratum	01/08/19 9:02 AM
53	57	Biochemistry	Genetics	Genetic terms	www.Uworld.com	Heteroplasmy definition: It says ".....resulting in variable expression in mitochondrially inherited disease"............. UWorld says "Variable Expression is not a feature of Mitochondrial diseases" in QID: 596 Choice D, last line.	Major erratum	01/12/19 8:06 PM
54	57	Biochemistry	Genetics	Mutations in DNA	N/A	McCune-Albright Syndrome =3 "P"s: "P" recocious puberty, "P"igmentation, "P"olyostotic fibrous dysplasia	Mnemonic	01/28/19 3:50 PM
55	58	Biochemistry	Genetics	Disorders of imprinting	Mneumonic	AngelMan has no Mama. The M in AngelMan helps think of deletion in the allele of the Mother V	Mnemonic	01/24/19 11:13 AM
56	58	Biochemistry	Genetics	Types of errors in morphogenesis	FA2019	Mnemonic for AngelMan syndrome: "Mom’s little Angel (Maternal deletion)". The M's are red/bold	Mnemonic	05/22/19 7:53 AM
57	59	Biochemistry	Genetics	Fragile X syndrome	Fact Sheet 54\| FRAGILE X SYNDROME This fact sheet ... PDFwww.genetics.edu.au › fact-sheet-54-frag...	According to Harrison'' Principles of Internal Medicine -20th edition page 3363, Fragile X syndrome is classified as X linked Recessive, Robbins Pathology latest edition also says it as X linked Recessive. Wikipedia says XD but both these books says XR. I am not sure about the error	Minor erratum	02/07/19 6:15 AM
58	59	Biochemistry	Genetics	Modes of inheritance	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mitochondrial-myopathies-clinical-features-and-diagnosis?search=gomori&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~20&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	Better classification of Mitocondrial diseases: add Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) and Leigh syndrome, and also the stain often used for diagnosis : GOMORI THRICOME STAIN	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 9:50 PM
59	59	Biochemistry	Genetics	Modes of inheritance	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/inheritance-patterns-of-monogenic-disorders-mendelian-and-non-mendelian?search=autosomal%20recessive&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Both autosomal recessive and x-linked recessive inheritance skips generations: ''RECEssive (autosomal and x-linked) inheritance takes a RECEss from family (no past family history of the disease)''.	Mnemonic	07/29/19 3:05 PM
60	60	Biochemistry	Genetics	Cystic fibrosis	https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB08820	Indication for Ivacaftor - not approved for patients with a Phe508 deletion UNLESS it's given in combination with lumacaftor. Indicated as monotherapy for other CF mutations, most notably, G551D, where the number of CFTRs is fine, but they just don't open enough.	Clarification to current text	12/27/18 6:39 PM
61	60	Biochemistry	Genetics	Cystic fibrosis	Found on update here: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cystic-fibrosis-assessment-and-management-of-pancreatic-insufficiency?search=cystic%20fibrosis%20treatment&source=search_result&selectedTitle=6~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=6#H9 and tested on in multiple UWorld questions	Treatment for Cystic Fibrosis includes pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) to correct for pancreatic insufficiency.	High-yield addition to next year	01/30/19 5:14 AM
62	60	Biochemistry	Genetics	Cystic fibrosis	simple illustration attached	"defect in CFTR gene on chromosome 7"; Write CFTR as "C7TF" (where 7 is a laterally inverted image of F)	Mnemonic	03/02/19 5:07 PM
63	61	Biochemistry	Genetics	Muscular dystrophies	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25348330	book says that duchenne muscular dystrophy has truncated protein when in fact it should be beckers	Major erratum	05/16/19 9:08 AM
64	62	Biochemistry	Genetics	Rett syndrome	mnemonic from my brain	Stereotyped hand-wringing (Rett-ers cramp)	Mnemonic	01/19/19 9:06 AM
65	62	Biochemistry	Genetics	Trinucleotide repeat expansion diseases	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/943776-overview#a1	Fragile X is an X-linked recessive disorder according to Harrisons for Internal Medicine. In the 2019 version of first aid it states it is x linked dominant. If it was dominant you would not see carriers but there are carriers present.	Major erratum	06/18/19 8:22 AM
66	63	Biochemistry	Genetics	Autosomal trisomies	Genetics: Glossary of terms - UpToDate	Nondisjunction in meiosis illustration: Replacing the words "Trisomy" with "Heterodisomy" and "Isodisomy" as specified in the attachment.	Minor erratum	01/02/19 11:41 AM
67	63	Biochemistry	Genetics	Autosomal trisomies	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25412855	<2% of cases of Down Syndrome are due to mosaicism.	High-yield addition to next year	01/25/19 5:24 PM
68	63	Biochemistry	Genetics	Autosomal trisomies	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1684265/. Also UWorld question 8328	please add that the majority of cases of Down syndrome result from nondisjunction in Meiosis I specifically	High-yield addition to next year	03/16/19 5:40 PM
69	63	Biochemistry	Genetics	Autosomal trisomies	Usmle World question ID 1824 , (choices C and E) explanations	Myelomeningocele is also associated with Edward Syndrome (Trisomy 18)	Clarification to current text	04/23/19 7:43 AM
70	63	Biochemistry	Genetics	Autosomal trisomies	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/943463-clinical#b4	In Trisomy 18, the image is not accurate since the patients have "clenched hands with the index finger overriding the middle finger and the fifth finger overriding the fourth finger "	Minor erratum	07/20/19 4:04 AM
71	63	Biochemistry	Pathology	Genetic terms	Uworld	"DITCH" down syndrome for all the GI abnormalities listed in Uworld for trisomy 21 (D)Deuodenal atresia (most common) (I)Imperforate anus, (T)Transeophageal fistula ,(C)Celiacs Disease, (H)Hischsprungs disease	Mnemonic	02/06/19 3:23 PM
72	64	Biochemistry	Genetics	Cri-du-chat syndrome	It's Mnemonic	Cri du - CHat =5 letters - CHromosome 5	Mnemonic	01/11/19 10:58 AM
73	64	Biochemistry	Genetics	Cri-du-chat syndrome	mnemonic	Cats are born with closed eyes (think epicanthal folds), have so cute paws like 5 fingers (think chromosome 5), your heart melts (VSD)	Mnemonic	03/02/19 5:17 PM
74	64	Biochemistry	Genetics	Genetic disorders by chromosome	Mnemonic	Chromosome 3: Von-Hippel-Lindau Gene, associated with Renal Cell Carcinoma -Both VHL and RCC have 3 letters Chromosome 5: Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) -APC gene mutation Read as: "Five-APC" or "FAPC" Chromosome 6: Hemochromatosis - associated w/ HLA A3 Read as: "HA3mochromatoSIX" Chromosome 11: Wilms tumor -Read as "W11ms tumor" Chromosome 13: Wilson Disease -Wilson Disease has 13 letters in total (same with Patau Syndrome, chromosome 13)	Mnemonic	03/15/19 3:53 PM
75	64	Biochemistry	Genetics	Williams syndrome	It’s just a movie quote mnemonic but helpful to remember the chromosome.	Current mnemonic says “think Will Ferrell in Elf”. You can add the chromosome to the mnemonic by adding his famous line “First, I went through the 7 levels of the candy cane forrest.” For chromosome 7.	Mnemonic	05/02/19 10:51 AM
76	65	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamins: water soluble	My brain	Proposed mnemonic for sorting B vitamins in order. TRN-PPB-FC "The RN - Placed Patient Bobs - Foley Catheter" Where there is a dash, the number skips. This covered B1-12 in order. I made this and have found it useful to keep the numbers straight with the names of the B vitamins.	Mnemonic	01/05/19 11:56 AM
77	65	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamins: water soluble	https://reference.medscape.com/drugs/vitamins-water-soluble	Thierry (Thiamin) Robben (Riboflavin) aNd (Niacin) Petr (Pentothenic) Played (Pyridoxine) Ball (Biotin) For (Folate) Chelsea (Cobalamin)	Mnemonic	05/15/19 3:37 AM
78	66	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin A	Mnemonic	Chronic toxicity from PHAAD diets: pseudotumor cerebri, hepatoxicity/megaly, alopecia, arthralgias, dry skin	Mnemonic	03/15/19 4:37 PM
79	66	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin B1	N/A	"ATP BReakdown" for the four enzymes. Combination of 2018 and 2019 since Be APT is awkward. A=Alpha-ketoglutarate, T=Transketolase, P=Pyruvate, BR=BRanched-chain ketoacid (also reminds you of glucose BReakdown). All together reminds you that it is a loss of ATP due to impaired glucose breakdown.	Mnemonic	01/23/19 4:36 PM
80	67	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin B3	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-gout?search=podagra&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	Podagra is not an excess of vitamin B3. Podagra is a manifestation of gout, literally meaning "painful toe." The book implies that an excess of B3 is called podagra, in parallel to how a deficiency of B3 causes pellagra. Rather, an excess of B3 can increase the risk of podagra (gout).	Clarification to current text	12/24/18 12:41 PM
81	67	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin B3	https://www-uptodate-com.library.iau.edu.sa/contents/overview-of-water-soluble-vitamins?search=vitamin%20b3%20b6%20and%20b2&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Vitamin B3 synthesis requires B6 and B2. 6 divided by 2 gives you 3	Mnemonic	05/08/19 5:02 PM
82	67	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin B3	n/a	Requires Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B2  [B6/B2 = B3]	Mnemonic	07/10/19 8:44 PM
83	67	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin B5	none	I remember that Vitamin B5 is pantothenic acid because it sounds like "pento-thenic acid" and pento means 5	Mnemonic	03/04/19 12:24 PM
84	68	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin B7	n/a	"Please Always Put Biofuel in Car" First P is for Pyruvate, A is for Acetyl-CoA, second P is for Propionyl CoA, Bio=Biotin, Car=Carboxylase	Mnemonic	05/28/19 8:12 AM
85	68	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin B9	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23957651	Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is characterized by overproduction of K9 (vitamins K, B9)... K9 to be highlighted in red	Mnemonic	04/24/19 2:51 PM
86	69	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin C	n/a	Bold the 'C' in 'Vitamin C', and also bold/capitalize the 'C' in sCurvy.	Mnemonic	01/28/19 3:56 AM
87	69	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin C	Mnemonic	To remember which charged state of iron (Fe2+ or Fe3+) can and cannot be readily absorbed, use your fingers to represent each charge. Fe2+ = two fingers = peace sign = good; Fe2+ is readily absorbed. Fe3+ = three fingers = “read between the lines” = bad; Fe3+ cannot be absorbed.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 10:29 PM
88	69	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin C	Mnemonic	Fe3+ can be reduced by Vitamin C, the 3rd letter in the alphabet. Color coded image attached.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 10:34 PM
89	70	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin E	It's Mnemonic	Excess of Vitamin E increases risk of Enterocolitis in Enfants (infants).\ Highlight in red letter "E".	Mnemonic	01/11/19 7:50 AM
90	70	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin E	It's Mnemonic	vitamin E ---> High-dose supplementation may alter metabolism of vitamin K : Enhanced anticoagulant effects of warfarin.	Mnemonic	01/11/19 7:58 AM
91	70	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin E	n/a	Excess Vit E = Enterocolitis = Enfants “High dose Vit E goes into WAR with Vit K” = Enhances anticoagulant effect of WARfarin by altering the metabolism of Vit K.	Mnemonic	07/10/19 8:49 PM
92	72	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Ethanol metabolism	https://step1.medbullets.com/biochemistry/102041/ethanol-metabolism	In ethanol metabolism under point number 2 it reads - “ 2) Fasting hypoglycaemia - decreases gluconeogenesis due to increased OAA—> malate. The correction is a decrease in OAA.Alcohol inhibits gluconeogenesis by depleting the pool of cytoplasmic NAD+. Depletion of cytoplasmic NAD+ by alcohol metabolism affects the re-oxidation of cytoplasmic malate to oxaloacetate by the cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase, inhibiting gluconeogenesis. The inhibition of gluconeogenesis in response to alcohol ingestion results in alcohol-induced hypoglycemia	Spelling/formatting	02/07/19 10:39 PM
93	72	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Ethanol metabolism	On the same page, next to the diagram, it says " Fasting hypoglycemia - decreased gluconeogenesis due to INCREASED OAA --> malate', which is correct	The DIAGRAM doesn't match with the caption. The diagram shows "decreased" OAA but it should be shown as "increased" OAA	Minor erratum	03/03/19 3:05 PM
94	73	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Enzyme terminology	Marks' Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach Fifth, North American Edition	Synthase does not use ATP while synthetase requires ATP.	Minor erratum	06/11/19 2:43 PM
95	73	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Rate-determining enzymes of metabolic processes	Lippinicott Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry 6th ed, page 121 "Regulation by intracellular energy levels".	Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is also stimulated by high ATP levels. It should say "+Citrate +ATP".	Minor erratum	03/21/19 2:04 AM
96	74	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Summary of pathways	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-maple-syrup-urine-disease#H3	Metabolism of "Odd-chain Fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids, methionine, and threonine" to Propionyl-CoA is incorrect. NOT all branched-chain amino acids can be catabolized to propionyl-CoA;	Major erratum	07/02/19 1:37 PM
97	74	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Summary of pathways	First Aid Page 77	To complete the list of all enzyme deficients, pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency should be added in the parentheses next to the PDH enzyme name (#10 in the list), similar to how other enzyme deficiencies/conditions are listed. This can also be repeated for OTC deficiency.	Minor erratum	07/11/19 6:49 PM
98	74	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Summary of pathways	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25037503	Enzyme No. 6 Transketolase should have a bidirectional arrow as it is also possible to to yield Ribulose-5-Phosphate from Fructose-6-Phosphate.	Minor erratum	08/11/19 4:35 AM
99	76	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex	You know this	I have a better way for remembering the 5 cofactors (please see the attached picture). “The FAmous Nerds Like CoenzymeA” goes in order (B1 thiamine pyrophosphate, B2 FAD riboflavin, B3 NAD niacin, Lipoic acid (and the L can be seen in part of the strokes for the number “4”), B5 CoA pantothenic acid	Mnemonic	01/12/19 1:27 PM
100	76	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex	N/A	Recommend red-bolding of "Ar"senic and G"ar"lic breath. This clinical finding is often mentioned in question stems and could help us quickly differentiate from Cyanide poisoning with Almond breath.	Mnemonic	03/15/19 1:23 PM
101	76	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex	Up to Date: Arsenic exposure and poisoning Author:Rose H Goldman, MD, MPH Section Editor:Michele M Burns, MD, MPH Deputy Editor:Lisa Kunins, MD Contributor Disclosures All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our peer review process is complete. Literature review current through: Apr 2019. \| This topic last updated: Jan 07, 2019.	Please consider adding "peripheral neuropathy" to the list of symptoms of arsenic poisoning. It is a symptom NBME expects students to recognize in identifying arsenic poisoning and is mentioned in UWorld and Amboss.	High-yield addition to next year	05/20/19 12:05 PM
102	76	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Regulation by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate	UW QID 1031	FBPase 2 it's same as fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase and it's written on the text fructose bisphosphotase 2 without 6 number on it. and FBPase 1 it's same thing as fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase , So it would be better for good understanding..	Clarification to current text	04/26/19 11:38 AM
103	76	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Regulation by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate	n/a	uctose bisPHOSPHATASE-2 removes phosphate when FASTING  GLUCONEOGENESIS. PhosphofructoKINASE-2 adds phosphate while FED  GLYCOLYSIS.	Mnemonic	07/10/19 8:50 PM
104	77	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Amino acids	I dont have one	This is mnemonic for differentiation between keto a gluco essential amino acid : I saw (isoleucine) phen (phenylalanine) fixing three(threonine) tires(tyrosine) with kit glue ( ketogenic and glucogenic	Mnemonic	05/13/19 10:10 AM
105	77	Biochemistry	Metabolism	TCA cycle	https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/citric-acid-cycle	On page 77 of the 2019 edition, it is noted that "[T]he TCA cycle produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2, 1 GTP per acetyl-CoA = 10 ATP/acetyl-CoA (2x everything per glucose)." This is, in fact, incorrect. The TCA cycle amounts to 12* ATP/acetyl-CoA. The "10" should be changed to "12."	Clarification to current text	06/03/19 3:33 PM
106	78	Biochemistry	Metabolism	ATP production	not indicated or refer to wiki	There is disaggrement in the net ATP production in page 74 and page 78, on Page 78, NADH produces 2.5ATP and FADH2 produces 1.5 ATP, but the calculation here is based on the newer estimates that NADH produces 3 ATP and FADH2 produces 2ATP. So in order to avoid confusion, I suggest either page 74 or page 78 be corrected. If we correct page 74, then it should be 27 net ATP via malate aspartate shuttle or 25 ATP via glycerol -3 P shuttle	Major erratum	04/09/19 4:17 AM
107	78	Biochemistry	Metabolism	ATP production	https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/atp-synthase	ATP synthase inhibitors decrease proton gradient	Major erratum	05/10/19 9:27 AM
108	78	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation	It's Mnemonic	thermogenin in brown fat (has more mitochondria than white fat).	Mnemonic	01/11/19 8:09 AM
109	78	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation	It's Mnemonic	NO ATP is produced because electron transport stOps ----> Oligomycin	Mnemonic	01/11/19 8:15 AM
110	78	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16676004	Cytochrome c is found in the intermembrane space. But on page 78, cytochromc c is illutrated as overlaping with the inner mitochondrial membrane which causes confusion. Please consider moving cytochome c to the intermembrane space in the next edition of FA.	Minor erratum	06/12/19 8:41 PM
111	78	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Urea cycle	It is a mneomonic	Ornithine went by the car (carbomyl phosphate) to the city (citrulin) she met aspartae (added aspartate )they spended money (added ATP) they argued successively (arginine succinate)fume went out (fumerate product) the arguing (arginine) ended by drinking water (added water)and passing urine (urea product) and ornithine went back home (cycle completion)	Mnemonic	05/13/19 10:04 AM
112	80	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Disorders of galactose metabolism	http://www.jbc.org/content/280/7/5510.full	The metabolic pathway for galactose has an incorrect abbreviation for UDP-Glu when referencing glucose bound to UDP. The abbreviation for glucose is Glc, not Glu (glutamate), so the correct term to use is UDP-Glc.	Minor erratum	03/03/19 9:15 AM
113	81	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Amino acids	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_amino_acid	There are 5 Glucogenic/ketogenic amino acid: Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan, Threonine (some don't recognize it as ketogenic)	Major erratum	02/14/19 1:49 AM
114	81	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Amino acids	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan	Essential Amino acids PVT TIM HaLL Phenylalanine Valine Tyrosine Threonine Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Leucine Lysine.Tyrosine is not an essential amino acid, it has to be replaced with Tryptophan	Major erratum	03/28/19 1:22 PM
115	81	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Amino acids	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucogenic_amino_acid	Tyrosine is also both glucogenic and ketogenic; change mnemonic to "PITTT"	High-yield addition to next year	04/01/19 1:07 AM
116	81	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Amino acids	https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002222.htm	An addition to PV TIM HaLL: Van Halen says MILK FTW. Glucogenic AAs are V, H and M. Ketogenic AAs are L and K. I was thinking the letters could be highlighted in a different color. I have provided an image for student's enjoyment.	Mnemonic	04/30/19 3:07 PM
117	81	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Amino acids	https://www.diapedia.org/metabolism-and-hormones/5105758814/amino-acid-metabolism	TRY (tryptophan) ISOLating (isoleucine) KGs (ketogenic/glucogenic) THRough (threonin) funnels (phenylalenin)..	Mnemonic	07/19/19 6:20 PM
118	81	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Sorbitol	Mnemonic	Update mnemonic to "Sorbitol LuRKS around" --> adding "around" makes mnemonic make more sense/be more applicable/easy to remember. "Sorbitol LuRKS around" means sorbitol stays around/accumulates since LuRKS lack Sorbitol Dehydrogenase and/or have low levels of Sorbitol Dehydrogenase (Lens).	Mnemonic	05/03/19 5:50 PM
119	82	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Urea cycle	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allosteric_regulation#Essential_activators	N-acetylglutamate is an OBLIGATE/ ESSENTIAL allosteric activator of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I. Unlike allosteric activators, which induce enzymatic activity, obligate activators are required for enzymatic activity.	Clarification to current text	03/11/19 2:51 AM
120	82	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Urea cycle	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513323/	N-acetylglutamate is an OBLIGATE allosteric activator. Currently, it is written that it is an allosteric activator which implies that the enzyme can still work without N-acetylglutamate (just works better in the presence of it), however this is not the case. The enzyme cannot work without N-acetylglutamate, which makes it an obligate activator.	Major erratum	04/29/19 6:36 AM
121	82	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Urea cycle	Mnemonic FA2019 (p. 82)	"NAG ("nag" as in bother/pester) CPS-1 to start the urea cycle." (N-acetylglutamate is the allosteric activator of CPS-I, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in urea cycle.)	Mnemonic	05/03/19 5:55 PM
122	82	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Urea cycle	N/A	Urea cycle, Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase ONE, think "I have to use number 1(pee)"	Mnemonic	05/28/19 4:16 PM
123	83	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Amino acid derivatives	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9326301	a small bidirectional arrow next to tyrosine hydroxylase would be really nice, especially because this reaction is what let's us use certain dopaminergic drugs	Spelling/formatting	03/30/19 7:17 PM
124	83	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Catecholamine synthesis/tyrosine catabolism	N/A	A mnemonic for remembering the order of catecholamine synthesis I use is "tldr". Tyrosine --> L-dopa --> Dopamine --> noRepinephrine. You can also expand it if you want: "Please TLDR Ever" = Phenylalanine --> Tyrosine --> L-dopa --> Dopamine --> noRepinephrine --> Epinephrine	Mnemonic	03/04/19 12:58 PM
125	84	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Alkaptonuria	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/941530-overview#a5	first aid says: "Congenital deficiency of homogentisate oxidase in the degradative pathway of tyrosine to fumarate".	Major erratum	01/25/19 6:02 AM
126	84	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Alkaptonuria	Not needed	Use "All Caps" (Alkaptonuria) when Typing (tyrosine) Furiously (fumarate) -- to remember that problem converting tyrosine to fumarate in alkaptonuria	Mnemonic	05/17/19 12:05 PM
127	84	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Homocystinuria	Page 84 of First Aid 2019 - In homocystinuria, lens sublexes "down and in."	You look "down and in" (lens sublexes) when you PEE (homocystinURIA); vs MarFAN Syndrome ("FANS up and out").	Mnemonic	04/16/19 11:05 AM
128	85	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Glycogen regulation by insulin and glucagon/epinephrine	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5195864/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylase_kinase	Glycogen phosphorylase kinase has calmodulin as one of its subunits. Therefore calcium binds directly to the enzyme and activates it. Furthermore, calcium is released from the endoplasmic reticulum in both muscle contraction and a1 receptor stimulation. This relationship can be summarized with the following arrows: Muscle contraction or a1 receptor stimulation -> Ca2+ (from endoplasmic reticulum) -> glycogen phosphorylase kinase (has calmodulin subunit). In the current graph in the book, the following sequence of arrows “calcium released from the endoplasmic reticulum -> Ca2+-calmodulin complex -> glycogen phosphorylase kinase” is conceptually wrong and unnecessary, as it is already shown with an arrow that calcium directly activates glycogen phosphorylase kinase.	Major erratum	01/07/19 1:45 AM
129	86	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Glycogen	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glycogen-debrancher-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease-iii	Glycogen debrancher is an enzyme with two catalytic activities (as already stated in the text). Cori disease is caused by congenital deficiency of glycogen debrancher, therefore none of these catalytic activities would occur. Thus, both steps 5 & 6 are inhibited (not only step 6).	Major erratum	01/07/19 1:51 AM
130	86	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Glycogen	1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextrin. "Depolymerization of glycogen by phosphorylase halts when glycogen branches have been reduced to two to four linked glucose molecules (limit dextrins). Glycogen debrancher enzyme has two catalytic activities. One is the cleavage of a dextrin branch from the remaining glycogen molecule (amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity). The other is the transfer of the dextrin to the free end of a dextran polymer (oligo-1,4-1,4-glucanotransferase activity). The transferred dextrin may then be further depolymerized by phosphorylase." 2. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glycogen-debrancher-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease-iii	Limit dextrin refers to 2-4 residues, not 1-4. The smallest form of a dextrin is a disaccharide.	Major erratum	01/07/19 1:55 AM
131	87	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Glycogen storage diseases	1. Already mentioned in the book on page 86, 2. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glycogen-debrancher-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease-iii	Cori disease is caused by glycogen debrancher deficiency, which has two catalytic activites (not only a-1,6-glucosidase).	Minor erratum	01/07/19 1:59 AM
132	87	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Glycogen storage diseases	1. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/7864/glycogen-storage-disease-type-1a, 2. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glucose-6-phosphatase-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease-i-von-gierke-disease, 3. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PEDS%2F54417	Von Gierke disease refers to the most common subtype of glycogen storage disease type 1, termed 1A, that is caused by glucose-6-phoshatase deficiency. Type 1B is caused by G6P transporter deficiency and is NOT termed Von Gierke disease.	Minor erratum	01/07/19 2:01 AM
133	87	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Glycogen storage diseases	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glycogen-branching-enzyme-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease-iv-andersen-disease	Differentiate Cori disease (GSD 3) from Andersen disease (GSD 4). A-B/C-D. Andersen- Branching enzyme/ Cori- Debranching enzyme	Mnemonic	03/02/19 8:14 AM
134	87	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Glycogen storage diseases	Made up.	Mcardle disease: Myo/Muscle Pains, Pees and Palpitations (Pains=Muscle cramps, Pees=Myoglobinuria, Palpitations=Arrhythmia)	Mnemonic	03/29/19 10:57 PM
135	88	Biochemistry	Miscellaneous	Lysosomal storage diseases	N/A	Tay-Sachs and Niemann-Pick both have 2 parts in their names just like Cherry-Red which is present in both of them	Mnemonic	01/04/19 3:26 AM
136	88	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Lysosomal storage diseases	First Aid 2019	What is deficient and accumulated in Gaucher Disease? Gaucher = Groucher and needs sugar (glucose/glucocerebrosidase and glucocerebroside) What is deficient and accumulated in Krabbe disease? The krab is part of astrology/celestial galaxy signs, thus (galactocerebrosidae and galactocerebroside)	Mnemonic	03/12/19 12:37 PM
137	88	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Lysosomal storage diseases	N/A	FABry disease (F-fingers [episodic peripheral neuropathy]; A-angiokeratomas; you always look FABulous since you barely sweat)	Mnemonic	05/07/19 4:16 AM
138	88	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Lysosomal storage diseases	Alana Ghanim	How to remember the deficient enzyme in Hunter syndrome vs. Hurler syndrome. Hunter= iduronate which sounds like "I'd rather date" so think "I'd rather date a Hunter than a Hurler"	Mnemonic	06/27/19 10:05 PM
139	88	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Lysosomal storage diseases	n/a	A blind (destruction of oligodendrocytes - optic neuropathy) KRAB with regression is lost in the GALAXY (Galacto-).	Mnemonic	07/10/19 8:55 PM
140	88	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Lysosomal storage diseases	not applicable	hun(two)er deficient enzyme: iduronate 2;sulfatase, Hur(L)er: a-L-iduronidase	Mnemonic	07/13/19 7:35 AM
141	89	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Fatty acid metabolism	First Aid 2019 pg 73.	The rate determining enzyme for Fatty acid synthesis is Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (which is listed on pg 73). However it is not listed in the diagrams on page 89 and 74 despite its cofactor Biotin being listed.	High-yield addition to next year	01/25/19 3:15 PM
142	89	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Fatty acid metabolism	https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/primary-carnitine-deficiency#genes	Systemic carnitine deficiency is a defect in the transport of carnitine (not LCFA) into the mitochondria	Major erratum	03/25/19 12:08 PM
143	89	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Fatty acid metabolism	https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/medium-chain-acyl-coa-dehydrogenase-deficiency#inheritance	MCAD deficiency has an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern	High-yield addition to next year	03/30/19 5:14 PM
144	91	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Metabolic fuel use	pneumonic, link n/a	carb/whey have 4 kcal (which is already there).... new submission: alcohol (how many letters in ALCOHOL=7; 7/kcal... fats how many kcal, 9/kcal (the FAT CAT has 9 lives)	Mnemonic	06/25/19 9:17 PM
145	92	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Familial dyslipidemias	http://nlaresourcecenter.lipidjournal.com/Content/PDFs/Tables/1.pdf	In type III-- dysbetalipoproteinemia, if Apo E is defective, there should be increased chylomicrons and IDL, not VLDL	Minor erratum	04/01/19 9:43 AM
146	93	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Key enzymes in lipid transport	per figure in page 92	Hepatic lipase; degrades TGs remaining in IDL and "Chylomicron remnants"	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 6:36 PM
147	93	Immunology	Lymphoid Structures	Lymphatic drainage associations	First Aid 2017 Material	Para-Aortic Lymph Nodes - "you have a PAIR OF(para) testes, ovaries, kidneys"	Mnemonic	02/07/19 3:49 PM
148	93	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Major apolipoproteins	https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.rosalindfranklin.edu/contents/image?imageKey=PC%2F112742&topicKey=PC%2F4560&search=hdl&source=outline_link&selectedTitle=1~150	Currently, it is listed that the B-100 apolipoprotein is only on particles originating from the liver. However, HDL is synthesized in the liver and doesn’t contain B-100 which would contradict this statement.	Clarification to current text	01/16/19 4:27 PM
149	94	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Familial dyslipidemias	n/a	Type thrEE has defective ApoE	Mnemonic	08/21/19 3:37 PM
150	94	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Lipid-lowering agents	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/effects-of-exercise-on-lipoproteins-and-hemostatic-factors?search=HDL%20exercise&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H472188367	Effects of exercise on lipoproteins and hemostatic factors: Exercise training programs produce favorable changes in the lipoprotein profile in patients who already have CHD. Most studies have shown a significant increase in serum HDL-cholesterol and a decrease in serum triglycerides. Exercise training also may have a modest lowering effect on serum LDL-cholesterol. The mechanism of benefit may derive from positive changes in the proteins, and in particular the enzymes that regulate lipid metabolism. Exercise training may influence the functionality of lipoproteins as well as the levels of lipoproteins. Exercise may alter hemostatic risk factor by reducing the risk of acute thrombus formation, improving blood viscosity, and positively influencing rate of progression of atherosclerotic lesions.	High-yield addition to next year	07/31/19 8:24 PM
151	96	Immunology	Lymphoid Structures	Lymph node	Not needed	Replace the term "Postcapillary venule" with "High endothelial venule" in the lymph node schematic. High endothelial venules are mentioned in the text but not in the schematic. This can lead to confusion.	Clarification to current text	01/07/19 2:08 AM
152	96	Immunology	Lymphoid Structures	Lymph node	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1892634/	Medulla consists of medullary cords (closely packed lymphocytes and plasma cells) must be changed to (closely packed B lymphocytes and plasma cells)	Minor erratum	01/07/19 1:56 PM
153	96	Immunology	Lymphoid Structures	Lymph node	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-peripheral-lymphadenopathy-in-adults?csi=fe144795-2d9e-4501-a120-17fd294659e2&source=contentShare	Lymphadenopathy (LAD) : Painful LAD is seen with acute inflammation (e.g., Strep). Painless LAD is seen with chronic inflammation (e.g. autoimmune disease), metastatic carcinoma, or lymphoma . Abnormal lymph nodes if - firm/hard -immobile - >2cm -systemic symptoms (fever, night sweats, weight loss)	High-yield addition to next year	05/16/19 12:05 PM
154	97	Immunology	Lymphoid Structures	Lymphatic drainage associations	UpToDate, USMLE World.	In the lymphatic drainage table, under "Area of body drained" column for Superficial Inguinal nodes, skin of "Glans Penis" (which drains into the deep inguinal nodes along with the popliteal nodes) can be added as another exception along with popliteal area.	High-yield addition to next year	08/14/19 8:12 AM
155	98	Immunology	Lymphoid Structures	Spleen	Myself	9 10 11, keep the spleen livin	Mnemonic	02/22/19 7:36 AM
156	98	Immunology	Lymphoid Structures	Thymus	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16121185	text says; Medulla is pale with Mature T cells and Hassall corpuscles. I recommend adding "Hassall Corpuscles have lymphopoietin important for maturing T cells". And to add mnemonic "Thymus Medulla goes through the hassle (Hassall) to "Mature T cells utilizing lymphopoietin"	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 7:11 PM
157	98	Immunology	Lymphoid Structures	Thymus	N/A	Under "Thymoma", it says "Good syndrome" where it is likely mean "Goodpasture syndrome"	Minor erratum	07/05/19 9:38 PM
158	100	Immunology	Cellular	HLA subtypes associated with diseases	It's Mnemonic	Psoriasis (there is a sCale lession) --->HLA subtype C .	Mnemonic	01/05/19 2:53 PM
159	100	Immunology	Cellular	HLA subtypes associated with diseases	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29072309	In psoriasis, add the specific HLA-C allele that is strongly associated with the disease. All people have HLA-C in their genome. The specific allele that is associated with psoriasis is HLA-Cw6.	High-yield addition to next year	01/07/19 2:13 AM
160	100	Immunology	Cellular	HLA subtypes associated with diseases	It's Mnemonic	Psoriasis(PsoriatiC) --->HLA subtype C .	Mnemonic	01/13/19 1:18 PM
161	100	Immunology	Immune Responses	HLA subtypes associated with diseases	Toxicity of NRTIs - First Aid 2019 Pg-203; Its good to have this fact together with the other HLA associated disorders.	HLA-B*5701 - Increased risk of Hypersensitivity with Abacavir (Anti RetroViral)	High-yield addition to next year	01/26/19 9:52 PM
162	100	Immunology	Cellular	HLA subtypes associated with diseases	https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra0808284?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed	T1DM also has a strong association with HLA DQ2 and DQ8. This is the reason patient with T1DM are at high risk for developing celiac disease (which is also associated with HLA DQ2 and 8) and the ADA recommends screening all patients T1DM for celiac disease once.	High-yield addition to next year	02/14/19 10:33 PM
163	100	Immunology	Immune Responses	HLA subtypes associated with diseases	n/a	A better Mnemonic for DR2 associated disease is "DRive 2 multiple hay pastures."	Mnemonic	03/01/19 7:45 AM
164	100	Immunology	Cellular	HLA subtypes associated with diseases	Mnemonic	HLA-C for Psoriasis hint: Pronounce "C-riasis"	Mnemonic	03/24/19 12:17 PM
165	100	Immunology	Cellular	HLA subtypes associated with diseases	Made up	"C"oriasis	Mnemonic	05/13/19 2:24 PM
166	101	Immunology	Cellular	Differentiation of T cells	As per information on p. 102	Minor change to diagram. For Th17: add inhibited by IFN-gamma and IL-4. For Treg: add inhibited by IL-6.	Spelling/formatting	01/20/19 5:57 PM
167	101	Immunology	Cellular	Differentiation of T cells	Mnemonic	To remember which section of the thymus (cortex or medulla) is involved in positive vs negative T cell selection, think of the letter “t” as a plus sign (+) and the letter “l” as a minus sign (-). Clarifying image attached.	Mnemonic	02/10/19 9:39 AM
168	101	Immunology	Cellular	Differentiation of T cells	None needed	Add in the down-regulators of Th17 cells and Treg cells as indicated on page 102. That is, add a red -IL4 and IFN-gamma for Th17 cells and a red -IL-6 for Tre cells onto the diagram.	Mnemonic	08/06/19 11:33 AM
169	102	Immunology	Cellular	Cytotoxic T cells	https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2010/764542/	They also fight against intracellular Listeria	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 7:13 PM
170	102	Immunology	Lymphocytes	Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7751026	Macrophages, dendritic cells, and other APCs release IL-12, which stimulates T cells to differentiate into Th1 subtype. Th1 cells secrete IFN-gamma, which enhances the ability of monocytes and macrophages to kill microbes they ingest. This function is also enhanced by interaction of T cell CD40L with CD40 on macrophage. (This also explains how macrophages favour differentiation into Th1)	Clarification to current text	01/27/19 2:38 AM
171	102	Immunology	Cellular	T cell subsets	USMLE WORLD QBANK FOR STEP 1, QUESTION ID 762	As TH1 cells secrets interferon gamma and interleukin 2 it also secretes Lymphotoxin B	Minor erratum	04/01/19 2:55 PM
172	102	Immunology	Cellular	T cells	FA 2019 page 102 & 108	Mnemonics to help keep straight the cytokines/interferons secreted by Th cells	Mnemonic	05/06/19 9:28 PM
173	105	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunoglobulin isotypes	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-humoral-immune-response	Maternal IgG starts to wane by birth and is almost completely gone by 6 months of age. It does not "start to wane after 6 months". As it is stated on page 110, the half-life of preformed antibodies is around 3 weeks.	Major erratum	01/07/19 2:17 AM
174	105	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunoglobulin isotypes	NAD	Mature, naive B-cells express only IgM and IgD prior to activation. Mature, naive B-cells are "Mature" and "Dumb" (M and D)	Mnemonic	06/08/19 1:50 AM
175	106	Immunology	Immune Responses	Complement	-	C5b activates MAC mnemonic: Big-MAC; B from Big is to remember it's C5b not C5a	Mnemonic	01/20/19 4:47 PM
176	106	Immunology	Immune Responses	Complement	https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.www.libproxy.wvu.edu/pubmed/11257302	C1-Like Complex should be clarified in the image to be "MBL Complex". This is important, because MBL deficiencies have been described and are testable items for STEP (see next errata)	Minor erratum	08/18/19 8:25 PM
177	107	Immunology	Physiology	Complement disorders	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC15187/	"decay-acclerating factor" should be replaced with "decay-accelerating factor"	Spelling/formatting	12/23/18 10:07 PM
178	107	Immunology	Pharmacology	Complement disorders	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ace-inhibitor-induced-angioedema?search=kallikrein%20inhibitor&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~22&usage_type=default&display_rank=4 - https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ace-inhibitor-induced-angioedema?search=kallikrein%20inhibitor&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~22&usage_type=default&display_rank=4	Benefit in the treatment of ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema: ECALLANTIDE : recombinant protein that inhibits plasma kallikrein.	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 11:06 PM
179	107	Immunology	Immune Responses	Complement disorders	was in a Uworld answer explanation but can also be read here: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952982/	early complement disorders: add that it's not any recurrent infection but it's again especially the "encapsulated" bacteria!	High-yield addition to next year	06/07/19 9:54 AM
180	107	Immunology	Immune Responses	Complement disorders	https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.www.libproxy.wvu.edu/pmc/articles/PMC2952982/ or https://www.uptodate.com/contents/inherited-disorders-of-the-complement-system?search=Complement%20system%20disorders&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	There are several complement disorders not listed here that have been described in the literature, but the high-yield ones not included in the book (according to Boards and Beyond as well as Pathoma) are MBL deficiencies (MBL gene affected; susceptible to meningitis caused by Neiserria meningitidis), C3 deficiencies (susceptible to recurrent infection with encapsulated bacteria & type III hypersensitivity syndromes), C3 Nephritic Factor (autoantibody), and hypocomplementemia. Others have been described in the attached article, but aren't considered high-yield to other STEP resources yet.	Major erratum	08/18/19 8:42 PM
181	108	Immunology	Immune Responses	Important cytokines	https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.www.libproxy.wvu.edu/gene/3576	IL-8 is now commonly referred to as CXCL8. Questions sometimes refer to IL-8 as CXCL8 without acknowledgement that it was formerly called IL-8.	Minor erratum	08/18/19 8:14 PM
182	109	Immunology	Immune Responses	Respiratory burst (oxidative burst)	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-granulomatous-disease-pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=chronic%20granulomatous%20disease&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~117&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Under respiratory burst diagram it states that "phagocytes of patients with CGD can utilize H2O2" when it should be cannot utilize H2O2.	Minor erratum	01/25/19 4:28 PM
183	110	Immunology	Immune Responses	Cell surface proteins	n/a	NK cells are KILLER at 16 yrs (CD 16) and caught at 56 yrs (CD 56 - suggestive marker)	Mnemonic	07/10/19 9:00 PM
184	111	Immunology	Immune Responses	Vaccination	It's Mnemonic	inactivated vaccine = typhoid (Vi polysaccharide, intramuscular).	Mnemonic	01/05/19 3:28 PM
185	111	Immunology	Immune Responses	Vaccination	Plotkin SA, Cam NB. A New Typhoid Vaccine Composed of the Vi Capsular Polysaccharide. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155(21):2293–2299. doi:10.1001/archinte.1995.00430210041007	The Vi typhoid vaccine is a subunit vaccine NOT an inactivated vaccine. Since it is composed of a capsular polysaccharide antigen and not the whole inactivated bacterium, it is by definition a subunit vaccine (similar to strep pneumo and H. influenza).	Minor erratum	02/07/19 10:52 AM
186	111	Immunology	Immune Responses	Vaccination	https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/types	I’ve always had a hard time remembering the live versus killed vaccines. I came up with two “stories” to help remember them. Live attenuated vaccine Mnemonic – The small, type A, yellow chicken named Sabin received his flu mist and MMR before rotating at BCG. Meaning – small (smallpox), type (typhoid oral) A (adenovirus), yellow (yellow fever) chicken (varicella – chicken pox), Sabin (Polio oral), flu mist (influenza), MMR (MMR), rotating (rotavirus), BCG (BCG) Killed or inactivated vaccine Mnemonic – A hippo named Salk contracted rabies from the flu shot. Meaning – A hippo (hepatitis A), Salk (Polio IM), rabies (rabies), flu shot (influenza IM) *The only one missing from this is typhoid Vi, but assuming one understands there is a typhoid oral and IM (Vi polysaccharide) vaccine, it should be fine.	Mnemonic	06/04/19 1:29 PM
187	113	Immunology	Immune Responses	Hypersensitivity types	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-antiretroviral-agents-used-to-treat-hiv?search=HLAB57%20ABACAVIR&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~70&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 AND UWORLD	Type IV hypersensitivity reaction EXAMPLES: 1- TOUCH Contact dermatitis (poison,ivy,sumac,latex,nickel) 2- TRANSPLANT: graft vs host disease 3- TESTS : PPD (tuberculosis infection) ; IGRAS (Interferon gamma release assay); Abacavir HLAB57 hypersensitivity (100%NPV); Patch test (cause of contact dermatitis),T CELL FUNCTION: Candida extract (T cell inmune function)	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 11:41 PM
188	113	Immunology	Immune Responses	Hypersensitivity types	none	Suspect type IV hypersensitivity due to poison ivy when there's: 1. recent outdoor activity. 2. linear/ streaky pattern rash.	Clarification to current text	05/14/19 1:06 PM
189	114	Immunology	Immune Responses	Blood transfusion reactions	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206885-overview https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?csi=e6afcaee-c28c-4e19-ab8d-320cbfd6a359&source=contentShare&imageKey=HEME%2F94399 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/immunologic-transfusion-reactions?csi=cf86246a-4478-4dfa-8128-e266eefc2666&source=contentShare	Allergic/anaphylactic transfusion reactions do NOT present with fever, contrary to what the "clinical presentation" column says.	Minor erratum	01/10/19 4:42 PM
190	114	Immunology	Immune Responses	Blood transfusion reactions	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-in-adults?search=DIC%20causes&sectionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H255175&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#H255175	Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction often present as DIC; as intravascular hemolysis is one of the causes of DIC.	High-yield addition to next year	01/16/19 2:27 PM
191	114	Immunology	Immune Responses	Blood transfusion reactions	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2265/#ch3.1.3	In the "clinical presentation" column of "Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions" it states: hemoglobinuria (intravascular), jaundice (extravascular). BUT: jaundice occurs mainly at the intravascular hemolysis and only rarely occurs for extravascular hemolysis. This makes sense as hemolysis occurs at a much faster rate if it happens intravascular.	Minor erratum	05/08/19 7:43 AM
192	115	Immunology	Immune Responses	Autoantibodies	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-hashimotos-thyroiditis-chronic-autoimmune-thyroiditis	In Hashimoto thyroiditis, antimicrosomal & antithyroid peroxidase refer to the same antibody. Put one of them in a parenthesis next to the other one so this becomes clear. The way it is currently written can lead somebody to falsely believe that they are different antibodies.	Clarification to current text	01/07/19 2:19 AM
193	115	Immunology	Immune Responses	Autoantibodies	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-of-celiac-disease-in-adults	In celiac disease, anti-tissue transglutaminase could also be IgG. This is useful because the IgG autoantibodies are used for the diagnosis of celiac disease in selective IgA deficiency.	High-yield addition to next year	01/07/19 2:21 AM
194	115	Immunology	Immune Responses	Autoantibodies	Uworld, Becker Q bank, USMLE First Aid	Should add to the list: Autoantibody: "Anti-myelin antibodies"; Associated Disorder: "Multiple Sclerosis"	High-yield addition to next year	01/26/19 2:18 PM
195	115	Immunology	Immune Responses	Autoantibodies	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176036-overview, as well as FA 2019 page 373 (to be consistent throughout the text)	The associated disorder listed for "antiparietal cell, anti-intrinsic factor" autoantibodies is currently "pernicious anemia". Consider clarifying it to "pernicious anemia (autoimmune gastritis)" or "pernicious anemia, autoimmune gastritis" since autoimmune gastritis is a separate entity/condition that is associated with the listed autoantibodies and does increase the risk of pernicious anemia.	Clarification to current text	05/04/19 3:47 PM
196	116	Index	Index	22q11 deletion syndromes	N/A	DiGeorge syndrome is not listed in the index. Thymic aplasia is there but many people will be looking for DiGeorge.	Minor erratum	02/19/19 2:14 PM
197	116	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunodeficiencies	USMLE-Rx (QID: 3718.10); https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1050956-treatment	Treatment: IVIG; bone marrow transplant is not curative (differentiation of B cells would still not occur).	High-yield addition to next year	01/01/19 5:32 PM
198	116	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunodeficiencies	not needed	Highlight 22 in "22q11" to match mnemonic "CATCH-22".	Spelling/formatting	01/05/19 3:34 PM
199	116	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunodeficiencies	1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mendelian-susceptibility-to-mycobacterial-diseases-specific-defects, 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4357480/	I suggest renaming the IL-12 deficiency entry to Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD, mentioned on page 102 as well). IL-12 is the most common cause of MSMD (>50% of cases). Also list some other defects, especially INF-gamma receptor deficiency (seen it MULTIPLE times on different NBMEs and in UWorld).	High-yield addition to next year	01/07/19 2:24 AM
200	117	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunodeficiencies	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/137015-overview	Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: Mutation in WAS gene - should be WASp	Spelling/formatting	02/12/19 2:32 PM
201	117	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunodeficiencies	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ataxia-telangiectasia?search=radiation%20ataxia%20telangiectasia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Hypersensitivity to radiation cause multiple Double strand DNA breaks . Instead of what is in the book , just to clarify .	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 11:27 PM
202	117	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunodeficiencies	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/137015-overview	The mnemonic WATER is already used for the symptoms of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. It is useful to point out that the A and E in it can also be used to memorize that IgA and IgE are increased in this disease.	Mnemonic	03/03/19 6:01 AM
203	117	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunodeficiencies	i saw this mneomonic on a YouTube channel	Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (type 1) there is a really good way to sum up the condition which is by the name of the condition itself: L A D L: Late separation of the cord. A: Absence of the pus. D: Dysfunctional Neutrophil.	Mnemonic	04/18/19 3:24 PM
204	117	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunodeficiencies	Not applicable	Mnemonic for decreased TRECS in SCID: "SCIDDING (skidding) because there are no TRECS (tracks)!"	Mnemonic	06/10/19 7:24 PM
205	119	Immunology	Immune Responses	Transplant rejection	N/A	GVHD row, last column, line 9, the word "transfusion" is miss-spelled.	Spelling/formatting	12/22/18 8:12 AM
206	119	Immunology	Immune Responses	Transplant rejection	http://tpis.upmc.com/tpislibrary/kidney/KHAcuRej.html, also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis	to add "Fibrinoid" necrosis under the hyperacute rejection	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 5:54 PM
207	120	Immunology	Pharmacology	Immunosuppressants	Self-made mnemonic	Basiliximab mnemonic: The basilisk is in the 2nd Harry Potter movie (IL-2), when it bites someone they get scared (hypertension), swell up (edema), and shake in fear (tremor).	Mnemonic	02/11/19 1:44 PM
208	120	Immunology	Immunosuppressants	Immunosuppressants	minor missing detail in 2019 First Aid Text	Missing Daclizumab on page/column with Basiliximab. It is in previous versions but was left out in 2019 version. Despite this it is still found in the Index and refers to page 120.	Minor erratum	02/22/19 5:21 PM
209	121	Immunology	Immunosuppressants	Recombinant cytokines and clinical uses	It's Mnemonic	IFN-β --->Multiple sclerosis(demyelination of CNS (Brain and spinal cord)).\Highlight "β and letter B in Brain".	Mnemonic	01/02/19 2:08 PM
210	121	Immunology	Immunosuppressants	Recombinant cytokines and clinical uses	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-applications-of-thrombopoietic-growth-factors?search=oprelvekin&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~38&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	INTERLEUKIN - 11: AGENT: Oprelvekin MECANISM: stimulates megakaryocyte growth in vitro and increases platelet production in vivo CLINICAL USES: ly reduced the extent of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia and the need for platelet transfusions ADVERSE EFFECTS: luid retention with dilutional anemia, peripheral edema, pleural effusions, and atrial arrhythmias	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 11:57 PM
211	122	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Diabetes mellitus management	https://resident360.nejm.org/content_items/degludec-versus-glargine-in-type-2-diabetes, https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa1615692	should probably include degludec under the injectables given the big splash it's made in the last year through NEJM	High-yield addition to next year	04/16/19 11:13 AM
212	122	Immunology	Immunosuppressants	Immunosuppressants	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5713267/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26649440	Agent: Secukinumab, Ixekizumab. Target: IL-17A. Clinical Use: Psoriasis, Psoriatic Arthritis	High-yield addition to next year	03/26/19 11:14 PM
213	122	Immunology	Immunosuppressants	Therapeutic antibodies	It's Mnemonic	E is the 5th letter alphabetically -->Eculizumab Complement protein C5 .	Mnemonic	01/13/19 1:14 PM
214	122	Immunology	Pharmacology	Therapeutic antibodies	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25823918	if you can add these drugs with targeted receptor to therapeutic antibodies table: anti programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy ( eg, pembrolizumab,nivolumab) or programmed cell death ligand PD-L1 (eg,Atezolizumab) are currently used in advanced melanoma, certain types of lung cancer and renal cell carcinoma	Major erratum	03/27/19 7:03 AM
215	122	Neurology and Special Senses	Immunosuppressants	Therapeutic antibodies	https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100258/aimovig-erenumab-aooe-	certolizumab pegol is another clinically relevant TNF alpha antibody	High-yield addition to next year	04/16/19 11:00 AM
216	122	Neurology and Special Senses	Immunosuppressants	Therapeutic antibodies	https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100325/cimzia-certolizumab-pegol-	certolizumab pegol is another clinically relevant TNF alpha antibody	High-yield addition to next year	04/16/19 11:00 AM
217	122	Immunology	Immunosuppressants	Therapeutic antibodies	https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100325/cimzia-certolizumab-pegol-	certolizumab pegol is another clinically relevant TNF alpha antibody	High-yield addition to next year	04/16/19 11:04 AM
218	122	Immunology	Immunosuppressants	Therapeutic antibodies	https://alexion.com/products/Soliris/Soliris-Generalized-Myasthenia-Gravis	Eculizumab approved for Myasthena Gravis, Oct 2017	High-yield addition to next year	05/15/19 11:09 AM
219	122	Immunology	Immunosuppressants	Therapeutic antibodies	https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/clinical/eculizumab.html https://alexion.com/products/Soliris/Soliris-Generalized-Myasthenia-Gravis	Eculizumab has black box warning for meningococcemia - Link with "Terminal complement deficiency (C5-C9)" on pg 107	High-yield addition to next year	05/15/19 11:13 AM
220	122	Immunology	Immunosuppressants	Therapeutic antibodies	N/A	Abciximab GP IIb/IIIa mnemonic: AbSIXimab; II (2) x III (3) = 6	Mnemonic	06/06/19 9:11 PM
221	124	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Bacterial structures	Not needed.	Last sentence in the second column which reads ‘Lipoteichoic acid (gram positive) only extend from membrane to exterior.’ should read ‘’Lipoteichoic acids (gram positive only) extend from membrane to exterior.’	Spelling/formatting	01/01/19 8:14 AM
222	124	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Bacterial structures	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1595480/	Gram-positive bacteria also has periplasm (book says: gram-negative only). In gram-positive, periplasm between peptidoglycan and plasma membrane.	Major erratum	08/25/19 10:29 AM
223	125	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Pleomorphic bacteria	My brain	CREAM does not have a shape	Mnemonic	01/12/19 6:50 PM
224	125	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Pleomorphic bacteria	n/a	“Ana, Rick and Mike from US Climbed Everest and said: NO WALL!” Anaplasma, Rickettsiae, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Chlamydia, Ehrlichia No Peptidoglycan CELL WALL.	Mnemonic	07/10/19 8:31 PM
225	125	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Stains	NA	Primarily Intracellular Organisms Mnemonic: REAL intra-Cellular Body i.e. Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia, Bartonella	Mnemonic	01/22/19 2:25 AM
226	125	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Yersinia enterocolitica	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7798/	My comment is regarding Yersinia pestis, on page 125 in microbiology section under clinical bacteriology on the gram negative lab algorithm it states that Yersinia pestis is a gram negative bacilli. Upon further research and studying it has come to my attention that it in fact is a coccobacilli rather then just bacilli. During a question on my uworld i had gotten the question wrong because of this misleading information. It kept describing in the vignette a gram negative coccobacilli but looking at first aid gram negative lab algorithm it was classified as bacilli. Hopefully this error could be fixed for the next edition. Also is attached a supporting reference stating on a medical journal it is in fact a coccobacilli.	High-yield addition to next year	08/20/19 3:23 PM
227	126	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Special culture requirements	menmonic only	mnemonic for culture media: CharcoaL for Legionella	Mnemonic	01/04/19 8:39 AM
228	126	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Special culture requirements	mnemonic only	mnemonic for culture media: Thayer-MartiNfor Neisseria.	Mnemonic	01/04/19 8:40 AM
229	127	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Bordetella pertussis	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4264864/	Bordetella Pertussis has a capsule and should be added to the Encapsulated bacteria	Clarification to current text	03/10/19 9:49 PM
230	128	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Catalase-positive organisms	I made this mnemonic.	SHE PLANS BC (of her) Cat... that is a mnemonic that is more helpful for the catalase + organisms because all the letters (SHE PLANS BC) are bacteria. The current one is okay and relates to cats but everyone I know says it is hard to remember and this one is easier.	Mnemonic	01/10/19 1:09 PM
231	129	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Type III secretion system	Bent, Z. W., Branda, S. S., & Young, G. M. (2013). The Yersinia enterocolitica Ysa type III secretion system is expressed during infections both in vitro and in vivo. MicrobiologyOpen, 2(6), 962–975. doi:10.1002/mbo3.136	Mnemonic: Third borns are always PESSY (Third for Type III secretion system; PESSY for Pseudomonas, E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella and Yersinia enterocolitis.	Mnemonic	06/08/19 1:21 PM
232	131	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Main features of exotoxins and endotoxins	N/A	under "Chemistry" of "Exotoxins", edit it to become: "Polypeptide with A and B components. A (active) component produces toxic effects and B (binding) components binds to cell surfaces."	High-yield addition to next year	02/27/19 12:47 PM
233	132	Microbiology	Molecular	Bacteria with exotoxins	https://iai.asm.org/content/73/5/2698	Text indicates "Pertussis Toxin Overactivates adenylate cyclase (t cAMP) by disabling C;, impairing phagocytosis to permit surviva l of microbe". However, it is misguiding as "Pertusis Toxin (PT) is an AB5 toxin that is uniquely produced by B. pertussis. It comprises an enzymatically active A subunit (S1) that ADP ribosylates the alpha subunit of heterotrimeric Gi proteins in mammalian cells, and a B heteropentamer that binds unidentified glycoconjugate receptors on cells. ADP ribosylation of G proteins by PT causes a wide range of effects on signaling pathways in mammalian cells and is responsible for the systemic symptoms of pertussis disease, such as lymphocytosis, insulinemia, and histamine sensitivity. PT is an important colonization factor for B. pertussis lower respiratory tract infection and that PT plays an early role in this host-pathogen interaction, including delaying the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection. PT acts as a soluble factor that can enhance B. pertussis respiratory tract colonization. PT also suppresses serum antibody responses to B. pertussis after respiratory tract infection and may play multiple immunosuppressive roles in the host-pathogen interaction. "	Major erratum	01/21/19 3:07 PM
234	132	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Bacteria with exotoxins	N/A	under mechanism of Diphteria toxin and Exotoxin A, edit it to: "Inactivates elongation factor (EF-2) by ADP-ribosylation"	High-yield addition to next year	02/27/19 12:48 PM
235	132	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Bacteria with exotoxins	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4041834/	increased fluid secretion: B. anthracis it states that that toxin is edema factor, which is incorrect. The toxin is Edema toxin ( protective antigen plus Edema factor) (AB toxin) , in which Edema factor is the A component that causes the increase in cAMP, and the B component is protective antigen, which mediates the adhesion to host cells. Individually they are non toxic and must be in a pair to form a virulence factor.	Major erratum	06/13/19 7:27 PM
236	133	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Endotoxin	n/a	Lipopolysaccharide is made of Lipid A + O antigen + polysaccharide. Lip + O + polysaccharide (lipopolysaccharide) --> Lipid A + O antigen + polysaccharide	Mnemonic	02/21/19 12:30 PM
237	133	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Endotoxin	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187311/	adding TLR4 to the abbreviations at the end. TLR4 stand for Toll-Like Receptor 4	Spelling/formatting	05/13/19 9:29 PM
238	134	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Gram-positive lab algorithm	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24451174 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-of-listeria-monocytogenes-infection	Listeria is facultative anaerobic bacilli	Minor erratum	06/22/19 11:31 AM
239	134	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Staphylococcus saprophyticus	not applicable	I think the mnemonic: no stress is confusing, one can easily confuse StRESs Saprophyticus Resistant Epidermidis Sensitive with: stRESS Resistant Epidermidis Sensitive Saprophyticus. I suggest changing it with: In the hospital staff (staphylococcus) none voted (novobiocin) for ESR (Epidermidis Sensitive Saprophyticus Resistant)	Mnemonic	03/23/19 6:28 PM
240	135	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	α-hemolytic bacteria	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-gram-stain-and-culture-results-in-the-microbiology-laboratory	Alpha hemolysis is a partial hemolysis where hemoglobin is oxidized (not reduced) to methemoglobin and turns green.	Minor erratum	05/05/19 10:45 AM
241	136	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci)	https://reference.medscape.com/calculator/jones-criteria-diagnosis-rheumatic	Major criteria for rheumatic fever: J-Joint involvement ♥-Carditis N-Nodules, subcutaneous E-Erythema marginatum S-Syndenham chorea Minor criteria for rheumatic fever: H-Heart block (↑PR interval) A-Arthralgia “L”-Elevated ESR/CRP, leukocytosis F-Fever Need 2 major criteria or 1 major and 2 minor criteria for diagnosis. (2 HALF make up for 1 J♥NES)	Mnemonic	01/01/19 5:56 PM
242	136	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Viridans group streptococci	N/A	Strep "M"utans and Strep "M"itis --> "M"outh --> dental caries	Mnemonic	03/01/19 9:05 AM
243	137	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Bacillus anthracis	1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/microbiology-pathogenesis-and-epidemiology-of-anthrax, 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4041834/	Multiple newer sources state that the anthrax toxin is not a single exotoxin composed of three molecules. Bacillus anthracis produces two anthrax toxins (exotoxins), edema toxin (ET) and lethal toxin (LT), each of which consists of two subunits. When the protective antigen (PA) combines with the edema factor (EF), it gives rise to the edema toxin. When the protective antigen (PA) combines with the lethal factor (LF) it gives rise to the lethal toxin. So to summarize: LT = LF + PA, ET = EF + PA. Please correct this on page 132 (footnote) as well.	Minor erratum	01/07/19 2:39 AM
244	138	Microbiology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Clostridia	https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-090816-093458?casa_token=ga1wCncZq4UAAAAA:6rU4x_nmFz-dAJ9q_iqIZOS1Ka0ezH43uV1IczlQ2Rihc7gqh_9WTsxvAaNCzuukflE2qSqiQDxygpJ-	Toxin A was initially considered Enterotoxin and Toxin B as cytotoxin. However, consensus has changed in last 2-3 years. Both Toxin A as well as Toxin B have enterotoxicity.	Minor erratum	01/02/19 11:17 AM
245	138	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Clostridia	https://www.hindawi.com/journals/criid/2015/694247/	I think it would be better if you add Closttridum Septicum to clostridia table and the difference between C.perfringen in Gas gangren causes as C.septicum not preced by trauma(atrumatic myonecrosis). Moreover C.septicum is underlying by colonic malignancy	High-yield addition to next year	05/13/19 10:32 PM
246	138	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Clostridia	--	"spas" in "tetanospasmin" should be highlighted to correspond to the highlight in "spastic" paralysis	Spelling/formatting	05/14/19 4:26 AM
247	138	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Clostridia	https://www.jwatch.org/na43536/2017/03/02/vancomycin-vs-metronidazole-clostridium-difficile	I believe it should be highlighted that oral vancomycin is now the preferred treatment over metronidazole. This came up numerous times for me in question banks.	Clarification to current text	05/21/19 8:17 AM
248	138	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Clostridia	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/primary-focal-hyperhidrosis?search=hyperhidrosis%20treatment&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	The text says "Local botox injections used to treat focal dystonia, achalasia, and muscle spasms. Also used for cosmetic reduction of facial wrinkles." It can be added it is also used to treat local hyperhidrosis, because in spite of sweat glands being activated by sympathetic system their post-sypnaptic neurons release Ach.	Clarification to current text	07/27/19 4:12 PM
249	139	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Nocardia vs Actinomyces	https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1020&sectionid=56968770	Nocardia lives in soil but longs for oxygen and looks for it infecting lung. Actinomyces is normal flora but hates oxygen hiding from it on an abscess.	Mnemonic	05/23/19 3:24 PM
250	140	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Mycobacteria	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230802-overview	Mycobacterium tuberculosis DOES NOT stain with a gram stain. First Aid states that it is gram positive, this is false	Minor erratum	01/09/19 2:35 AM
251	140	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Mycobacteria	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tuberculosis-transmission-and-control-in-health-care-settings	Mode of transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis --> airborne	High-yield addition to next year	03/02/19 9:49 AM
252	140	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Mycobacteria	n/a	CORD factor activates maCORDphage	Mnemonic	05/06/19 11:58 AM
253	140	Microbiology	Parasitology	Protozoa—CNS infections	https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Toxoplasma_gondii	what if you add Crescent shape organism on the diagnosis section of Toxoplasma gondii.	Clarification to current text	05/15/19 4:23 PM
254	141	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Gram-negative lab algorithm	https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1551&sectionid=94106931	Enterobacteriaceae(E. coli, serrate, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter) are oxidate test negative. Of the bacilli given in table on page 141, only 'P'seudomonas is oxidase 'P'ositive.(both starting with P)	High-yield addition to next year	01/01/19 12:35 PM
255	141	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Gram-negative lab algorithm	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1829097/ & https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vibrio-vulnificus-infections?search=vibiro%20vulnificus&topicRef=7646&source=see_link#H11	Vibrio Vulnificus - motile, comma-shaped, gram-negative bacillus, The organism is isolated in high concentrations from shellfish (especially oysters), High iron levels appear to be a marked predictor of the severity of infection with Vibrio vulnificus. Laboratory diagnosis of Vibrio vulnificus infection can be performed by using stool, blood, or lesion cultures. The Gram stain shows a mildly pleomorphic, slightly curved gram-negative bacillus. It grows well in peptone water enrichment broth and can then be subcultured on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS) agar, which exhibits green colonies. Causes Rapidly Spreading cellulitis which is difficult to treat.	High-yield addition to next year	03/19/19 4:15 AM
256	141	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Leprosy	https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-015-1768-6	The lepromin skin test is used to determine the type of leprosy. Tuberculoid leprosy the test is positive and lepromatous leprosy the test is negative.	Clarification to current text	07/19/19 10:10 PM
257	142	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Haemophilus influenzae	UWorld question id: 963 explanation; Koneman's Color Alas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology 6th ed, pg 446	Haemophilus Influenzae can also be grown with S aureus, which provides factor V DIRECTLY, and provides FACTOR X via RBC hemolysis.	Major erratum	01/16/19 7:58 AM
258	142	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Neisseria	https://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/lab/nmen.htm	Neisseria are oxdiase + yet it is not mentioned as important information in their classification or in the diagram made for Gram negative bacteria in the previous page	Minor erratum	02/24/19 11:23 PM
259	144	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria	see diagram on p.141	Add that Citrobacter is also a weak fermenter.	Clarification to current text	01/20/19 5:53 PM
260	144	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Salmonella vs Shigella	https://ard.bmj.com/content/64/4/594	Shigella flexeri is associated with Reactive Arthritis	Clarification to current text	05/13/19 9:41 PM
261	144	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Yersinia enterocolitica	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/microbiology-and-pathogenesis-of-yersinia-infections	I found this to be mentioned alot in USMLE stem questions ""Conditions associated with iron-overload such as chronic liver disease, hemochromatosis, and thalassemias have been associated with an increased risk of invasive yersiniosis	High-yield addition to next year	12/31/18 5:42 AM
262	144	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Yersinia enterocolitica	1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/microbiology-and-pathogenesis-of-yersinia-infections 2. Uworld ID 15407 choice B explanation	Yersinia is NOT a rod, it is coccobacillus.	Minor erratum	02/22/19 11:53 PM
263	145	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Klebsiella	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8035/	adding urease positive (+) to the Klebsiella paragraph.	Clarification to current text	05/13/19 9:36 PM
264	146	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Bacterial taxonomy	UWorld	V vulnificus has some interesting properties that would be beneficial to have in First Aid: Vibrio vulnificus grows in brackish coastal water and marine environments. transmission primarily occurs due to consumption of raw seafood or wound contamination. Manifestations are often mild but individuals with liver disease or iron overload are at very high risk of severe, fulminant infection (eg sepsis, necrotizing faciitis). Free iron acts as an exponential growth catalyst for the bacterium	High-yield addition to next year	01/15/19 11:06 AM
265	146	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Lyme disease	n/a	Change the E for the FACE mnemonic to : Erythema migrans/Encephalopathy	Mnemonic	01/20/19 5:52 PM
266	146	Immunology	Immunosuppressants	Therapeutic antibodies	https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100362/rituxan-rituximab	Also for the treatment of pemphigus	High-yield addition to next year	04/16/19 12:42 PM
267	146	Immunology	Immunosuppressants	Therapeutic antibodies	https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100362/rituxan-rituximab	rituximab is also for the treatment of pemphigus	High-yield addition to next year	04/16/19 12:42 PM
268	146	Immunology	Immunosuppressants	Therapeutic antibodies	https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100253/ilumya-tildrakizumab-asmn	tildrakizumab also blocks IL23 and is also used to treat psoriasis	High-yield addition to next year	04/16/19 12:44 PM
269	147	Microbiology	Miscellaneous	Syphilis	https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/tests/vdrl-test	VDRL False -ve possible in Syphilis less than 3 months. VDRL False +ve possible in Lyme disease, SLE, HIV, Malaria, Tuberculosis, certain types of pneumonia, and IV drug users.	High-yield addition to next year	01/22/19 2:46 AM
270	147	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Syphilis	N/A	Tertiary syphilis mnemonic: PARESIS: P: Personality change A: affective personality R: reflexes are hyperactive E: eyes are Argyll Robertson S: sensorial defects I: intellect is low S: speech is decreased	Mnemonic	05/12/19 9:04 AM
271	147	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Syphilis	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3537782/ https://fmc-reg.onecount.net/onecount/login/loginlogout.cgi?gid=36971,36971&return=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdedge.com%2Fdermatology%2Farticle%2F67306%2Fhair-nails%2Falopecia-association-sexually-transmitted-disease-review&brand=edge3&sid=anbmbhn3jeed8qd0qjdqbgsld6	it would be better if you add picture of patient had alopecia, as it is associated with secondary syphilis.	High-yield addition to next year	05/14/19 5:22 PM
272	148	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	VDRL false positives	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312652/ and https://www.ama-assn.org/residents-students/usmle/heres-most-missed-usmle-test-prep-question-and-right-answer	"Drugs" here is referring to specific types of drugs (e.g., chlorpromazine, procainamide) or to IV drug users? I've found reference to both of them, I just need some clarification	Clarification to current text	12/27/18 10:49 PM
273	148	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	VDRL false positives	https://openurologyandnephrologyjournal.com/VOLUME/8/PAGE/2/FULLTEXT/	antiphospholipid syndrome can present with a false-positive VDRL. Could keep same mnemonic, just add antiphospholid syndrome between parentheses after lupus. Has showed up multiple times in qbanks.	High-yield addition to next year	07/24/19 7:45 AM
274	149	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Zoonotic bacteria	n/a	“Lousy BORing RECURRing Fever” BORrelia RECURRentis – Relapsing Fever – Louse “Rickettsia tyFLEA” Rickettsia typhi – Endemic typhus – FLEAs	Mnemonic	07/10/19 8:33 PM
275	151	Microbiology	Mycology	Systemic mycoses	my own idea	because Coccidioidomycosis is common in California what if you highlight the C letter in red color on both word.	Mnemonic	05/13/19 9:58 PM
276	151	Microbiology	Mycology	Systemic mycoses	n/a	BLASTOMYCOSIS: “GRANd Beast from the EAST is Vicious” EASTern US Blastomycosis, Broad Based Buds Verrucous skin lesions GRANulomatous nodules	Mnemonic	07/10/19 8:35 PM
277	153	Microbiology	Pharmacology	Opportunistic fungal infections	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-oropharyngeal-and-esophageal-candidiasis?search=nystatin%20swish%20and%20swallow&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	In the Candida section, it makes the treatment of esophageal candida ambiguous. It implies that nystatin can be used to treat esophageal candida. systemic therapy with fluconazole is required for esophageal candidasis, not topical therapy with nystatin.	Minor erratum	01/31/19 12:45 AM
278	156	Microbiology	Parasitology	Protozoa—others	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/african-trypanosomiasis-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-treatment#H2334707	Winterbottom's sign. Winterbottom's sign is seen in the early phase of African trypanosomiasis, a disease caused by the parasites Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense which is more commonly known as African sleeping sickness.	Clarification to current text	07/31/19 7:38 PM
279	158	Microbiology	Parasitology	Protozoa—others	UWorld qid 15448	Rod-shaped kinetoplasts can be found on biopsy	High-yield addition to next year	03/11/19 10:45 PM
280	159	Microbiology	Parasitology	Nematodes (roundworms)	1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/toxocariasis-visceral-and-ocular-larva-migrans 2. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(17)30331-6/fulltext	Most pts w/ Visceral larva migrans (T. canis) are asymptomatic. MC occurs in children and results in hepatitis and pneumonitis (if symptomatic). Hepatic sx - hepatomegaly or nodular lesions. Lung sx - dyspnea, wheezing, and a chronic nonproductive cough in 20-80% of pts. Ocular larva migrans is common. CNS and cardiac involvement are rare but are potentially life-threatening complications. So the text should be corrected as "Most often asymptomatic. If symptoms arise (particularly in children), most commonly occur in lung (pneumonitis), eye (visual impairment, blindness - "Ocular larva migrans"), liver (hepatomegaly, nodular lesions). Disease can rarely affect heart (myocarditis) and CNS (seizures, coma)"	Clarification to current text	01/04/19 4:21 AM
281	159	Microbiology	Parasitology	Nematodes (roundworms)	https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/loiasis/treatment.html	Loa loa infection refractory to diethylcarbamazine may be treated with albendazole.	High-yield addition to next year	01/09/19 3:50 PM
282	159	Microbiology	Parasitology	Nematodes (roundworms)	First aid 2018, UpToDate strongyloidiasis page	Re-formatting from last years text has gotten rid of the symptoms associated with strongyloides infection (epigastrc pain, pulmonary symptoms, and cutaneous manifestations)	High-yield addition to next year	05/05/19 3:15 PM
283	161	Microbiology	Parasitology	Ectoparasites	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/scabies-management?search=scabies%20treatment&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~88&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Sarcoptes scabiei: Treatment: Topical permethrin and oral ivermectin are the most common first-line treatments	High-yield addition to next year	02/06/19 1:39 PM
284	163	Microbiology	Virology	Naked viral genome infectivity	page 167	There are no naked -ssRNA, they all are enveloped according to table page 167	Major erratum	03/01/19 6:48 PM
285	163	Microbiology	Virology	RNA viral genomes	n/a	For RNA viral genomes, change mnemonic to: "I went to a positively retro (retrovirus), toga (togavirus) party, where I drank flavored (flavivirus) Corona (coronavirus) and ate hippie (hepevirus) California (calicivirus) pickles (picornavirus), man."	Mnemonic	01/20/19 5:49 PM
286	164	Microbiology	Virology	DNA viruses	Myself	Adenovirus medical importance mnemonic "FAM Gets Pneumonia with Conjunctivitis" i.e. Febrile pharyngitis, Acute hemorrhagic cystitis, Myocarditis, Gastroenteritis, Pneumonia, Conjunctivitis	Mnemonic	01/31/19 4:46 PM
287	164	Microbiology	Systems	Red rashes of childhood	Not needed.	For Parvovirus B19, you slap with the five fingers of your hand (fifth disease - "slapped cheek" appearance)	Mnemonic	05/12/19 6:05 AM
288	165	Microbiology	Virology	Herpesviruses	https://pmj.bmj.com/content/postgradmedj/61/722/1089.full.pdf	Cytomegalovirus: Presence of both intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies within infected cells. Mnemonic: "C (M)ore (V)odies"	High-yield addition to next year	05/15/19 11:36 AM
289	165	Microbiology	Virology	Herpesviruses	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279269-overview	add is associated with oral hairy leukoplakia	High-yield addition to next year	05/31/19 11:43 AM
290	166	Microbiology	Virology	Viral structure—general features	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC112152/	It is stated that CMV interacts with integrins such as heparan sulfate, but I believe this should be RSV. It has been recognized that the RSV G protein attaches to heparan sulfate on host cells.	Minor erratum	01/11/19 12:51 PM
291	167	Microbiology	Virology	RNA viruses	n/a	All (+) RNA viruses are icosahedral, except for Corona. All (-) RNA viruses are helical, except for Delta.	High-yield addition to next year	01/20/19 6:44 PM
292	167	Microbiology	Virology	RNA viruses	https://web.stanford.edu/group/virus/rhabdo/2004bischoffchang/Rhabdo.htm	According to RNA viruse table p167 Rhabdovirus has capsid symmetry "Helical" but it's actually is Bullet shape "characteristic" to it which is mention correctly in p171	Major erratum	04/02/19 4:17 PM
293	168	Microbiology	Virology	RNA viruses	https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/clinical.html	Please add that Rotaviruses are 'wheel-shaped' (this was a key feature in recognizing the virus in a NBME question). CDC also states that 'The name rotavirus is derived from the Latin word rota, meaning “wheel.”'	High-yield addition to next year	02/15/19 5:19 PM
294	169	Microbiology	Virology	Influenza viruses	www2.usmle-rx.com	Genetic "S"hift is more "S"erious than Genetic drift	Mnemonic	02/18/19 6:45 PM
295	169	Microbiology	Virology	Paramyxoviruses	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21171875 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20100768 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24739493	: I think because Respiratory Syncial Virus(RSV) is an important virus causing bronchiolitis in children less than 2 years, so it would be better if you write about it in details in a separate paragraph. Common guys you should give some respect to RSV.!	Clarification to current text	05/15/19 4:46 PM
296	169	Microbiology	Virology	Rubella virus	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/966220-clinical	states maculopapular rash that starts on face and spreads CENTRIFUALLY; however, it should state CENTRIPETAL spread	Major erratum	03/29/19 11:00 AM
297	169	Microbiology	Virology	Rubella virus	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968523-clinical	The text for Rubella virus currently lists "postauricular and other lymphadenopathy" as symptoms. Possibly clarify/correct "other lymphadenopathy" to "occipital lymphadenopathy".	Clarification to current text	05/08/19 2:20 PM
298	170	Microbiology	Virology	Measles (rubeola) virus	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/measles-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention?search=koplik%20spots&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~6&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Koplik spots are better described as white-blue spots with an erythematous base rather than red spots with a white center	Minor erratum	08/08/19 4:47 AM
299	172	Microbiology	Virology	Hepatitis viruses	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-virus-infection-in-adults-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=hepatitis%20A&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H3024115574	Hepatitis A is NOT usually asymptomatic (only in children <6yo). In fact, 70% of cases in adults have symptoms that usually begin with abrupt onset of nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, malaise, and abdominal pain. Within a few days to a week, dark urine (bilirubinuria) appears; pale stools (lacking bilirubin pigment) may also be observed. These are followed by jaundice and pruritus (40 to 70 percent of cases). The early signs and symptoms usually diminish when jaundice appears, and jaundice typically peaks within two weeks. Physical findings include fever, jaundice, scleral icterus, hepatomegaly (80 percent of cases), and right upper quadrant tenderness to palpation	Major erratum	03/21/19 1:49 AM
300	172	Microbiology	Virology	Hepatitis viruses	Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease 9th Ed, pg 839	hepatitis E is Endemic in Equatorial regions and frequently Epidemic (highlight E’s)	Clarification to current text	03/21/19 4:59 AM
301	172	Microbiology	Virology	Hepatitis viruses	N/A	for Hep E, to remeber preganacy, I would say PregnancEE	Mnemonic	05/01/19 9:45 AM
302	172	Microbiology	Virology	Hepatitis viruses	n/a	ABCDEFG of Hep B. A: Arthralgia, B: Blood/baby/B, C: Cytotoxic T Cells/Carrier, D: DNA/Duration long, E: Eosinophilic, F: Fever/Full resolution, G: Granular, H: Hepadnavirus	Mnemonic	05/22/19 10:22 AM
303	175	Microbiology	Virology	HIV	pg 175 FA	gp "(F)orty" for (F)usion	Mnemonic	03/09/19 8:14 AM
304	175	Microbiology	Virology	HIV	n/a	How to remember which receptor is used for early vs. late infection in HIV: ‘Early’ has 5 letters = CCR5 ; ‘Late’ has 4 letters = CXCR4	Mnemonic	03/24/19 4:27 PM
305	177	Microbiology	Virology	Common diseases of HIV-positive adults	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mycobacterium-avium-complex-mac-infections-in-persons-with-hiv	Mycobacterium Avium Intracellulare/complex mostly occurs in HIV patients with CD4 count less than 50cells/mm3. as mention in the table for sure it is less than 100 but to be more specific it would be better if you classify both organisms under less than 50 cells/mm3.	High-yield addition to next year	05/20/19 6:02 PM
306	177	Microbiology	Virology	Common diseases of HIV-positive adults	n/a	Assuming CD 4+ count as DOLLAR$$$.  CD4+ cell <500/mm3 (< 500 million $)  You CAN Buy 2-Houses CANdida albicans, EBV, HHV-8, HPV  CD4+ cell <200/mm3 (< 200 $)  CAP, Hat, JoCkey and PyJama CANdida albicans, EBV, HHV-8, HPV  CD4+ cell <100/mm3 (< 100 $)  You CAN Go To A BAR and Buy yourself a CRaft beer and C-Mo:Mo CANdida albicans, Toxoplasm Gondii, Aspergillus fumigatus, BARtonella spp, EBV, CRyptosporidium spp, CRytococcus neoformans, CMV, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare	Mnemonic	07/10/19 8:39 PM
307	178	Microbiology	Systems	Bugs causing food-borne illness	https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/vibrio-parahaemolyticus	V parahaemolyticus and V vulnificus . source of infection contaminated or raw seafood. adding the word raw to the text	Clarification to current text	05/13/19 10:05 PM
308	181	Microbiology	Systems	Common vaginal infections	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PC%2F68759&topicKey=OBGYN%2F5477&search=common%20vaginal%20infections&source=outline_link&selectedTitle=1~150 and https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=OBGYN%2F81449&topicKey=OBGYN%2F5477&search=common%20vaginal%20infections&source=outline_link&selectedTitle=1~150	This might be an overkill for Step 1, but I've made this table with data from UpToDate that adds a lot of value in diagnostic and differentials between these common vaginal infections, looking at their Si/Sx.	High-yield addition to next year	03/21/19 2:31 AM
309	181	Microbiology	Systems	Common vaginal infections	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16648432	Bacterial vaginosis it is Off white discharge, lab findings: positive whiff test(amine odor with KOH). Trichomonas vaginitis is THIN foul smelling discharge. Candida Vulvovaginitis : ph normal (3.8-4.5) for the treatment Azoles (eg,Fluconazole)	Clarification to current text	05/14/19 10:09 AM
310	181	Microbiology	Systems	Urinary tract infections	My brain	Usual pathogens- KEEPS = Klebsiella, E.coli, Enterococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Staph. Saprophyticus, Serratia	Mnemonic	02/01/19 12:24 PM
311	182	Microbiology	Systems	ToRCHeS infections	FA p. 182	Go to IT to fix your PC (Intraventricular calcifications with Toxoplasmosis; Periventricular calcifications with Cytomegalovirus)	Mnemonic	12/28/18 11:11 AM
312	182	Microbiology	Systems	ToRCHeS infections	FA19 p.182	CALL IT to fix your PC (Intracranial CALLcifications with Toxoplasma, Periventricular with Cytomegalovirus)	Mnemonic	03/28/19 4:59 PM
313	182	Microbiology	Systems	ToRCHeS infections	mnemonic, p. 182 FA	CALl IT for your PC. CALcifications: Intracranial/Toxo, Periventricular/Cmv	Mnemonic	04/16/19 2:12 PM
314	182	Microbiology	Systems	ToRCHeS infections	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19697432	Pulmonary Artery stenosis is associated with congenital rubella syndrome.	Clarification to current text	05/13/19 10:14 PM
315	183	Microbiology	Systems	Red rashes of childhood	i have no hyperlinks, i came up with that	after a Rad Party, CHug Milk and Sleep Vell ( Rubella virus , Parvovirus B19, Coxsackievirus type A, HHV-8, Measles virus, Strep. pyogenes, Vzv)	Mnemonic	12/25/18 1:44 PM
316	183	Microbiology	Systems	Red rashes of childhood	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpangina	in Coxsackievirus type A ulcer in oral mucosa, what if you add (Herpangina) after oral mucosa	Clarification to current text	05/14/19 10:15 AM
317	184	Microbiology	Systems	Sexually transmitted infections	N/A	Granuloma inguinale --> The character "A" which cites the picture, has a different font compared to elsewhere in the book.	Spelling/formatting	12/29/18 3:32 AM
318	187	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Antimicrobial therapy	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3457410/	mecA gene originally identified in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) encodes a PBP of 668 amino acid residues which is responsible for beta-lactam resistance	High-yield addition to next year	02/27/19 8:34 AM
319	187	Pharmacology	Pharmacology	Antimicrobial therapy	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nitrofurantoin-drug-information?search=nitrofurantoin&topicRef=8065&source=see_link#F201984	Nitrofurantoin - first line therapy in Acute uncomplicated cystitis >or= 12 years of age and chronic recurrent UTIs. It is a High risk medication in Geriatric patients (>or = 65 years) as it is included in Beers criteria. Contraindications: Anuria, oliguria, or significant impairment of renal function (creatinine clearance [CrCl] <60 mL/minute or clinically significant elevated serum creatinine) or previous history of cholestatic jaundice or hepatic dysfunction associated with prior nitrofurantoin	High-yield addition to next year	03/19/19 3:46 AM
320	187	Microbiology	Pharmacology	Antimicrobial therapy	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nitrofurantoin-drug-information?search=nitrofurantoin&topicRef=8065&source=see_link#F201984	Nitrofurantoin - first line therapy in Acute uncomplicated cystitis >or= 12 years of age and chronic recurrent UTIs. It is a High risk medication in Geriatric patients (>or = 65 years) as it is included in Beers criteria. Contraindications: Anuria, oliguria, or significant impairment of renal function (creatinine clearance [CrCl] <60 mL/minute or clinically significant elevated serum creatinine) or previous history of cholestatic jaundice or hepatic dysfunction associated with prior nitrofurantoin	High-yield addition to next year	03/19/19 3:53 AM
321	188	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Penicillinase-resistant penicillins	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5517843/	Kindly add methicillin to the list of penicillase-resistant penicillins	High-yield addition to next year	12/31/18 3:11 AM
322	189	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Cephalosporins	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases?search=Ceftolozane&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~12&usage_type=default&display_rank=3	Add "Ceftolozane" in 3rd generation as it has enhanced activity against Pseudomonase and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobactericeae. Used with tazobactam	High-yield addition to next year	02/07/19 6:16 PM
323	189	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Cephalosporins	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cephalosporins	Inside 2nd generation cephalosporins, add "Used in the prophylaxis and therapy of anaerobic contamination from the GI tract in the abdominal and pelvic cavities". Below the entry "2nd gen - HENS PEck" add ⇒ Anaerobic coverage (specifically Cefotetan and Cefoxitin)	High-yield addition to next year	03/21/19 1:57 AM
324	189	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	β-lactamase inhibitors	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/combination-beta-lactamase-inhibitors-carbapenems-and-monobactams?search=vaborbactam&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~6&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Add "vaborbactam" to the list as used in Meropenem-vaborbactam for KPC	High-yield addition to next year	01/25/19 7:36 PM
325	190	Microbiology	Pharmacology	Clostridia	Uworld	Fidaxomicin is a macrocytic antibiotic that inhibits RNA polymerase and is bactericidal to C. difficile.	High-yield addition to next year	12/30/18 1:09 PM
326	190	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Vancomycin	n/a	“Red Man NOT wearing a DRESS singing DA-DA inside his VAN” Red Man Syndrome Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Thrombophlebitis DRESS syndrome Binds D-A-D-A portion of cell wall precursors VANcomycin.	Mnemonic	07/10/19 8:41 PM
327	191	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Aminoglycosides	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/aminoglycosides?search=aminoglycosides&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Add "Plazomicin" as a novel aminoglycoside used for KPC and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae	High-yield addition to next year	01/25/19 7:42 PM
328	191	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Aminoglycosides	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/aminoglycosides	The figure shows that aminoglycosides inhibit initiation complex formation. The following is from Uptodate: "The aminoglycosides primarily act by binding to the aminoacyl site of 16S ribosomal RNA within the 30S ribosomal subunit, leading to misreading of the genetic code and inhibition of translocation [3,4]. The initial steps required for peptide synthesis, such as binding of mRNA and the association of the 50S ribosomal subunit, are uninterrupted, but elongation fails to occur due to disruption of the mechanisms for ensuring translational accuracy".	Major erratum	03/13/19 4:34 AM
329	191	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Protein synthesis inhibitors	https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/lincomycin	Lincomycin drug it binds also to 50s sub unit.what if you added to the mnemonics CCEL at 50 to be CCELL. extra L for lincomycin	Clarification to current text	05/13/19 6:26 PM
330	192	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Tetracyclines	Not needed.	For mechanism of resistance: Tetracyclines are treated as Trash by bacteria. You dont want to bring Trash inside (reduced uptake) you want to throw it out (increased efflux)	Mnemonic	01/01/19 6:51 AM
331	192	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Tetracyclines	None	To remember that Tetracyclines are contraindicated in pregnancy you can use the mnemonic "tetrogen" or "tetragen" (teratogen)	Mnemonic	03/05/19 3:57 PM
332	193	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Macrolides	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/azithromycin-clarithromycin-and-telithromycin?search=macrolides&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H12	On aminoglycosides, it is mentioned that they can cause neuromuscular blockade and are contraindicated in patients with myasthenia gravis. Telithromycin, a macrolide, can also cause exarcebation and it is contraindicated for MG patients.	High-yield addition to next year	01/25/19 7:59 PM
333	195	Microbiology	Pharmacology	Antimicrobial therapy	Not needed	Write Daptomycin as "DaptomySKIN to remember that this antibiotic is used to treat skin infections.	Mnemonic	07/01/19 2:06 PM
334	196	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Rifamycins	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/rifamycins-rifampin-rifabutin-rifapentine/print	Current text claims "Rifampin ramps up cytochrome P-450, but rifabutin does not." This is not true, as rifabutin is considered an inducer of CYP-450, although to a lesser extent than rifampin. I suggest the following rewrite: "Rifampin RAMPS up cytochrome P-450. So does Rifabutin, BUT less so."	Minor erratum	01/10/19 1:38 PM
335	196	Microbiology	Pharmacology	Rifamycins	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/rifaximin-drug-information?search=rifaximin&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1~37&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1	Rifaximin, sold under the trade name Xifaxan among others, is an antibiotic used to treat traveler's diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, cl difficile infection (off label), and hepatic encephalopathy. It has poor absorption when taken by mouth	High-yield addition to next year	07/31/19 8:10 PM
336	197	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Ethambutol	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ethambutol-an-overview	Replace "may be reversible" with "usually reversible". Optic neuritis is reversible in most patients.	Clarification to current text	01/07/19 2:43 AM
337	198	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Treatment of highly resistant bacteria	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5204005/	For drugs that treat MRSA: “There’s a line (linezolid) to dab (daptomycin) in the clean (clindamycin-according to Sketchy Pharm) van (vancomycin).” Also-“Tiger (tigecycline) and dog (doxycycline) covered in TonS (TMP-SMX according to Sketchy Pharm) of tar (ceftaroline).”	Mnemonic	06/07/19 1:34 PM
338	199	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Amphotericin B	1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pharmacology-of-amphotericin-b, 2. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-cryptococcus-neoformans-meningoencephalitis-in-hiv-infected-patients	Replace "Intrathecally for fungal meningitis" with "Intrathecally for coccidioidal meningitis". Intrathecal administration is not used for cryptococcal meningitis.	Clarification to current text	01/07/19 2:45 AM
339	199	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Antifungal therapy	UWorld, UpToDate	Azoles specifically blocks 14-alpha-demethylase (the cytochrome P450 enzyme that converts lanosterol to ergosterol)	High-yield addition to next year	01/15/19 6:33 PM
340	199	Pharmacology	Antimicrobials	Antifungal therapy	First Aid for the USMLE STEP 1 2019	PHARMACOLOGY (ANTIFUNGALS): Fact (p.199): Nystatin for the treatment for oral Candidiasis Mneumonic: NY State Candidates I voted for (orally) Fact (p.199): Flucytosine for the treatment of meningitis by Cryptococcus Mneumonic: FLU got you feeling CRYPTO Fact (p.199): Azoles inhibit cytochrome P-450 Mneumonic: That azole is so inhibited Fact (p.199): Terbanafine for the treatment of fungal nail infections. Mneumonic: TER (her) FINE nails Fact (p.200): Echinocandins for cell wall inhibition includes caspofungin Mneumonic: CASPER the friendly ghost goes through WALLS PHARMACOLOGY (ANTIMICROBIALS): P.204: Antibiotics contraindicated during pregnancy: MCAT M- Metronidazole C- Chloramphenicol A- Aminoglycosides T- Tetracyclines	Mnemonic	05/15/19 2:22 AM
341	199	Microbiology	Pharmacology	Antifungal therapy	(my brain)	For Flucytosine - "FU-cytosine" - since it involves 5-FU	Mnemonic	05/16/19 1:09 PM
342	200	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Anti-mite/louse therapy	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pediculosis-capitis?search=lice%20treatment&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~86&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H88337; https://www.uptodate.com/contents/lindane-drug-information?search=Lindane&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1~13&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1	Include topical ivermectin as treatment. Remove Lindane or clarify Lindane neurotoxicity. Lindane lotion has been discontinued in the US for more than 1 year. Only use lindane in patients who cannot tolerate or have failed first-line treatment.	Clarification to current text	02/06/19 1:51 PM
343	201	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Drug names	UpToDate Docosanol: Drug information	Docosanol is a topical agent that prevents viral entry and replication at the cellular level. It is used for orolabial herpes	High-yield addition to next year	01/15/19 6:00 PM
344	203	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	HIV therapy	not needed	For abacavir association with HLA-B57:01, highlight AB in abacavir red and highlight the A-B in HLA-B57:01 red for memory aid	Mnemonic	12/22/18 1:52 PM
345	203	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	HIV therapy	not needed	"miraviroCXX"; (CXX is roman numerals for 120, gp120)	Mnemonic	12/28/18 8:48 AM
346	203	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	HIV therapy	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3773846/	Maraviroc is not a fusion inhibitor. It is a co-receptor binding inhibitor. Both fusion inhibitors and co-receptor binding inhibitors are considered ENTRY inhibitors. I recommend changing "Fusion inhibitors" with "Entry inhibitors". This also applies to the chart on page 201.	Minor erratum	01/07/19 2:47 AM
347	203	Microbiology	Pharmacology	HIV therapy	myself	NRTI mnemonic: TESLA DZ Tenofovir, Emtricitabine, Stavudine, Lamivudine, Didanosine, Zidovudine	Mnemonic	01/29/19 7:47 AM
348	203	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	HIV therapy	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16302461	Enfuvirtide is NOT effective against HIV-2, but at the top of the page it says only NNRTIs are not effective against HIV-2	Minor erratum	05/14/19 2:59 PM
349	203	Microbiology	Pharmacology	HIV therapy	From the DHHS: https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/fact-sheets/21/52/when-to-start-antiretroviral-therapy	ART is now started for ALL HIV patients as soon as possible.	High-yield addition to next year	05/16/19 3:46 AM
350	203	Microbiology	Pharmacology	HIV therapy	(my brain)	Current mnemonic: "EnFUvirtude - FUsion inhibitor"; Suggestion: "EnFUvirtude - FUsion inhibitor - gp FUrty-one"	Mnemonic	05/16/19 3:48 AM
351	203	Microbiology	Pharmacology	HIV therapy	No reference needed.	Staph Aureus Dies Tomorrow as wELL. Staph-> stavudine. Aureus-> Abacavir. Dies-> Didanosine. Tomorrow-> Tenofovir. wELl-> Emtricitabine and Lamivudine	Mnemonic	06/27/19 4:46 PM
352	203	Microbiology	Pharmacology	HIV therapy	No reference needed. mnemonic	NNRTIs Mnemonic: Elves Never Die. Elves-> Efavirenz. Never-> Nevirapine. Die-> Delavirdine.	Mnemonic	06/27/19 4:49 PM
353	203	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	HIV therapy	None Mnemonic	Nucleos(t)ides LimiT HIV DiAZESs (Diseases) Competitively DEN (than) Non-nucleosides.	Mnemonic	07/05/19 1:50 PM
354	203	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	HIV therapy	None	"DIDanosine can lead to PancreaDIDis". An easy way to remember this small and very testable fact.	Mnemonic	08/03/19 6:59 PM
355	204	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Hepatitis C therapy	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/simeprevir-drug-information	Adverse effects of Grazoprevir and Simeprevir are switched	Minor erratum	05/06/19 10:20 AM
356	204	Microbiology	Pharmacology	Hepatitis C therapy	https://www-uptodate-com.proxy.hsc.unt.edu/contents/treatment-regimens-for-chronic-hepatitis-c-virus-genotype-1-infection-in-adults?search=hepatitis%20c%20treatment&topicRef=3673&source=see_link#H16319566	Mnemonic/"general rule" to help remember drug treatment combinations for Hep C	Mnemonic	05/06/19 9:33 PM
357	204	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Hepatitis C therapy	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-regimens-for-chronic-hepatitis-c-virus-genotype-1-infection-in-adults?search=ledipasvir&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3~28&usage_type=default&display_rank=3#H253485860	Capitalizing the letter A in ledipAsvir and ombitAsvir make it easier to remember they are ns5A inhibitors. Same thing for letter B in sofosBuvir and dasaBuvir as they are ns5B inhibitors. Additionally, some of the hepatitis C therapies are not in the index.	Mnemonic	05/07/19 7:09 PM
358	204	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Hepatitis C therapy	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206157/	On page 204 under NS3/4A inhibitors under toxicity; should read: Simeprevir: Photosensitivity reactions, rash, headache, fatigue, nausea. Grazoprevir: headache and fatigue. Here is a quote from this article 'The main side effects of Simeprevir include headache, fatigue, nausea, photosensitivity and skin rash’	Minor erratum	06/03/19 11:09 PM
359	204	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Hepatitis C therapy	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177792-treatment#d11	Ribavirin is a guanosine nucleoSide inhibitor as it is a nucleoside analogue. The statement that it inhibits 'synthesis of guanine nucleotides' is true as well but I find it clearer to say that it is a nucleoside inhibitor rather than it 'inhibits the synthesis of nucleotides.'	Clarification to current text	06/30/19 1:43 PM
360	204	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Interferons	n/a	(2018 edition) In Clinical Use row, "Chronic HBV and HVC" should be changed to "Chronic HBV and HCV" (HCV has letters transposed)	Spelling/formatting	05/18/19 10:40 PM
361	206	Pathology	Pathology	Barrett esophagus	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459330/	Barrett’s esophagus is the condition in which a specialized columnar epithelium replaces the normal stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus	High-yield addition to next year	08/23/19 11:24 AM
362	206	Pathology	Pathology	Cell injury	https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/bcr287	Desmoplasia:the proliferation of non-neoplastic fibrous tissue	High-yield addition to next year	05/14/19 8:36 PM
363	206	Pathology	Pathology	Cellular adaptations	https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.aub.edu.lb/contents/epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-of-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia; https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.aub.edu.lb/contents/overview-of-benign-breast-disease	Add "BPH" as an exception to neoplastic potential of hyperplasia, and add "apocrine metaplasia of the breast" as an exception to neoplastic potential of metaplasia.	High-yield addition to next year	01/12/19 11:30 AM
364	206	Pathology	Cellular	Cellular adaptations	n/a	To remember the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia: the LARGEST cells will win a TROPHY (larger cells in hyperTROPHY). A cell wants MORE cell friends to PLAY with (make more cells in hyperPLAYsia).	Mnemonic	02/19/19 11:29 AM
365	209	Pathology	Cellular	Necrosis	https://journals.aace.com/doi/pdf/10.4158/EP15935.CR	Fat Necrosis as complication of Trauma on Obese Patient, also a complication in patient with extensive weight loss after adrenalectomy. Fat Necrosis could be a major complication in obese patients after a postsurgical treatment, so this can be published as a high yield example of Fat Necrosis Complication after surgery on obese patients.	High-yield addition to next year	04/29/19 11:22 AM
366	210	Pathology	Cellular	Ischemia	Noticed	In the ischemia section, the subendocardium (LV) of the heart is labeled with "A" for the image, but this is already referred to below by red infarct "A" showing an image of the lung.	Minor erratum	04/04/19 8:27 PM
367	211	Pathology	Pathology	Types of calcification	myself, FA2019	Dystrophic calcification mnemonic: CCATTTS Liq Fat In Psam Room i.e. CREST syndrome, Congenital cmv, Atherosclerosis, Toxoplasmosis, Thrombi, TB, Schistosomiasis, Liquefactive necrosis of chronic abscess, Fat necrosis, Infarcts, Psammoma body, Rubella	Mnemonic	03/26/19 6:32 AM
368	212	Pathology	Pathology	Amyloidosis	https://watermark.silverchair.com/ajcpath108-0289.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAk0wggJJBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggI6MIICNgIBADCCAi8GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMtlki02qZntdM7fHhAgEQgIICAKb0OCRLIttoA307SWFQyMWGFQoZqVdeyp0SkLJU_bBGQ1LsNYjblQkqprShv4Anu-BVtNaDFDb0rEbYMNMZXBtWrQDaA4M7c8yJnnw4foUc-bvHtLPYWVSVIC2Qh3PfD5EnrmDoXIXvTfGPHMM_J4sveANlPRx7tbznKpmhJR5k8_DeWhB77aU5zJVYBMbfbAxb-pC0mvK8IE68J81KaqBL6sUdXVfkrA29G3hFdi2LSLFJnrBw9IJ5eXtkcohaY7iCO5_U6tHizycQ6nPjk8FJIf13nexfkb_HL1YQ-MnPcpsgf5gwegWZQC59iJ6v9c8IVGi7q1dM9OGG7ePZJ09fVPlmJksMiE9Bz-dShJMh7FyzmJhUMd7HSwfkoB9X2_t1QjxJUKldo25HIUJrGbUvOMuoex97_F-_ZbBnv2GODQUnm-5J3_QwlCZLvQVulEJx9KiqvZrMn3ekybkZS0o9nNG8FNmOP62QnYUKeDCI2FTbQ9AUgIDjBeT5fhkRG0khUNeZo14hhMQqJAFMxni6KhS-W_Go6faMIsX6q6BTpOQDjbb4NTuNCtHgPC9KHPiWxV2izvxCKogPXbgAfa1V4sHICtoOHFr3DXWutRT4GFi5hVMjVIC7KY24T88bnaokEKP4xwWuKkIuhsd2B9fR-UZfh3JKoIpcBqK_Hmtq	Calcitonin amyloid is known as 'ACal' (There should be no space between 'A' and 'Cal')	Spelling/formatting	12/23/18 3:47 AM
369	213	Immunology	Inflammation	Acute inflammation	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17625373	Procalcitonin is one of the main diagnostic markers for infections.	High-yield addition to next year	03/26/19 11:47 AM
370	213	Pathology	Inflammation	Acute phase reactants	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-phase-reactants	Next to Fibrinogen, the addition of an "upwards" arrow before ESR would clarify the result of increased fibrinogen.	Clarification to current text	01/02/19 4:22 AM
371	213	Pathology	Inflammation	Acute phase reactants	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-phase-reactants	The addition of an arrow pointing upwards and ESR (increases ESR) would be helpful if placed next to "Positive (Upregulated)". Otherwise, it would be helpful if "upwards arrow Acute Phase Reactants" was placed on Page 214 next to Inflammation under "increased ESR".	Clarification to current text	01/02/19 4:25 AM
372	213	Pathology	Inflammation	Acute phase reactants	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23172263	adding procalcitonin to Acut pahse reactant but it is unique because it has positive and negative properties. it is level rise in bacterial toxins and fall in response to viral infections.	High-yield addition to next year	05/18/19 6:47 PM
373	213	Pathology	Inflammation	Inflammation	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1048887-overview#a3 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ace-inhibitor-induced-angioedema?search=bradykinin&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H4335305	Cardinal signs of inflammation: Tumor (swelling): ADD bradykinin	High-yield addition to next year	01/21/19 6:21 AM
374	213	Pathology	Inflammation	Inflammation	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-patient-with-neutrophilia?search=Leukemoid%20reaction&sectionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H23&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~48&display_rank=1#H23	Leukemoid reaction refers to a white blood cell (WBC) count >50,000/microL from causes other than leukemia. The majority of cells are mature neutrophils, often accompanied by a prominent left shift.	High-yield addition to next year	03/21/19 2:15 AM
375	215	Pathology	Pathology	Acute inflammation	Myself, FA2019	Leukocyte Extravasation step mnemonic: Leukocyte go to Margin Rolling And Transmitting Chemicals i.e. Margination, Rolling, Adhesion, Transmigration, Chemoattraction	Mnemonic	03/26/19 7:31 AM
376	216	Pathology	Inflammation	Leukocyte extravasation	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3037658/	VLA-4 integrin. VLA stand for Very Late Antigen, i think it would be better if you add this to the abbreviations and symbols at the end of the book.	Spelling/formatting	04/26/19 3:44 PM
377	216	Pathology	Inflammation	Leukocyte extravasation	self-made	To remember the order: "MR. please ACT out the leukocyte extravasation" where M-margination, R-rolling, A-adhesion, C-crawling, T-transmigration.	Mnemonic	05/15/19 7:01 AM
378	221	Pathology	Neoplasia	Tumor nomenclature	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3834696/	Melanocytes are NOT derived from mesenchyme; they come from neural crest cells. (this has important implications considering metastasis of malignant melanocyte tumors, since the -misleading- association that mesenchymal-derived cells spread hematogenously).	Major erratum	07/14/19 8:04 PM
379	222	Pathology	Neoplasia	Hallmarks of cancer	uWorld and pathoma	Tissue invasion by metastatic cells is described in Uworld and Pathoma with cell attachment to the basement membrane happening before its degradation by metalloproteinases.	Minor erratum	05/07/19 9:32 AM
380	222	Pathology	Neoplasia	Hallmarks of cancer	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6179891/	"Seed and Soil" hypothesis, certain tumor cells (the seeds) can only successfully colonize selective organs (the soil) that have suitable growth environments. The current text leads to a different meaning of Seed and Soil theory [ first encountered capillary bed is the often site of mets ] while the theory actually implies something else	Minor erratum	07/19/19 6:12 AM
381	224	Pathology	Pathology	Bone formation	https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-metastasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370191	the pneumonic painful bones kill the lungs should be painful breasts kill the lungs instead.	Mnemonic	02/16/19 5:33 AM
382	224	Pathology	Neoplasia	Common metastases	FA 2019 Page 224	remove highlight from these letters "ungs" in the word "Lungs" in the mnemonic(Painful Bones Kill The Lungs) , keep just "L" in red color.	Spelling/formatting	01/05/19 1:17 PM
383	224	Pathology	Neoplasia	Common metastases	Gojan RR	Should say "most carcinomas INITIALLY spread via lymphatics" and can give example of colorectal carcinoma commonly metastasizing to liver.	Clarification to current text	04/03/19 8:54 AM
384	224	Pathology	Neoplasia	Prostatic adenocarcinoma	UWorld Question ID: 11747. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16960456. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16915183.	Metastasis of carcinomas are via lymphatics with the exception of 4 carcinomas that spread hematogenously stated in the First Aid 2019: 1. Hepatocellular Carcinoma, 2. Renal Cell Carcinoma, 3. Choriocarcinoma, 4. Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma. However, as per UWorld question (ID: 11747), prostatic adenocarcinoma spreads to the vertebral column by the prostatic venous plexus, hence hematogenously and not by lymphatics, making prostatic adenocarcinoma spread to the vertebral column a hematogenous metastasis which should be added to the exceptions described anteriorly by the First Aid or should be stated on this page.	Clarification to current text	06/01/19 3:18 PM
385	225	Pathology	Neoplasia	Important immunohistochemical stains	https://www.nature.com/articles/nrc3893	S-100: is stated to be a target of Neural Crest cells in the table even though they can be seen to target more general Mesodermal tissue. You even specified on page 426 under the Islet Langerhans cells of Histiocytosis- t being mesodermal in origin in brackets. My supporting evidence is it staining breast cancer tissue as well!	Clarification to current text	02/26/19 11:40 AM
386	225	Pathology	Neoplasia	Neoplasia and neoplastic progression	https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-24310-5	Neurofibromin (Ras GTPase activating protein) and in neurology section p 513 NF1 ((encodes neurofibromin, a negative RAS regulator )	Clarification to current text	02/14/19 5:20 AM
387	225	Pathology	Neoplasia	Oncogenes	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19462461	JAK2 is a "Non-receptor" tyrosine kinase. This is clarified in case of BCR-ABL - that it is a "non-receptor" tyrosine kinase. However, JAK2 does not have this clarification	Clarification to current text	12/23/18 3:29 AM
388	225	Pathology	Neoplasia	Oncogenes	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23059849/	RET associated neoplasm is familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Many students think medullary carcinoma alone which is excluded here but a clarification to familial would help	High-yield addition to next year	01/10/19 9:51 PM
389	225	Pathology	Pathology	Oncogenes	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1744824-overview	Associated Neoplasm with RET oncogene says MEN2A, and 2B and papillary thyroid carcinoma. Should say Medullary thyroid carcinoma although Papillary thyroid carcinoma is also associated with RET/PTC proteins with constitutive RET kinase activation due to chromosomal rearrangements generating a fusion gene.	Major erratum	07/24/19 2:23 AM
390	225	Pathology	Neoplasia	Tumor suppressor genes	N/A	For Li Fraumeni syndrome, a better mnemonic than SBLA would be "Check your LABS: Leukemia, Adrenal gland, Breast, Sarcoma"	Mnemonic	02/22/19 8:56 AM
391	225	Pathology	Neoplasia	Tumor suppressor genes	Info taken directly from table on p. 225 of FA 2019	mnemonic for cancers arising from PTEN mutations: "PTEN" (P - prostate, T - teat [breast], EN - endometrial)	Mnemonic	03/26/19 9:22 AM
392	225	Pathology	Neoplasia	Tumor suppressor genes	FA 2019	Loss of function of PTEN causes Prostate, breast, and endometrial cancer. “PTEN = Prostate, Tatas, and ENdometrium”	Mnemonic	05/05/19 1:21 PM
393	225	Pathology	Neoplasia	Tumor suppressor genes	No reference needed.	TSC2 ; think "two"berin	Mnemonic	07/02/19 2:31 PM
394	225	Pathology	Neoplasia	Tumor suppressor genes	None	To learn easily gene product of tumor suppressor genes TSC1 and TSC2: TSC1-lamartin, TSC2berin.	Mnemonic	07/20/19 7:55 PM
395	225	Pathology	Neoplasia	Tumor suppressor genes	not needed	PTEN Associated with (Prostate, Tits{breast}, ENdometrial cancer)	Mnemonic	07/23/19 4:29 AM
396	226	Pathology	Neoplasia	Carcinogens	N/A	"Ionizing radiation" row --> please add "Blood" under organ column for "Leukemias"	Clarification to current text	01/09/19 8:07 AM
397	227	Pathology	Neoplasia	Serum tumor markers	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-paget-disease-of-bone?search=Paget%27s%20disease%20of%20bone&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~56&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 https://academic.oup.com/ajcp/article-abstract/83/5/594/1819719?redirectedFrom=PDF	Paget Disease of Bone is listed as a cancer, but the disease itself isn't itself neoplastic. Perhaps it therefore doesn't belong on this list, just as other non-neoplastic causes of increased ALP are not on the list (even though they too have an increased risk for cancers, like primary sclerosing cholangitis)..	Minor erratum	08/12/19 8:43 PM
398	227	Pathology	Neoplasia	Serum tumor markers	N/A	CA 125 for Ovarian Cancer: “These ovaries are open for business from 1-to(2)-5.”	Mnemonic	08/13/19 10:54 AM
399	228	Pathology	Neoplasia	Important immunohistochemical stains	UWorld QID: 926, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24893135, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/neuroendocrine-neoplasms-of-unknown-primary-site?search=pheochromocytoma%20synaptophysin&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	Chromogranin, synaptophysin, and neuron-specific enolase also identify pheochromocytomas, due to their neuroendocrine cell lineage. "Page 336 --> pheochromocytoma --> etiology/findings" should also be updated to include this.	High-yield addition to next year	05/24/19 10:37 AM
400	228	Pathology	Neoplasia	P-glycoprotein	UW ID: 1819; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3762612/	There should be clarification to the current text to explicitly state that P-glycoproteins are ATP-dependent efflux pumps with a specificity for hydrophobic compounds. UW states: "The human multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene codes for P-glycoprotein, a transmembrane ATP-dependent efflux pump protein that has a broad specificity for hydrophobic compounds. This protein can both reduce the influx of drugs into the cytosol and can increase efflux from the cytosol, thereby preventing the action of chemotherapeutic agents (eg, anthracyclines)."	High-yield addition to next year	06/17/19 4:33 PM
401	229	Pathology	Neoplasia	Hematopoiesis	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20237866	Approximately 95% of patients with polycythemia have a V617F mutation involving the JAK gene. This mutation replaces valine with phenylalanine at the 617 position, rendering hematopoietic cells more sensitive to growth factors such as EPO and TPO. So PV is not only about increased level of EPO, but about increased sensitivity to EPO	High-yield addition to next year	02/01/19 5:35 PM
402	229	Pathology	Neoplasia	Paraneoplastic syndromes	N/A	Thymomas are Pure and Good	Mnemonic	05/16/19 6:45 PM
403	232	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Enzyme kinetics	not needed	under the Lineweaver section I recommend modifying the text to " The closer to zero on Y axis, the higher the Vmax, the closer to zero on X axis the higher Km" and high Km means low affinity. More convenient to remember	Clarification to current text	03/01/19 6:37 PM
404	232	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Enzyme kinetics	http://www.biology-pages.info/E/EnzymeKinetics.html	Michaelis-Menten curve, the BLUE CURVE which express the effect of "Non-competitive inhibitor" is NOT ACCURATE at all, actually it shows that Km will increase....please replace the blue curve which represents, the addition of Noncompetitive inhebitor with an accurate and correct one.	Major erratum	05/04/19 11:34 PM
405	234	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Efficacy vs potency	http://tmedweb.tulane.edu/pharmwiki/doku.php/basic_principles_of_pharm	Under noncompetitive antagonist, it says that potency is decreased. Potency should remain unchanged.	Major erratum	01/30/19 9:43 PM
406	234	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Pharmacokinetics	any basic pharmacology	Page 3 of the errata for page 234 says to change efficacy to "no change" -- this is wrong!! It should be potency.	Major erratum	05/04/19 2:05 PM
407	234	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Receptor binding	http://tmedweb.tulane.edu/pharmwiki/doku.php/basic_principles_of_pharm	Under agonist with noncompetitive antagonist it states that this would lead to a decrease in potency and efficacy. However, the ED50 would be equal for agonist alone or agonist with noncompetitive antagonist therefore the potency should be unchanged.	Minor erratum	01/05/19 1:32 PM
408	234	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Receptor binding	N/A	Noncompetitive antagonist should not change potency.	Major erratum	01/21/19 10:35 AM
409	234	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Receptor binding	N/A	I believe there is an error in the erratum: in the noncompetitive antagonist row, the potency column should be changed to "no change"; the efficacy column is correct	Minor erratum	03/09/19 4:37 PM
410	234	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Receptor binding	Not needed. Suggested errata spreadsheet supports this point.	Your recently posted official errata is incorrect. The proposed change to the text should be: “in the noncompetitive antagonist row, change potency from down arrow to no change”. The errata says to change efficacy to no change, but that would be incorrect.	Major erratum	03/10/19 12:54 PM
411	234	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Receptor binding	https://firstaidteam.files.wordpress.com/2019/03/errata-2019-first-aid-for-the-usmle-step-1-pub-3_1_19.pdf	Error in errata: Newest errata (01/03/19) states that the Efficacy column for Noncompetitive antagonist should say no change; however, it is the potency that would remain unchanged, not the efficacy	Minor erratum	03/27/19 11:54 PM
412	235	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Urine pH and drug elimination	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/enhanced-elimination-of-poisons#H8	Acidifying urine is abandoned and a/w acidemia. UTD — Urinary acidification (urine pH below 5.5) with ammonium chloride or ascorbic acid was historically used to treat intoxications with weak bases such as amphetamines, quinidine, or phencyclidine. However, this practice has been abandoned, as efficacy has not been established and iatrogenic toxicity (from severe acidemia) can occur.	Major erratum	08/02/19 10:54 PM
413	235	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Urine pH and drug elimination	763500885@qq.com	Acidifying urine is abandoned and a/w acidemia. UTD — Urinary acidification (urine pH below 5.5) with ammonium chloride or ascorbic acid was historically used to treat intoxications with weak bases such as amphetamines, quinidine, or phencyclidine. However, this practice has been abandoned, as efficacy has not been established and iatrogenic toxicity (from severe acidemia) can occur.	Major erratum	08/10/19 7:18 AM
414	236	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Efficacy vs potency	none needed	Efficacy: moves along the vErtical axis; pOtency: moves along the hOrizontal axis	Mnemonic	03/21/19 3:11 PM
415	236	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Therapeutic index	FA 2019 Page 251	suggest making The in "Theophylline " and in the word "These" in mnemonic , in red color , like mnemonic in page 251.	Mnemonic	01/05/19 2:08 PM
416	236	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Therapeutic index	Blumenthal DK. Pharmacodynamics: Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Action. In: Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill Education / Medical; 2017:31-54.	It is worth mentioning that this is a quantal dose-response curve (which differs from a graded dose-response) and then define quantal dose-response. ‘A quantal dose-respnse measures the proportion of the population which responds to a particular dose of a drug to produce a predefined/preset response (eg two fold increase in INR). The percentages of the responding population are plotted over progressively increasing doses of the drug as a cumulative frequency distribution (ogive). Quantal dose-response allows determining ED50, ET50 and the therapeutic index of the drug for a particular response’.	High-yield addition to next year	03/27/19 1:49 PM
417	237	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Acetylcholine receptors	UWorld Question ID 1360	Nicotinic ACh receptors are ligand gated NA/K and "Ca" too. there was a question on that on UWorld	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 6:52 PM
418	237	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Autonomic receptors	https://web.archive.org/web/20060907231522/http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/cns/histo/systems/cranialnerves/main.htm	on Diagram it is marked as Parasympathetic cell body located/ leave from "Medulla". Instead some paraSym nuclei originate from Midbrain (Edinger–Westphal nucleus) or in Pons (Super, inferior salivatory Nuclei). Suggest changing "Medulla" on Diagram to "Brainstem" to prevent confusion.	Clarification to current text	03/01/19 6:46 PM
419	237	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Autonomic receptors	Katzung, Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 14e, https://accessmedicine-mhmedical-com.arktos.nyit.edu/content.aspx?bookid=2249&sectionid=175216108#1148433103	Skeletal muscle uses a nicotinic receptor (Nn) not a muscarinic receptor as indicated by the "M" subscript in the figure (bottom right)	Minor erratum	03/03/19 9:35 AM
420	238	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	G-protein–linked second messengers	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-spontaneous-preterm-birth	Mention in the caption of the diagram in the bottom that Myosin light-chain kinase causes vascular smooth muscle contraction. Also in the diagram , next to myosin light-chain kinase(smooth muscle) , add an arrow that says "vasodilation of blood vessels".	Clarification to current text	01/02/19 1:52 PM
421	238	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	G-protein–linked second messengers	N/A	For H1 a1 V1 M1 M3: HAVe 1 stiff M&M boozy smoothie (emphasizes smooth muscle contraction). For M2 a2 D2: I’m (inhibit) 2 (too) MAD and need to relax (emphasizes inhibition results in relaxation of smooth muscle).	Mnemonic	01/21/19 1:48 PM
422	238	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	G-protein–linked second messengers	https://www.cvpharmacology.com/vasoconstrictor/alpha-agonist	The major function of a1 receptors in FA (this year and last) says increase vascular smooth muscle contraction. Until Sketchy, I did not understand that that includes BOTH (a) arteriole/precapillary sphincter contraction w/ incr. MAP and (b) venous vasoconstriction & decreased capacitance / increased venous return. I wasn't aware of the veno-constriction effect from FA.	Clarification to current text	01/23/19 8:00 PM
423	238	Pharmacology	Pharmacology	G-protein–linked second messengers	lippincott pharmacology	bladder relaxation is done by beta 2 not Beta 3	Minor erratum	05/20/19 6:17 PM
424	238	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	G-protein–linked second messengers	n/a	DAMiT – D2 , α2, M2 - Gi coupled – Two HAV 13 Mcq – H1, α1, V1, M1, M3 - Gq coupled letS All β Very Very Happy-2 Day – All β, V2, H2, D1 - Gs coupled	Mnemonic	07/10/19 12:21 PM
425	238	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	G-protein–linked second messengers	n/a	DAMiT – D2 , α2, M2 - Gi coupled – Two HAV 13 Mcq – H1, α1, V1, M1, M3 - Gq coupled letS All β Very Very Happy-2 Day – All β, V2, H2, D1 - Gs coupled	Mnemonic	07/10/19 8:17 PM
426	238	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	β-blockers	Cannavo A, Koch WJ. Targeting β3-Adrenergic Receptors in the Heart: Selective Agonism and β-Blockade. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2017;69(2):71–78. doi:10.1097/FJC.0000000000000444 Niu X, Watts VL, Cingolani OH, et al. Cardioprotective effect of beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonism: role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase [published correction appears in J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Jul 31;60(5):481]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(22):1979–1987. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.12.046	B3 adrenergic receptors are present in the cardiovascular system, mainly in myocardium and endothelium, where they have a prominent role in modulating cardiac function and angiogenesis. B3 receptors are couple Gs primary in adipose tissue, otherwise in ventricular myocardium b3 receptors are coupled Gi proteins. Cause this property, b3 receptor in the heart are not subject to desensitization and downregulation, and in fact, their levels within human failing myocardium remain unchanged or become upregulated. Recommendation: Add Gi protein coupled in b3 receptors, and also add cardioprotective effect.	High-yield addition to next year	05/28/19 6:00 PM
427	239	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Anticholinesterase poisoning	FA 2019 Index pg. 790 listed Vesamicol @ pg. 239.	Vesamicol listed in index for page 239. It does not exist on this page. This must be from a previous edition and was not removed from the index.	Minor erratum	03/10/19 12:13 PM
428	239	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Antiarrhythmic Drug Classes	http://tmedweb.tulane.edu/pharmwiki/doku.php/intro_to_antiarrhythmics	To remember which class of Antiarrhythmic is associated with each specific Channel, use the mnemonic "Nah Brother, Keep Calm." Type I's are Na+ Channel Blockers, Type II are B-Blockers, Type III are K+ Blockers, and Type IV are Ca2+ blockers!	Mnemonic	04/18/19 2:55 PM
429	240	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Anticholinesterase poisoning	N/A	Anticholinesterase poisoning: BE LESS DUMB: B: bradycardia E: emesis L: lacrimation E: excitation of skeletal muscle S: salivation S: sweating D: diarrhea U: urination M: miosis B: bronchospasm	Mnemonic	05/12/19 9:07 AM
430	240	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Anticholinesterase poisoning	Not applicable	with regard to muacarinim side effects, to reduce confusing them with anticholinergic side effects and other side effects, it is possible to make the connection: DUMBBELLSS for Muscularity, Muscularity refering to muscarinic	Mnemonic	06/19/19 4:52 AM
431	240	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Cholinomimetic agents	Made it up	Grandma don't remember --> galantamine, donepezil, rivastigmine	Mnemonic	04/01/19 6:42 AM
432	241	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Atropine	not needed	DUMBBELSS in p240 is changed to DUMBBeLSS, I wonder if there is some story behind and suggest making it more clear.	Mnemonic	01/10/19 3:56 AM
433	241	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Atropine	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anticholinergic-poisoning?csi=5f1accf7-931f-49fb-a327-fe153c4efcf2&source=contentShare	The "e" in the DUMBBELLSS mnemonic should be capitalized. In the 2017 Edition the "E" was correctly left uncapitalized since it was for "Excitation of skeletal muscle and CNS" which is a nicotinic effect and is not blocked by Atropine. However in the 2019 edition the "E" is used for "Emesis" which is a muscarinic effect and is blocked by atropine.	Minor erratum	01/29/19 5:38 AM
434	241	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Atropine	SketchyMedical - autonomic drugs	under atropine, add a "heart" subtitle and include the fact that it can reverse fatal bradycardia (increase HR)	High-yield addition to next year	03/17/19 10:46 AM
435	241	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Atropine	FA 2019 page 241	To the adverse effects section, add "Fast as a Fiddle" to represent tachycardia	Mnemonic	04/09/19 12:57 PM
436	241	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Atropine	UWORLD;	Add to Side Effects "Fast as a Fiddle" as a mnemonic for increased HR due to the decreased vagal tone of the SA node	Mnemonic	04/15/19 12:16 PM
437	241	Pharmacology	Pharmacology	Muscarinic antagonists	It would be better to say it treats bradycardia and ophthalmic on applications and mention mydriasis and cycloplegia on adverse effects.	For atropine, putting the "Produce mydriasis and cycloplegia" on application side is somehow "misleading" since the applications for every other muscarinic antagonists are what the drugs are used for, but not what the elicit.	Clarification to current text	04/17/19 12:05 AM
438	242	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Sympathomimetics	Mnemonic	MiraB3gron - B3 stops your pee	Mnemonic	02/27/19 3:47 AM
439	242	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Sympathomimetics	https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/phenylephrine	Phenylephrine is a vasoconstrictor that causes increase in BP, not hypotension. It can cause reflexive bradycardia.	Major erratum	06/06/19 12:11 AM
440	243	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Norepinephrine vs isoproterenol	refer to page 242 and attached image	the effects of epinephrine and isoprotenerol are mixed up at the top of the image. They should be Epinephrine (β > α) and Isoproterenol (α ≈ β)	Minor erratum	08/05/19 7:47 AM
441	244	Pharmacology	Pharmacology	α-blockers	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/2417047/	Under ‘α2 selective’ please add Clonidine and Alpha Methyl dopa. These drugs cause a decrease in generalised sympathetic outflow and a decrease in blood pressure. Rebound hypertension is a concern with abrupt cessation. (The index of the book says these drugs can be found on page 240 and 244 but they are NOT there on these pages!)	Clarification to current text	12/31/18 5:46 AM
442	244	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	α-blockers	No need it	Mirtazapine is an a2 selective blocker, in the FA 2019 edition you put the drug in the a blocker section as a sympatholytic. Mirtazapine is in effectum an a2 selective blocker, but due its mechanis of action, mirtazapine acts as an indirect symphatomimetic. You should move mirtazapine to indirect sympathomimetics drugs (page 242)	Clarification to current text	05/28/19 6:38 PM
443	245	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Heart failure	Improvised	When I survive (decr. mortality) HF, Buy Me a Car! (BIsoprolol = BUY / MEtopropolol = ME / CARvedilol = Car)	Mnemonic	01/23/19 5:55 PM
444	245	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	β-blockers	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-management-of-the-cardiovascular-complications-of-cocaine-abuse?search=cocaine%20toxicity&sectionRank=2&usage_type=default&anchor=H9004423&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#H9004423	Under adverse effects, it is stated that there is unsubstantiated concern for unopposed alpha stimulation after giving beta blockers for cocaine toxicity. Multiple other times in the book there are mentions of this affect. I do not believe unsubstantiated should be used, since there are studies showing the vasoconstriction seen in this setting.	Minor erratum	03/01/19 12:20 PM
445	245	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	β-blockers	First aid 2019 p. 507	Add "Essential tremor" to list of applications for beta blockers in the top section of the table, as referenced on p. 507	Clarification to current text	05/11/19 3:57 PM
446	245	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	β-blockers	FA Page 245	Create a new mnemonic for the two partial agonists - "P"inodolol and "A"cebutolol are both "P"artial "A"gonists - the first letters in partial agonist will tell the student the drugs that are partial agonists!	Mnemonic	07/28/19 6:32 PM
447	246	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Ingested seafood toxins	Not needed.	Tetradotoxin Terminates sodium channel activity while ‘Siguatoxin’ Starts sodium channel activity.	Mnemonic	01/01/19 6:55 AM
448	246	Pharmacology	Pharmacology	Ingested seafood toxins	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-shellfish-and-pufferfish-poisoning?csi=109e1dce-e711-45db-8f40-b18da1147c4b&source=contentShare	It’s stated in the text that tetrodotoxin effects sodium channels in cardiac/nerve tissue. Tetrodotoxin does not effect sodium channels in cardiac tissue. The Na v 1.5 channels in cardiac tissue are not effected by this toxin.	Major erratum	01/30/19 1:37 PM
449	246	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Ingested seafood toxins	My self	C in Ciguatoxin looks like an O for Open Na channels and the "do" in Tetrodotoxin can signify "No" depolarization (TetroNOtoxin	Mnemonic	06/08/19 2:21 PM
450	246	Pharmacology	Pharmacology	Seizures	First Aid, sketchy	Drugs that induce/lower the threshold for seizures: FABRICATE: (F)Flumazenil, (A) Amphotericin B, (B) Bupropion, (R) Reye's syndrome (aspirin), (I) Isoniazid, (C) Cocaine, Carbepenams, (A) antipsychotics, (T) Tricyclic antidepressants, (E) Enflurane	Mnemonic	02/06/19 3:29 PM
451	247	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Specific toxicity treatments	https://www-uptodate-com.elibrary.einstein.yu.edu/contents/beta-blocker-poisoning?search=remedy%20for%20beta%20blocker%20toxicity&source=search_result&selectedTitle=5~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=5#H14	Mnemonic: Better unblock the GAS line (Better for beta blockers; GAS for Glucagon, Atropine and Saline)	Mnemonic	06/08/19 2:25 PM
452	248	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Drug reactions—endocrine/reproductive	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860825/	adding Gynecomastia to the table. and drugs that causing it: Spironolactone, THC (Marjiuana), Alcohol chronic , Cimetidine, Ketoconazole, Estrogen , Digoxin. the mnemonics will be " STACKED"	Mnemonic	05/13/19 6:53 PM
453	248	Pharmacology	Pharmacology	Drug reactions—gastrointestinal	Myself, FA2019	Drugs causing diarrhea mnemonic: MACroLiDeS causes diarrhea i.e. Macrolides (erythromycin), Acamprosate, Colchicine, Lipid-lowering agents (ezetimibe, orlistat), anti-Diabetes drugs (acarbose, metforming, pramlintide), SSRIs	Mnemonic	03/26/19 5:43 PM
454	248	Pharmacology	Pharmacology	Drug reactions—gastrointestinal	Myself, FA2019	Hepatitis causing drugs mnemonic: Fibrates RIPS the liver i.e. Fibrates, Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Statins	Mnemonic	03/26/19 5:53 PM
455	248	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Drug reactions—gastrointestinal	Noticed	Does not mention GLP-1 agonists as causal agents of pancreatitis (EX: Exenatide). Diuretics is listed as a cause of pancreatitis, but these effects are not mentioned in the Renal chapter	Clarification to current text	04/06/19 5:03 PM
456	249	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Drug reactions—hematologic	not required	DCP = Direct Coombs Positive = methylDopa Cephalosporins Penicillin	Mnemonic	02/07/19 7:00 PM
457	249	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Drug reactions—hematologic	FA 2019 Page 249	Remove red color from the word "Coombs" , it's not needed.	Spelling/formatting	02/15/19 6:13 AM
458	249	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Drug reactions—hematologic	https://www-uptodate-com.elibrary.einstein.yu.edu/contents/major-side-effects-of-class-i-antiarrhythmic-drugs?search=major%20side%20effects%20of%20class%20IA%20antiarrythmic%20drugs&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Mnemonic: Help! Very Low platelet glycoprotein 1a (H for Heparin, V for Vancomycin, L for Linezolid and 1A for class 1A antiarrythmics).	Mnemonic	06/08/19 1:35 PM
459	249	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Drug reactions—musculoskeletal/skin/connective tissue	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/thiazolidinediones-in-the-treatment-of-diabetes-mellitus#H22	Add thiazolidinedione drugs to list of medications that can increase risk of osteoporosis and fracture (albeit the risk is small and only proven in postmenopausal women). This risk is mentioned in Endocrine Drugs.	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 1:53 AM
460	249	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Drug reactions—musculoskeletal/skin/connective tissue	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/drug-allergy-classification-and-clinical-features?search=drug%20hypersensitivity%20HLA&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	I've made a table with the high-yield associations of specific HLA subtypes and their respective drug reactions	High-yield addition to next year	03/21/19 2:19 AM
461	249	Pharmacology	Pharmacology	Drug reactions—musculoskeletal/skin/connective tissue	Myself, FA2019	Myopathy causing drugs mnemonic: ColD PenGuin FINS Had myopathy i.e. Colchicine, Daptomycin, Penicillamine, Glucocorticoids, Fibrates, Interferon alpha, Niacin, Statins, Hydroxychloroquine	Mnemonic	03/26/19 6:29 PM
462	249	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Drug reactions—musculoskeletal/skin/connective tissue	https://www.hepatitisc.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/simeprevir-drug	Simeprevir drug is Hepatits C virus protease inhibitor can cause photo sensitivity as well. So the New mnemonics would be SSAT For Photo	High-yield addition to next year	05/13/19 7:04 PM
463	249	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Drug reactions—musculoskeletal/skin/connective tissue	https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8474741_Drug-induced_lupus_erythematosus	adding minocycline and quinidine for drug induced lupus	High-yield addition to next year	05/15/19 6:28 PM
464	249	Pharmacology	Pharmacology	Fluoroquinolones	mnemonic	Drug reaction: tendon and cartilage damage with Fluoroquinolones; add mnemonic "FLOORoquinolone makes you drop to the floor without tendons and cartilage"	Mnemonic	03/06/19 3:51 PM
465	250	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Drug reactions—neurologic	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16449853	Under Visual Disturbances, Isoniazid does not cause "optic neuropathy/color vision changes." Only Ethambutol is known to do this.	Clarification to current text	01/06/19 12:05 AM
466	250	Pharmacology	Pharmacology	Drug reactions—neurologic	myself, FA2019	Peripheral Neuropathy causing drugs mnemonic: VIPs in Platinum group have peripheral neuropathy i.e. Vincristine, Isoniazid, Phenytoin, Platinum agents (cisplatin)	Mnemonic	03/26/19 6:53 PM
467	251	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Cytochrome P-450 interactions (selected)	My brain	"GRAMPPS CaN" -> See attachment for mnemonic breakdown. Everyone in my study group loves this mnemonic... People like mnemonics where every word means something!!!	Mnemonic	01/29/19 9:28 AM
468	252	Pharmacology	Miscellaneous	Drug names	Not needed	The table is missing fluoroquinolones: -floxacin / fluoroquinolones/ ciprofloxacin, gemifloxacin.	High-yield addition to next year	01/07/19 2:54 AM
469	252	Pharmacology	Miscellaneous	Drug names	my brain	put the AR of -sARtan in red because it stands for Angiotensin-2 Receptor blocker	Mnemonic	02/14/19 4:20 AM
470	253	Pharmacology	Miscellaneous	Drug names	Not needed	For drugs ending in "-limus", the category is listed as mTOR inhibitor (sirolimus, everolimus). However, tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor, also ends in "-limus". A more accurate description of the category would be to say that drugs ending in "-limus" bind to FK binding proteins.	Minor erratum	03/10/19 1:00 PM
471	256	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Bias and study errors	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3159210/	A recently released NBME Form had a question testing the concept of Intention to Treat, which I could not find in First Aid. It is a means of reducing errors in Trials, by which you include all study participants into the analysis regardless of study compliance.	High-yield addition to next year	05/03/19 12:58 PM
472	256	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Observational studies	https://www.nature.com/articles/6400454	"Ecological studies" should be added to the list of observational studies. It came up in a UWorld question.	High-yield addition to next year	03/28/19 3:12 PM
473	256	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Observational studies	board and beyond videos	in case-control study you can write O letter in word control as capital and highlight with red as well and highlight first O in Odds ratio sentence with red color too.	Mnemonic	05/02/19 11:14 AM
474	256	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Observational studies	none	Don't be CoI = Cohort = Incidence of Disease	Mnemonic	05/26/19 8:36 AM
475	257	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Likelihood ratio	Myself, FA2019	Mnemonic to remember LR: LR = Disease/Healthy i.e. LR+ = Positve rate in Disease/Positive rate in Healthy; LR- = Negative rate in Disease/Negative rate in Healthy	Mnemonic	03/27/19 5:37 AM
476	257	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Observational studies	none	Cross your P's = Cross-sectional Study looks at Prevalence of disease	Mnemonic	05/26/19 8:33 AM
477	258	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Quantifying risk	Sainani KL, Schmajuk G, Liu V. A caution on interpreting odds ratios. Sleep. 2009;32(8):976.	The example of Odds Ratio should be written as 'lung cancer patients have 8 times higher odds of having a history of smoking.' An OR is not directly interpreted as a change in likelihood, chance, risk, etc.	Minor erratum	02/12/19 11:51 PM
478	258	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Quantifying risk	https://www.cdc.gov/training/SIC_CaseStudy/Interpreting_Odds_ptversion.pdf	The odd ratio is Odds of an exposure given a disease (i.e. a/c) Vs Odds of exposure in absence of disease (i.e. b/d). In Case control study, groups are divided based on disease presence or absence. Hence, disease odds are not calculated. We calculate the odds of exposure. (Current text says opposite) (Please check CDC reference)	Major erratum	03/27/19 5:49 AM
479	258	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Quantifying risk	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431098/ ; Uworld ID 1205	Odds ratio (OR) formula should be (a/b)/(c/d) = ad/bc, NOT (a/c)/(b/d) = ad/bc	Minor erratum	05/17/19 1:21 AM
480	258	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Quantifying risk	n/a	NNH = 1/AR – hARm	Mnemonic	07/10/19 8:20 PM
481	258	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Statistical distribution	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glossary-of-common-biostatistical-and-epidemiological-terms?search=Odds%20ratio&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Error: "If in a case-control study, 20/30 lung cancer patients and 5/25 healthy individuals report smoking, the OR is 8; so the lung cancer patients are 8 times more likely to have a history of smoking." Correction [ "If in a case-control study, 20/10* lung cancer patients and 5/20* healthy individuals report smoking, the OR is 8; so the lung cancer patients are 8 times more likely to have a history of smoking.	Spelling/formatting	03/15/19 12:11 PM
482	259	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Incidence vs prevalence	https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR175/12Chapter12.pdf	Therapy initiation may increase prevalence depending on what the disease is (eg, Cancer, Diabetes, HIV) as it prolongs survival time. Current text says it decreases prevalence.	High-yield addition to next year	01/29/19 3:32 AM
483	259	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Precision vs accuracy	n/a	Random Error – Decrease Precision in a test Systematic Error – Decrease Accuracy in a test “REPtiles Deep in the SEA”.	Mnemonic	07/10/19 8:22 PM
484	260	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Bias and study errors	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evidence-based-approach-to-prevention?search=lead-time%20bias%20definition&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~19&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H20178015	To differentiate between "lead-time bias" and "length-time bias," you can think "If a disease is detected early, you get a 'head start' on the treatment, and therefore take the 'lead.'" This draws comparison to a race.	Mnemonic	03/17/19 5:34 PM
485	260	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Bias and study errors	n/a	"HAWK"thorne bias - subjects being watched like a HAWK; "B"erkson bias - subjects get "B"etter care	Mnemonic	05/06/19 11:52 AM
486	261	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Statistical distribution	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_pyramid	Population pyramids, their different kinds ( developing vs. developed countries) and calculating dependency ratio using the pyramids deserves a part in the book. developed countries show a "constrictive" and developing countries show an "expansive" pattern in the pyramids. The dependency ratio is calculated by adding the nonproductive population (less than 15 yrs and more than 65 yrs old) and dividing it by the productive workforce ( between 15 and 65 yrs of age).	High-yield addition to next year	05/12/19 7:48 AM
487	261	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Statistical distribution	it"s a mnemonic	"M"e"A"n= "M"ost "A"ffected by outliers ------ "M"o"D"e= "M"ost "D"efiant to outliers	Mnemonic	05/18/19 8:30 AM
488	261	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Statistical distribution	n/a	It's POSITIVE to be RIGHT but don't be MEAN. (POSITIVEly skewed distribution has RIGHT tail and the MEAN is the higher value)	Mnemonic	08/25/19 3:38 PM
489	264	Public Health Sciences	Ethics	Informed consent	n/a	For the informed consent requirements of disclosure, understanding, capacity, and voluntariness, you can remember "Don't Underestimate Core Values"	Mnemonic	05/29/19 8:03 PM
490	266	Public Health Sciences	Ethics	Ethical situations	https://www.deathwithdignity.org/terminology/	The situation where a terminally ill patient requests physician assistance in ending his/her life is currently being referred to as "physician assisted suicide," which is widely viewed as a biased term, as "suicide" does not accurately describe a terminally ill patient wishing to hasten their death. It would be more appropriate to refer to it as "physician assisted death"	High-yield addition to next year	01/15/19 9:19 AM
491	266	Public Health Sciences	Ethics	Ethical situations	Noticed	All of the examples are gender-neutral and describe the patient as him/her in the "appropriate response" (unless specified in stem/pregnant), except for the situation of the "family member asks you not to disclose the results of a test etc." For this one, the last sentence says, "[...] the patient might seriously harm himself"; it should read "himself/herself."	Spelling/formatting	04/04/19 3:12 PM
492	266	Public Health Sciences	Ethics	Ethical situations	https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/ethics/physician-assisted-suicide	Add The AMA Code of Ethics: "Instead of engaging in assisted suicide, physicians must aggressively respond to the needs of patients at the end of life."	Clarification to current text	07/10/19 9:45 PM
493	268	Public Health Sciences	The Well Patient	Car seats for children	https://www.nhtsa.gov/equipment/car-seats-and-booster-seats	Missing text on page 268 regarding car seats for children, index reference still present	Major erratum	03/27/19 3:01 PM
494	270	Public Health Sciences	Healthcare Delivery	Common causes of death (US) by age	First aid 2019	AIDS	Spelling/formatting	01/11/19 1:24 PM
495	270	Public Health Sciences	Healthcare Delivery	Common causes of death (US) by age	https://www.cdc.gov/injury/images/lc-charts/leading_causes_of_death_by_age_group_2017_1100w850h.jpg	The CDC reports maternal complications as the third leading cause of death for individuals under 1 years of age, SIDS is the fourth leading cause. In First Aid 2019, SIDS is listed as the third leading cause. I have attached CDC table showing this.	Major erratum	03/23/19 2:00 PM
496	270	Public Health Sciences	Healthcare Delivery	Medicare and Medicaid	It's Mnemonic	The 4(fouR) parts of MedicaRe ,not Medicaid.	Mnemonic	01/06/19 3:19 PM
497	270	Public Health Sciences	Healthcare Delivery	Medicare and Medicaid	https://www.hhs.gov/answers/medicare-and-medicaid/what-is-the-difference-between-medicare-medicaid/index.html	You CARE for the elderly and you give AID to the poor.	Mnemonic	03/30/19 1:55 PM
498	273	Index	Index	Orientation	FA2019	The page numbers in FA 2019 are still representative of FA 2018 on page 597 and do not align with page numbers in current edition	Spelling/formatting	02/03/19 10:28 AM
499	277	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Auscultation of the heart	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/physiologic-and-pharmacologic-maneuvers-in-the-differential-diagnosis-of-heart-murmurs-and-sounds?search=auscultation%20of%20heart%20sounds&sectionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H2&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=4~150&display_rank=4#H2	Inspiration increases intensity of rIght heart sounds; Expiration increases intensity of lEft heart sounds	Mnemonic	01/05/19 12:30 PM
500	278	Cardiovascular	Embryology	Heart embryology	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5107421/	The posterior CARDINAL vein, and not "posterior vein", gives rise to the IVC.	High-yield addition to next year	01/07/19 2:56 AM
501	278	Cardiovascular	Embryology	Heart morphogenesis	https://www-uptodate-com.webproxy2.ouhsc.edu/contents/prenatal-assessment-of-gestational-age-date-of-delivery-and-fetal-weight?search=gestational%20age&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1	2019 version states cardiac looping begins in week 4 of "gestation", but this should instead be week 4 of "development" or week 6 of gestation since gestational age is calculated from the date of last menstrual period (see page 619 of the 2019 First Aid)	Minor erratum	01/25/19 11:14 AM
502	278	Cardiovascular	Embryology	Heart morphogenesis	uworld question 202	Cryptogenic stroke is evaluated by echoCG with "bubble study" to identify R->L heart shunt (PFO, ASD)	High-yield addition to next year	03/26/19 9:21 AM
503	279	Cardiovascular	Embryology	Heart morphogenesis	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/893798-overview	In the figure showing the spiraling of the aorticopulmonary septum, the spiral is drawn in the wrong direction. The aorta should be spiraling over the pulmonary trunk, not under it.	Minor erratum	01/05/19 1:25 PM
504	280	Cardiovascular	Embryology	Fetal circulation	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/patent-ductus-arteriosus-in-preterm-infants-management?search=ibuprofen%20ductus%20arteriosus&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H230984984	Ibuprofen is now used to close a PDA instead of indomethacin generally	High-yield addition to next year	05/09/19 3:53 AM
505	281	Cardiovascular	Anatomy	Anatomy of the heart	http://www.vhlab.umn.edu/atlas/coronary-arteries/lad-left-anterior-descending-artery/index.shtml	LAD supplies the anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum, anterior left ventricle, anterolateral papillary muscle, and provides collateral circulation to the Right ventricle. It is the most commonly occluded. The left circumflex (LCX) supplies anterior of interventricular septum, anterolateral papillary muscle, left atrium, and the posterior and lateral sides of the left ventricle.	Major erratum	12/27/18 5:58 PM
506	281	Cardiovascular	Anatomy	Anatomy of the heart	Not Needed. It's Repititive	LAD(arises from LCA) supplies anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum, anterolateral papillary muscle, and anterior surface of LV. Most commonly occluded.	Clarification to current text	01/26/19 7:30 PM
507	281	Cardiovascular	Anatomy	Anatomy of the heart	uworld	according to UWORLD; Rt dominance is in 70%, Lt dominance in 10% and co-dominance in 20%	Minor erratum	03/01/19 6:23 PM
508	281	Cardiovascular	Anatomy	Anatomy of the heart	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158064-overview	SA node is supplied by SA Nodal Artery which is perfused by branches of the RCA in ~60% of cases whereas in ~40% it is perfused by the LCX. This is in great contrast to the printed statement of, "RCA supplies SA node" in FA 2019. The parenthetical that follows "(blood supply independent of dominance)" remains a true statement and should be kept. This fact is supported by the eMedicine link as a supporting reference with the relevant information in the Etiology subsection titled "Childhood and familial diseases," italicized heading "SA nodal artery disease." An additional journal article has been included corroborating the same anatomical fact.	Major erratum	03/18/19 2:36 PM
509	281	Cardiovascular	Anatomy	Anatomy of the heart	page 281 in first aid 2019. It seems to be just a minor typo	Under the "Coronary blood supply" section there are two mentions of LAD. The first one states "LAD and its branches supply anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum, anterolateral papillary muscle". I believe this is a duplication of the fact right below it. Could it be that the first LAD fact is actually supposed to say LCA? Because that would make more sense.	Minor erratum	05/09/19 10:34 PM
510	281	Cardiovascular	Anatomy	Anatomy of the heart	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534790/	The posterior descending artery does not supply the AV node. The atrioventricular nodal branch supplies the AV node, which is usually a branch of the right coronary artery, but may in some cases be a branch of the left circumflex artery.	Major erratum	08/24/19 7:42 PM
511	281	Cardiovascular	Anatomy	Cardiac and vascular function curves	www.usmle-rx.com	In Coronary Blood supply, there's a repeat on content regarding LAD supply.	Clarification to current text	12/27/18 9:36 AM
512	281	Cardiovascular	Anatomy	Myocardial infarction complications	N/A	Under CORONARY BLOOD SUPPLY on page 281, Cardiovascular - Anatomy, there is a description of the structures supplied by the LAD, followed immediately by a second sentence repeating the same information. It would help save space in the 2020 edition if these two sentences were condensed.	Clarification to current text	01/10/19 6:10 PM
513	282	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Cardiac output variables	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/surgical-management-of-heart-failure?search=laplace%27s%20law%20hypertrophy&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	LV compensates for ↑afterload by thickenin (hypertrophy) in order to ↓wall tension; wall tension should be changed into wall stress	Minor erratum	01/06/19 2:58 AM
514	283	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Cardiac output equations	https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jsr.12156	COPD also causes arterial stiffness leading to increased pulse pressure	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 6:25 PM
515	283	Renal	Embryology	Potter sequence (syndrome)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_sequence#Causes	I think the text should clarify that bilateral Renal agenesis leads to potter sequence, in the book it is stared under multi cystic dysplastic kidney	Clarification to current text	03/09/19 11:42 AM
516	284	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle	Uworld question 1625	right bottom of page: (6) Exercise, [chronic] AV shunt	Major erratum	03/26/19 9:16 AM
517	285	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Cardiac and vascular function curves	eMedicine https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1894036-overview, Lilly's Pathophysiology of the Heart (Chapter 2), UWorld QID 1557,	(Unable to enter "NEW FACT" in the box, but I would file this under "HEART SOUNDS") - Both S3 and S4 are heard best in the left lateral decubitus position. As written in the text, it suggests that only the S4 is heard best in this position. This may confuse readers to associate S4 only with that position, when in fact either S3 or S4 are associated with the left lateral decubitus position.	Clarification to current text	04/01/19 8:39 PM
518	285	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Cardiac and vascular function curves	n/a	“Kick in the end (S4) if it’s stiff and noncompliant” S4 = “atrial kick” against a stiff LV hypertrophy.	Mnemonic	07/08/19 1:12 PM
519	285	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Cardiac and vascular function curves	n/a	“a Curved aXe in the Vine Yard”	Mnemonic	07/08/19 1:14 PM
520	285	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Heart failure	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3305384/	S3 is associated with systolic heart failure. 3 syllables in sys-tol-ic. S4 is associated with diastolic heart failure. 4 syllables in di-a-stol-ic	Mnemonic	04/20/19 10:20 AM
521	285	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4253755/	In the ventricular volume curve of the second graph, it is shown that during the atrial systole the ventricular volume increases gradually and then decreases to the level that it was prior to the atrial systole. This is wrong. The ventricular volume increases and remains at that volume (isovolumetric contraction) until the aortic valve opens.	Major erratum	01/07/19 3:01 AM
522	285	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/auscultation-of-heart-sounds	It states that S4 should be considered abnormal, regardless of patient age. According to uptodate and UWorld, S4 is normal in healthy older adults.	Major erratum	03/17/19 1:05 AM
523	285	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle	fa2019	x descent - atrial relaXation	Mnemonic	03/26/19 9:36 AM
524	285	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK342/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK344/	S3 - add that it is a "ventricular gallop" and for S4 - "atrial gallop"	Minor erratum	03/26/19 9:39 AM
525	285	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle	Costanzo Physiology	On the pressure-volume loop diagram, it displays a contractility increase as only affecting volume. There should also be an increase in left ventricular pressure as a consequence of the increased contractile force. Supporting reference is costanzo. Costanzo states "when contractility increases, the ventricle can develop greater tensiona dn pressure during systole and eject a larger volume of blood than normal.	Major erratum	08/22/19 5:21 PM
526	286	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Heart murmurs	Self made mnemonic	The mnemonic BEAR for aortic regurgitation causes: Bicuspid aortic valve, Endocarditis, Aortic Root dilation, Rheumatic Fever (you can even put the R^2 for both the Root in Aortic Root and Rhuematic fever	Mnemonic	03/01/19 1:43 AM
527	286	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Physiologic changes in valvular disease	UWorld QID: 227 & supported by online articles on google	In the pressure tracing diagram of aortic regurg: the dicrotic notch is exaggerated. With an incompetent aortic valve there is back flow resulting in loss of pressure in the aorta and disappearance/reduction of the dicrotic notch	Minor erratum	06/05/19 5:44 PM
528	286	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Physiologic changes in valvular disease	Uworld Question ID 227	In aortic regurgitation there is loss of the dicrotic notch as there is immediate back flow of blood into the LV, resulting in loss of pressure in the aorta and disappearance of the dicrotic notch (figure needs to be corrected).	Minor erratum	06/24/19 3:32 AM
529	288	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Auscultation of the heart	not needed	I recommend adding 3 rules to help understand how different bedside maneuvers affects heart murmurs; 1) Increase in Preload leads to increase intensity of all murmurs (except HCM and MVP; later click); Same for the opposite. 2) Increase in Afterload leads to increase intensity of Regurgitant murmurs and decrease intensity of stenotic murmurs (again except for HCM and MVP); Same for opposite. 3) HCM and MVP murmurs intensity always go opposite to Preload and afterload. This can be applied to all murmurs and will work!	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 6:32 PM
530	288	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Auscultation of the heart	no need	In the picture, its written "left sternal border: Diastolic murmur.." ,, Diastolic murmur and systolic murmur should be in bold to be as the same as others.	Spelling/formatting	07/20/19 11:04 AM
531	288	Cardiovascular	Anatomy and Physiology	Cardiac and vascular function curves	Index	Valsalva maneuver is listed as page 293 in the index.This is wrong. It should be listed as page 288.	Minor erratum	06/09/19 7:12 PM
532	289	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Congenital cardiac defect associations	Not applicable	Romano-Ward syndrome can have an associated pneumonic of "RomaNO-ward syndrome", as in NO deafness.	Mnemonic	02/25/19 9:47 PM
533	290	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Myocardial action potential	RX express videos	Add in the image of the cardiac mm cell with the receptors that is used in the express videos. Makes easier to visualize and break down.	High-yield addition to next year	02/15/19 7:44 AM
534	290	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Other antiarrhythmics	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4516287/	"Funny TaLK": The order of channels opening in pacemaker cells is “Funny”(If channel) – Phase 4, “TaL” Calcium T channel and then Calcium L channel – Phase 0, “K” Potassium channel – Phase 3	Mnemonic	04/20/19 10:13 AM
535	290	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Pacemaker action potential	Boyett MR. Sophisticated architecture is required for the Sinoatrial node to perform its normal pacemaker function. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003	In Phase 0 there is a slow Na/Ca inward current (Type T Ca channels open at -50). Theres a decrease in K efflux as K channels close. In the book you have: "there's a slow Na/K inward current" which makes it confusing. Should remove the K from that sentence and maybe add closure of repolarizing K channels .	Clarification to current text	03/11/19 11:28 AM
536	291	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Electrocardiogram	https://www.cvphysiology.com/Arrhythmias/A003	Speed of conduction is incorrect, it is listed in the text as: Purkinje >atria > ventricles> bundle of His >AV node. It should be His-Purkinje > atria > ventricles > AV node	Minor erratum	02/16/19 5:55 AM
537	291	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Electrocardiogram	UWorld	AV node blood supply comes from PDA (mostly from RCA), but in Left dominant hearts, AV node blood supply would come from LCA	Clarification to current text	03/01/19 6:27 PM
538	291	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Electrocardiogram	First Aid 2019 page 291	Add mneumonic for speed of conduction: "Park AT VENTure HIgh AVenue" listed from fastest to slowest: Perkinje > ATria > VENTricles > bundle of HIs > AV node	Mnemonic	04/28/19 12:51 PM
539	292	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Electrocardiogram	https://step2.medbullets.com/cardiovascular/120019/supraventricular-tachycardia	Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Specifically atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia was refrenced in Boards and Beyond and was tested on Uworld. High yield to know slow pathway of AV node is used also that there is slow conduction of AV node and prolongs AV node refractory period.	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 10:00 AM
540	292	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Torsades de pointes	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157826-overview#a3	The QT interval predisposes to the Torsades de point (FA2019). It would be good idea to add the normal value/range of QT interval as a reference to this information. Usually cQT interval <0.44 msec in males and <0.046 msec in females is considered normal.	High-yield addition to next year	02/28/19 2:10 PM
541	292	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Torsades de pointes	https://www-uptodate-com.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/contents/acquired-long-qt-syndrome-definitions-causes-and-pathophysiology?search=fluoroquinolones%20torsades&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	For the ABCDE mneumonic, it mentions that Antibiotics (eg, macrolides) are a cause of drug-induced QT. In the Microbiology Pharmacology section of First Aid (and UpToDate), it lists both macrolides and fluoroquinolones as capable of prolonging the QT interval.	High-yield addition to next year	03/26/19 3:02 PM
542	292	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Torsades de pointes	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-long-qt-syndrome-pathophysiology-and-genetics#H973343666	It should be included that the "vast majority" of congenital long QT syndromes are caused by mutations leading to dysfunctional potassium channels. This is a commonly tested concept because potassium channels are a major contributor to the physiology regarding the QT length in the cardiac cycle.	High-yield addition to next year	05/01/19 10:07 AM
543	292	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Torsades de pointes	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2474834/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3461497/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19668779	A decrease in function mutation affecting the KCNH2 gene is one of the most common causes of congenital long QT syndrome .	High-yield addition to next year	06/16/19 2:29 AM
544	292	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome	n/a	Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome remember the initials "WPW": W - for delta Wave, P - for PR interval shortened, W - for Widened QRS complex	Mnemonic	05/01/19 7:24 PM
545	293	Cardiovascular	Physiology	ECG tracings	https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physrev.00031.2009	Under atrial fibrillation, I recently came across a question asking about a specific anatomic location for the trigger of the aberrant electrical activity. "With prior atrial remodeling from a variety of factors, ectopic activity originating from the pulmonary veins (more likely) can occur, leading to longer episodes of afib."	High-yield addition to next year	04/17/19 10:08 AM
546	294	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors	mnemonic	carotid Sinus vs. carotid bO2dy: Carotid SinuS: measures preSSure. Carotid bO2dy measures O2	Mnemonic	07/30/19 1:34 PM
547	295	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Capillary fluid exchange	Not needed.	Used as an example of a great number of facts that are not listed correctly in the index. Page numbers are off by quite a bit.	Clarification to current text	01/12/19 9:17 AM
548	295	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Capillary fluid exchange	Mnemonic	Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of a compartment/vessel = arrows pointing out from the tips of the "H". Oncotic pressure pulls fluid in to a compartment/vessel = arrows pointing in to the center of the "O" (like spokes on a wheel). Clarifying image attached.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 9:17 PM
549	296	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Congenital heart diseases	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tricuspid-valve-tv-atresia	Tricuspid atresia needs both an ASD and a VSD/PDA to survive (in patients without a VSD, a PDA is needed to get blood into the lungs	Minor erratum	02/27/19 7:13 PM
550	296	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Congenital heart diseases	not needed	Isolated Ebstein anomaly is not associated with any type of shunting, so I suggest putting it under the "other anomalies" along with the coarcation of Aorta on page 297	Major erratum	03/01/19 6:31 PM
551	296	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Congenital heart diseases	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2035949-clinical	Not all of congenital cyanotic heart diseases become evident immediately after birth	Major erratum	05/16/19 7:56 AM
552	296	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Congenital heart diseases	Nelson Essential of Pediatrics 7th edition page 501 or https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001111.htm	Persistent truncus arteriosusis is not right to left shunt , it is cyanotic because of the mixing of the right and left sides blood. In overall, the blood shunted from left to right	Major erratum	05/16/19 8:53 AM
553	296	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Congenital heart diseases	Nelson Essential of Pediatrics 7th edition page 501 or https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/heartdefects/tapvr.html	Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return is not left to right shunt , it is cyanotic because of the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the right atrium and that blood shunted to the right	Minor erratum	05/16/19 8:56 AM
554	296	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Congenital heart diseases	http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T115146/22q11-2-deletion-syndrome	Associated with 22q11 syndromes (instead of DiGeorge syndrome). Additional comment: DiGeorge syndrome is a commonly used synonym for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Historically a clinical diagnosis of DiGeorge syndrome could be made in the absence of genetic testing, but today it should be reserved for patients in whom 22q11.2 deletion has been excluded and genetic etiology remains unknown. In this topic "DiGeorge syndrome" is used only when genetic etiology is unknown or unreported.	Clarification to current text	06/10/19 7:26 PM
555	297	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Anatomy of the heart	Made it up	Mneumonic for findings in Coarctation of the Aorta: ABCDE's --> A: berry Aneurysms, B: Bicuspid aortic valve, C: Costal notching, D: Delayed pulse in LE, E: Endocarditis	Mnemonic	03/27/19 1:09 PM
556	297	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Cardiomyopathies	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/genetics-of-dilated-cardiomyopathy?search=Genetics%20of%20dilated%20cardiomyopathy&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy could be familiar: defect in gene TTN that codes for protein titin.	High-yield addition to next year	01/15/19 11:33 PM
557	297	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Congenital heart diseases	https://www.pediatricheartspecialists.com/blog/55-down-syndrome-and-congenital-heart-disease	not only atrial septal defect associated with Down syndrome. In fact, the most common heart defects in Down syndrome are the following: atrioventricular septal defect, or AV canal defects (45%), ventricular septal defects (35%), secundum atrial septal defects (8%), and patent ductus arteriosus (7%).	Minor erratum	05/16/19 9:14 AM
558	297	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Congenital heart diseases	not needed	It is better to mention " PDA is normal in utero and normally closes only after birth." and "Patency is maintained by PGE synthesis and low O2 tension." below "In fetal period, shunt is right to left (normal)." since all of them discuss the ductus arteriosus before birth	Clarification to current text	05/16/19 11:29 AM
559	297	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Congenital heart diseases	n/a	“TURN into an ARC” coARCtation of aorta associated with TURNer syndrome	Mnemonic	07/08/19 1:18 PM
560	297	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Congenital heart diseases	n/a	“Feeling DOWN to have A Septal Defect” DOWN syndrome associated with Atrial Septal Defect	Mnemonic	07/08/19 1:20 PM
561	298	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Congenital cardiac defect associations	Step prep question on USMLE RX.	The entry for Turner Syndrome under congenital cardiac defect associations should specify that these individuals are at risk for juxtaductal aortic coarctation.	High-yield addition to next year	01/11/19 2:40 PM
562	298	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Congenital cardiac defect associations	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-cytogenetic-abnormalities?search=edwards%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~76&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H11	Ventricular septal defects and patent duct arteriosus are the most common defects in Edwards syndrome presenting in neonates.	High-yield addition to next year	03/21/19 2:11 AM
563	298	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Features of renal disorders	Index	Fibromuscular Dysplasia is listed in the index as page 303. This is wrong. It should be listed as page 298 and 592	Minor erratum	06/08/19 8:13 PM
564	298	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Hypertension	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5634904/ https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-hypertension-in-adults?search=hypertension%20risk%20factors&sectionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H8&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#	Diabetes and smoking are not risk factors for hypertension. In fact, smoking is associated with lower blood pressure	Minor erratum	01/22/19 8:26 AM
565	298	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Hypertension	1. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24352797. Published February 5, 2014. Accessed May 28, 2019. 2. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12748199. Published May 21, 2003. Accessed May 28, 2019.	Hypertension is defined as ‘persistent systolic BP > 130 mmHg and/or diastolic BP > 80 mmHg.’ I think the SBP and DBP values should be revised as follows: JNC-8 and JNC-7 define pre-hypertension as SBP >120 mmHg and/or diastolic BP > 80 mmHg, while hypertension is persistent SBP >140 mmHg and/or DBP > 90 mmHg (in otherwise healthy individuals), or >130/80 mmHg for patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Thus, I suggest 1) changing 130 mmHg to 140 mmHg, (2) changing 80mmHg to 90mmHg, (3) including the phrase ‘or >130/80 mmHg for patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease.’ and possibly (4) including the definition of pre-hypertension as SBP 120-139 mmHg and/or DBP 80-89 mmHg.	Major erratum	05/28/19 4:31 AM
566	298	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Hypertension	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview	The First Aid 2019 states the following: "Hypertension: Persistent systolic BP > 130 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP > 80 mm Hg", which is a mistake, as the latest guideline from the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association states the following: Hypertension: Persistent systolic BP ≥130 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥80 mm Hg.	Major erratum	07/23/19 6:15 PM
567	299	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors	no link	In Index you will find "Carotid Massage p. 299" this is incorrect. Correct page number is 294.	Major erratum	05/24/19 8:42 AM
568	300	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Aortic aneurysm	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S107858849990864X	AAA (3 A's) is sometimes due to a defect in the gene encoding for type III procollagen	Mnemonic	07/30/19 1:07 PM
569	300	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Atherosclerosis	Aorta. COronary. POpliteal. CArotid.	A COPy CAt	Mnemonic	02/08/19 9:47 AM
570	300.00	Index	Physiology	Normal cardiac pressures	2019 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1	The index says that you can find the "Swan-Ganz catheter" on page 300. There's no mention of it on that page, it is instead mentioned on page 295. The same thing applies to PCWP (Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure).	Minor erratum	05/07/19 12:58 PM
571	301	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Ischemic heart disease manifestations	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155919-overview#showall	STEMI have characteristic of ST elevation and pathological Q wave. FA2019 mentions Q wave but is missing term "Pathological". It is very important to differentiate between pathological and physiological Q waves.	Clarification to current text	03/03/19 9:47 AM
572	301	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Kussmaul sign	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/constrictive-pericarditis?search=Constrictive%20pericarditisConstrictive%20pericarditis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~95&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	Constrictive pericarditis could be a complication of radiation therapy of non-honking lymphoma.	High-yield addition to next year	01/17/19 1:08 AM
573	302	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Evolution of myocardial infarction	Pathoma	after reperfusion due to influc of Ca leads to contraction; that is called (contraction band necrosis)	Minor erratum	03/01/19 6:28 PM
574	303	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Diagnosis of myocardial infarction	https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2017/08/14/12/31/eliminating-creatine-kinase-myocardial-band-testing	CK-MB is no longer recommended in the diagnosis of reinfarction following acute MI (ACC/AHA 2013 Guidelines)	Major erratum	12/26/18 10:32 PM
575	303	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Diagnosis of myocardial infarction	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/811905-overview	Although Myoglobin was deemed unnecessary, it should be added to graph as a note stating that it rises prior to Troponin after MI and declines rapidly	High-yield addition to next year	04/09/19 10:09 AM
576	303	Cardiovascular	Pathology	ECG localization of STEMI	n/a	A Smart LAD scores 1st/2nd = LAD obstruction - AnteroSeptal infarct with V1-V2 ST elevation An Average LAD scores 3rd/4th = LAD obstruction - AnteroApical infarct with V3-V4 ST elevation A Lazy LAD scores 5th/6th = LAD obstruction - AnteroLateral infarct with V5-V6 ST elevation	Mnemonic	07/08/19 1:21 PM
577	305	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Cardiomyopathies	http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/23/3/586	Important cause of dilated cardiomyopathy is coronary artery disease	High-yield addition to next year	01/08/19 9:51 AM
578	305	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Cardiomyopathies	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153153-overview	I recommend changing the ABCCCD mnemonic to ABBCCCD (i.e. add a B). The extra B stands for "birth" -- thus incorporating peripartum cardiomyopathy as a cause of dilated CM. This also improves the mnemonic such that there is 1 A, 2 B's, and 3 C's to make it more memorable as the number corresponds to the letter position in the alphabet.	Mnemonic	01/19/19 5:04 PM
579	305	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Cardiomyopathies	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22335739	Came across a question on UWorld asking about sudden death in young man. I've always associated sudden death HOCM with sarcomeric mutations. However, familial cases in dilated cardiomyopathy are also associated with sarcomeric mutations specifically in the titin protein (TTN gene).	High-yield addition to next year	04/25/19 10:04 AM
580	305	Cardiovascular	Virology	Cardiomyopathies	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-dilated-cardiomyopathy?search=lyme%20myocarditis&topicRef=4935&source=see_link	ABBCCCD = Alcohol abuse, wet Beriberi, Borrelia burgdorferi, Coxsackie B viral myocarditis, chronic Cocaine use, Chagas disease, Doxorubicin	Mnemonic	05/07/19 7:44 PM
581	305	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Cardiomyopathies	https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa1110186	truncating mutations that affect TTN gene which encodes for Titin protein are the most common cause of familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)	High-yield addition to next year	05/11/19 11:27 AM
582	306	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Heart failure	https://www.cvphysiology.com/Heart%20Failure/HF006	Diastolic dysfunction causes Decrease in EDV and Increase in EDP according to the attached diagram , not normal EDV	Major erratum	03/01/19 6:34 PM
583	306	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Heart failure	Mnemonic	Drugs that decrease mortality : (ABC) 1)Ace inhibitors 2)Beta Blocker 3) Cpironolactone	Mnemonic	03/05/19 9:04 PM
584	306	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Heart failure	none needed	In the pressure-volume loop diagrams, it would be helpful if the abbreviations were written out with their abbreviation in parentheses following. (I.e., "Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)" and "Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF"). This is the only place where these abbreviations are used.	Clarification to current text	03/15/19 12:00 AM
585	306	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Heart failure	N/A	Diastolic dysfunction is associated with S4 heart sound and diastolic has 4 syllables for S4 (di-a-sto-lic --> S4) On the other hand, systolic dysfunction, which is associated with an S3 heart sound, has 3 syllables for systolic (sys-to-lic). Therefore, sys-to-lic --> S3	Mnemonic	04/18/19 1:42 PM
586	306	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Hydralazine	First aid 2019	Hydralazine with nitrate therapy improves both symptoms and mortality in 'selected' patients. Text in the book says 'select'. Selected patients could be specified eg: African patients	Spelling/formatting	03/17/19 6:14 AM
587	307	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Bacterial endocarditis	Not needed	Mnemonic -> Owsler nodes. Ow indicates pain and helps differentiating the hand lesions in endocarditis (Osler vs Janeway).	Mnemonic	01/07/19 3:05 AM
588	307	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Shock	Noticed it	Missing a comma after anaphylaxis in what distributive shock is caused by. Right now it reads "anaphylaxis CNS injury," but should by "anaphylaxis, CNS injury"	Spelling/formatting	03/27/19 4:35 PM
589	307	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Shock	uWorld	According to uWorld, anaphylactic shock results in decreased cardiac output, not increased. The attached figure shows a combined cardiac/vascular function curve for anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis causes widespread venous/arterial dilation along with increased capillary permeability and third spacing , causing decrease in mean systemic filling pressure and venous return. Contractility and HR go up to compensate, but overall CO effect is still decreased.	Minor erratum	05/10/19 11:53 AM
590	307	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Shock	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/definition-classification-etiology-and-pathophysiology-of-shock-in-adults?search=shock&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H25	Mnemonic for types of Shock: SANCHO. The first 3 letters are subtypes of Distributive shock (Septic, Anaphylactic, Neurogenic/CNS Injury). Rest of letters are: Cardiogenic, Hypovolemic, Obstructive.	Mnemonic	07/19/19 1:09 PM
591	308	Rapid Review	Pathology	Rheumatic fever	https://reference.medscape.com/calculator/jones-criteria-diagnosis-rheumatic	HALF (minor criteria for rheumatic fever): H-Heart block (↑PR interval) A-Arthralgia “L”-Elevated ESR/CRP, Leukocytosis F-Fever Need 2 major criteria or 1 major & 2 minor criteria for diagnosis. (2 HALF make up for 1 J♥NES)	Mnemonic	01/01/19 6:03 PM
592	309	Index	Pathology	Cardiac tamponade	N/A	The fact for 'Pulsus paradoxus' below cardiac tamponade is incorrectly said to be on page 315 in the index.	Spelling/formatting	01/04/19 11:34 AM
593	309	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Cardiac tamponade	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157096-overview	Constrictive pericardisit : Pericardium loses its elasticity, Stiff, Thickened, sticky. Results from : Pericarditis, Radiation, Heart surgery. Symptoms of congestion - Heart cannot fill properly: Dyspnea, Raised JVP, Edema. Pulsus Paradoxus & kussmaul sign. Rapid Y desent in Jugular venous pulse curve	High-yield addition to next year	01/10/19 1:55 PM
594	309	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Cardiac tamponade	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsus_paradoxus&ved=2ahUKEwiw9qv7ovzgAhVC6RoKHV8fAG4QFjAHegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw0q8O4IojznhFHl4KwkEiWs	Causes of pulsus paradoxus. CHACOT (Cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, Hypovolemic shock, Asthma, COPD, Obstructive sleep apnea, Tension pneumothorax	Mnemonic	03/12/19 4:21 AM
595	309	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Myocarditis	n/a	“Pulsus Paradoxus with a CrAP Cardiac Output” Croup, Asthma, Pericarditis, Cardiac tamponade, Obstructive sleep apnea	Mnemonic	07/08/19 1:16 PM
596	310	Index	Index	Vasculitides	FAS1 2019	Giant cell arthritis is listed as being on page 315, but it is actually on 310.	Major erratum	01/08/19 12:18 PM
597	310	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Vasculitides	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23663684/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/20457278/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23114585/	It would be good to add that the production of cytokines, in particular Interleukin-6 (IL-6), appears to closely correlate with the severity of the Giant Cell Arteritis. A monoclonal antibody against IL-6 (tocilizumab) is effective in treatiing GCA.	High-yield addition to next year	01/30/19 12:11 AM
598	310	Index	Pathology	Vasculitides	index clariication	leukocytoclastic vasculitis is predominantly discussed on this page (310) but is only listed in the updated index as being on page 173. This should be corrected. Thank you.	Clarification to current text	02/15/19 2:13 PM
599	310	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Vasculitides	UWorld, Pathoma	for polyarteritis Nodosa; due to different stages of lumpy fibrosis (Nodosa) it gives the appearance of "String of Pearls". This appearance also found in renal FibroMuscular Dysplasia.	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 6:29 PM
600	310	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Vasculitides	Pathoma	for Kawasaki disease: since Cardiac compication is such unique to know (kids with MI like pictures), suggest thinking of "kid on Kawasaki motorcycle"; their hands and feets are red and their heart is excited or beating fast same with disease.	Mnemonic	03/01/19 6:30 PM
601	310	Index	Pathology	Vasculitides	First Aid 2019	Vasculitis is listed as page 315, 316 in the index but it's covered on page 310, 311	Major erratum	03/03/19 12:19 PM
602	311	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Heart failure	N/A	On pg. 757 in the appendix, "heart failure" directs you to pg. 311. There is no mention of heart failure on pg 311. Additionally, under "heart failure - associations" on page 757, it directs you to page 690, which has no mention of heart failure.	Spelling/formatting	02/09/19 1:37 PM
603	311	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Vasculitides	Spelling error	Immunoglobulin A vasculitis is associated with BERGER disease (i.e. IgA nephropathy) not BUERGER disease (i.e. thromboangiitis obliterans)	Spelling/formatting	01/04/19 9:26 AM
604	311	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Vasculitides	N/A	Page 311 states that immunoglobulin A vasculitis is associated with IgA nephropathy (Buerger disease) when it should be Berger disease. Confusing because Buerger disease is another vasculidity.	Spelling/formatting	01/04/19 9:16 PM
605	311	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Vasculitides	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/239927-overview	In Immunoglobulin A vasculitis, "Associated with IgA nephropathy (Buerger disease)" must be "Associated with IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)"	Minor erratum	01/09/19 8:35 AM
606	311	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Vasculitides	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329255-overview	Mixed cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis due to mixed IgG and IgA immune complex deposition. This is incorrect, mixed cryoglobulinemia contain rheumatoid factors (RFs), which are usually IgM and, rarely, IgG or IgA	Major erratum	01/15/19 9:49 AM
607	311	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Vasculitides	https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iga-nephropathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352268	On page 311 under Vasculitides (continued) and in reference to Immunoglobulin A vasculitis under the PATHOLOGY/LABS section it states that Immunoglobulin A vasculitis is associated with IgA nephropathy (Buerger disease). I believe this to be a mistake and should be corrected to its “ Associated with IgA nephropathy (Berger Disease)”. Page 583, 585, and 690 all make reference to Berger disease as being IgA Nephropathy. Buerger Disease is a Medium-vessel vasculitis associated with Gangrene and Amputation of extremities.	Minor erratum	03/27/19 10:35 AM
608	311	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Vasculitides	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/239927-overview	Immunoglobulin A vasculitis associated wit Ig A nephropathy is "berger's" disease and the book says its "buerger's" disease which is TOA	Spelling/formatting	07/01/19 1:47 PM
609	311	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Vasculitides	n/a	W-egner Granulomatosis M-icroscopic Polyangiitis Take these diseases like an image in the mirror.	Mnemonic	07/08/19 4:41 PM
610	311	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Vasculitides	Your own text verifies this. A simple typo.	For IgA vasculitis, in the pathology/labs column it says “Associated with IgA nephropathy (Buerger disease).” It should say “Associated with IgA nephropathy (Berger) disease.” Buerger disease is thromboangitis obliterans. Berger disease is IgA nephropathy.	Minor erratum	07/12/19 2:59 PM
611	312	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Cardiac tumors	FA2019 lists Myxomas as the most common primary cardiac adult tumor	"Adults make myxed drinks" to remember that myxomas are the most common primary cardiac tumors in adults, vs. rhabdomyomas in children.	Mnemonic	01/03/19 9:19 PM
612	312	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia	Mnemonic, FA19 p. 312	Schnozler-Weber-Rendu has nosebleeds	Mnemonic	04/24/19 2:15 PM
613	312	Index	Pharmacology	Kussmaul sign	N/A	The index incorrectly lists this fact to be on page 319.	Spelling/formatting	01/04/19 11:30 AM
614	312	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Thiazide diuretics	https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jch.12679	Thiazide-type diuretics are associated with significant but small adverse glycemic effects in hypertensive patients. Treatment with a lower dose might reduce or avoid glycemic changes.	Clarification to current text	07/19/19 7:46 PM
615	312	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Ulcer complications	https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/varicose-veins	Varicose veins: dilated tortuous veins most commonly found on the superficial system. cussed by chronic elevation of venous pressure or loss of the strength in vessel wall leading to incompetent of the venous valves. common complication includes. edema,infection, dermatitis, ski ulcer and poor wound healing.	High-yield addition to next year	02/10/19 2:48 AM
616	313	Index	Pathology	Bacterial endocarditis	Index error	in the index,under Staph Aureus, bacterial endocarditis is said to be on pg 313 but it is on pg 307	Minor erratum	03/14/19 9:17 AM
617	313	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Calcium channel blockers	.	Concerning dihydropyridines : MALO and NIMO are CLEaVIng and kNIFing each other in a CAR .All of them end with -dipine.	Mnemonic	01/02/19 2:57 PM
618	313	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Calcium channel blockers	Not applicable	types of Ca channels: Think with your brain (T-type found mainly in the brain), Love with your heart (L-type found mainly in the heart)	Mnemonic	04/05/19 3:51 PM
619	313	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Hypertensive emergency	http://www.jbc.org/content/276/37/34681.long	Nitroprusside increases myosin light-chain phosphatase activity due to increase cGMP via direct release of NO	High-yield addition to next year	04/09/19 10:37 AM
620	313	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Nitrates	Not needed	Add methemoglobinemia to the side effects of nitrates. Already mentioned on page 648 of FA2018. Knowledge of this fact is HY (seen on NBMEs).	High-yield addition to next year	01/07/19 3:07 AM
621	314	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Antianginal therapy	Wong GWK, Boyda HN, Wright JM. Blood pressure lowering efficacy of partial agonist beta blocker monotherapy for primary hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD007450. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007450.pub2	ACE card and Pi(e)NDulum cause anxiety .. ACE stands for acebutolol and Pi(e)NDulum stands for pindolol.	Mnemonic	07/08/19 9:21 AM
622	314	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Sacubitril	https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00886	captoPRIL- ACE inhibitor, sacubiTRIL- neprilyson inhibitor, omaPaTRILat- both ACE and NEP inhibitor. (Name contaim both PRIL and TRIL- PaTRIL. )	Mnemonic	02/25/19 6:07 PM
623	314	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Sacubitril	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/use-of-angiotensin-receptor-neprilysin-inhibitor-in-heart-failure-with-reduced-ejection-fraction https://reference.medscape.com/drug/entresto-sacubitril-valsartan-1000010 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/30508581/	Neprilysin is responsible for degradation of Natriuretic peptides , substance P, endothelins and other vasoactive peptide such as Atrial Natriuretic Peptide. It does not degrade ANGIOTENSIN II. So, sacubitril as such does not prevent degradation of Angiotension II. Angiotensinase degrades Angiotensin II. The slight increases level of angiotensin II is due to combination of Sacubitril with Valsartan, as Valsartan is ARB.	Major erratum	08/08/19 2:45 PM
624	315	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Lipid-lowering agents	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pcsk9-inhibitors-pharmacology-adverse-effects-and-use?search=pcsk9&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~31&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1063920136	In the figure at the bottom of the page, an arrow going from PCSK9 to LDL receptor is marked with a ‘+’ which is misleading because PCSK9 works by reducing LDLR levels on the plasma membrane. Hence if PCSK9 is blocked, more LDLRs are recycled and are present on the surface of cells.	Clarification to current text	12/31/18 6:46 AM
625	315	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Lipid-lowering agents	https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/861024	Figure indicates that PCSK9 stimulated LDL-R. While in fact PCSK9 stimulated degradation of LDL-R. Text after arrow should read "LDL-R Degradation" to avoid confusion	Minor erratum	03/05/19 9:47 AM
626	315	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Lipid-lowering agents	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gemfibrozil-drug-information?search=gemfibrozil&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1~73&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1	Gemfibrozil is spelled incorrectly. It is "Gemfi rozil" on the book.	Spelling/formatting	03/18/19 5:34 PM
627	315	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Lipid-lowering agents	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3489608/	Fibrates are one of the main VLDL lowering agents.	High-yield addition to next year	03/26/19 11:40 AM
628	315	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Lipid-lowering agents	n/a	Gemfibrozil = Gall stones PPAR α = 7-α hydroxylase inhibitor	Mnemonic	07/08/19 4:42 PM
629	316	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Cardiac glycosides	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3693787/	The text suggests that van Gogh suffered the side effects of digoxin. However, medical historians now largely agree that Van Gogh's yellow period was likely not due to digitalis-induced xanthopsia (see reference).	Minor erratum	06/30/19 4:53 PM
630	317	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Antiarrhythmics—sodium channel blockers (class I)	https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/punctuation/quotation_marks/more_quotation_mark_rules.html	The mnemonic for Class IC is "'Can I have Fries, Please." It is a question, so it should end with a "?" instead of a "."	Spelling/formatting	02/03/19 8:31 PM
631	317	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Antiarrhythmics—sodium channel blockers (class I)	https://www.cvpharmacology.com/antiarrhy/sodium-blockers	sodium channel binding strength is a CAB to fastest dissociation. IC>IA>IB.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 3:43 PM
632	317	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Antiarrhythmics—sodium channel blockers (class I)	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-treatment	It should be added to the Clinical Use section within Class 1A that such antiarrhythmics, like procainamide, are used to treat Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. I have had many questions inquire about this concept, including the USMLE-Rx question bank. No where in first aid 2019 is the treatment for this syndrome included.	High-yield addition to next year	02/23/19 2:10 PM
633	317	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Antiarrhythmics—sodium channel blockers (class I)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Bae	Salt Bae Kills Cows - Na block, B block, K block, Ca block	Mnemonic	03/13/19 6:27 PM
634	317	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Antiarrhythmics—sodium channel blockers (class I)	Error in book	For Class 1B sodium channel blockers the book forgets to list Tocainide. However the mnemonic still highlights the “T” in “I’d Buy Liddys Mexican Tacos”	Clarification to current text	03/25/19 9:23 PM
635	317	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Antiarrhythmics—sodium channel blockers (class I)	n/a	Class I”B” = Broken (Post MI) and Weak (Na channel blockade) Heart Class I”C” = Correct (Structurally normal without IHD) and Strong (Na channel blockade) Heart Class III = AmIODarone: “Check ALL before Treatment” = Amiodarone, Liver, Lungs, Thyroid Class IV = “It takes LONGER to get a Canadian PR” = CCB proLONGs PR interval.	Mnemonic	07/08/19 4:44 PM
636	318	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Drug names	https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/194661	B-Blockers that lower (benefit) cardiac mortality.: Carvedilol, Bisoprolol, Metoprolol. • Mnemonic: B-Blocker that Benefit Cardiac Mortality (B= Benefit/Bisoprolol) (C= Cardiac/Carvedilol) (M= Mortality/ Metoprolol)	Mnemonic	04/30/19 8:55 AM
637	319	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Ivabradine	n/a	iVaBrAdiNe is a Funny drug that blocks Funny Na channels at phase Four. HEMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY Pathological RBC forms, pg 406 In the END, you are either BURRied or, burnt in a PYRE. So LIVE as you can! BURR cells – END stage renal disease, PYRuvate Kinase Deficiency, LIVEr disease. Heme synthesis, porphyrias and lead poisoning, pg 417 Porphyria cutanea tarda = affected UROporphyrinogen decarboxylase “URO – enzyme down towards URINE” = Accumulated substance = UROporphyrin (tea colored urine) Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, pg 419 ROBOTIC ADAM’s Increased WILL to AGGREGATE in the human society! ROBOTIC – THROMBOTIC ADAMTS13 – Deficient or inhibited Increased large von WILLebrand Factor multimers Increased platelet AGGREGATION Factor V Leiden, pg 420 Lady GAGA will tour from ARGentina  Guatemala but not in the People’s Republic Of China. Lady = Leiden Guanine to Adenine DNA point mutation Amino acid change from ARGenine  Guanine Resistance of	Mnemonic	07/08/19 4:53 PM
638	321	Endocrine	Anatomy	Eosinophils	Not Needed	"pink PiG" -- Anterior Pituitary Acidophils are GH and PRL, the PiG in FLAT PiG. Pigs are Pink, Acidophils stain pink on H&E.	Mnemonic	05/08/19 9:07 AM
639	321	Endocrine	Anatomy	Pituitary gland	https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/glandular/pituitary.php	"pink PiG" -- Anterior Pituitary Acidophils release GH and PRL, the PiG in FLAT PiG. Pigs are Pink, Acidophils stain pink on H&E.	Mnemonic	05/19/19 12:58 PM
640	322	Endocrine	Anatomy	Adrenal cortex and medulla	Mnemonic	"CorticOL" hormones are derived from "CholesterOL" (may also be placed on page 328)	Mnemonic	02/13/19 2:07 PM
641	322	Endocrine	Anatomy	Adrenal cortex and medulla	It's a mnemonic	“The deeper you go, the sweeter it gets, and out comes the 1^o hormones in alphabetical order; Aldosterone, Cortisol, DHEA, Epi, Ne”. (A, C, D, E, N marked in bold/red)	Mnemonic	02/25/19 11:09 AM
642	322	Endocrine	Embryology	Thyroid development	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/845125-overview	Parafollicular cells are neural crest (ectoderm derived), not endoderm derived	Minor erratum	12/28/18 6:57 PM
643	322	Endocrine	Embryology	Thyroid development	Last updated Mar 22, 2019: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/845125-overview	Error in errata: Newest errata (March '19) says: "Delete the last sentence “Thyroid follicular cells and parafollicular cells (aka, C cells, produce calcitonin) are derived from endoderm”. However, the parafollicular cells ARE derived from endoderm so the line doesn't need to be deleted.	Minor erratum	04/09/19 10:15 AM
644	323	Endocrine	Pathology	Adrenal insufficiency	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/116467-clinical	In the hyperpigmentation induced by primary adrenal insufficiency (Addisons Disease), First Aid states that a-MSH is released by corticotrophs which is responsible for stimulating peripheral melanocytes and stimulating melanin production. However after consultation with multiple texts and Dr. Kathleen Giangiacomo (whom I would like acknowledged should this erratus submission be accepted), I have come to understand that while aMSH is cleaved from POMC along with ATCH, that process occurs peripherally as adrenal corticotrophs lack the protease necessary. Furthermore in the pathology of adrenal insufficiency it is ACTH binding to MC1R receptors in the dermis causing hyperpigmentation. I have provided some textbook references in the images attached.	Minor erratum	03/08/19 7:39 AM
645	323	Endocrine	Anatomy and Physiology	B cells	Lutz, T.A., 2016. Gut hormones such as amylin and GLP-1 in the control of eating and energy expenditure. International Journal of Obesity 6, S15–S21. 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-54852-6.00013-6	Amylin, also known as islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), is a 37-amino-acid hormone that is co secreted with insulin from the pancreatic β-cells. Like insulin, amylin is to a certain extent tonically secreted into the circulation and its plasma concentration increases in proportion to body fat. In the pancreas, amylin inhibits the release of glucagon and thus decreases blood glucose via inhibition of hepatic glucose production. Beyond its paracrine action in the pancreas, amylin decreases GI motility and peripheral or central administration of amylin decreases body weight through inhibition of food intake. In the 2019 edition of first aid its not mentionated anything about the release of amylin from B pancreatic cells. The physiology is also relevant cause, nowdays has been a recently option of treatment for diabetes.	High-yield addition to next year	07/30/19 8:28 PM
646	323	Endocrine	Anatomy	Endocrine pancreas cell types	mnemonic	structure of pancreatic islets - ALPHA men at periphery guarding BETAful (beautiful) women in centre. Delta are dogs which are just everywhere.	Mnemonic	05/01/19 11:21 AM
647	323	Endocrine	Anatomy	Endocrine pancreas cell types	https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789400766853	The photo and text of the islet of langerhans needs to be clarified, that distribution of alpha cells in the periphery and beta cell in the center of the islet is for murine species, in humans it is aleatorized	Clarification to current text	07/28/19 5:34 PM
648	323	Endocrine	Anatomy	Pituitary gland	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophysins	Neurophysin 1 is a carrier protein for Oxytocin and Neurophysin 2 is a carrier protein for ADH.	Clarification to current text	05/13/19 7:23 PM
649	324	Endocrine	Anatomy and Physiology	Insulin	N/A	GLUT1= remember "RBC" -- R=RBC, B=baby (placenta), brain, C=cornea; GLUT3=the 2Bs of GLUT1 (=baby (placenta) and brain)-- remember this since 2+1=3	Mnemonic	02/18/19 2:40 AM
650	324	Endocrine	Physiology	Insulin	n/a	ADdicts are DEPENDENT 4 Substance Insulin DEPENDENT Glucose Transposters: GLUT 4 – ADipose tissue, Striated muscles.	Mnemonic	07/08/19 5:52 PM
651	325	Endocrine	Physiology	Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-of-adrenal-insufficiency-in-adults?search=addisons%20disease%20adult&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H3195785943	Under MSH. It is stated that MSH causes hyperpigmentation in Cushing's disease. This is only correct if it is ACTH hypersectretion is causing the excessive cortisol. The ACTH and MSH pathway is classically suppressed in Cushing's. Addison's Disease is classically associated with hyperpigmentation.	Major erratum	01/31/19 2:58 PM
652	325	Endocrine	Physiology	Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones	mnemonic for information already in text	"S-eye-ADH" - ADH (elevated in SIADH) is produced in the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus	Mnemonic	02/07/19 8:30 AM
653	325	Endocrine	Physiology	Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones	First Aid 2019, pg. 323 (under "Pituitary Gland", there's a list of all the hormones for anterior vs. pituitary glands), 325 (shows how somatostatin inhibits GH)	Instead of alphabetical order, it would be helpful to reorganize the "hypothalmic-pituitary hormones" table into sections depending on which part of the pituitary gland the hormone affects: 1. anterior pituitary (CRH/TRH/GnRH/GHRH/somatostatin (which inhibits GH release)), 2. intermediate lobe of pituitary (MSH) 3. posterior pituitary secretions (ADH and oxytocin)	Clarification to current text	05/07/19 12:07 AM
654	326	Endocrine	Physiology	Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias	Costanzo	17a-hydroxylase --> DHEA via 17,20-lyase (NOT 17a-hydroxylase). Similarly, 17-hydroxyprogesterone --> Androstenedione via 17,20-lyase (NOT 17a-hydroxylase). This is correct on the online Rx flaschards, but incorrect in the book.	Minor erratum	02/26/19 1:12 PM
655	326	Endocrine	Physiology	Prolactin	None needed	In the figure "Primary hypothyroidism" is misspelled as "Primary hypothroidism"	Spelling/formatting	01/15/19 4:11 PM
656	327	Endocrine	Physiology	Antidiuretic hormone	N/A	Mnemonic for remembering that ADH is produced in the supraOPTIC nucleus: "S-eye-ADH"	Mnemonic	03/12/19 2:19 PM
657	328	Endocrine	Physiology	Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117140-overview	Wrong enzyme mentioned when moving from zona fasciculata to zona reticularis, should say 17,20 lyase instead of 17 alpha hydroxylase	Major erratum	01/03/19 6:44 AM
658	328	Endocrine	Physiology	Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117140-overview	I submitted for the 2018 and it was ignored	High-yield addition to next year	02/02/19 10:32 AM
659	328	Endocrine	Physiology	Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias	n/a	"Girls read Seventeen Magazine" i.e. individuals with 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency will be phenotypically female due to sex hormone deficiency	Mnemonic	02/17/19 3:23 PM
660	328	Endocrine	Physiology	Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/920532-overview	17,20 lyase instead of 17 alpha hydroxylase for 17 hydroxypregnenolone to DHEA and 17- hydroxyprogesterone to Androstenedione	Major erratum	03/06/19 1:14 PM
661	328	Endocrine	Physiology	Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias	https://www-uptodate-com.proxy.kumc.edu/contents/adrenal-steroid-biosynthesis?search=adrenal%20steroid%20synthesis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Two instances of "17alpha-hydroxylase" are incorrect and must be changed to "17, 20-lyase". Need to change reaction to say 17-OHP —> DHEA using 17,20-LYASE enzyme Need to change reaction to say 17-OHP—>Androstenedione using 17,20-LYASE enzyme. The enzyme is currently listed incorrectly as 17alpha-hydoxylase for both reactions. See screenshot for error.	Major erratum	05/06/19 8:49 PM
662	328	Endocrine	Physiology	Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias	This suggestion does not require a reference.	This is just a suggestion regarding how to organize the information. For the tip involving which enzyme deficiency (21-, 17a-, and 11b-hydroxylase) causes hypertension/virilization, it would be helpful to organize this into a table form (two columns, one BP, one testosterone; then for each major enzyme deficiency, change the "1" to an up arrow). Additionally, for clarity, it would be helpful to make the up/down arrows bigger/broader and assign colors for each direction. This would be helpful for other sections which contain these tables and up/down arrows (such as the iron interpretation table in the hematology section). I've attached images for clarity.	Spelling/formatting	05/11/19 8:52 PM
663	329	Endocrine	Physiology	Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/920532-overview	The reactions of 17-hydroxypregnenolone to DHEA and 17-hydroxyprogresterone to Androstenedione are catalyzed by 17,20 Lyase not by 17a-hydroxylase. They are both catalyzed by the same enzyme complex (P450c17). 17,20 Lyase deficiency presents similar to 17a-hydroxylase deficiency	Clarification to current text	02/14/19 6:02 AM
664	329	Endocrine	Physiology	Cortisol	https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/glucocorticoids https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/national-hormone-pituitary-program/health-alert-adrenal-crisis-causes-death-people-treated-hgh	Glucocorticoids are essential to maintain life.	High-yield addition to next year	03/26/19 8:19 AM
665	330	Endocrine	Anatomy and Physiology	Parathyroid hormone	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10824426	Under function for Parathyroid Hormone, it should be PTH binds RANK (Receptor) on osteoblasts, not osteoclasts as it is currently written.	Major erratum	05/15/19 11:06 AM
666	330	Endocrine	Pathology	Thyroid cancer	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/papillary-thyroid-cancer?search=Papillary%20thyroid%20cancer&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~47&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Tall cell variant: folicular hiperplasia lined by tall epithelial cells, seen in adults with poor prognosis.	High-yield addition to next year	01/06/19 6:46 PM
667	331	Endocrine	Physiology	Thyroid hormones (T3/T4)	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/thyroid-hormone-synthesis-and-physiology?search=iodine%20thyroid&sectionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H3&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=4~150&display_rank=4#H3	It was stated in the first paragraph of this section, "organification of iodide...". However, the organification is with iodine (I2) not iodide.	Clarification to current text	02/07/19 4:20 PM
668	331	Endocrine	Physiology	Thyroid hormones (T3/T4)	eMedicine: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089554-overview#a2	The text says "decreased TBG in hepatic failure", however there is actually generally an increased TBG in chronic liver disease. (studies show increased TBG in all cases studied of liver disease, though eMedicine states it may be increased or decreased).	Minor erratum	02/27/19 9:39 PM
669	331	Endocrine	Physiology	Thyroid hormones (T3/T4)	https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/452667_5	Add dopamine (alongside somatostatin) as an inhibitor of TSH release. Dopamine is acknowledged as an inhibitor of TSH release in the schematic on page 325.	Clarification to current text	03/07/19 4:44 PM
670	331	Endocrine	Physiology	Thyroid hormones (T3/T4)	Uworld	Reverse T3 is a byproduct generated almost entirely from the peripheral conversion of T4. Exogenous T3 supplementation will decrease TSH, T4, and reverse T3 (rT3) due to less T4 available for conversion.	High-yield addition to next year	03/28/19 7:54 AM
671	331	Endocrine	Physiology	Thyroid hormones (T3/T4)	https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/459924_4	Wolff-Chaikoff Effect - Excess Iodide temporary inhibits iodide organification as a defense mechanism of thyroid gland use to prevent synthesis of large quantities of hormones.	Clarification to current text	03/28/19 8:11 AM
672	332	Endocrine	Physiology	Signaling pathway of steroid hormones	Mnemonic	V1 receptor and H1 receptor use the 1P3 (IP3) signaling pathway. Bold the 1s and I in IP3	Mnemonic	02/14/19 12:24 PM
673	332	Endocrine	Physiology	Signaling pathways of endocrine hormones	not needed	I think it is better to delete "Think Growth Factor" ,we don't need it because the new mnemonic "Get Found In the MAP" is clear	Clarification to current text	12/30/18 1:19 PM
674	332	Endocrine	Physiology	Signaling pathways of endocrine hormones	BRS, Linda Constanzo 6th edition; Physiology, Linda S. Constanzo fith edition	Both "BRS" and "Physiology" have the GHRH as with a signaling pathway of "Phospholipase C Mechanism (IP3/Ca)"	Minor erratum	07/31/19 6:27 PM
675	332	Endocrine	Physiology	Signaling pathways of endocrine hormones	Linda Constanzo Physiology 5th edition	GHRH has both (cAMP and IP3/Ca) signaling pathways.	Minor erratum	08/05/19 7:03 PM
676	333	Endocrine	Pathology	Cushing syndrome	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5340771/	The text indicates that Cushing Syndrome may have a finding of pseudohyperaldosteronism. That is true. But it will be good to specify that it is an transient increase in aldosterone level. As the disease progress, the aldosterone level decreases. Hypothetically, the pseudohyperaldosteronism is due to acute rise in ACTH wherease decreased aldosterone later will be due to direct actions of increased Cortisol.	Clarification to current text	02/25/19 7:08 AM
677	333	Endocrine	Pathology	Cushing syndrome	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acquired-hyperpigmentation-disorders	In the "Findings" subsection of Cushing Syndrome, the skin changes include thinning and striae; however, it is also important to remember that Cushing Syndrome caused by an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing Disease) can also cause hyperpigmentation due to the increased production of ACTH. Although it was mentioned in the physiology section, it is important to include "hyperpigmentation" in the skin findings of Cushing Syndrome, as this is a VERY high-yield point that students should be reminded of in the context of Cushing Syndrome and Cushing Disease.	Major erratum	08/12/19 12:21 AM
678	334	Endocrine	Pathology	Adrenal insufficiency	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/216821	Adrenal insuffuciency metyrapone test-it says "In 1* adrenal insufficiency, ACTH is (arrow pointing up) but 11 deoxycortisol remains (arrow pointing down)" which I think should clarify that the ACTH is high before test even (not increased by metyrapone) and that after test it stays high too and the 11-deoxycortisol remains low after test.	Clarification to current text	01/03/19 11:17 AM
679	334	Endocrine	Pathology	Adrenal insufficiency	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/metyrapone-stimulation-tests?source=autocomplete&index=0~1&search=metyrapone#H3541141777	Under the metyrapone stimulation test, the text states that you would observe decreased ACTH if 2º/3º adrenal insufficiency. This is misleading; the ACTH response would still be elevated but just not as elevated as expected. It might also be useful to include a note that metyrapone stimulation test is most sensitive for detecting defects in ACTH secretion, whereas random serum ACTH is a better tool for differentiating between 1º and 2º/3º adrenal insufficiency.	Clarification to current text	01/16/19 10:31 AM
680	334	Endocrine	Pathology	Adrenal insufficiency	n/a	Black ADDidas shoes at low COst! ADDison disease Black - Hyper pigmentation Low COrtisol/aldosterone	Mnemonic	07/08/19 5:56 PM
681	334	Endocrine	Pathology	Hyperaldosteronism	It's Mnemonic	Normal K (potassium) = No Konn’s (Conn’s) syndrome .	Mnemonic	01/22/19 12:47 PM
682	334	Endocrine	Pathology	Hyperaldosteronism	https://casereports.bmj.com/content/2016/bcr-2016-216209	Current text states that primary hyperaldosteronism is seen with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. I believe this is incorrect. According to various research online, it is seen with unilateral adrenal hyperplasia.	Major erratum	05/30/19 5:04 PM
683	335	Endocrine	Pathology	Carcinoid syndrome	my brain	CARCINOID 5yndrome mnemonic	Mnemonic	01/12/19 11:45 AM
684	335	Endocrine	Pathology	Hypothyroidism vs hyperthyroidism	https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/91/3/1159/2843609 Radiology. 1993 Jul;188(1):115-8. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-graves-orbitopathy-ophthalmopathy?search=graves%20ophthalmopathy&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	In ocular findings of Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease), lid lag/ retraction is due to either thickening of the Levator Palpebrae Superioris or fibrosis of the Superior Tarsal muscle. However, the innervation of the levator palpebrae is totally by oculomotor nerve instead of sympathetic nerve. And the Superior Tarsal is innervated by sympathetic nerve. Pathologic changes of the Levator Palpebrae is for sure, (Radiology. 1993 Jul;188(1):115-8.), however it's mechanism is still under debate. According to Uptodate, this is due to thyroid hormone excess. (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-graves-orbitopathy-ophthalmopathy?search=graves%20ophthalmopathy&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2) And the pathologic change of the Superior Tarsal is also proved in this article. https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/91/3/1159/2843609 I think FA2019 page337 fail to demonstrate the exact neurological innervation of these two closely related eyelid muscle :-).	Major erratum	03/09/19 8:54 PM
685	336	Gastrointestinal	Physiology	Gastrointestinal secretory products	https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/stomach-chief-cell	the CHIEFs drinks PEPSIn	Mnemonic	03/26/19 10:38 PM
686	336	Endocrine	Pathology	Pheochromocytoma	N/A	"Rule of 10's:" 10% of MEdullary, Chromaffin cells, Be, Kids (10% Malignant, 10% Extra-adrenal, 10% Calcify, 10% Bilateral, 10% Kids	Mnemonic	01/11/19 2:04 PM
687	336	Endocrine	Pathology	Pheochromocytoma	this is just a mnemonic revision suggestion, not a citable content revision.	Please change the Rule of 10's to the Rule of 90's: 90% are benign, 90% are unilateral, 90% are adrenal only, 90% are uncalcified, 90% occur in adults. It seems much more intuitive to describe the rule as that of the primary presentation the vast majority of the time (90%), and the exceptions to those rules are easy to remember as the 10% occurrences.	Mnemonic	03/01/19 5:45 PM
688	336	Endocrine	Pathology	Somatostatinoma	https://www-uptodate-com.webproxy2.ouhsc.edu/contents/pathology-classification-and-grading-of-neuroendocrine-neoplasms-arising-in-the-digestive-system?search=somatostatinoma&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~21&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	Also known to have psammoma bodies	High-yield addition to next year	03/02/19 9:56 AM
689	336	Endocrine	Pathology	Somatostatinoma	self explanatory	clarify that Somatostatin is needed supplemented after the surgery (I think that's how its meant?) but it really doesn't help for "symptom control" acutely!	Clarification to current text	06/07/19 9:33 AM
690	336	Endocrine	Pathology	Zollinger-Ellison syndrome	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2565843 + also had a World Question which brought this to my attention	After administration of secretin, gastrin does not only remain elevated but it even rises! I think this is a key difference between a just autonomous gastrin secreting tumor and the special "inversion" of endocrine mechanism in ZES!	Minor erratum	06/26/19 4:22 AM
691	337	Endocrine	Pathology	Hypothyroidism vs hyperthyroidism	None	No blue brackets present in image to indicate onycholysis	Spelling/formatting	01/02/19 8:47 PM
692	337	Endocrine	Pathology	Hypothyroidism vs hyperthyroidism	wiki	in Hyperthyroidism, lid lag is due to sympathetic stimulation of superior tarsal muscle or muller muscle, not levator palpebrae superiors, which is innervated by cranial nerve III	Major erratum	01/19/19 2:23 AM
693	337	Endocrine	Pathology	Hypothyroidism vs hyperthyroidism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5384127/	Lid retraction is due to increased sympathetic stimulation of the SUPERIOR TARSAL MUSCLE (muller's muscle)	Clarification to current text	01/30/19 8:36 AM
694	337	Endocrine	Pathology	VIPoma	It's Mnemonic	V1poma --> associated with MEN 1.	Mnemonic	12/30/18 7:36 AM
695	338	Endocrine	Pathology	Hypothyroidism	N/A	In the description of Postpartum thyroiditis, the second sentence mistakenly lists transient hyperthyroidism twice. "Presents as transient hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, or hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism."	Minor erratum	03/23/19 1:49 PM
696	339	Endocrine	Pathology	Hyperthyroidism	high fibroblast secretion of hydrophilic GAGs leads to high adipocyte count which leads to exophthalmos	adipocyte count ?	Clarification to current text	07/21/19 5:54 PM
697	340	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Insulin	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/general-principles-of-insulin-therapy-in-diabetes-mellitus?search=General%20principles%20of%20insulin%20therapy%20in%20diabetes%20mellitus&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	regular insulin start its effect at 30 minutes and peek 4=6 hr andaréis acting insulin star at 15 minutes and peek at 2=4 hr.	High-yield addition to next year	01/08/19 8:33 PM
698	340	Endocrine	Pathology	Thyroid adenoma	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnostic-approach-to-and-treatment-of-thyroid-nodules	"Cold" or nonfunctional thyroid adenomas are more often cancerous than "hot" or "toxic" thyroid adenomas. "Cold" adenomas may require biopsy by fine needle aspiration.	Clarification to current text	04/23/19 12:05 PM
699	340	Endocrine	Pathology	Thyroid cancer	not needed	New table to more deep understanding of the topic	High-yield addition to next year	01/22/19 6:14 AM
700	340	Endocrine	Pathology	Thyroid cancer	none needed	Remember that Medullary Carcinoma is associated with MEN2A and MEN2B by writing it as "MENdullary" (with the two Ls highlighted to remember its association with type 2)	Mnemonic	03/11/19 4:14 PM
701	341	Endocrine	Pathology	Hypoparathyroidism	n/a	Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type 1A: Mother: There won’t be PEACE until there’s resistance. Inherited from Mother PEACE – Shortened 3rd and 4th digits (Albright Syndrome) Resistance to PTH. Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism: Father: Yes! When there’s NO Resistance, there will be PEACE. Inherited from Father PEACE – Features of Albright Syndrome seen But, NO resistance to PTH.	Mnemonic	07/08/19 5:58 PM
702	341	Endocrine	Pathology	Parathyroid hormone	Made up	Pseudohypoparathyroidism (alliteration/Stress the S)---> G"S" protein defect resulting in "S"hortened stature, "S"hortened 3/4th digits & Subnormal PTH response	Mnemonic	02/15/19 12:38 PM
703	343	Endocrine	Pathology	Hyperparathyroidism	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/127351-overview	Add that bone resorption in osteitis fibrosa cystica occurs in the SUBPERIOSTEAL layer of bone	High-yield addition to next year	03/07/19 6:16 PM
704	344	Endocrine	Pathology	Diabetes insipidus	It's Mnemonic	Nephrogenic DI --->* N*ormal ADH levels.	Mnemonic	01/05/19 8:42 AM
705	346	Endocrine	Pathology	Diabetes mellitus	Pathoma page 166: "Due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells by T lymphocytes." Other authoritative sources include Robbins. Also research articles: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16280652; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119381/; and many, many other reviews and research articles.	The autoimmune destruction of of beta cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus from T cells and macrophages, not the autoantibodies. The autoantibodies are present but they are not what causes the destruction. The text implies the antibodies cause the destruction.	Major erratum	02/16/19 10:35 AM
706	346	Endocrine	Pathology	Diabetic ketoacidosis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diabetic-ketoacidosis-and-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-state-in-adults-clinical-features-evaluation-and-diagnosis?topicRef=1795&source=see_link#H10	Please consider adding the value of hyperglycemia in diabetic ketoacidosis is often >250 mg/dl	Clarification to current text	07/23/19 1:15 PM
707	346	Endocrine	Pathology	Diabetic ketoacidosis	not needed	I have created a helping mnemonic for DKA. D for DKA (Diabetic ketoacidosis), K for Ketones / Kussmaul respirations and A for metabolic Acidosis are important criteria for diagnostic.	Mnemonic	07/23/19 1:25 PM
708	346	Endocrine	Pathology	Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1914705-overview	In this section, near the end where the "Labs" are reported. It says there is "ketone production inhibited by presence of insulin". However, there is no ketone production in hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. It should state "NO ketone production". This is an important fact.	Major erratum	03/04/19 3:28 PM
709	346	Endocrine	Pathology	Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1914705-overview	In the "Labs," there is an extra parentheses after the word "normal," as it should read "no acidosis (pH normal, ketone production inhibited by presence of insulin" or "no acidosis (pH normal), ketone production inhibited by presence of insulin."	Spelling/formatting	08/12/19 12:25 AM
710	346	Endocrine	Embryology	Thyroid development	https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Neural_Crest_Development	The text says "Thyroid follicular cells and parafollicular cells (aka, C cells, produce Calcitonin) are derived from endoderm." This is false, because C cells or parafollicular cells are derivates of the Neural Crest and therefor of Ectoderm.	Major erratum	07/27/19 3:58 PM
711	347	Endocrine	Pathology	Multiple endocrine neoplasias	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123447-overview	MEN 1(1 Person): Pituatry,Pancreas,Parathyroid. MEN 2(2 people=Male & Female): Feochromocytoma+Medullary thyroid. Male/Boy(2B) :(Mucosal neuromas/Marfanoid)	Mnemonic	01/09/19 4:05 AM
712	347	Endocrine	Pathology	Multiple endocrine neoplasias	First Aid 2019	MEN 1: there is 1 pituitary gland (pituitary tumor), and 1 pancreas (pancreatic tumor). MEN 2: there are 2 adrenal glands (pheochromocytoma) and 2 thyroid lobes (medullary carcinoma of thyroid)	Mnemonic	02/06/19 10:44 AM
713	347	Endocrine	Pathology	Multiple endocrine neoplasias	https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia-type-2	Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid can be remembered in MEN2(A/B) by reading it as "MEN-two-llary carcinoma"	Mnemonic	07/13/19 2:25 AM
714	348	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Diabetes mellitus management	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/119020-medication#2	Glimepiride is a 3rd generation sulfonylurea (Tex classifies it as 2nd)	Clarification to current text	03/30/19 12:10 PM
715	349	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Diabetes mellitus management	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4620230/#!po=0.375940	In the 4th row, the adverse effects column reads ‘Not recommended if kidney function is impaired.’ This text should be deleted or modified as acarbose is considered an ideal candidate for patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.	Clarification to current text	12/24/18 11:51 PM
716	349	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Diabetes mellitus management	N/A	DPP-4 inhibitors: "GLIPTIN suffix= GLP-1 LifTIN"	Mnemonic	02/18/19 9:20 AM
717	349	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Diabetes mellitus management	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/thiazolidinediones-in-the-treatment-of-diabetes-mellitus?search=thiazolidinediones&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~124&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H8	Addition of "cardiotoxicity" as a side effect of Glitazones/Thiazolidinediones -- encountered in QBank in which the deciding factor was knowing which DM drug class has noted cardiotoxicity	High-yield addition to next year	04/24/19 10:53 AM
718	349	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Diabetes mellitus management	N/A	The -FLOZIN drugs keep the glucose flowin through the kidney	Mnemonic	05/08/19 5:26 PM
719	349	Endocrine	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Thionamides	n/a	“γ–zone is a nexus working to INCREASE sensitivity towards patients with HEART FAILURE” Activate PPAR-γ Zone – ThiaZOlidinedioNEs Nexus – Increase level of adipoNECTIN Increase Insulin SENSITIVITY Adverse drug reaction: HEART FAILURE	Mnemonic	07/08/19 6:00 PM
720	350	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Cinacalcet	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-secondary-hyperparathyroidism-in-adult-nondialysis-patients-with-chronic-kidney-disease?search=cinacalcet&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3~31&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	Under secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD should include the specification that it’s approved for dialysis patients only, as it’s not recommended, according to UpToDate, for nondialysis patients.	Clarification to current text	02/19/19 7:11 PM
721	350	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Cinacalcet	Mnemonic	Someone could remember that Cinacalcet is used to sensitize Ca2+-sensing receptors in the parathyroid gland to circulating Ca2+, which decreases PTH by remembering, "'SEN'acalcet (Cinacalcet) 'SEN'sitizes Ca2+-'SEN'sing receptor..."	Mnemonic	03/20/19 10:12 AM
722	350	Endocrine	Pathology	Hypothalamic/pituitary drugs	It's Mnemonic	pronounce (Cinacalcet) like (SenaCalcet )= Sensitizes Ca2+-sensing receptor.\highlight "sen" and "ca".	Mnemonic	01/05/19 8:58 AM
723	350	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Hypothalamic/pituitary drugs	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/947954-overview	In addition to treatment of GH deficiency and Turner syndrome, GH is also used in Prader-Willi Syndrome	High-yield addition to next year	02/17/19 2:08 PM
724	350	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Sevelamer	n/a	“Pho @ $7” SEVElamer decrease absorption of PHOsphate in hyperPHOsphatemia.	Mnemonic	07/08/19 6:02 PM
725	354	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Pancreas and spleen embryology	First Aid 2019	Pancreas and spleen embryology (that contains annular pancreas and pancreas divisum) is mistakenly placed in the first part of the anatomy section instead of the embryology section.	Clarification to current text	02/28/19 12:00 AM
726	354	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Pancreas and spleen embryology	Boards and Beyond	Annular pancreas complications include duodenal obstruction, polyhydramnios, and pancreatitis.	High-yield addition to next year	02/28/19 12:03 AM
727	354	Gastrointestinal	Embryology	Pancreas and spleen embryology	https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Gastrointestinal_Tract_-_Pancreas_Development	"Ventral pancreatic bud contributes to uncinate process and main pancreatic duct. The dorsal pancreatic bud alone becomes the body, tail, isthmus, and accessory pancreatic duct" as well as the main pancreatic duct.	Minor erratum	07/29/19 2:57 PM
728	355	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Important gastrointestinal ligaments	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/surgical-techniques-for-managing-hepatic-injury	It should be included under the pringle maneuvor fact that failure to stop bleeding upon completion of the maneuvor suggests bleeding from hepatic outflow source (the IVC, hepatic vein). This is the clinical relevance to the manuevor and this is how it is tested on board exams.	High-yield addition to next year	04/25/19 10:43 AM
729	355	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Important gastrointestinal ligaments	https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ligament-of-treitz & https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17653583 & Standring S. Gray's Anatomy. 41st ed. London: Elservier; 2016:1026.	Ligament of Treitz- Also known as suspensory ligament of the duodenum. Connects the right crus of the diaphragm and connective tissue around celiac trunk. Is avascular, does not contain any vessel. Clinically use to distinguish if a GI bleeding is considered to be an upper GI bleeding or a lower GI bleeding, also used radiologically to diagnose intestinal complete or partial rotation.	High-yield addition to next year	07/29/19 4:26 PM
730	355	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Spleen	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948863-overview#a2	The fact "splenorenal ligament" says that it connects the spleen to the posterior abdominal wall. However, as per the name, the splenorenal ligament is known to connect the spleen to the anterior surface of the left kidney. Per emedicine "The splenorenal ligament extends from the hilum of the spleen to the anterior surface of the left kidney; it contains the tail of the pancreas and splenic vessels."	Major erratum	03/03/19 9:02 AM
731	356	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Digestive tract anatomy	not needed	To help remember frequencies of basal electric rhythm, fast to slow: "digestion is slow (stomach), mixing is fast (duodenum), absorption is in between (ileum)"	Mnemonic	01/09/19 9:40 AM
732	356	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Digestive tract anatomy	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3603487/ and Dr. Jason Ryan of Boards & Beyond	Slow waves originate in the interstitial cells of Cajal	High-yield addition to next year	01/20/19 7:28 AM
733	356	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Digestive tract anatomy	N/A	For Muscularis layers: Bold and color "i" in both inner and circular then bold and hi-light "o" for outer and longitudinal (for the different layers)	Mnemonic	03/09/19 9:32 PM
734	357	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Abdominal aorta and branches	N/A	Order of anterior-branching arteries of the abdominal aorta = CSI [Crime Scene Investigation], for Celiac, SMA, IMA.	Mnemonic	01/10/19 10:29 AM
735	357	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Abdominal aorta and branches	was in a Question stem but also see here: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2878259/	A Varicocele is symptom in the Nutcracker Syndrome because when the left renal vein becomes trapped under the SMA there is also distention of the left gonadal vein! Also this makes a kind of easy to remember Mnemonic since the Name of the Syndrome is "Nutcracker"...	High-yield addition to next year	06/07/19 9:18 AM
736	357	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Gastrointestinal blood supply and innervation	FA 2019 Page 360	Hind gut is suppleid by IMA until upper portion of anal canal (not the rectom)	Minor erratum	04/29/19 6:49 PM
737	357	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Ischemia	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/366808-overview	Recto-sigmoid Water shed- IMA and hypogastric (Internal Iliac) artery	Minor erratum	04/26/19 9:30 PM
738	358	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Celiac trunk	Netter's Clinical Anatomy, 3rd Ed (p. 181); Essential Anatomy 5; https://www.imaios.com/en/e-Anatomy/Thorax-Abdomen-Pelvis/Digestive-system-Illustrations (slide 63)	In the figure of the celiac trunk, the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery appear to wrap around the duodenum. Instead, they should wrap around the pancreas: (1) the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery would fit more appropriately at the current location of the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, and (2) the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery could be depicted as faded behind the pancreas, branching from the gastroduodenal artery at the branchpoint of the current anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery.	Minor erratum	03/09/19 1:53 PM
739	359	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Portosystemic anastomoses	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8873859 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3940321/	Diagram suggests that the superior epigastric vein (which doesn't drain into iliac veins, but rather the internal thoracic) is not involved with caput medusae. "Small epigastric veins" may be vague to some readers and can be clarified to include inferior, superficial, and superior epigastric veins.	Minor erratum	07/01/19 2:07 PM
740	360	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Pectinate line	There was an erratun provided and approved for page 97 dated 2/14/18 for switching internal iliac to common iliac LN	Lymphatics for above the line drain into internal iliac LN; It should be Common iliac LNs based on newly approved erratum	Major erratum	03/01/19 6:51 PM
741	360	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Pectinate line	not applicable	under anal fissure: possible addition to mnemonic innervated by (P)udendal nerve	Mnemonic	04/23/19 10:41 PM
742	361	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Liver tissue architecture	Mnemonic	Distinguishing which type of hepatitis (viral or alcoholic) affects which hepatic zone (Zone I or Zone III) = the # of single full downwards pen strokes made when writing the word “viral” or “alcoholic”, as if you are writing roman numerals of the affected Zone. Clarifying image attached.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 7:42 PM
743	361	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Liver tissue architecture	https://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/LIVEHTML/LIVER003.html	Addition of a histological picture illustrating the zones of the liver, with accompanying text illustrating which area is affected by what. For example- the picture would be as attached, with under "zone 1"; viral hepatitis, ingested toxins, and so on.	Clarification to current text	02/27/19 10:52 AM
744	362	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Femoral region	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482388/ & https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1923032-overview#a2	"Femoral sheath: Fascial tube 3-4 cm below inguinal ligament. Contains femoral Vein, femoral Artery and Canal (deep inguinal lymph nodes) but no femoral Nerve" Propose mnemonic Vodka, Ale or Absinthe and Champagne for the party, but no Nectar allow.	Mnemonic	07/29/19 5:29 PM
745	363	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Inguinal canal	n/a	Transversus abdominis muscle + Internal oblique muscle = Conjoint tendon TIC = T+I = C.	Mnemonic	07/10/19 8:23 PM
746	363	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Neuromuscular junction diseases	I thought of this mnemonic myself	"L before M" for Lambert-Eaton vs Myasthenia Gravis autoantibodies that affect PRE-synaptic and POST-synaptic channels, respectively.	Mnemonic	07/05/19 8:16 PM
747	364	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Hernias	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/classification-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-inguinal-and-femoral-hernias-in-adults?search=inguinal%20hernia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~119&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H4	Move the most common in males to the top of the paragraph to read: "Most common in males. Goes through the...scrotum." Or, change the word scrotum to groin to reflect that it can occur in both sexes.	Clarification to current text	02/01/19 4:34 PM
748	364	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Hernias	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/classification-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-inguinal-and-femoral-hernias-in-adults#H5	Slide into the DMs: Direct = Medial to inferior epigastric vessels	Mnemonic	06/05/19 7:31 PM
749	365	Gastrointestinal	Physiology	Gastrointestinal regulatory substances	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/physiology-of-gastrin ,	Negative regulation of gastrin is by somatostatin which is missing from the list of regulators. It is especially worth adding here in the table because of its clinical utility as treatment in gastrinomas.	High-yield addition to next year	02/11/19 12:25 AM
750	365	Gastrointestinal	Physiology	Gastrointestinal regulatory substances	https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/motilin https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=zZINAEddjA0C&pg=PA357&dq=mo+cell+motilin&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=mo%20cell%20motilin&f=false	The Motilin is secreted by Mo cells in small intestine, what if you write it between 2 brackets under Small intestine.	Clarification to current text	05/15/19 5:05 PM
751	366	Gastrointestinal	Physiology	Gastrointestinal secretory products	mnemonic	"CHIEF of PEPSI-Cola" Chief cells of stomach produce pepsin	Mnemonic	07/30/19 1:31 PM
752	367	Gastrointestinal	Physiology	Carbohydrate absorption	not needed	All are t(2)ransported to blood by GLUT 2 .( Highlight "t" and "2")	Mnemonic	12/30/18 7:24 AM
753	367	Gastrointestinal	Physiology	Carbohydrate absorption	Not needed.	'Fructose' is spelt as 'Frutose' in the diagram of the enterocyte.	Spelling/formatting	02/10/19 8:21 AM
754	367	Gastrointestinal	Physiology	Gastrointestinal secretory products	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10433005	ECL cells are illustrated outside the stomach diagram and it gives the impression that they are not found in the stomach, when in fact, they are.	Minor erratum	02/06/19 11:05 AM
755	367	Gastrointestinal	Physiology	Pancreatic secretions	Mnemonic	The only pancreatic enzyme that does not require cleavage/activation by trypsin is ɑ-amylase because “ɑ-amylase is ɑlways active” (or “ɑlready active”). Clarifying image attached.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 8:34 PM
756	367	Gastrointestinal	Physiology	Pancreatic secretions	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54127/	Pointing out just amylase as being secreted in its active form may mislead students into thinking it's unique; lipase is also secreted as a non-zymogen, and is unacknowledged as in in the notes right below amylase. (DNase and RNase are also active).	Clarification to current text	07/30/19 7:51 PM
757	370	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Salivary gland tumors	https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain,-spinal-cord,-and-nerve-disorders/cranial-nerve-disorders/trigeminal-neuralgia	It currently says "CN VII signs (ie, facial paralysis or pain) suggest malignant involvement". However, CN VII only innervates facial muscles and all sensation from the face is from CN V.	Minor erratum	06/25/19 2:16 PM
758	371	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Esophageal pathologies	None	The 'New image' annotation box was left in next to the picture of pseudomembrane, on the bottom of the page. It is a yellow box in the margin. Just a formatting error, I don't believe this was supposed to be left in.	Spelling/formatting	12/22/18 8:53 PM
759	371	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Esophageal pathologies	First Aid	Plumber DIES instead of Plumbers DIE. The S for increase risk for "S"quamous cell carcinoma.	Mnemonic	01/11/19 10:47 AM
760	371	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Esophageal pathologies	First Aid 2018	Boerhaave Syndrome along with its description is completely missing from the 2019 edition. It is indexed correctly but seems to be deleted.	Major erratum	01/30/19 8:41 PM
761	371	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Esophageal pathologies	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2639970/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5387146/	GERD does not show signs of dysphagia. Signs of dysphagia only appears when the patient has progressed to esophageal adenocarcinoma, as they also show signs of weight loss. I think this point should be stated clearly, as it can help students differentiate if a patient has GERD or cancer based on presentation	Major erratum	02/04/19 1:28 PM
762	371	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Esophageal pathologies	Mnemonic	To remember that Boerhaave syndrome is a transmural esophageal rupture caused by excessive vomiting, think of it like all those episodes of vomiting have bored a hole through the esophagus and into the mediastinum; like miners drill boreholes into the wall of a cave or mine shaft.	Mnemonic	02/08/19 7:14 AM
763	371	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Esophageal pathologies	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/eosinophilic-esophagitis-eoe-genetics-and-immunopathogenesis?search=eosinophilic%20esophagitis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=4	For eosinophilic esophagitis, it is now known that many patients will respond to PPIs (it is not necessarily "typical"), From UpToDate: It is now appreciated that a substantial number of patients with esophageal eosinophilia can respond to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy, an entity that is now referred to as PPI-responsive esophageal eosinophilia (PPI-REE)	Minor erratum	03/08/19 5:28 AM
764	372	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Esophageal cancer	http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T114594/Plummer-Vinson-syndrome	Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma: add Plummer Vinson Syndrome (PVS is associated with an increased risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus)	High-yield addition to next year	06/10/19 7:19 PM
765	373	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Gastric cancer	Mnemonic	Krukenberg tumors are metastases to the ovaries from gastric adenocarcinoma. There are two more common metastases (Virschow- supraclavicular node, Sister Mary Joseph- periumbilical metastases) and the locations are difficult to remember along with the names. If you remember "Krack the Eggs" then it helps to remember that Krukenberg tumor is a metastasis to the ovaries as eggs are made in the ovaries.	Mnemonic	02/07/19 10:20 AM
766	373	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Gastritis	n/a	CURling ulcer = “BURNt by high CURrent”	Mnemonic	07/10/19 8:28 PM
767	373	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Ménétrier disease	Not needed	For -Men-etrier think mens (Latin for mind) —> brain —> brain-looking stomach	Mnemonic	02/02/19 11:43 AM
768	373	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Ménétrier disease	menterier disease increase overproduction of TGF-a https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/0016-5085(92)91455-D/pdf	menterier disease increase overproduction of TGF-a	Clarification to current text	05/15/19 5:10 PM
769	374	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Peptic ulcer disease	http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/smallbowelbrunnersgland.html	Duodenal ulcers are associated with Brunner gland hyperPLASIA NOT hyperTROPHY.	Major erratum	02/16/19 10:57 AM
770	374	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Ulcer complications	mnemonic, FA 19 9. 374	anterior ulcer--> air in abdomen... posterior ulcer --> bleeding from gastroduodenal artery pray to g-d (** indicates highlight in red)	Mnemonic	04/24/19 3:05 PM
771	375	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Bugs causing diarrhea	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/whipples-disease?search=whipple%20disease&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~71&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H6	Add "S" for steatorrhea to the current mnemonic "PAS the foamy Whipped cream in a CAN". So the revision will read "PAS the foamy Whipped cream in CANS". This change will help students remember another important symptom due to the pathophysiology of Whipple disease.	Mnemonic	08/24/19 2:36 PM
772	375	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Malabsorption syndromes	Pathoma (‎Fundamentals of Pathology) 2016	mucosal absorption affects the jejunum (duodenum is less commonly involved)	Minor erratum	02/01/19 9:23 PM
773	375	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Malabsorption syndromes	Mnemonic	ABCDE mnemonic for celiac disease: Ig”A” antibodies destroy intestinal “B”illi (villi) to cause “C”eliac disease. “D”uodenum is most commonly affected. May lead to “E”ATL.	Mnemonic	02/08/19 12:54 PM
774	375	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Malabsorption syndromes	Mnemonic	To remember what celiac disease is and that is it associated with HLA-DQ2/HLA-DQ8: "People with CELIAC disease H8 2 eat GLUTEN"	Mnemonic	02/26/19 6:26 PM
775	375	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Malabsorption syndromes	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts-per_notation	PPM stand for parts per million. It should be added on the abbreviations at the end of the book.	Spelling/formatting	05/15/19 5:17 PM
776	376	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Inflammatory bowel diseases	https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.med.nyu.edu/contents/clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-prognosis-of-ulcerative-colitis-in-adults?search=ulcerative%20colitis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1844647392	In comparing UC and Crohns, the text says aphthous ulcers are found in both diseases. But we were taught (and UptoDate seems to confirm) that aphthous ulcers are only seen in Crohn's disease.	Minor erratum	03/05/19 9:06 PM
777	376	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Inflammatory bowel diseases	N/A	Crohn (1 word)= Th1 mediated vs Ulcerative Colitis (2 words)= Th2 mediated	Mnemonic	03/09/19 9:20 PM
778	376	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Inflammatory bowel diseases	Content directly from FA 2019 (p. 376)	Extraintestinal manifestations of IBD: (ARE U IBD?) A - arthritis (ankylosing spondylitis, sacroilitis, migratory polyarthritis) R - rash (erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum) E - eye (uveitis, episcleritis) U - ulcers (aphthous)	Mnemonic	03/20/19 9:58 AM
779	377	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Appendicitis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=SURG%2F115333&topicKey=SURG%2F1383&search=appendicitis&source=outline_link&selectedTitle=1~150	Treatment for appendicitis is only listed as appendectomy. However, treatment for appendicitis has now been shown to include either appednectomy OR	Major erratum	02/11/19 10:15 AM
780	378	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Hirschsprung disease	https://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/1015/p1319.html	rectal suction biopsy (Submucosa). writing submucosa between 2 brackes at the end !	Clarification to current text	05/15/19 5:22 PM
781	379	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Intussusception	Uworld question, https://step1.medbullets.com/gastrointestinal/110050/intussusception,	Treatment should be added to Intussuseption- Barium enema is diagnostic/therapeutic and surgical intervention is mandated if intussusception does not resolve with enema	High-yield addition to next year	03/10/19 12:43 PM
782	380	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Other intestinal disorders	https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200209123471122 https://academic.oup.com/ageing/article/38/3/267/16387	acquired type IIA von Willebrand's syndrome + Aortic Stenosis patients ⇒ Angiodysplasias bleed = Heyde's Syndrome. Stenotic/calcified valve makes vWF multimer uncoil and cleaved by ADAMTS13. Got a UW q from this mechanism.	High-yield addition to next year	03/21/19 2:02 AM
783	380	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Volvulus	First Aid versions 2018, 2019, and this NCBI article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2780196/.	Mnemonic suggestion: Midgut volvulus more common in infants/children (Midgut=Minors); Sigmoid volvulus more common in elderly (Sigmoid=Seniors)	Mnemonic	01/16/19 6:52 PM
784	381	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Colonic polyps	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175377-overview#a4	Familial adenomatous polyps- should be 5q21	Minor erratum	04/08/19 10:35 AM
785	381	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Polyposis syndromes	It's Mnemonic	Peutz-Jeghers syndrome ----> hyperpigmented .\highlight "P".	Mnemonic	01/11/19 11:19 AM
786	381	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Polyposis syndromes	uworld, uptodate: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/peutz-jeghers-syndrome-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=peutz%20jeghers%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~47&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H2	Gene mutations associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: STK11	High-yield addition to next year	01/16/19 8:33 PM
787	381	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Polyposis syndromes	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/molecular-genetics-of-colorectal-cancer?search=apc%20mutation&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Autosomal dominant mutation of APC tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 5q21, NOT 5q22	Major erratum	06/04/19 9:33 PM
788	381	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Polyposis syndromes	Self.	Gardner Syndrome = FAP + JAW Tumors = eat food from the GARDEN (Gardner)	Mnemonic	08/01/19 5:49 PM
789	382	Gastrointestinal	Neoplasia	Colorectal cancer	Uworld	Clostridum septicum is associated with colonic malignancy and can lead to spontaneous gas gangrene, rapid-onset muscle pain, fever, hemorrhagic bull with dusky surrounding skin, and tissue crepitus	High-yield addition to next year	04/24/19 9:45 AM
790	382	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Lynch syndrome	uworld, uptodate: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/lynch-syndrome-hereditary-nonpolyposis-colorectal-cancer-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=lynch%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~99&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H345552210	Gene mutations associated with Lynch syndrome: MSH2/6, MLH1	High-yield addition to next year	01/16/19 8:25 PM
791	382	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Lynch syndrome	N/a (Just a mnemonic, not stating any new facts)	I think of this is as: you CLOSE the genes involved in DNA mismatch repair, where CLOSE is an acronym standing for: (C)olorectal, (L)ynch Syndrome, (O)varian, (S)kin, and (E)ndometrial cancer.	Mnemonic	02/17/19 9:09 AM
792	383	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Cirrhosis and portal hypertension	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/185856-overview	Cirrhosis increases estrogen effects (which is the cause of gynecomastia, palmar erythema, testicular atrophy and impotence)	High-yield addition to next year	02/25/19 9:59 AM
793	383	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Colorectal cancer	N/A	Text is written as: "Chromosomal instability pathway: mutations in APC cause FAP and most sporadic CRC (via adenoma-carcinoma sequence; (firing order of events is “AK-53”)." - there should be no start parenthesis before "via"!	Spelling/formatting	04/20/19 2:45 PM
794	383	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer	na	after CRC on the 1st line, there is open parentheses before via, but there os no closing of parentheses	Spelling/formatting	06/12/19 6:33 PM
795	384	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Cirrhosis and portal hypertension	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2697093/	it states that spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is caused by AEROBIC organisms (such as E.COLI and KLEBSIELLA); however, these bacteria are ANAEROBIC	Minor erratum	03/31/19 3:27 PM
796	386	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Hepatocellular carcinoma/hepatoma	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7694895	Polycythemia is just listed as a finding of HCC, while the other findings can be inferred based on the decreased function of the liver, polycythemia is not. It should be added that the proposed mechanism is increased EPO from the malignant cells (also referred to in PCV section in secondary causes).	High-yield addition to next year	02/27/19 1:44 PM
797	386	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Other liver tumors	UWorld	Per UWorld, cavernous hemangiomas are described as "abnormally dilated capillaries separated by thin connective tissue septa" and can occur in both the liver and brain.	High-yield addition to next year	02/05/19 5:21 PM
798	386	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Other liver tumors	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24707153 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23689692	Transcription factor ERG is a specific and sensitive diagnostic marker for hepatic angiosarcoma, but it can express CD 31 as well.	Clarification to current text	05/15/19 5:32 PM
799	386	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Other liver tumors	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4728840/ https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=hepatoblastoma-90-P02728	i think it would be better if you write something about Hematoblastoma.	Clarification to current text	05/15/19 5:36 PM
800	387	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Jaundice	mnemonic, FA 19 p. 387	Indirect bilirubin elevated in hemolysis, Crigler-Najjar, Gilbert, neonatal jaundice // hCG elevated before having a "neonate* (everything in ** to be highlighted in red)	Mnemonic	04/17/19 1:30 PM
801	388	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Hereditary hyperbilirubinemias	n/a	DR = DiRect hyperbilirubinemia Dubin Johnson and Rotor syndrome.	Mnemonic	07/10/19 8:29 PM
802	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Biliary tract disease	Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease ninth edition , page 858 , table 18 - 11	- Most common autoimmune association with Primary biliary cholangitis is Sjogren syndrome	High-yield addition to next year	01/23/19 2:43 PM
803	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Biliary tract disease	brain	primary (S)clerosing cholangitis (= Sperm for Men) // primary (B)iliary cholangitis (= Breasts for Women) .\|\| only way I can differentiate the two	Mnemonic	01/31/19 8:26 AM
804	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Biliary tract disease	Robbins Basic Pathology 10th Page 664 https://books.google.jo/books?id=YYZMDgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA664&ots=YixrI4sZvu&dq=Interlobular%20bile%20ducts%20are%20actively%20destroyed%20by%20lymphoplasmacyticinflammation%20with%20or%20without%20granulomas(the%20florid%20duct%20lesion)&pg=PA665#v=onepage&q&f=false	Primary Biliary Cholangitis can be with or without granulomas so it should be ± instead of +	Minor erratum	05/08/19 6:37 PM
805	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Biliary tract disease	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2087891-overview & https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/467020 & https://www.medscape.com/answers/187001-69452/what-ggt-levels-suggest-biliary-obstruction	"May present with pruritus, jaundice dark urine, light-colored stool, hepatosplenomegaly. Typically with cholestatic pattern of LFTs ( increase conjugate bilirrubin, increase cholesterol, increase ALP", increase GGT).	Minor erratum	07/30/19 5:34 PM
806	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Hemochromatosis	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177216-differential	Hemochromatosis is associated with increased susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio vulnificus and Yersinia enterolitica infections.	High-yield addition to next year	01/25/19 6:00 PM
807	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Hemochromatosis	Mnemonic	To remember that Prussian blue stains iron deposits, imagine a Russian weightlifter turning blue while “pumping iron”. (Also may be applied to the “Sideroblastic Anemia” section on pg. 411). Colored image attached.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 11:05 PM
808	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Hemochromatosis	not needed	currently H"FE" is highlighted in red to reflect "iron", but down the road this can be forgotten especially with too many genes to memorize as you study the book. I suggest changing it to; HFE stands for human “Ferrous Enterocytes” and by that you remember that the problem with intestinal enterocytes absorbing Fe!	Mnemonic	03/01/19 6:13 PM
809	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Hemochromatosis	not needed	medications: deFERasirox, deFERoxamine, deFERiprone for ferrous, is for Fe	Mnemonic	03/01/19 6:13 PM
810	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Hemochromatosis	none needed	HemochromatoSIX as a reminder that the mutation is located on chromosome 6.	Mnemonic	03/17/19 2:35 PM
811	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Hemochromatosis	First Aid 2019	It is mentioned in the text that " C282Y mutation > H63D mutation on HFE gene" it is not clear that the both mutations occurs in HFE gene	Clarification to current text	03/22/19 1:33 PM
812	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Hemochromatosis	--	HFE gene location mnemonic : hemochromatoSIX (chromosome 6)	Mnemonic	04/07/19 7:35 PM
813	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Hemochromatosis	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12547214	Hemochromatosis increase dmt 1 expression	High-yield addition to next year	05/15/19 5:40 PM
814	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Wilson disease	Mnemonic	To remember Wilson Disease results from impaired copper transport/excessive deposition, picture 28th U.S. President Woodrow Wilson on the penny. Image attached.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 11:33 PM
815	390	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Cholelithiasis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gallstones-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-prevention?search=tpn%20gallstone&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H2608614826	TPN is mainly a risk factor for cholesterol stones not pigment stones	Minor erratum	02/09/19 8:57 AM
816	390	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Cholelithiasis	Harrison Principles of Internal Medicine 20th edition	Cholesterol stones account for >90% of stones indicated by Harrison. FA book has 80%.	Clarification to current text	04/30/19 10:55 AM
817	392	Gastrointestinal	Pharmacology	Histamine-2 blockers	https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00455	The mnemonic currently is "table for 2" because H2 blockers have "dine" in it and block H2 receptors. The issue is that Loratadine and Terfenadine also have "dine" in it and are H1 blockers. I would suggest just changing it to include the "idine" to add accuracy. So the new mnemonic can be "I dine with H2o" because most of us do have water when we eat or "I dine at 2" which is a bit weird since 2 is a weird time to eat. Either way, you get the drift.	Mnemonic	01/17/19 11:38 AM
818	393	Gastrointestinal	Pharmacology	Antacids	N/A	I suggest changing Mg2+ = Must go to the bathroom -> Mg2+ Must go 2 the bathroom. It will help remember Mg2+ because the mnemonic now has a 2 in it correlating to the 2+ in Mg2+. Thank you for the consideration.	Mnemonic	03/19/19 3:00 PM
819	394	Gastrointestinal	Pharmacology	Drug names	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/alosetron-drug-information?search=alosetron&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1~10&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1	Alosetron, sold under the brand name Lotronex among others, is a 5-HT3 antagonist used for the management of severe diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)	High-yield addition to next year	07/31/19 8:17 PM
820	394	Gastrointestinal	Pharmacology	Laxatives	N/A	Senna turns the colon black like Henna (melanosis coli). Colonoscopy pictures of melanosis coli actually look strangely like they are coated with Henna!	Mnemonic	02/18/19 1:58 AM
821	394	Gastrointestinal	Pharmacology	Laxatives	None needed	SENNa - Stimulate ENteric Nerves	Mnemonic	05/16/19 3:06 AM
822	394	Gastrointestinal	Pharmacology	Laxatives	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-irritable-bowel-syndrome-in-adults#H23037175	5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 4 receptor agonists - Tegaserod	High-yield addition to next year	07/31/19 7:59 PM
823	394	Gastrointestinal	Pharmacology	Laxatives	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-irritable-bowel-syndrome-in-adults#H23037175	Guanylate cyclase agonists — Linaclotide and plecanatide are guanylate cyclase agonists that stimulates intestinal fluid secretion and transit	Clarification to current text	07/31/19 8:01 PM
824	394	Gastrointestinal	Pharmacology	Laxatives	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-irritable-bowel-syndrome-in-adults#H23037175	Lubiprostone — Lubiprostone is a locally acting chloride channel activator that enhances chloride-rich intestinal fluid secretion	Clarification to current text	07/31/19 8:02 PM
825	394	Gastrointestinal	Pharmacology	Proton pump inhibitors	Loren Laine. Gastrointestinal Bleeding. In: Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 19th edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2015. pp. 276 – 279. Jeffery A. Baker. Gastrointestinal Bleeding. In: Clinical Emergency Medicine. McGraw-Hill Education, 2014. pp.128- 130. * C. Prakash Gyawali and Amit Patel. Gastrointestinal Bleeding. In: Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics 34th edition. Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 2014. Pp. 620-626. *NEJM 2016; 374: 2367	Proton Pump Inhibitors are used for Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. It is an important clinical use and should be taken into account to be added to the next First Aid edition.	High-yield addition to next year	07/20/19 7:14 PM
826	395	Hematology and Oncology	Index	Hematopoiesis	N/A	Anatomy is said to be in page 400 when it starts in page 398	Spelling/formatting	04/22/19 7:06 AM
827	396	Hematology and Oncology	Embryology	Hemoglobin	First Aid 2019	Hemoglobin HbA2 (alpha2,Delta2), we can memorize Delta by the Decreased (D) number of this Hb (because it’s little in blood)	Mnemonic	05/09/19 10:02 AM
828	397	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Blood groups	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/red-blood-cell-antigens-and-antibodies?search=Red%20blood%20cell%20antigens%20and%20antibodies&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	In the table , row “Antibodies in plasma” , column “Rh-“ , replace the image of the anti-D igG with None. In fact the Anti-D igG is an immune antibody and not a natural antibody like anti-ABO antibodies. It’s clearly stated in the paragraph “Rh antibodies” of the UpToDate article “Red blood cell antigens and antibodies”.	Major erratum	01/23/19 4:57 AM
829	397	Hematology and Oncology	Embryology	Blood groups	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system	Anti-A and anti-B antidodies that RBC Type O are most likly IgG and not IgM as the text picture indicates	Minor erratum	02/23/19 5:00 PM
830	397	Hematology and Oncology	Embryology	Hemolytic disease of the newborn	not needed	Type O mother; typer A or B fetus. To add Type AB fetus too	Major erratum	03/01/19 6:19 PM
831	398	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy	Hematopoiesis	https://books.google.com/books?id=zolYg-SsVhQC&pg=PA358&lpg=PA358&dq=myeloblast+lineage&source=bl&ots=pLKZqP70bt&sig=ACfU3U3TlfSFnczw3ff4w0zIiK-MBtBrXg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwipmuHE-PzgAhUHP6wKHQ6LCAcQ6AEwFnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=myeloblast%20lineage&f=false	Most people use BEN (basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil) to remember myleoblast lineage - next year's book can list the cells in that order, and add the mnemonic!	Mnemonic	03/12/19 10:45 AM
832	399	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy	Macrophages	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19388527	It mentions that Langerhans cells are macrophages derivatives. Whereas in old first aid (2016) and on uworld it says that Langerhans cells are dendritic cells.	Major erratum	01/14/19 6:37 PM
833	399	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy	Macrophages	https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(03)14323-1/fulltext	Change Langerhans cells to Langhans cell. Langhans cells is a are large cells found in granulomatous conditions. They are formed by the fusion of epithelioid cells (macrophages), and this cells is different than langeRhans cells, which are mononuclear epidermal dendritic cells derived (like Langhans cells) from monocytes.	Major erratum	01/30/19 12:10 PM
834	399	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy	Macrophages	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16405098	to add "Langhans cells" when describing granuloma formation, and to remind not to mix it with "Langerhans" dendritic cells in skin	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 5:57 PM
835	399	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy	Thrombocytes (platelets)	not needed	platelet factor four (4) \suggest writing "four" and highlight f or highlight 4 to match mnemonic.	Mnemonic	12/31/18 2:30 PM
836	399	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy	Thrombocytes (platelets)	N/A	Think DenCe granules ( aDp, Ca )	Mnemonic	01/04/19 3:31 AM
837	399	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy	Thrombocytes (platelets)	First Aid 2019	Dense granules (delta in some books) => (these dense granules are in the SAC) => (Serotonin, ADP, Calcium),,, the delta symbol is already a sac shape	Mnemonic	05/10/19 10:04 PM
838	400	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy	Eosinophils	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/embolism-from-atherosclerotic-plaque-atheroembolism-cholesterol-crystal-embolism PS* photo attached is from Pocket Medicine, 6th	Cholesterol emboli syndrome is a cause of eosinophilia. Add to one of the causes and add to the mnemonic: PACCCMAN	High-yield addition to next year	02/08/19 11:59 PM
839	402	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Hemoglobin electrophoresis	my brain	Can Santa Fly Around the world ?	Mnemonic	02/03/19 2:33 PM
840	402	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Hemoglobin electrophoresis	First Aid 2019	We can memorize the sequence of the electrophoresis (A-F-S-C) by the first litters of the phrase: (Abnormally Folded Sickle Cell)	Mnemonic	05/09/19 10:15 AM
841	402	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Hemoglobin electrophoresis	just a clarification	under the Diagram the label should state something like "normal HbA consisting of alpha2beta2" oder similar. because like this there could be a lot of confusion (at least for me) if Point A is just labeled with "normal beta chain"...	Clarification to current text	06/07/19 9:24 AM
842	403	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Thrombogenesis	uptodate.com, UWorld	add Desmopressin activate release of vWF from endothelial cells	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 6:01 PM
843	404	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Coagulation and kinin pathways	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-hemostasis?search=hmwk&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~17&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	Add HMWK = High-molecular-weight kininogen to the image caption	Clarification to current text	01/02/19 12:29 PM
844	404	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Coagulation and kinin pathways	http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/bloodjournal/100/3/743.full.pdf?sso-checked=true	Factor XIII requires calcium to convert to XIIIa.	Minor erratum	01/11/19 7:13 AM
845	404	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Coagulation and kinin pathways	UWORLD question banks	For Fibrinolytic system: to add the following thrombolytics (Urokinase, Kallikerin, Hageman faxtor XII), also both tPA and Urokinase are inhibited by PAI( Plasminogen activator inhibitor). Also the following are direct PLASMIN inhibitors (Tranexamic Acid, Aprotinin, alpha 2 microglobulin, alpha 2 atitrypsin)	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 5:59 PM
846	404	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Coagulation and kinin pathways	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27906870	under anti IIa (tmrombin) meds box: it say heparin (greatest efficacy). Actually there is obvious conflict in literature regarding the effictivness of H vs LMWH and the general sense is that there is no superiority in effectivness of one over the other although many practitioners claim that LMWH is more effective than Heparin. LMWH is associated with less HIT. I recommend removing "Greatest Efficay"	Major erratum	03/01/19 6:10 PM
847	404	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Coagulation and kinin pathways	n/a	I remember that Hemophilia B is aka as Christmas disease and is due to factor IX deficiency, by the mnemonic "NINE Before CHRISTMAS" = factor NINE, hemophilia B, CHRISTMAS disease	Mnemonic	03/04/19 1:08 PM
848	404	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy and Physiology	Coagulation and kinin pathways	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123822192006384	activated Factor XII converts prekallikrein to kallikrein. this should be included on the graphic since elevated PTT implies Kallikrein could be affected and the bradykinin activation thus might be impaired.	High-yield addition to next year	04/19/19 11:31 PM
849	405	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Vitamin K–dependent coagulation components	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19141161	The inactive vitamin K dependent coagulation factors are listed as II, VII, IX, C, S. Factor X was neglected. It is, however, listed as a mature, carboxylated factor.	Minor erratum	01/04/19 11:15 AM
850	405	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Vitamin K–dependent coagulation components	Fa 2017	Factor 10 should be included for the inactive state	Minor erratum	02/22/19 10:15 AM
851	406	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Pathologic RBC forms	https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/acanthocyte	in Acanthocytes can you add in Notes section Spikes are irregular,	Clarification to current text	05/15/19 5:46 PM
852	406	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Pathologic RBC forms	n/a	In the END, you are either BURRied or, burnt in a PYRE. So LIVE as you can! BURR cells – END stage renal disease, PYRuvate Kinase Deficiency, LIVEr disease.	Mnemonic	07/08/19 4:55 PM
853	407	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Pathologic RBC forms	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18285271 https://www.labce.com/spg28881_target_cells_continued.aspx	in Iron deficiency anemia you can see Target cells as well.	Minor erratum	05/15/19 5:53 PM
854	408	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	Information taken from First Aid	Burkitt Lymphoma, a t(8:14) of C-myc with a starry sky appearance. "At 8:14pm look up and SEE(c-myc) the STARRY SKY"	Mnemonic	02/07/19 3:45 PM
855	409	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Anemias	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/780334-overview ; https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2086146-overview	Consider adding "acute blood loss" to the graphic depicting the differential diagnosis of anemia. Acute blood loss typically presents as a normocytic anemia with an elevated reticulocyte index. This addition should be considered since acute blood loss is stated as "the most common cause of acute anemia seen in the emergency department (ED)" in Medscape. Links provided in the "supporting references" section.	High-yield addition to next year	01/04/19 6:42 PM
856	409	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Anemias	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-anemia?search=Approach%20to%20the%20adult%20with%20anemia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	In normocytic hemolytic anemia, the bone marrow response is usually normal so the reticulocyte index is > 3% and not > 2% according to the UpToDate article “Approach to the adult with anemia”, paragraph “decrease in effective red cell production”, line 4. So In the diagram, under “hemolytic”, replace reticulocyte index > 2% with > 3%.	Minor erratum	01/23/19 4:28 AM
857	409	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Anemias	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hereditary-spherocytosis?search=hereditary%20spherocytosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~87&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1623571274	'Hereditary Spherocytosis' is listed as an Intrinsic (Intravascular) Hemolytic, Normocytic Anemia. I believe it is more properly categorized as an 'Extrinsic' (Extravascular) Hemolytic, Normocytic Anemia. While progressive cell membrane loss does impair RBC ability to traverse microcirculation, the spleen is where the ultimate destruction (phagocytosis) of the Spherocytes takes place.	Minor erratum	02/19/19 3:27 PM
858	409	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Anemias	FA 2017	Sideroblastic Anemia is not included among Microcytic Anemias in the chart	Minor erratum	02/22/19 12:12 PM
859	409	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Anemias	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sideroblastic-anemias-diagnosis-and-management?search=sideroblastic%20anemia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~102&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1524133059	In the "Anemias" flow chart, under "Microcytic (MCV<80 fL), Hemoglobin-affected (TAIL)" section, sideroblastic anemia should be included under "Defective Heme Synthesis". The mnemonic, "TAIL," should subsequently be changed to "TAILS".	Minor erratum	05/05/19 11:57 PM
860	409	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy and Physiology	Microcytic, hypochromic anemias	None needed.	Consider adding "S" to the mnemonic TAIL (TAILS), under microcytic anemia, and include Sideroblastic anemia.	Mnemonic	06/26/19 3:22 PM
861	410	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Microcytic, hypochromic anemias	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22200/	Alpha thalassemia is more commonly due to defect on chromosome 16	High-yield addition to next year	12/30/18 2:31 AM
862	410	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Microcytic, hypochromic anemias	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22200/	Beta thalassemia is more commonly due to defect on chromosome 11	High-yield addition to next year	12/30/18 2:32 AM
863	410	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Microcytic, hypochromic anemias	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-overview#showall (as well as Pathoma [2018] pg. 42 . Dr. Husain Sattar)	Hookworms (namely Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator Americanus) cause Iron Deficiency Anemia	High-yield addition to next year	01/06/19 12:41 PM
864	410	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Microcytic, hypochromic anemias	First Aid 2019	We can corrlate (CiS with aSian) & (tRaNs with afRicaN)	Mnemonic	05/09/19 10:21 AM
865	411	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Intrinsic hemolytic anemias	https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/hereditary-spherocytosis	Hereditary Spherocytosis has increased risk for pigmented gallstones	High-yield addition to next year	05/22/19 10:27 AM
866	411	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Microcytic, hypochromic anemias	N/A	Exposure risk in Lead Poisoning should include exposure to batteries (like workers in a factory), or exposure to ammunition. Both of these exposure risks are included in the Lead Poisoning section on page 417.	High-yield addition to next year	01/06/19 12:38 PM
867	411	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Microcytic, hypochromic anemias	Dr. Sattar's Pathoma	Clarify the increase in RBC protoporphyrin for lead poisoning as inhibited ALAD should lead to a decrease (hence why lead poisoning can lead to a sideroblastic anemia	Clarification to current text	01/06/19 5:57 PM
868	412	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Macrocytic anemias	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459295/	some drugs that causes Nonmegaloblastic anemia: 5-Fluorouracil, Zidovudine , Hydroxyuria	High-yield addition to next year	05/15/19 6:11 PM
869	412	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Macrocytic anemias	NA	Diamond Blackfan anemia: a fan has three wings triphalangeal thumb	Mnemonic	05/26/19 6:57 AM
870	413	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Heme synthesis, porphyrias, and lead poisoning	mnemonic	To remember intermediates in heme synthesis and porphyrias: Pour Hot Ugandan Coffee Pronto (Porphobilinogen, Hydroxymethylbilane, uroporphyrinogen III, Coproporphyrinogen III, Protoporphyran)	Mnemonic	12/22/18 1:31 PM
871	414	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Intrinsic hemolytic anemias	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206107-overview	Under Intrinsic hemolytic anemias there is hereditary spherocytosis listed. Hereditary spherocytosis is an intrinsic defect in the RBC but it is an extravascular hemolytic anemia. I suggest moving hereditary spherocytosis to page 415 under extrinsic anemia.	Minor erratum	01/20/19 1:48 PM
872	415	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Extrinsic hemolytic anemias	https://coldagglutinindisease.org/cold-agglutinin-disease/	In cold agglutinin if you can add to RBC agglutinates (Clumping agglutination) , so that can be easy differentiated from anything that causes stacked coin agglutination.	Clarification to current text	05/15/19 5:59 PM
873	416	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Interpretation of iron studies	Goljan 4th edition page 295, Pathoma 2018 edition page 43	For anemia of chronic disease the % transferrin saturation is decreased.	Major erratum	01/12/19 10:48 PM
874	416	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Interpretation of iron studies	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-and-diagnosis-of-iron-deficiency-and-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-adults?search=iron%20deficiency%20stages&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	In the table it’s indicated that the first disturbance of iron deficiency is decreased serum iron. In fact, the first disturbance of iron deficiency is low ferritin (iron stores) , so the down arrow next to ferritin should be in red and the one next to serum iron should be in black. It is clearly specified in the UpToDate article (Causes and diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in adults) in “Progressive Iron depletion” and illustrated in table 4.	Minor erratum	01/23/19 3:56 AM
875	416	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Interpretation of iron studies	Mnemonic	To remember which iron storage molecule is exclusively intracellular and which is found in serum, remember that HemoSIDErin “Hides inSIDE” the cell, while FERRitin is FREE to Float in the serum. Color coded image attached.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 10:51 PM
876	417	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Heme synthesis, porphyrias, and lead poisoning	UpToDate: Porphyria cutanea tarda and hepatoerythropoietic porphyria: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis; https://www-uptodate-com.proxy1.lib.tju.edu/contents/porphyria-cutanea-tarda-and-hepatoerythropoietic-porphyria-pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=porphyria%20cutanea%20tarda&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~58&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	acquired not autosomal dominant	Minor erratum	01/17/19 7:56 AM
877	417	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Heme synthesis, porphyrias, and lead poisoning	https://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/heme-porphyrin.php#synthesis	leaD poisoning= ALA(D) deficiency. Vitamin B Six deficiency= ALA(S) deficiency	Mnemonic	02/07/19 2:26 AM
878	417	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Heme synthesis, porphyrias, and lead poisoning	n/a	To remember the enzymes related to the two main porphyrias (PBG for AIP and UROD for PCT): It is INTERMITTENTLY necessary to Pull out the Big Guns. U were TARDy (tarda) becase U ROD the bus to stay out of the sun.	Mnemonic	02/22/19 2:12 PM
879	417	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Heme synthesis, porphyrias, and lead poisoning	n/a	Porphyria cutanea tarda = affected UROporphyrinogen decarboxylase “URO – enzyme down towards URINE” = Accumulated substance = UROporphyrin (tea colored urine)	Mnemonic	07/08/19 4:58 PM
880	418	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Coagulation disorders	N/A	Hemophilia A is deficient in factor Aight ( 8 )	Mnemonic	01/04/19 3:29 AM
881	418	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Coagulation disorders	None	It helped me establish a bond for memorizing these concepts more easily due to it's short and very practical: PTT (3 letters): IntrInsIc (3 I's) , PT (2 letters): extrInsIc (2 I's).	Mnemonic	07/24/19 11:16 AM
882	418	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Iron poisoning	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6215844/	Replace "Seen in patients with 1 (hereditary ) " to "Seen in patients with 1 (hereditary hemochromatosis)".	Clarification to current text	01/04/19 1:45 PM
883	418	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Iron poisoning	not needed	Iron (Ferrous) chalting agents: IV deFERoxamine, oral deFERasirox	Mnemonic	03/01/19 6:20 PM
884	418	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Iron poisoning	https://www-uptodate-com.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/contents/approach-to-the-patient-with-suspected-iron-overload?search=iron%20overload&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Under chronic causes of Iron poisoning, it lists "(eg, chronic blood transfusions for thalassemia or sickle cell disease) hemochromatosis." The close parenthesis should be removed, and a comma "and" should be added before hemochromatosis. Could also mention that "Chronic Iron Poisoning" is know as "Iron Overload" as well.	Spelling/formatting	03/20/19 7:37 PM
885	418	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	https://www-uptodate-com.proxy.medlib.uits.iu.edu/contents/epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-pathologic-features-and-diagnosis-of-burkitt-lymphoma?search=burkitt%20lymphoma&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~74&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Burkitt Lymphoma - t(8;14) - translocation of c-myc (8) and heavy-chain Ig (14). "C-my-crush? We had our first kiss (EBV) when we were in 8th grade, at age 14."	Mnemonic	03/08/19 2:35 PM
886	419	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Platelet disorders	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4989643/ as well as Dr. Hussien Satar (Pathoma)	IgG against the platelet antigens (GpIIb/IIIa) can cross the placenta and cause a short-lived thrombocytopenia in the newborn	High-yield addition to next year	01/03/19 4:59 AM
887	419	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Platelet disorders	UWORLD, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/platelet-dysfunction-in-uremia	Uremic Platelet Dysfunction: Excessive bleeding in patients with renal dysfunction due to accumulation of uremic toxins that impair platelet aggregation and adhesion. Increase BT with normal PC. Patients improve with dialysis	High-yield addition to next year	01/04/19 3:42 AM
888	419	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Platelet disorders	Uptodate and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3136592/	Add in: "Treatment dependent on severity of thrombocytopenia; observation only for those with mild cases." Also note that ITP is most commonly caused by IgG against GPIIb/IIIa (there are other platelet glycoproteins that can be targeted resulting in ITP as well as T-cell/cell-mediated route opposed to just antibody mediated).	Clarification to current text	01/11/19 6:23 PM
889	419	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Platelet disorders	N/A	Symptoms of TTP mnemonic: FAT RN (Fever, microangiopathic hemolytic Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Renal Failure, Neurologic symptoms)	Mnemonic	01/12/19 10:53 AM
890	419	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Platelet disorders	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acquired-ttp-initial-treatment	A new drug has been approved in Europe for acquired TTP (US FDA most likely to approve on Feb 6th, 2019 - currently on fastrack) - Anti-von Willebrand factor Caplacizumab (Cablivi™) is set to become the first line treatment for acquired TTP (vs existing plasmapheresis). The target action date for the FDA decision is February 6, 2019.	High-yield addition to next year	01/19/19 2:53 PM
891	419	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Platelet disorders	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202158-clinical	ITP can also be drug induced mainly by drugs that target GpIIb/IIIA e.g. Abciximab, eptifibatide	High-yield addition to next year	03/24/19 12:59 PM
892	419	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Platelet disorders	this is just wording change from the text	under TTP/HUS section should state presentation: Laboratory triad of thrombocytopenia(quantitative platelet disorder),microangiopathic hemolytic anemia(low H/H,elevated LDH,schistocytes) and acute renal injury(elevated creatinine). It seems presentation should be referrable to clinical presentation or physical findings	Clarification to current text	04/11/19 2:39 PM
893	419	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Platelet disorders	First Aid 2019	Platelet disorders is the one that affect the Bleeding time (Coagulation disorders doesn’t)	Mnemonic	05/10/19 10:09 PM
894	419	Hematology and Oncology	Inflammation	Platelet disorders	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/platelet-dysfunction-in-uremia	we should remind students about UREMIC changes in platlets , add the following ( platlets disorders are divided into acquired and familial) uremic is acquired , also remind them about effect of Aspirin on platlets	High-yield addition to next year	05/30/19 5:00 PM
895	419	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Platelet disorders	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202158-overview	splenomegaly is not assoicated with ITP, in fact it exculdes ITP	High-yield addition to next year	05/30/19 5:46 PM
896	419	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Platelet disorders	n/a	ROBOTIC ADAM’s Increased WILL to AGGREGATE in the human society! ROBOTIC – THROMBOTIC ADAMTS13 – Deficient or inhibited Increased large von WILLebrand Factor multimers Increased platelet AGGREGATION	Mnemonic	07/08/19 5:31 PM
897	420	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Hereditary thrombosis syndromes leading to hypercoagulability	n/a	Lady GAGA will tour from ARGentina  Guatemala but not in the People’s Republic Of China. Lady = Leiden Guanine to Adenine DNA point mutation Amino acid change from ARGenine  Guanine Resistance of Factor V to degradation by PROtein C	Mnemonic	07/08/19 5:34 PM
898	420	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-in-adults?search=DIC%20causes&sectionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H255175&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#H255175	Transfusion is too generic. DIC often occurs in the setting of intravascular hemolysis, often due to an Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (AHTR).	Clarification to current text	01/16/19 2:31 PM
899	420	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-in-adults?search=DIC%20causes&sectionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H255175&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#H255175	Intravascular hemolysis is one of the causes of DIC (e.g., AHTR and malaria).	High-yield addition to next year	01/16/19 2:32 PM
900	421	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Blood transfusion therapy	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/red-blood-cell-transfusion-in-infants-and-children-selection-of-blood-products?search=irradiated%20blood%20SCID&usage_type=default&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~145&display_rank=2	Irradiated packed RBCs: Preserve RBCs, platelets, but remove any inmune cells which may cause a reaction. CLINICAL USE: SCID	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 11:15 PM
901	421	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Blood transfusion therapy	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?rank=1~17&source=graphics_search&imageKey=HEME%2F102695&search=cryoprecipitate&sp=4 and https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-use-of-plasma-components	I've made this table for a better differentiation of either clinical use or contents of cryoprecipitate vs fresh frozen plasma. This was a very confusing topic, and I used only UpToDate to assembly this table.	High-yield addition to next year	03/21/19 2:34 AM
902	421	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Blood transfusion therapy	n/a	Mr and Mrs Hodgkin are 30 and 15 years old (CD 30 + and CD 15+). They live together in their cell with 4 children:  Nodular (Nadia) is a female child (Common in female)  Lympho are twins; one of them is RICH and BEST while the other is DEPLETED  Last one is MIXED, a simple guy who LOVES surfing in the OCEAN (Eosinophilia) Non Hodgkin Lymphoma: Burkitt Lymphoma, pg 422 Alphabetically, B  C-myc B looks like 8 = t(8;14) Starry sky at 8 PM 8 = ATE = Jaw lesion Associated with E8V	Mnemonic	07/08/19 5:40 PM
903	421	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Hodgkin lymphoma	First Aid 2019	In Hodgkin, Reed-Sternberg cells are binucleate & bilobed, (we READ by glasses [2 lobes] while eating HODog) (READ-Srnb+ HODgkin)	Mnemonic	05/09/19 11:12 AM
904	422	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Hodgkin vs non-Hodgkin lymphoma	n/a	Alphabetically, B  C-myc B looks like 8 = t(8;14) Starry sky at 8 PM 8 = ATE = Jaw lesion Associated with E8V Non Hodgkin Lymphoma: Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, pg 422 Large = Older adults Non Hodgkin Lymphoma: Follicular Lymphoma, pg 422 “Waxing and waning” course = Waxing your hair follicles at Folliderm clinic. Mantle Cell Lymphoma, pg 422 Mantle = Mental = 11 (odd number) = t(11;14); CD 5+ (odd number) Cyclin D1 = D1 (Dopamine in Psychics); Aggressive mental Marginal Zone Lymphoma, pg 422 People were MARGINALized during WW II = t(11;14)	Mnemonic	07/08/19 5:45 PM
905	422	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCL6	for the Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma please include that "BCl-6 is on chromosome 3"	High-yield addition to next year	12/30/18 11:48 PM
906	422	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-pathologic-features-and-diagnosis-of-adult-t-cell-leukemia-lymphoma 2. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/human-t-lymphotropic-virus-type-i-virology-pathogenesis-and-epidemiology	1. Only approximately 25% of the adult T-cell lymphoma patients will have skin lesions at diagnosis. So the text should be corrected as "Adults may present with cutaneous lesions", as 75% of the patients do not experience this symptom. 2. HTLV-I is primarily transmitted by breastfeeding, although spread via blood transfusion, sharing of needles, and sexual intercourse also occurs. So authors should add "breastfeeding" to the "associated with IV drug abuse" sentence, as it is the most common method of transmission.	Clarification to current text	01/25/19 2:48 PM
907	422	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	N/A	Mickey MANtle hit for the CYCLE batting 11-14	Mnemonic	05/04/19 3:39 PM
908	423	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Multiple myeloma	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204369-overview#a3; Dr. Jason Ryan of Boards and Beyond mentions this as an important fact in his reputable board-review series.	Multiple Myeloma, and the growth of myeloma cells, is highly dependent on IL-6. It is required required for myeloma cell proliferation.	High-yield addition to next year	01/06/19 5:08 AM
909	423	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Multiple myeloma	https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/17/9/2533; uworld	The filtered light chains may cause intrarenal obstruction in the distal nephron by co-aggregating with the carbohydrate moiety of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, which is produced in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle	High-yield addition to next year	02/27/19 8:20 AM
910	423	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Myelodysplastic syndromes	lecture slides	Would be helpful to mention that MDS has increased bone marrow cellularity (cells don't leave marrow). and the 100-age for normal cellularity estimation. This is in contrast to aplastic anemia which is hypocellular.	High-yield addition to next year	01/16/19 11:14 AM
911	423	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Myelodysplastic syndromes	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-the-myelodysplastic-syndromes?search=myelodysplastic%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H37	if Blast in bone marrow is high but less than 20% so it suggests MDS. Bone marrow blasts of >20% suggest AML. improtant way to diffrentiate between them.	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 6:15 PM
912	424	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Leukemias	Mnemonic	AML - "Auer rods, Myeloperoxidase positive, myeL*oblasts" (bolded pathognomonic signs)	Mnemonic	01/11/19 6:01 AM
913	424	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Leukemias	https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1300874	arsenic +ATRA treatment is specific to acute promyelocytic leukemia	Clarification to current text	01/16/19 11:01 AM
914	424	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Leukemias	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30030507; https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2018/us-fda-approves-lumoxiti-moxetumomab-pasudotox-tdfk-for-certain-patients-with-relapsed-or-refractory-hairy-cell-leukaemia.html	add in Moxetumomab pasudotox for treatment for relapse/ refactory hairy cell leukemia	High-yield addition to next year	01/16/19 9:31 PM
915	424	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Leukemias	Pathoma	Hairy cell leukemia; stain positive for TRAP. these cells get TRAPped in spleenic redbulb causing spleenomegaly. so less Lymphadenopathy found, also bone marrow gets dry (fibrosis) as they are TRAPped in Spleen	Mnemonic	03/01/19 6:17 PM
916	424	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Leukemias	N/A	The word "cell" smudged = CLL. CLL has smudge cells	Mnemonic	03/24/19 1:28 PM
917	425	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Chronic myeloproliferative disorders	FA2018	I saw that the JAK2 mutation (V617F) was removed from FA2019. While it makes sense that it was removed from the general section description as it does not pertain to ET or myelofibrosis, it should be readded under the subsection of polycythemia vera as it is present in ~95% of cases)	Clarification to current text	01/16/19 12:36 PM
918	426	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Langerhans cell histiocytosis	First Aid p 228, Uworld	"Cells express S-100 (mesodermal origin)" should say "Cells express S-100 (neural crest origin)" because Langerhans cells are of neural crest origin, not mesodermal origin. The stain S-100 also only stains for cells of neural crest origin.	Major erratum	02/06/19 9:11 PM
919	426	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Tumor lysis syndrome	N/A	PUcK for remembering the electrolytes imbalances in TLS. Capitalization means hyper and lowercase means hypo. P (hyperphosphatemia) U (hyperuricemia) c (hypocalcemia) K (hyperkalemia)	Mnemonic	01/14/19 11:26 AM
920	426	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Tumor lysis syndrome	N/A	Tumor lysis syndrome is associated with chemotherapy which often makes you vomit/puke: so remember hyperPUKe for TLS--> hyperPhosphatemia, hyperUricemia, hyperKalemia	Mnemonic	01/14/19 2:19 PM
921	427	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Direct thrombin inhibitors	https://reference.medscape.com/refdrug-srch/angiomax-angiox-bivalirudin-342137	bivaliruDIN - direct inhibitor of thrombin., dabigaTRAN- ThRombin antagonist.	Mnemonic	02/25/19 6:14 PM
922	427	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Direct thrombin inhibitors	n/a	Direct Thrombin Inhibitors for Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) HIT BAnD = Bivalirudin, Argatroban, Dabigatran.	Mnemonic	07/08/19 5:47 PM
923	427	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-hemophagocytic-lymphohistiocytosis?search=lymphohistiocytosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~86&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Add "Associated with Chediak-Higashi Syndrome", as this is nogted in the Chediak-Higashi section in the Immunology section in first aid on page 117.	High-yield addition to next year	01/22/19 2:24 PM
924	427	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Heparin	UWorld	Protamine is isolated from Salmon Sperm; contraindicated in case of shell-fish allergy. Causes HSR type I	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 6:03 PM
925	427	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Heparin	uptodate.com	Antithrombin decrease the action of activated IIa, IXa, Xa, XIIa and XIIa (not only IIa and Xa)	Major erratum	03/01/19 6:06 PM
926	428	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Warfarin	First Aid 2019	WAR against FAitamine-K,, (WAR-FA-rin) Warfarin inhibits Vit-K dependent factors	Mnemonic	05/09/19 10:10 AM
927	429	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	ADP receptor inhibitors	not needed	mechanism is inhibiting platelets "activation" (no expression of p2y12 R) which leads to inhibition of platelets "aggregation"	Minor erratum	03/01/19 6:05 PM
928	429	Psychiatry	Pharmacology	Antidepressants	https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100363/xarelto-rivaroxaban	An important very new use of rivaroxaban is to prevent major cardiovascular events in patients with CAD or PVD following the COMPASS Trial	High-yield addition to next year	04/16/19 10:52 AM
929	429	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Direct factor Xa inhibitors	not needed	Apixaban, rivaroxaban (Api-Xa-BAN because it bans Xa)	Mnemonic	01/09/19 12:35 PM
930	429	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Direct factor Xa inhibitors	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-bleeding-in-patients-receiving-direct-oral-anticoagulants?sectionName=Rivaroxaban,%20apixaban,%20edoxaban,%20betrixaban%20(reversal)&search=direct%20factor%20Xa%20inhibitors&topicRef=1370&anchor=H3105446&source=see_link#H3105446	Antidote for rivaroxaban and apixaban toxicity was FDA approved in 2018. It's called Andexanet.	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 12:23 AM
931	429	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Direct factor Xa inhibitors	https://reference.medscape.com/refdrug-srch/xarelto-rivaroxaban-999670	rivaroxaban- RIVAR-read like reversible O- oral, XA- XA , B- blocker, or AN - antagonist.	Mnemonic	02/25/19 6:20 PM
932	429	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Direct factor Xa inhibitors	https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100363/xarelto-rivaroxaban	An important very new use of rivaroxaban is to prevent major cardiovascular events in patients with CAD or PVD following the COMPASS Trial	High-yield addition to next year	04/16/19 10:56 AM
933	429	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors	Mnemonic	TEA at 2 or 3? (Tirofiban, Eptifibatide, Abciximab bind to Gp2b3a)	Mnemonic	02/20/19 7:54 AM
934	429	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors	not needed	IIb/IIIa is a FIBrinogen receptor; to highlight eptiFIBatide and tiroFIBan	Mnemonic	03/01/19 6:02 PM
935	429	Immunology	Immunosuppressants	Therapeutic antibodies	https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100325/cimzia-certolizumab-pegol-	certolizumab pegol is another clinically relevant TNF alpha antibody	High-yield addition to next year	04/16/19 10:58 AM
936	429	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Thrombolytics	https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2988	It should be "diathesis" instead of "known bleeding diatheses".	Spelling/formatting	04/17/19 12:03 AM
937	430	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Cancer drugs––cell cycle	First Aid	Cladribine is not S-phase specific. It is cell-cycle independent. This is clarified on page 432 but the current diagram is not consistent with the clarification.	Minor erratum	12/26/18 11:37 PM
938	431	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Antitumor antibiotics	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3461790/	Bleomycin is also used as an intra-lesional sclerotherapy agent in lymphangiomas. Add this clinical use will also reinforce the idea that it promotes fibrosis (pulmonary fibrosis).	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 1:41 AM
939	431	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Antitumor antibiotics	https://reference.medscape.com/drug/bleomycin-342113#4	Interstitial pneumonitis should be added to adverse effect of Bleomycin. The incidence of pneumonitis in these patient is 10% i.e. almost same as incidence of Pulmonary fibrosis.	High-yield addition to next year	03/24/19 2:50 PM
940	432	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Antimetabolites	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fluoropyrimidine-associated-cardiotoxicity-incidence-clinical-manifestations-mechanisms-and-management	5-fluorouracil-induced coronary artery spasm is a potentially lethal side effect that needs to be addressed here.	High-yield addition to next year	01/10/19 11:50 AM
941	432	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Antimetabolites	https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00195.x	adding Aplastic anemia to adverse effects of Azathioprine and 6-mercatopurine when used with Allopurinol and Febuxostat.	High-yield addition to next year	05/15/19 6:18 PM
942	432	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Antimetabolites	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9815688 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/fluorouracil	adding photosensitivity to adverse effect of 5-fluorouracil, and Uridine is used as rescue agent.	High-yield addition to next year	05/15/19 6:21 PM
943	434	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Etoposide, teniposide	N/A	Move II the -side. To memorize that etoposide and teniposide are topoisomerase II inhibitors.	Mnemonic	01/13/19 5:50 AM
944	434	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Imatinib, dasatinib	N/A	"Im -abl to inhibit tyrosine kinase". In order to remember that IMatinib is an inhibitor of bcr-abl.	Mnemonic	01/13/19 5:56 AM
945	434	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Irinotecan, topotecan	N/A	"I -can". To memorize that Irinotecan and Topotecan are topoisomerase I inhibitors	Mnemonic	01/13/19 5:53 AM
946	435	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Bortezomib, carfilzomib	n/a	Multiple proto-ZOMBIes with Mantle Retardation! borteZOMiB, carfilZOMiB Mechanism: PROTEOsome inhibition Clinical use: MULTIPLE Myeloma, MANTLE cell lymphoma.	Mnemonic	07/08/19 5:49 PM
947	435	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Rituximab	https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100362/rituxan-rituximab	Also for the treatment of pemphigus	High-yield addition to next year	04/16/19 12:41 PM
948	435	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Tamoxifen, raloxifene	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mechanisms-of-action-of-selective-estrogen-receptor-modulators-and-down-regulators "Both raloxifene and tamoxifen also induce hot flashes (an estrogen antagonist effect)"	Hot flashes can be caused by raloxifene as well, not only tamoxifen.	Clarification to current text	01/07/19 3:10 AM
949	435	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Trastuzumab	https://reference.medscape.com/drug/herceptin-ogivri-trastuzumab-342231	In adverse effects, it says that "Heartceptin" damages the heart. I didn't understand what heartceptin was referring to so I googled and found out it is another name for trastuzumab. In First Aid 2018 there is herceptin written next to the fact title but in First Aid 2019 there isn't.	Clarification to current text	12/28/18 3:51 PM