Page # | Chapter | Included in Published Errata | Section | Fact Name | Needs Illustration Team Review | Supporting Reference(s) | Main Comment | Submission type | Illustration Author Comment | Submission type triaged by staff | First author comment | Second author comment | Editor comment | Editor determination based on Prelim feedback | First Expert Reviewer | 1st Expert Reviewer Feedback | 2nd Expert Reviewer | 2nd Expert Reviewer Feedback | Editor determination based on Expert feedback | Final wording on Errata | Added to Annotate | GC amount | GC paid | Date Submitted | First Name | Last Name | Null | |||||
Collaboration powered by Smartsheet | Report Abuse | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 34 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | Chromatin structure | ![]() | N/A | Heterochromatin --> column 2 --> Barr bodies (INACTIVATED X chromosomes) - Not inactivate X chromosomes | Spelling/formatting | Reject, test states "Barr bodies (inactive X chromosomes) may be visible..." spelling is correct. - Victor Martinez | Verified | Agree with rejection.-Anup | Reject. - Vivek | Agree with authors. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/01/19 12:34 PM | Behnam | Nabavizadeh | behnam.nabavi@yahoo.com | |||||||||||
2 | 34 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | Chromatin structure | ![]() | Not needed, mnemonic | Histone Deacetylation Deactivates DNA | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 06/10/19 8:10 PM | Estefanía | Henríquez Luthje | ehenriquezluthje@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
3 | 35 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | Nucleotides | ![]() | FA 2019 Page 35 | Why (-1 ring ) is colored in red? | Spelling/formatting | Agree. It is a minor formatting issue. It should be in black font color. - Victor Martinez | Verified | We can correct in 2020. -Anup | Agree with both Anup and Victor. We can fix it in 2020. - Vivek | Agree - JA | ![]() | ![]() | 01/06/19 6:33 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||
4 | 35 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | Nucleotides | ![]() | aaa | Purines (A, G); 2 rings -- PURe As Gold; Exchange 2 gold Rings in a wedding | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Not a fan of this one. MA | Would be easy to think of one ring, agree this is not helpful. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 6:26 AM | Elana | Molcho | elana.molcho@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
5 | 35 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | Nucleotides | ![]() | Self-created. | I have created a helping mneumonic for the major deamination reactions. C U At Home Get Xtra 5 Toppings. It allows one to remember the order of the deamination reactions and which reactions are paired. | Mnemonic | Verified | LY imo. Not an easy mnemonic to remember or understand either. - Huzaifa | Agree with rejection. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 05/21/19 9:09 AM | Brianna | Olamiju | brianna.olamiju@yale.edu | ||||||||||||||
6 | 36 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | De novo pyrimidine and purine synthesis | ![]() | http://tmedweb.tulane.edu/pharmwiki/doku.php/proguanil https://www.uptodate.com/contents/antimalarial-drugs-an-overview#H14 | Add proguanil (anti-malarial) to list list of medications that inhibit dihydrofolate reductase. | High-yield addition to next year | Agree we should consider adding proguanil to the next edition, the prodrug that produces an active metabolite, cycloguanil that inhibits DHFR. - Victor Martinez | Verified | Agree with addition. -Anup | Reject I don't think this is a HY drug to know for the USMLE Step1. We only mention it as a prophylaxis in several other places of the text but we don't discuss its pharmacology in any detail anywhere else. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 02/18/19 1:52 AM | Basim | Ali | basim.ajafri@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
7 | 36 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | De novo pyrimidine and purine synthesis | ![]() | FA 2019 page 416 Orotic aciduria | In main pyrimidine base production diagram i think it would be better if you add (UMP synthase) enzyme on arrow from Orotic acid to UMP as it's clinically high yield. | Clarification to current text | I agree with the student and Vasily. It would reduce cognitive load - Victor M | Makes sense. Let's migrate to Annotate and discuss with the illustration team. -Vasily | Reasonable to consider this for 2020. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 04/18/19 3:43 AM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
8 | 37 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | Genetic code features | ![]() | https://www.ugg.com/men-footwear/ | Add mnemonic "when you wear your UGG, you Tryp (trip; for Tryptophan)" to remember that UGG codes for tryptophan and that it is an exception to the Degenerate/Redundant feature of the genetic code | Mnemonic | It is good. We should consider this mnemonic for the next edition. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Could be considered for addition, but not sure if this is HY. -Anup | I don't think this is HY. Vote to reject. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 02/08/19 11:45 AM | Ralph | Zeitoun | riz07@mail.aub.edu | |||||||||||||
9 | 37 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | Genetic code features | ![]() | Personal Mnemonic | The 4 genetic code features are: Unambiguous, Degenerate, Commaless, and Universal. Take the first letters of these 4 features and you can spell "CUUD." The mnemonic would be: Genetic "CUUD" features. | Mnemonic | Verified | LY, IMO. -Vasily | Agree, unnecessary. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 04/28/19 12:58 PM | Milan | Terzic | milanterzic1996@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
10 | 37 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | Purine salvage deficiencies | ![]() | https://reference.medscape.com/drug/elitek-rasburicase-342255#90 | Rasburicase is colored as an enzyme with green. Please color it like a drug so as we don't get confused. | Clarification to current text | It should be changed to keep consistency - Victor M | Agree, a change is needed here. Suggest adding an arrow from uric acid to a new item "allantoin". This conversion is stimulated (arrow with a plus sign) by rasburicase (drug). One more arrow should be added from allantoin to urine. -Vasily | Agree with editing this info. -Anup | Minor but not unreasonable to edit this so it is not as confusing, agree with consideration of change as per Vasily. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 04/27/19 2:33 PM | Charilaos | Chourpiliadis | harishourp92@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
11 | 37 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | Purine salvage deficiencies | ![]() | https://reference.medscape.com/drug/elitek-rasburicase-342255#10 link2: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Mechanism-of-action-rasburicase-and-allopurinol-Depicted-is-the-pathway-of-purine_fig1_11995629 | uric acid is the normal end of metabolism in human body. If rasburicase(urate oxidase) is taken as MEDICATION then it transform uric acid to allantoin | Major erratum | I believe it is the same comment about the color of rasburicase, which should be black (drug) instead of green (enzyme). - Victor M. | Agree with user. Humans do not have much activity of uricase and ASA and probencid do not have any effect on uricase or conversion of uric acid to allantoin. ASA and probencid affect the secretion of uric acid. The illustration needs to be changed to reflect this. Ref: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/urate-balance?search=metabolism%20of%20uric%20acid§ionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H3&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#H3 Majed | Agree. We have already proposed a suggestion in annotate. -AC | Proposal already in place to remove both aspirin and probenecid from this diagram. This is therefore a duplicate. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/13/19 11:33 AM | Elaf | Mohamed | Elafmohamed38@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
12 | 38 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | DNA replication | ![]() | Mnemonic | "2 'sides' to every 1 coin ['can']" hint for Etoposide/teniposide inhibit TOP II and irinotecan/topotecan inhibit TOP I. This can also be placed on page 434 | Mnemonic | Reject. I agree with Anup. It is a complicated mnemonic to remember. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Complicated mnemonic for an already busy page. -Anup | Reject. Agree with Anup and Victor. -MA | Reject, I agree with Anup & Victor - JA | ![]() | ![]() | 01/09/19 7:30 AM | Nathaniel | Borochov | nateboro8@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
13 | 38 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | DNA replication | ![]() | Mnemonic | FlUORoquinolones inhibit TOP IV(4). | Mnemonic | The mnemonic is not bad. However, I feel that it is incomplete since TOP II is not included. - Victor Martinez | Verified | Agree with Victor. I think this page is already too busy as is. -Anup | Reject. Agree with other authors. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 01/12/19 8:15 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
14 | 38 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | DNA replication | ![]() | Mnemonic | To remember that DNA Polymerase reads DNA 3’ to 5’ and DNA is synthesized 5’ to 3’ write out the words “reads” and “synthesized” but replace every letter “E” with the number “3” and every “S” with the number “5”. This works both for prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication and synthesis. Clarifying image attached. | Mnemonic | I don't like this suggestion. This mnemonic is not easy to remember. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Defer to 2020. A suggestion, not errata. -Anup | Reject. Not very good. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 9:28 PM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
15 | 38 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | DNA replication | ![]() | Mneumonic | DNA polymerase III (III, red color) proofreads with 3' (3, red color) --> 5' exonuclease. DNA I (I, red color) degrades RNA primer (prime, red color) | Mnemonic | I don't feel that these numbers on red font will add extra value to the current information. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Reject. Agree with Victor. -MA | Not in favor of addition. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 02/19/19 1:51 AM | Heewon | Choi | hxc326@case.edu | |||||||||||||
16 | 38 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | DNA replication | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15137905 | Regarding Bloom Syndrome it would be better if add more information about it like it's autosomal recessive. clinical manifestations include : growth retardation, facial anomalies, photosensitive skin rash, and immunodeficiency. | High-yield addition to next year | Not sure if this is HY for the Step exam. -Anup | Bloom is LY. Majed | ![]() | ![]() | 04/18/19 4:46 AM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
17 | 39 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | Mutations in DNA | ![]() | N/A | In the image provided for "Mutations in DNA", the silent mutation coding DNA (GAA) is the same as the mRNA codon (GAA). This would be a correct translation... not a silent mutation. | Minor erratum | Reject. A silent mutation happens when there is a substitution of a single nucleotide. But, it codes for the same or original amino acid. GAG is the original sequence coding for Glu, GAA is the mutated sequence (G substituted for A) which also codes for Glu. So, the mutation is silent since the protein will have the same amino acid at the same position as if the nucleotide substitution never happened. - Victor Martinez | Verified | Text is correct as is. No changes recommended. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/16/19 3:53 PM | Douglas | Moss | douglas.moss@my.rfums.org | |||||||||||||
18 | 40 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | DNA repair | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16238440 | Fanconi Anemia is given as example under "homologous recombination", it is actually an example of "Non-Homologous End Joining" repair mechanism. | Minor erratum | Verified | This was changed per faculty recommendation last year. Also, A quick pubmed search returns many results linking FA mostly to HR. Example this recent review: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5904331/ - MA | Agree, no changes to the text, as we have changed per faculty recs. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/16/19 10:09 AM | Sara | Khan | dr.sarakhan7@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
19 | 40 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | DNA repair | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining | NHEJ is also defective in many forms of SCID. | High-yield addition to next year | Agree. We could consider adding SCID as an example of NHEJ. "NHEJ deficiency confers (severe) combined immunodeficiency - (S)CID - due to a failure to carry out V(D)J recombination efficiently" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24629483 -Victor Martinez | Verified | Not sure if this is HY. May need X-ref. -Anup | Reject. There are more "classical" and more testable mechanisms of SCID that we cover elsewhere in the book. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 01/20/19 7:06 PM | Charles | de Leeuw | deleeuw.c@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
20 | 41 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | DNA replication | ![]() | https://www.genscript.com/molecular-biology-glossary/12074/ATG-or-AUG | This submission is referring to a video associated with page 41 -- not an errata in the text. The title of the video / section is "Functional organization of a eukaryotic gene." I believe the error is spoken starting at time 1:09 -- "Also recall, the start codon is AUG when referring to DNA, and ATG when referring to RNA." | Minor erratum | Will be forwarded to Rx videos team. -Matt | ![]() | ![]() | 05/29/19 9:53 PM | Jessica | Li | jessicagli72@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
21 | 41 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | Functional organization of a eukaryotic gene | ![]() | Uworld Question #2033 | Poly-A tail is NOT AAAAAA its AAUAAA | Minor erratum | May need faculty input. And would be HY info replacing current text. -AC | The tail depends on the type of signal. For DNA, it is AATAAA. For pre-mRNA, it is AAUAAA. For mature mRNA, it is AAAAAA as we show. In short, we could add AAUAAA to the pre-mRNA line, but this is not critical. Moreover, there is already work in progress to modify this section that that the poly-A tail is not shown being the entire 3' end (as opposed to what our diagram shows now). All in all, based on this submission, no change is needed. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/25/19 9:46 PM | gevorg | grigoryan | gevorgrigoryan@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
22 | 41 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | Functional organization of a eukaryotic gene | ![]() | https://easylifescienceworld.com/addition-of-3′-poly-a-tail-mrna-processing-in-eukaryotes/ | The graphic is inaccurate and highly confusing with its depiction of the addition of a poly-A tail. The way it is currently drawn makes it seem as if the polyadenylation signal – drawn as AATAAA on the coding strand – is itself transcribed into the poly-A tail, drawn on the mature mRNA as “AAAAAA.” Again, this is highly misleading and confusing. 1) On the graphic, clarify that pre-mRNA is the same as hnRNA, which is the term that you use everywhere else. 2) Draw the polyadenylation signal on the pre-mRNA strand as ‘AAUAAA’. The polyadenylation signal is specifically designed as being the 5’-AAUAAA-3’ sequence in the 3’UTR of the pre-mRNA which signals specific proteins to come and add the poly-A tail. The way it is currently drawn as being on the DNA is misleading, because the signal’s function is on the pre-mRNA. 3) The ‘mature RNA’ should show AAUAAA – since the signal is not excised – followed by a stretch of ~200 A’s. This is the biggest inaccuracy here – it really makes it seem like the poly A tail is just 7 adenine residues that were somehow directly transcribed from ‘AAUAAA’. Additionally, I think the graphic could be improved by drawing the 5’ cap as being more than just a blue terminal piece of the transcript. It would be much better to show it visually as a “7Me-G” linked by 3 “P”s to the 5’ end. Also, I think you should label “start codon” and “stop codon” on RNA, not the DNA. I’ve attached a really bad picture I drew to show how you could make the graphic better (with an artist more talented than me I hope). | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/24/19 9:28 PM | Rob | Shvarts | rob.shvarts@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
23 | 41 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | Protein synthesis | ![]() | Mnemonic | The directionality of protein synthesis proceeds from the amino (N) terminus to the carboxy (C) terminus. This can be remembered by “proteiNs are Created N → C terminus" | Mnemonic | Verified | This seems familiar, maybe because it is mentioned in Kaplan videos? -Anup | Not a fan to be honest. I don't think that this is important enough to have its own mnemonic. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 8:43 AM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
24 | 41 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | RNA polymerases | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22085/ | RNA polymerase 2 synthesizes 5' to 3'; it does not read 5' to 3' | Major erratum | Reject. As I understand, this submission refers to "Functional organization of eukaryotic gene" fact. Confusion arises from the fact that we provide image of the coding strand, while it is the template strand that is actually transcribed. -Vasily | Agree with Vasily. There is no erratum here. Just a slight misinterpretation on the part of the student in terms of what is being shown/actually influenced by the enzyme. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/12/19 2:50 PM | Kinza | Sultan | kinza.sultan@westernu.edu | ||||||||||||||
25 | 42 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | RNA polymerases | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | Actinomycin *D* (also known as *D*actinomycin) inhibits RNA polymerase in *D*ual (both) prokaryotes and eukaryotes. | Mnemonic | I agree with Anup. It may be considered for the next edition. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Could be considered for 2020. -Anup | Reject. What is the significance of knowing that it inhibits both enzymes? -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 01/12/19 9:13 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
26 | 42 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Splicing of pre-mRNA | ![]() | mnemonic for existing material in book | GULAG - A mnemonic for the sequences at either end of an intron: FU at 3' end and AG at 5' end. The L stands for Lariat/Loop. | Mnemonic | I am not inclined to agree or reject. However, according to google GULAG means "A system of labor camps maintained in the Soviet Union from 1930 to 1955 in which many people died". -Victor Martinez. | Verified | I would reject. Too many mnemonics. -Anup | Reject. Agree with Anup. MA | ![]() | ![]() | 02/07/19 9:25 AM | Joshua | Moran | moranjosh@live.com | |||||||||||||
27 | 44 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | tRNA | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6236/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848691/ ;and also UWorld | In the diagram explaining the structure of a tRNA, the acceptor stem is incorrectly labeled; it should include the whole length of the vertical 3' end attached to the T arm (so basically the CCA end is only part of the acceptor stem) | Minor erratum | There are many diagrams and illustrations about this topic showing the stem in different ways. We need faculty input. - Victor M. | Verified | Could ask illustration team to look into it. -Anup | Agree with Anup, reasonable to consider this year. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/08/19 6:45 PM | Hasan | Alarouri | hassan.arouri@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
28 | 44 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | tRNA | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_arm#cite_note-hardt1993-1 | The D-arm is a portion of the tRNA molecule that acts as a recognition site for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase; wording is unclear "D-arm detects the tRNA by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase." | Clarification to current text | We could change the text to read: "D-arm allows detection of the tRNA by aminoacyl-tRNA synthase." -Vasily | OK to migrate over clarification for consideration in 2020. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/29/19 6:49 AM | Elana | Molcho | elana.molcho@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
29 | 45 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Molecular | tRNA | ![]() | Typing error | Page37says wobble codons differ in 3rd position.But in page44,in the figure below wobble is indicated in 1st position as tRNA is read from 5 to 3 | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/26/19 1:42 AM | Javohir | Nazarov | javohir.nazarov.17@mail.ru | |||||||||||||||||
30 | 46 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Cell cycle phases | ![]() | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2443.1996.d01-234.x | EPO is Non-receptor tyrosine kinase, while insulin, PDGF, EGF are receptor tyrosine kinase of the family tyrosine kinases. | Minor erratum | Many types of research and literature show EPO as a Janus Tyrosine kinase receptor (JAK). However, I agree with Anup, I think we need faculty input to be sure about this fact. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | This article tends to suggest otherwise: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC49475/ . Needs expert review to determine if the user is correct or not. I found a bit of controversial info in these articles, so please kindly review. -Anup | Reject. The article mentions Tec, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase. However, there is no mention of EPO in the student's cited article. As pointed out by Anup, there are several articles that clearly establish that EPO is a receptor tyrosine kinase. No changes to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 7:26 AM | ahamd | Obeidat | obeidat.amd@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
31 | 46 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Cell cycle phases | ![]() | mnemonic, FA 19 p. 46 | *P*hosphorylated Rb allows cell cycle to *P*roceed | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/07/19 6:00 PM | Elan | Baskir | ebask003@fiu.edu | ||||||||||||||||
32 | 46 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Cell cycle phases | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC23451/ | hypophosphorylation (activation) of Rb should be hyperphosphorylation (activation) of Rb | Minor erratum | Reject. Hypophosphorylation induces the activation of Rb. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137861/ - Victor M | Reject suggestion per Victor. -AC | Reject, Victor is correct, HYPOphosphorylation is the activating signal here. Text is correct as is, no change needed. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/30/19 10:17 PM | Mohammed Sakil Ahmed | Shah | sakilshah1992@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
33 | 46 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Cell cycle phases | ![]() | not needed | Cyclin-dependent kinases is Constitutive and inactive (in absence of cyclin) | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 08/06/19 2:02 PM | Ra'ed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
34 | 46 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Cell cycle phases | ![]() | Self-written | CDK's phosphorylate proteins like RB. When RB is phosphorylated is means it takes a phosphate, so it becomes heavy and can't do its normal function of stopping G1->S as it's now lazy and lets G1->S occur instead of stopping it. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 10:03 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
35 | 46 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Rough endoplasmic reticulum | ![]() | aaa | N-glycosylation occurs in the eNdoplasmic reticulum; O-glycosylation occurs in the gOlgi apparatus | Mnemonic | Verified | I like this mnemonic. I think we should add it. -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 03/02/19 3:34 AM | Elana | Molcho | elana.molcho@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
36 | 46 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | ![]() | Self-written | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) - want's body to run SMOOTH so removes poisons and drugs. Makes Steroids for us to run smooth + has SMOOTH surfaces without ribosomes on it. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 10:06 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
37 | 47 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Cell trafficking | ![]() | https://www.uniprot.org/locations/SL-0075 | COPI transports from Golgi -> Endoplasmic Reticulum (currently says from Golgi -> Golgi) | Minor erratum | Agree with Vivek and Vasily. The text states Golgi to Golgi since it is the retrograde type of transport. - Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject. Agree with Vivek. "The coat protein I (COPI) complex manages traffic from the Golgi back to the ER (retrograde transport), or between different compartments of the Golgi (intra-Golgi transport)." https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982215015055 -Vasily | I feel current text is correct as is as quoted below: "vesicles with a COP I coat mainly transport proteins in the retrograde direction BETWEEN Golgi cisternae and from the cis-Golgi BACK to the rough ER." Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21749/ - Vivek | Text correct as is. No change needed. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/11/19 12:19 PM | Lauren | Allen | laurenallen76@gmail.com | |||||||||||
38 | 47 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Cell trafficking | ![]() | N/A | I-cell disease: “I” is a part of the alphabet, so we start there. Ignoring A through E, we start with F to recall the clinical features of I-cell disease: Facial features coarse/ Gingival hyperplasia/ Hand deformity “claw”/ “I’s” (eyes) corneal clouding/ Joints/ Kyphoscoliosis/ Lysosomal enzymes ↑↑ | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/15/19 3:38 PM | Andrei | Allicock | andreiallicock@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
39 | 47 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Peroxisome | ![]() | not needed | Zellweger syndrome: Renee Zellweger has WEAK PEX (hypotonia; PEX gene mutation) and SEIZES (seizures) big livers (hepatomegaly); Refsum disease: ALPHA (alpha-oxidation disorder) males are PHYTAN A LOT (buildup of phytanic acid) because the REF's SON (Refsum) made the team but is CLUMSY (ataxia) and CAN'T SEE (cataracts/night blindness); Adrenoleukodystrophy: ß-A-L-D for ß-oxidation | Mnemonic | I find this mnemonic a bit long. But, if the rest feels is useful, then it would be perfect for me. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Could be considered for 2020. -Anup | Not very good IMHO. MA | ![]() | ![]() | 01/02/19 2:06 PM | Nicholas | Yeisley | nwygz4@mail.umkc.edu | |||||||||||||
40 | 47 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Peroxisome | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/peroxisomal-disorders ,,,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22240/ | we can use VLCFAS as mnemonic for zellweger syndrome , V--> vision problem , L --> liver enlargement, C --> copper high , F --> fe high , A --> abnormal muscle tone, S--> seizure,,,,,, we can also use PEX in PEroXisome for PEX gene | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/31/19 8:23 AM | Mohamed | Menofy | mohamed.a.menofy@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
41 | 47 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Peroxisome | ![]() | - | ABCD gene ---> (A)drenoluekodystrophy, (B)-oxidation, (C)o long/so long chain fatty acid, Defect | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/06/19 2:01 PM | Ahmad Y. | Obeidat | obeidat.amd@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
42 | 47 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Peroxisome | ![]() | Mnemonic | The “βALD BOYS” are wearing VERY LONG CHAINS. With *A*DDED [Adrenals] *B*RAINS [Brain] and *B*RAWN [Testicles], [*C*omma/Coma] they’re *D*EADLIER [Death] than *1* I think this is a very good mnemonic because it’s short but written out it contains every single detail from the fact. It produces a good mental image, and it rhymes (sort of). I capitalized and put astericks around the parts that represent facts. “βALD” reminds us of the name of the disease and the deficient process (Adrenaleukodystrophy, β-oxidation). I took this part from another submission. “BOYS” reminds us that this is an X-linked disease. The bald boys wearing “VERY LONG CHAINS” reminds us that there’s a buildup of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). “ADDED BRAINS and BRAWN” represents the adrenals, the brain, and the testicles – the affected organs. “,” is a COMMA and reminds us that COMA is a complication “DEADLIER” reminds us that death is a complication Finally, you’ll notice that I placed the astericks around the first letter of some of the clues to help remember the affected gene: ABCD1 | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 12/04/19 11:46 PM | Rob | Shvarts | rob.shvarts@emory.edu | |||||||||||||||||
43 | 48 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Cytoskeletal elements | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2064177/ | In 2006 a new systematic nomenclature for mammalian keratins was created, and the proteins previously called "cytokeratins" are simply called keratins | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/07/19 8:17 AM | Ra'ed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
44 | 48 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Microtubule | ![]() | nature.com/subjects/dynein | Tie-Dye is retro: Tie-Dye (dynein) in Retro(grade) | Mnemonic | Verified | I am personally not a big fan of this mnemonic, but I think we can migrate it, and see if the crowd likes it. -Vasily | I like it better than what we have currently. Agree to migrate -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 02/24/19 4:41 PM | Myanna | Olsen | myannaolsen@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
45 | 48 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Microtubule inhibitors | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17986648 | "(Vin)cristine gets her tubes tied" | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 11/24/19 3:49 PM | Kevin | Rivera | Kevin.Rivera@tcu.edu | |||||||||||||||||
46 | 49 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Sodium-potassium pump | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2949520/ | The cardiac glycosides activate the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger which results in the exit of 3 Na+ ions and the entry of 1 Ca2+ ion | Minor erratum | Verified | Digoxin MoA from UTD: "Heart failure: Inhibition of the sodium/potassium ATPase pump in myocardial cells results in a transient increase of intracellular sodium, which in turn promotes calcium influx via the sodium-calcium exchange pump leading to increased contractility." The wording really depends on the function of the Na/Ca exchanger. If it can only move Ca outside of the cell and Na inside, then it is inhibited by high Na in the cell. If it can move Ca inside the cell and Na outside of the cell, then it is activated by high Na in the cell. I am pretty sure I saw it expained either way in a variety of qbanks. Whatever the exact function of the Na/Ca exchanger is, the end result is increased Ca inside the cell. IMHO, UTD is a reliable enough resource, so it is worth migrating this suggestion to Annotate to continue the discussion. -Vasily | Reject. The cited article is discussing the mitochondrial Na-Ca exchanger. The Na-Ca exchanger present on the plasma membrane is inhibited by the increased intracellullar sodium. Our currect text is correct and accurate. Ref: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/use-of-digoxin-in-heart-failure-with-reduced-ejection-fraction?sectionName=MECHANISM%20OF%20ACTION&search=digoxin&topicRef=1051&anchor=H2&source=see_link#H2 -MA | Seems controversial. Given the disagreement and nuance of this submission, will propose a migration with a high probability of expert review to ensure that we get things 100% right before making any changes to the text. -Matt | Disagreement/need expert | ![]() | ![]() | 03/09/19 6:26 PM | Jeffrey | Sackey | sackeyjeff38@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
47 | 49 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Sodium-potassium pump | ![]() | https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/785818 | 3 Na out(3 letters) , 2 K in (2 letters) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/31/19 8:29 AM | Mohamed | Menofy | mohamed.a.menofy@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
48 | 50 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Collagen | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/360747 | As Type 1 collagen is important for late wound repair, Type 3 collagen is also important for EARLY WOUND HEALING | Clarification to current text | Agree - Victor M. | I think it is HY to contrast the roles of type III and type I collagen in wound repair. It might be a good idea to change "granulation tissue" to "early wound repair". We could also use bold font for words "early" and "late". -Vasily | OK to migrate over to consider this for further debate. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 04/20/19 1:58 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
49 | 50 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Collagen synthesis and structure | ![]() | none needed | Hosts Give Partygoers Champagne at their SOIREE. Each of the four first words corresponds with the step in collagen synthesis that has an associated deficiency/syndrome. SOIREE corresponds with the first letter in the associated problem. Hosts (hydroxylation) Give (glycosylation) Partygoers (proteolytic processing) Champagne (cross-linking) at their SOIREE (scurvy, osteogenesis imperfecta, SKIP step 4 (R), Ehlers-Danlos, Ehlers-Danlos and Menkes) | Mnemonic | It is difficult to remember. - Victor M. | Verified | I personally do not like this suggestion. -Anup | I don't get this at all. Agree it is not helpful -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 03/10/19 6:23 PM | Natalie | Jansen | jansen7@uic.edu | |||||||||||||
50 | 50 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Collagen synthesis and structure | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093059/ | Clarify on the sentence: Glycine content best reflects collagen synthesis. For example, If i have two tissue samples, one of which is primarily made up of collagen (i.e, Bone or cartilage) and another one is devoid of collagen or containg negligible amount of collagen (i.e, synovial fluid). In this case, using glycine content reflects the amount of collagen present in these tissues. However, if i have two tissue samples, both made up of more or less collagen (let's say skin and ligaments). In this case, I can not use glycine to reflect the collagen amount present in these tissues as glycine though not abundant as much as in collagen, is still present in various other protiens such as elastin. Therefore, measuring glycine content could give me false results. In these cases, measuring hydroxylated proline (i.e, hydroxyproline) would be the best choice since it is very specific for collagen only. | Clarification to current text | I think this might be a valid clarification. Currently we use the following wording: "Glycine content best reflects collagen synthesis (collagen is 1/3 glycine)". It would be probably more accurate to say that "glycine's content in collagen (1/3) is less variable than that of lysine and proline". And indeed, it seems that hydroxyproline, not glycine, is used by labs for collagen quantification, and we can mention this as well if deemed HY by the crowd. -Vasily | Seems like a reasonable clarification, appreciate the detailed submission and critique. We can migrate over for 2020 consideration. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/17/19 8:21 AM | Ketan | Dayma | ketandayma77@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
51 | 50 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Collagen synthesis and structure | ![]() | NA | Vitamin C deficiency leads to a problem with Hydrox"C"lation. | Mnemonic | Verified | Not a big fan of this mnemonic, but let's discuss with the crowd. -Vasily | Not a fan either. Wouldn't be helpful IMO. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 03/17/19 4:52 PM | Mazal | Hagler | mbrakha72@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
52 | 50 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Collagen synthesis and structure | ![]() | self-made | I have created a helpful mnemonic for memorizing that lysine is involved in the collagen cross-linking process. "Do not lie or you will be cross-examined." | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/21/19 9:13 AM | Brianna | Olamiju | brianna.olamiju@yale.edu | ||||||||||||||||
53 | 50 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Collagen synthesis and structure | ![]() | not needed | "formation of procollagen to hydrogen and disulfide bonds " is better to be mentioned as independent step | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 08/07/19 2:34 PM | Raed | Ababeh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
54 | 50 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Collagen synthesis and structure | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21582/ | I think the steps describing collagen synthesis are a little bit oversimplified, and it would actually be more clear to elaborate a bit. Firstly, it should be clear that "preprocollagen" refers to the alpha chains while they are undergoing translation in the cytosol but before they are translocated to the RER. Once in the RER, they are called "pro alpha chains." Second, "glycosylation of proline residues" should be its own step, and should not include the addition of disulfide bonds to form the triple helix. You should add a new step between step 3 and 4 that clarifies the stabilization of the triple helix with disulfide bridges. Each helical pro alpha chain is flanked at both ends (termini) by a globular “propeptide” – the disulfide bonds between the propeptides of 3 chains is what forms the triple helix. It would be a helpful addition to the graphic to draw these propeptides as circles at the termini of the chains and procollagen. In Step 5, it would be helpful to clarify that the “disulfide-rich terminal regions” are the same propeptides that were added in step 3. Now in the extracellular space, removing the propeptides causes the tropocollagen to be far less soluble, allowing the molecules to self assemble into fibrils for cross linking by lysyl oxidase in step 6. In step 5 for the graphic, add little circles representing the propeptides to the cleaved C- and N- terminals. Lastly, in step 6 of the graphic it is more accurate to call the final product a “fibril” than a “fiber.” A fiber is the collection of thousands of fibrils, each 50nm in diameter. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 11/24/19 8:32 PM | Rob | Shvarts | rob.shvarts@emory.edu | |||||||||||||||||
55 | 51 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Ehlers-Danlos syndrome | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21582/ | In describing the various types of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, the current text reads: "Hypermobility type (joint instability): most common type." It then starts a new line (as if introducing a completely distinct fact) and says "Classical type (joint and skin symptoms)". The next new line IS a distinct fact, describing a distinct type. The way that it's currently written really makes it seem like "Hypermobility type" and "Classical type" are different, but I believe they are exactly the same. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 11/24/19 8:35 PM | Rob | Shvarts | rob.shvarts@emory.edu | |||||||||||||||||
56 | 51 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Menkes disease | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | Menkes protein (ATP7A ,vs ATP7B in Wilson) --->M precedes W and A precedes B alphabetically ,so " Menkes =ATP7A ,,Wilson =ATP7B". | Mnemonic | The mnemonic should reduce the cognitive load and this particular one is a bit difficult to remember. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Too complex for a mnemonic. Would be wasting time learning the mnemonic. -Anup | Agree this is not helpful -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 01/12/19 9:36 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
57 | 51 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Menkes disease | ![]() | not required | Please see attachment: W=copper goes up, M=copper goes down | Mnemonic | Agree, I think it is a good mnemonic. We should add it to the next edition. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Let's consider for 2020. I think the mnemonic is quite good. -Vasily | Agree with addition. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 02/04/19 10:06 PM | Joshua | Ladella | josh.ladella@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
58 | 51 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Menkes disease | ![]() | Doesn't need one (just a mnemonic) | Tip for remembering ATP7A (Menkes Disease) v. ATP7B (Wilson's Disease): The B stands for Bronze, whose main ingredient is Copper | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 4:08 PM | John | Mitchell | johnpmit@uab.edu | ||||||||||||||||
59 | 51 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Menkes disease | ![]() | N/A | ATP7A --> A for absorption. Contrast with Wilson disease, ATP7B --> B for bile. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/06/19 9:13 PM | Christopher | Yang | christopher.yang@northwestern.edu | ||||||||||||||||
60 | 51 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Menkes disease | ![]() | Self-produced | ATP7A & ATP7B are both defects in copper processing with Menkes Disease and Wilsons Disease. 'M' in 'Menkes' comes before 'W' of 'Wilsons' in alphabet, therefore ATP7'A' Defect is due to Menkes, later 'B' is for Wilsons. Also, Menkes is due to defective copper 'A'bsorption and Wilsons due to defect excretion into 'B'ile. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/27/19 5:20 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
61 | 52 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Elastin | ![]() | Mneuomnic | People with Marfans are so tall you have to look up to see them. Thus the subluxation of the lens is upward (and temporal) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/10/19 5:07 PM | Sofia | Chinchilla | chinchsa@mail.uc.edu | ||||||||||||||||
62 | 52 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Elastin | ![]() | mnemonic | Marfan syndrome lens subluxation is upward: look up to see Mars vs homocysteinuria lens subluxation which is downward: look down to see urine | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/23/19 6:30 AM | Mohammed | Kamareddine | Mohammed.kamareddine@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
63 | 55 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Laboratory Techniques | Fluorescence in situ hybridization | ![]() | N/A | Second to last line states "(two blue arrows...)" but the arrows are not blue. Irrelevant wording. | Spelling/formatting | Reject. There are two blue arrows on top of chromosome 8 showing duplication of the stated chromosome in the image. Therefore, the wording is correct. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject. Agree with Victor. -Vasily | Agree with rejection. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 01/22/19 9:22 PM | Audrey | Hunt | ahunt01@nyit.edu | |||||||||||||
64 | 55 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Molecular cloning | ![]() | Webster-Miriam Dictionary | Step two should say Add "reverse" transcriptase, not Add "reserve" transcriptase | Spelling/formatting | Reject, the current wording is appropriate " Add REVERSE transcriptase..." There is not "reserve" on step 2 (molecular cloning). - Victor Martinez | Verified | Agree with rejection. -Anup | Agree with rejection. -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 02/14/19 3:06 AM | Zev | Allison | zev.allison@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
65 | 56 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Genetic terms | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/li-fraumeni-syndrome?search=li%20fraumeni&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~40&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Li-Fraumenia syndrome is listed as an example of loss of heterozygosity but more often functions as a dominant negative mutation as having one mutant allele creates 1/16th functional proteins in the final tetramer. | Minor erratum | Reject. Li Fraumeni syndrome is linked to loss of heterozygosity and dominant negative mutations of p53. Therefore, current entry is accurate. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject. Cancer development in LFS can be due to both functional (dominant-negative mutations) or strcutural (loss of heterozygosity) loss of wild-type p53. Even the linked UTD article supports this. Additional ref: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9047394 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135649/ - MA | Agree, the text is fine as is per MA. Additionally LFS is just listed as an example. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/08/19 10:02 AM | Brian | Blankenship | b_blank@icloud.com | ||||||||||||
66 | 57 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Genetic terms | ![]() | www.Uworld.com | Heteroplasmy definition: It says ".....resulting in variable expression in mitochondrially inherited disease"............. UWorld says "Variable Expression is not a feature of Mitochondrial diseases" in QID: 596 Choice D, last line. | Major erratum | Reject. I agree with Vasily, the concentration of mutated mitochondrial DNA in the cell determines the variability of expression of clinical manifestation or the phenotype. "...Most mtDNA mutations are found in heteroplasmy, in which the proportion of mutant vs. wild-type species is believed to explain some of the observed high phenotypic heterogeneity..." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17999439 If it is a matter of confusion we could add a small illustration of 3 cells showing different mutated Mt-DNA concentrations with variable phenotypes similar to the one provided in the following link. https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201680 - Victor Martinez | Verified | Thank you for your comment and supporting image. I am inclined to reject. Unfortunately, at present I have no access to UW to check the reference and better understand the context of the quote from UW. However, after some Internet search I have found the following. 1. "The expression of mitochondrial diseases is variable; a single cell may receive a uniform collection of mtDNA (homoplasmy) or a mixture of mutant and wild-type mtDNA (heteroplasmy). The proportion of mutant mtDNA molecules determines the penetrance and severity of expression." Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Mitochondrial-homoplasmy-and-heteroplasmy-The-expression-of-mitochondrial-diseases-is_fig3_328639320 2. "For individuals born with partial mitochondrial dysfunction, the accumulation of mtDNA mutations and mitochondrial damage could account for the delayed onset and progressive course of their diseases. The stochastic nature of this process could also explain variable expressivity and/or penetrance of disease." Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3809581/ 3. While the nuclear genome is diploid, harboring only two homologous copies of each chromosome (one from the father and one from the mother), the mitochondrial genome is polyploid, containing 1 to 10 identical molecules of mitochondrial DNA within its matrix. This variable copy number, combined with the variable number of mitochondria in each cell, has important implications for the phenotypic expression of a mutation. (See 'Heteroplasmy' below.)" Source: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mitochondrial-structure-function-and-genetics?search=heteroplasmy§ionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H8&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~9&display_rank=1#H9 Three different sources suggest that variable expression (expressivity) is a feature of mitochondrial diseases. Therefore, I am strongly inclined to reject. Here is my take on why UW says that variable expressivity is not characteristic of mitochondrial diseases. According to the image attached by the reader, variable expressivity is all about the same disease having different clinical manifestations in different people (i.e. different organ systems involved). However, other sources (UTD, see link below) define variable expressivity as variable disease severity. It is probably this difference in defining variable expression that might cause the confusion. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/inheritance-patterns-of-monogenic-disorders-mendelian-and-non-mendelian?search=variable%20expression&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H3091344985 -Vasily | I suggest changing "variable expression" to "variation in disease severity". This applies to pages 57 (heteroplasmy) and 59 (mitochondiral inheritance). - MA | I would really appreciate faculty input as to whether our current wording is correct. As far as I understand based on my reading, mitochondrial disease is associated with variable expressivity and penetrance depending upon the percentage of affected mitochondria. -VV | Disagreement/need expert | Jeff Hofmann | The authors and editors are correct and the student is wrong. No change is needed. UWorld is not a real source. | Howard Steinman | I'm not clear about what's being debated. I've not seen the terms "incomplete penetrance" and "variable expressivity" used in reference to inheritance of mitochondrial-encoded genes. Yes, they are used routinely in reference to autosomal dominant inheritance of nuclear-encoded genes. The relevant terms for mitochondrial-encoded genes are: "heteroplasmy", "polyplasmy" and "threshold effect". "Variable expression" where, e.g. environmental factors influence the degree of expression of a gene, isn't applied to mitochondrial-encoded genes. You get different levels of expression in different cells because (as noted above) you have -1- different numbers of mitochondrial genomes in each cell and -2- different percentages of wild type and mutant genome in each cell. My bottom line is: don't use variable expression when referring to genes encoded by mitochondrial DNA. | Reject | ![]() | ![]() | 01/12/19 9:06 PM | Sara | Khan | dr.sarakhan7@gmail.com | ||||||
67 | 57 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Mutations in DNA | ![]() | N/A | McCune-Albright Syndrome =3 "P"s: "P" recocious puberty, "P"igmentation, "P"olyostotic fibrous dysplasia | Mnemonic | This mnemonic is great. McCune-Albright syndrome is commonly tested, we should consider it for the next edition. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Defer to 2020. -Anup | This is great if you can remember the letter P. We need to tie that in to the eponym somehow? -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 01/28/19 4:50 PM | Yoseli | Ventura | yoseli.ventura14@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
68 | 58 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Disorders of imprinting | ![]() | Mneumonic | AngelMan has no Mama. The M in AngelMan helps think of deletion in the allele of the Mother V | Mnemonic | It is a good idea because since the mnemonic is similar to the one use for Prader-Willi syndrome, "Prader has no Papa (Paternal deletion)." -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Defer to 2020. -Anup | I always remembered it as angleMAN because only the MANs DNA is present. I prefer my way -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 01/24/19 12:13 PM | Hana | Aslam | dr.hanaaslam@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
69 | 58 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Types of errors in morphogenesis | ![]() | FA2019 | Mnemonic for AngelMan syndrome: "Mom’s little Angel (Maternal deletion)". The M's are red/bold | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/22/19 8:53 AM | Eirik | Krager | eirik.krager@outlook.com | ||||||||||||||||
70 | 59 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Fragile X syndrome | ![]() | Fact Sheet 54| FRAGILE X SYNDROME This fact sheet ... PDFwww.genetics.edu.au › fact-sheet-54-frag... | According to Harrison'' Principles of Internal Medicine -20th edition page 3363, Fragile X syndrome is classified as X linked Recessive, Robbins Pathology latest edition also says it as X linked Recessive. Wikipedia says XD but both these books says XR. I am not sure about the error | Minor erratum | Verified | I think we had a discussion on this matter. There are 2 links to support First Aid: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/fragile-x-syndrome#inheritance https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6464/fragile-x-syndrome -Anup | Per OMIM, Fragile X is x-linked dominant. OMIM is a very reputable site where most geneticists reference. No recommendations to change the text. -VV https://www.omim.org/entry/300624?search=fragile%20x-associated&highlight=x%20fragile%20associated%20xassociated | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/07/19 7:15 AM | Ankur | Bhoot | bhootankur@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
71 | 59 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Modes of inheritance | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mitochondrial-myopathies-clinical-features-and-diagnosis?search=gomori&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~20&usage_type=default&display_rank=2 | Better classification of Mitocondrial diseases: add Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) and Leigh syndrome, and also the stain often used for diagnosis : GOMORI THRICOME STAIN | High-yield addition to next year | I wouldn't add Kearns-Sayre syndrome and Leigh syndrome to the next edition. I don't believe these are HY. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Can have X-ref opinion for HY/LY. -Anup | I think these are HY but we don't have much room to include them. Also agree that Gomori is HY but again we don't have much room. I guess we could add the stain to the middle column of the table and just add the syndromes under the list for mitochondrial myopathies. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 02/18/19 10:50 PM | Lissette | Orozco | lissetteorozco_004@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
72 | 59 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Modes of inheritance | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/inheritance-patterns-of-monogenic-disorders-mendelian-and-non-mendelian?search=autosomal%20recessive&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Both autosomal recessive and x-linked recessive inheritance skips generations: ''RECEssive (autosomal and x-linked) inheritance takes a RECEss from family (no past family history of the disease)''. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/29/19 4:05 PM | Francisco | Duenas | francisco.duenasmd@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
73 | 59 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Modes of inheritance | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/922305-overview | X-Linked Dominant diseases: A-mericas F-unniest X V-ideos (A: Alport , F: Fragile X , V: Vitamin D resistant rickets) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/01/19 8:37 PM | Angelo | Piazza | angelopiazzaortiz@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
74 | 60 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Cystic fibrosis | ![]() | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB08820 | Indication for Ivacaftor - not approved for patients with a Phe508 deletion UNLESS it's given in combination with lumacaftor. Indicated as monotherapy for other CF mutations, most notably, G551D, where the number of CFTRs is fine, but they just don't open enough. | Clarification to current text | Reject, the text states that it must be used in combination with lumacaftor. Current edition " In patients with Phe508 deletion: a combination of lumacaftor (corrects misfolded proteins and improves their transport to the surface) and ivacaftor..." - Victor Martinez | Verified | Not clear from the student's comment, but as far I understand we had correctly and clearly stated that in patients with Phe508 deletions ivacaftor is given in combination with lumacaftor. We are nowhere metioning that ivacaftor should be used as a monotherapy with Phe508 deletions. - Vivek | Agree with Vivek and Victor. Reject. -MA | Agree with authors. No change to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 12/27/18 7:39 PM | Elizabeth | Tsui | elizabeth.tsui21@gmail.com | |||||||||||
75 | 60 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Cystic fibrosis | ![]() | Found on update here: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cystic-fibrosis-assessment-and-management-of-pancreatic-insufficiency?search=cystic%20fibrosis%20treatment&source=search_result&selectedTitle=6~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=6#H9 and tested on in multiple UWorld questions | Treatment for Cystic Fibrosis includes pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) to correct for pancreatic insufficiency. | High-yield addition to next year | Agree, we should review this fact so we can include it in the next edition. It is highly tested on step 1 and step 2 CK. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Agree that this is a HY topic. Can be added in 2020. Needs faculty/expert opinion and x-ref team review. -Anup | Agree. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 01/30/19 6:14 AM | Nathaniel | Borochov | nateboro8@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
76 | 60 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Cystic fibrosis | ![]() | simple illustration attached | "defect in CFTR gene on chromosome 7"; Write CFTR as "C7TF" (where 7 is a laterally inverted image of F) | Mnemonic | Verified | Too confusing. Would opt to reject. -Anup | Too difficult to explain in limited space. Reject. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 03/02/19 6:07 PM | M Marwan | Dabbagh | dr.dabbagh@outlook.com | ||||||||||||||
77 | 60 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Cystic fibrosis | ![]() | https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-breakthrough-therapy-cystic-fibrosis | There is a new breakthrough treatment for cystic fibrosis which was approved by the FDA. It is called Trikafta (elexacaftor/ivacaftor/tezacaftor) and its mechanism of action is by enhancing the function of the CFTR protein. It is approved for use in CF patients with a F508del mutation, which is present in 90% of CF patients. The previous iteration (presently in First Aid) named lumacaftor requires that the patient be homozygous for this mutation, while the current FDA guidelines say that the patient only needs some of their transport proteins to have this mutation. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 10/21/19 8:01 PM | James | Blumline | jmblumli@oakland.edu | |||||||||||||||||
78 | 61 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Muscular dystrophies | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25348330 | book says that duchenne muscular dystrophy has truncated protein when in fact it should be beckers | Major erratum | The wording is correct. Duchenne displays truncated dystrophin. https://df6sxcketz7bb.cloudfront.net/manuscripts/95000/95918/jci.insight.95918.v1.pdf - Victor M. | Both disorders can do this. We show the most common patterns. The student's link is for variants that produce truncated proteins. Long story short, no erratum, no change needed, because what we show is what we consider to be the most common/most high-yield. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 10:08 AM | Manjil | Basnet | basnetmanjil@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
79 | 62 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Fragile X syndrome | ![]() | Self-written | Fragile X Syndrome - patient/child with FRAGILE brain (intellectual disability), fragile large testes (macroorchidism), fragile large face, ears (long face, large ears) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 10:13 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
80 | 62 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Rett syndrome | ![]() | mnemonic from my brain | Stereotyped hand-wringing (Rett-ers cramp) | Mnemonic | This mnemonic does not help to decrease cognitive load. I wouldn't consider it for the next edition. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Not sure if I would refer to this one. -Anup | Ignores other key features of Rett syndrome. Reject. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 01/19/19 10:06 AM | Sabrina | Swoger | sabrina.swoger@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
81 | 62 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Trinucleotide repeat expansion diseases | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/943776-overview#a1 | Fragile X is an X-linked recessive disorder according to Harrisons for Internal Medicine. In the 2019 version of first aid it states it is x linked dominant. If it was dominant you would not see carriers but there are carriers present. | Major erratum | Reject. The link provided by the reader says: "The pattern of inheritance most closely resembles X-linked dominance with variable penetrance". Other sources also say that Fragile X is X-linked dominant, eg: https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/fragile-x-syndrome/ -Vasily | Agree with Vasily. This is an X-linked dominant disorder. The variable penetrance is accurate and may explain the "carrier" state. No change needed. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/18/19 9:22 AM | Farina | Khan | farinak08@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
82 | 63 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Autosomal trisomies | ![]() | Genetics: Glossary of terms - UpToDate | Nondisjunction in meiosis illustration: Replacing the words "Trisomy" with "Heterodisomy" and "Isodisomy" as specified in the attachment. | Minor erratum | Despite heterodisomy and isodisomy are correct terms. We don't mention them in the text and I don't think these are HY enough to be clarified on current illustration. Reject. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Reject. Current illustration is correct. They are All trisomies and the terms/distinction suggested by the user are LY for step1 and we don't discuss them in the text. -MA | I agree with Victor and Majed. Reject. - Vivek | Agree, not in favor of adding heterodisomy or isodisomy, as they are pretty LY for purposes of Step 1. No changes. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/02/19 12:41 PM | Bahaa' eddine | Succar | Bahaasuccar@gmail.com | |||||||||||
83 | 63 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Autosomal trisomies | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25412855 | <2% of cases of Down Syndrome are due to mosaicism. | High-yield addition to next year | I think we need faculty input regarding this comment since there are many available studies and sources showing different percentages of cases due to mosaicism. However, technically not an error. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | I think this is quite LY for Step 1, especially the percentages. However, this is not an errata and can be considered for 2020.. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 01/25/19 6:24 PM | Ariya | Mobaraki | ariyamo@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
84 | 63 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Autosomal trisomies | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1684265/. Also UWorld question 8328 | please add that the majority of cases of Down syndrome result from nondisjunction in Meiosis I specifically | High-yield addition to next year | I agree we should add this. - Victor M. | Agree. This fact is also emphasized in UW. -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 03/16/19 6:40 PM | Anna | Priddy | priddyanna@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
85 | 63 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Autosomal trisomies | ![]() | Usmle World question ID 1824 , (choices C and E) explanations | Myelomeningocele is also associated with Edward Syndrome (Trisomy 18) | Clarification to current text | Reject. I don't think this association is HY enough. -Victor M. | Inclined to reject. There is often a long list of conditions associated with inborn syndromes. How many symptoms should we list before we decide it is enough? I think in such cases it is better not to overload the text with detail and list only the most HY manifestations (especially those that are known to be tested and fit well into a mnemonic). "In trisomy 18 the features may include agenesis of the corpus callosum, meningomyelocele, ventriculomegaly, chorioid plexus cysts, posterior fossa anomalies, cleft lip and palate, micrognathia, low-set ears, microphtalmia, hypertelorism, short radial ray, clenched hands with overriding index fingers, club or rocker bottom feet, omphalocele, diaphragmatic hernia, renal anomalies, cardiac defects, SUA, polyhydramnios, nuchal thickening or hygroma and cryptorchidism". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4286865/ | Can migrate over for consideration of addition to the Edward syndrome entry. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 04/23/19 8:43 AM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
86 | 63 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Autosomal trisomies | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/943463-clinical#b4 | In Trisomy 18, the image is not accurate since the patients have "clenched hands with the index finger overriding the middle finger and the fifth finger overriding the fourth finger " | Minor erratum | "Many infants with trisomy 18 syndrome also have characteristic malformations of the hands and feet. The hands are typically clenched, with overlapping of the index finger (second finger) over the third finger and the “pinky” (fifth finger) over the fourth." https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/trisomy-18-syndrome/ We should review this image - Victor M. | I agree. Most questions I remember describe the clenched fists as suggested by the student. -Vasily | Agree with authors. And thank you, Victor, for migrating. I will accept for credit. Due to time constraints and review with Jordan, it looks like this will be deferred to 2021. I would not call this critical and in need of inclusion in the official errata, as knowing that the fists are clenched is likely most of what you need to know at the Step 1 level. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 07/20/19 5:04 AM | Ra'ed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
87 | 63 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Autosomal trisomies | ![]() | https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/quad-screen/about/pac-20394911 | mnemonic for quad screen test in down (see file attachment) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/31/19 8:47 AM | Mohamed | Menofy | mohamed.a.menofy@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
88 | 63 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Autosomal trisomies | ![]() | Self-written | 1st & 2nd Trimester Screening - PRINCE Edward (trisomy 18) makes everyone KNEEL DOWN before him! (All screening levels are LOW/DOWN) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 10:18 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
89 | 63 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Pathology | Genetic terms | ![]() | Uworld | "DITCH" down syndrome for all the GI abnormalities listed in Uworld for trisomy 21 (D)Deuodenal atresia (most common) (I)Imperforate anus, (T)Transeophageal fistula ,(C)Celiacs Disease, (H)Hischsprungs disease | Mnemonic | I like this mnemonic. Unfortunately, it does not list all the clinical manifestations or diseases related to Down syndrome. But, we could consider it for the next edition. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Defer to 2020. A suggestion, not errata. -Anup | We don't discuss all of these and we discuss others. I don't think it is helpful since it does not include the cardiac and phenotypic signs. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 4:23 PM | Ashton | Jackson | grace.v.gilbert@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
90 | 64 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Cri-du-chat syndrome | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | *Cri du* - CHat =*5 letters * - CHromosome 5 | Mnemonic | I don't understand the mnemonic. CHat = 4 letters, not 5 letters. Therefore it does not correlate with chromosome 5 where the genetic disorder is present. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Agree with Victor. Would reject suggestion. -Anup | Agree to reject -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 01/11/19 11:58 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
91 | 64 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Cri-du-chat syndrome | ![]() | mnemonic | Cats are born with closed eyes (think epicanthal folds), have so cute paws like 5 fingers (think chromosome 5), your heart melts (VSD) | Mnemonic | Verified | This mnemonic would not serve its purpose, and would just make the reader even more confused. Would prefer to reject suggestion. -Anup | This is "sketchy" style mnemonic that does not fit our style. Agree with anup to reject. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 03/02/19 6:17 PM | M Marwan | Dabbagh | dr.dabbagh@outlook.com | ||||||||||||||
92 | 64 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Genetic disorders by chromosome | ![]() | Mnemonic | Chromosome 3: Von-Hippel-Lindau Gene, associated with Renal Cell Carcinoma -Both VHL and RCC have 3 letters Chromosome 5: Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) -APC gene mutation Read as: "Five-APC" or "FAPC" Chromosome 6: Hemochromatosis - associated w/ HLA A3 Read as: "HA3mochromatoSIX" Chromosome 11: Wilms tumor -Read as "W11ms tumor" Chromosome 13: Wilson Disease -Wilson Disease has 13 letters in total (same with Patau Syndrome, chromosome 13) | Mnemonic | Verified | VHL and RCC mnemonics are already mentioned in Neuro and Renal chapters. FAPC is not bad, but pretty difficult explain concisely in writing. Personally I am not a big fan of the HA3mochromatoSIX mnemonic, but we can ask GI team if they would like to use it. Wilms tumor, Wilson disease and Patau - not a big fan. -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 03/15/19 4:53 PM | Chia | Hsu | chia.hsu@ttuhsc.edu | |||||||||||||||
93 | 64 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Genetics | Williams syndrome | ![]() | It’s just a movie quote mnemonic but helpful to remember the chromosome. | Current mnemonic says “think Will Ferrell in Elf”. You can add the chromosome to the mnemonic by adding his famous line “First, I went through the 7 levels of the candy cane forrest.” For chromosome 7. | Mnemonic | Verified | This mnemonic would not work for me, but I am okay with migrating to Annotate for further discussion if other authors feel like it. Otherwise, reject. -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 05/02/19 11:51 AM | Gregory | Motzkus | gregmotzkus@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
94 | 65 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Nutrition | Vitamins: water soluble | ![]() | My brain | Proposed mnemonic for sorting B vitamins in order. TRN-PPB-FC "The RN - Placed Patient Bobs - Foley Catheter" Where there is a dash, the number skips. This covered B1-12 in order. I made this and have found it useful to keep the numbers straight with the names of the B vitamins. | Mnemonic | I don't find this mnemonic easy to memorize. However, if other authors think it is useful we could consider it for the next edition. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Agree with Victor. Would reject suggestion. -Anup | I like this for a biochem course but I don't think Step 1 commonly tests converting from a vitamins B# to its name so I agree to reject. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 01/05/19 12:56 PM | Christopher | Tipton | cattk8@health.missouri.edu | |||||||||||||
95 | 65 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Nutrition | Vitamins: water soluble | ![]() | https://reference.medscape.com/drugs/vitamins-water-soluble | Thierry (Thiamin) Robben (Riboflavin) aNd (Niacin) Petr (Pentothenic) Played (Pyridoxine) Ball (Biotin) For (Folate) Chelsea (Cobalamin) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 4:37 AM | Charilaos | Chourpiliadis | harishourp92@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
96 | 66 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Nutrition | Vitamin A | ![]() | Mnemonic | Chronic toxicity from PHAAD diets: pseudotumor cerebri, hepatoxicity/megaly, alopecia, arthralgias, dry skin | Mnemonic | Verified | I think this mnemonic is worth migrating to discuss it with the crowd. -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 03/15/19 5:37 PM | Jason | Tegethoff | Tegethoffjason@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
97 | 66 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Nutrition | Vitamin B1 | ![]() | N/A | "ATP BReakdown" for the four enzymes. Combination of 2018 and 2019 since Be APT is awkward. A=Alpha-ketoglutarate, T=Transketolase, P=Pyruvate, BR=BRanched-chain ketoacid (also reminds you of glucose BReakdown). All together reminds you that it is a loss of ATP due to impaired glucose breakdown. | Mnemonic | I do like the mnemonic. I think we can take it into consideration for the next edition. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Can be put up for discussion in 1st pass. -Anup | Agree. Easier to remember than what we have. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 01/23/19 5:36 PM | Audrey | Hunt | ahunt01@nyit.edu | |||||||||||||
98 | 66 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Nutrition | Vitamin B1 | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/wernicke-encephalopathy | if malnourishment is predispose, give thiamine before glucose | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 12/04/19 1:25 PM | Obaida | Safi | ooobbbooo@outlook.sa | |||||||||||||||||
99 | 67 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Nutrition | Vitamin B3 | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-gout?search=podagra&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2 | Podagra is not an excess of vitamin B3. Podagra is a manifestation of gout, literally meaning "painful toe." The book implies that an excess of B3 is called podagra, in parallel to how a deficiency of B3 causes pellagra. Rather, an excess of B3 can increase the risk of podagra (gout). | Clarification to current text | Reject, we use arrows throughout the test to imply the consequence of a process or pathology. It does not mean synonym. Besides, the entry states that hyperuricemia is one of the clinical manifestations of vitamin B3 excess. Therefore, patients with this toxicity can display podagra. - Victor Martinez. | Verified | Agree with Victor's comment. Reject MA | Reject. Agree with Victor and MA. -Vasily | No changes to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 12/24/18 1:41 PM | David | Nwachukwu | dnjrocks@gmail.com | |||||||||||
100 | 67 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Nutrition | Vitamin B3 | ![]() | https://www-uptodate-com.library.iau.edu.sa/contents/overview-of-water-soluble-vitamins?search=vitamin%20b3%20b6%20and%20b2&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Vitamin B3 synthesis requires B6 and B2. 6 divided by 2 gives you 3 | Mnemonic | Verified | Duplicated mnemonic. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 05/08/19 6:02 PM | Abdulrahman | Alghamdi | Abdulrahmanalghamdi707@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
101 | 67 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Nutrition | Vitamin B3 | ![]() | n/a | Requires Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B2 [B6/B2 = B3] | Mnemonic | Verified | I think this was proposed a year or so ago and rejected. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 9:44 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
102 | 67 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Nutrition | Vitamin B5 | ![]() | none | I remember that Vitamin B5 is pantothenic acid because it sounds like "pento-thenic acid" and pento means 5 | Mnemonic | Verified | Seems like a legitimate mnemonic. I am up for addition. -Anup | Sure. We have room to incorporate it. I think B5 in general is LY but if were keeping the vitamin we might as well keep this -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 03/04/19 1:24 PM | Jessica | Zimo | zimo.jessica@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
103 | 68 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Nutrition | Vitamin B7 | ![]() | n/a | "Please Always Put Biofuel in Car" First P is for Pyruvate, A is for Acetyl-CoA, second P is for Propionyl CoA, Bio=Biotin, Car=Carboxylase | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/28/19 9:12 AM | Cameron | Hanson | cameron.g.hanson@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
104 | 68 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Nutrition | Vitamin B9 | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23957651 | Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is characterized by overproduction of *K9* (vitamins K, B9)... K9 to be highlighted in red | Mnemonic | Verified | From UTD: "folate and vitamin K levels are elevated in SIBO due to bacterial synthesis. Increased intestinal permeability also contributes to increased vitamin K levels". I am not sure if this kind of info would fit in well in Biochem chapter, but it might fit in GI chaper. Bacterial overgrowth is mentioned a couple of times there, so why not consider creating a separate fact? -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 04/24/19 3:51 PM | Elan | Baskir | ebask003@fiu.edu | |||||||||||||||
105 | 69 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Nutrition | Vitamin C | ![]() | n/a | Bold the 'C' in 'Vitamin C', and also bold/capitalize the 'C' in sCurvy. | Mnemonic | It is good. We should add it to the next edition. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Can be considered for 2020. -Anup | We already have this. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 01/28/19 4:56 AM | Adam | Kurnick | adam@kurnick.net | |||||||||||||
106 | 69 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Nutrition | Vitamin C | ![]() | Mnemonic | To remember which charged state of iron (Fe2+ or Fe3+) can and cannot be readily absorbed, use your fingers to represent each charge. Fe2+ = two fingers = peace sign = good; Fe2+ is readily absorbed. Fe3+ = three fingers = “read between the lines” = bad; Fe3+ cannot be absorbed. | Mnemonic | I am not inclined to favor or reject. I think this mnemonic is quite large. If we consider to add it to the next edition, we should simplify it. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Can be used as story mnemonic for 2020. -Anup | This takes a lot of space to explain for something not very HY. I am not a fan. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 11:29 PM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
107 | 69 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Nutrition | Vitamin C | ![]() | Mnemonic | Fe3+ can be reduced by Vitamin C, the 3rd letter in the alphabet. Color coded image attached. | Mnemonic | I would not include it in the next edition. It is not easy to remember. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Seems a lot of things to remember for a small info. Would consider rejecting. -Anup | This takes more space to explain than it is worth. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 11:34 PM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
108 | 70 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Nutrition | Vitamin E | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | *E*xcess of Vitamin *E* increases risk of *E*nterocolitis in *E*nfants (infants).\ Highlight in red letter "E". | Mnemonic | Agree. I like the mnemonic since it correlates vitamin E excess with enterocolitis. - Victor Martinez | Verified | Can be considered for 2020. -Anup | Agree to incorporate. We could also use blEEding for the anticoagulant effect. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 01/11/19 8:50 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
109 | 70 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Nutrition | Vitamin E | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | vitamin *E* ---> High-dose supplementation may alter metabolism of vitamin K : *E*nhanced anticoagulant effects of warfarin. | Mnemonic | If we use the mnemonics in the upper row, we could use this one too since is the same principle of using "E" as "E"ncreased or "E"nhanced. - Victor M. | Verified | Can be added for 2020. -Anup | I prefer blEEding as I mentioned in line 38 above. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 01/11/19 8:58 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
110 | 70 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Nutrition | Vitamin E | ![]() | n/a | Excess Vit E = Enterocolitis = Enfants “High dose Vit E goes into WAR with Vit K” = Enhances anticoagulant effect of WARfarin by altering the metabolism of Vit K. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 9:49 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
111 | 72 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Ethanol metabolism | ![]() | https://step1.medbullets.com/biochemistry/102041/ethanol-metabolism | In ethanol metabolism under point number 2 it reads - “ 2) Fasting hypoglycaemia - decreases gluconeogenesis due to increased OAA—> malate. The correction is a decrease in OAA.Alcohol inhibits gluconeogenesis by depleting the pool of cytoplasmic NAD+. Depletion of cytoplasmic NAD+ by alcohol metabolism affects the re-oxidation of cytoplasmic malate to oxaloacetate by the cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase, inhibiting gluconeogenesis. The inhibition of gluconeogenesis in response to alcohol ingestion results in alcohol-induced hypoglycemia | Spelling/formatting | Reject, ethanol metabolism increases NADH: NAD ratio (same info as per the student's link), this favors the reaction of OAA to Malate. The current text says decreased (downward arrow) gluconeogenesis due to increase (upward arrow) OAA to (horizontal arrow) malate. Therefore, the wording is appropriate. -Victor Martinez | Staff accepts | Agree with Victor. Text is fine as is. No changes to the text recommended. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/07/19 11:39 PM | Vyshnavy | Balendra | vyshe11@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
112 | 72 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Ethanol metabolism | ![]() | On the same page, next to the diagram, it says " Fasting hypoglycemia - decreased gluconeogenesis due to INCREASED OAA --> malate', which is correct | The DIAGRAM doesn't match with the caption. The diagram shows "decreased" OAA but it should be shown as "increased" OAA | Minor erratum | Verified | I remember running across this errata in Flash Facts, and I think both the diagram and the text are correct. -Anup | We could make the caption clearer. proposed changes: "Fasting hypoglycemia—↓ gluconeogenesis due to↓ OAA → malate" to "Fasting hypoglycemia—↓ gluconeogenesis due to ↑ conversion of OAA → malate" -MA | We can consider making the caption clearer, I agree. Otherwise, suspect no erratum here needing addressing. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/03/19 4:05 PM | Heewon | Choi | hxc326@case.edu | ||||||||||||
113 | 72 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Ethanol metabolism | ![]() | https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation/glycolysis/a/glycolysis | In the glycolysis pathway, it shows DHAP -> Glycerol-3-P using an NAD+ to make NADH. The pathway rather uses up an NAD+ to make NADH. There fore someone with lactic dehydrogenase deficiency will use up all NAD+ inhibiting glycolysis. In the current printing, these patients will stimulate glycolysis. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/25/19 1:05 PM | Paul | Karroum | Paul.karroum@me.com | |||||||||||||||||
114 | 73 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Enzyme terminology | ![]() | Marks' Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach Fifth, North American Edition | Synthase does not use ATP while synthetase requires ATP. | Minor erratum | I agree with the student we should change current wording. According to Lippincot's illustrated review: biochemistry, fifth edition, page 55. Synthase (does not require ATP). - Victor M. | So we used to state this (synthetase uses ATP, synthase does not use ATP), but on further review, it turned out to be somewhat controversial. Moreover, both required sources of energy that could vary. Thus, we "generalized" it to what we have now, showing that both enzymes facilitate a reaction using some form of energy such as ATP of nucleotide sugar. Not to use Wikipedia as a primary reference, but it actually does summarize well why the synthase/synthetase ATP/no ATP nomenclature is out of date: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthase I would say not to go back and revert as it will just introduce the same controversy next year. I propose leaving as is, for in the current form it is not at all inaccurate. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/11/19 3:43 PM | Minji | Bae | bae.minji@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
115 | 73 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Rate-determining enzymes of metabolic processes | ![]() | Lippinicott Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry 6th ed, page 121 "Regulation by intracellular energy levels". | Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is also stimulated by high ATP levels. It should say "+Citrate +ATP". | Minor erratum | Agree, this makes sense. I think we can add "ATP (+)". This is the citation from the supporting reference: "Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase is inhibited by elevated levels of adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which signal an "energy poor" state in the cell. Conversely, high levels of ATP and low concentrations of AMP stimulate gluconeogenesis, an energy requiring pathway." Although it does not bluntly say that "ATP stimulates fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase", I think this is exactly what is implied. Especially considering that it is written under "Dephosphorylation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate" heading. -Vasily | Agree with Vasily. Would migrate this over to allow for consideration in the 2020 edition since it appears that it is likely accurate. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 3:04 AM | Nicolas | Curi Gawlinski | nicolascurii@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
116 | 74 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Summary of pathways | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-maple-syrup-urine-disease#H3 | Metabolism of "Odd-chain Fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids, methionine, and threonine" to Propionyl-CoA is incorrect. NOT all branched-chain amino acids can be catabolized to propionyl-CoA; | Major erratum | Maybe LY for Step 1, as it may not specifically test which BCAA aren't catabolized to propionyl-CoA. -AC | Did some digging and have to agree with Anup, there are obviously some exceptions, but in the vast majority of cases and at the level of the Step 1, knowing that most odd chain fatty acids yield propionyl-CoA when metabolized is fine. We do not say "all" or "only" to avoid any absolute statements that open us up for errata. For these reasons, I propose no change. Some good reading on the subject: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22387/#_A3064_ -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/02/19 2:37 PM | Will | Pike | cwp31@georgetown.edu | ||||||||||||||
117 | 74 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Summary of pathways | ![]() | First Aid Page 77 | To complete the list of all enzyme deficients, pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency should be added in the parentheses next to the PDH enzyme name (#10 in the list), similar to how other enzyme deficiencies/conditions are listed. This can also be repeated for OTC deficiency. | Minor erratum | I don't understand this suggestion. PDH is number 14 on the list. -VM | Reject. The idea is to add "(PDH deficiency)" after "14 Pyruvate dehydrogenase", and to do the same for all other enzyme names in the list. IMO, this would clutter the page. There is no erratum. No change needed here. -Vasily | Agree with authors. We state the enzyme clearly and adding extra text to discuss a deficiency would be too much text. And we would need to do it for other deficiencies to be consistent. No change. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/11/19 7:49 PM | Abhishek | Gami | agami@jhmi.edu | |||||||||||||
118 | 74 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Summary of pathways | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25037503 | Enzyme No. 6 Transketolase should have a bidirectional arrow as it is also possible to to yield Ribulose-5-Phosphate from Fructose-6-Phosphate. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/11/19 5:35 AM | Noam | Degner | noam.degner@me.com | |||||||||||||||||
119 | 74 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Summary of pathways | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA_lyase | I suggest to add 24th enzyme "HMG-CoA lyase" , which is needed for ketogenesis, to the list and to the scheme. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 09/04/19 12:50 PM | Alsu | Zagorulko | alsu.zagorulko@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
120 | 75 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Hexokinase vs glucokinase | ![]() | N/A | In the chart, when it is reported the Km of the enzymes, while the arrows are correctly directionated, it is written the opposite: lower with upward arrow for hexokinase and higher with downward arrow for glucokinase. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 09/11/19 11:12 AM | Valentina | Milani | milanivlnt@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
121 | 76 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex | ![]() | You know this | I have a better way for remembering the 5 cofactors (please see the attached picture). “The FAmous Nerds Like CoenzymeA” goes in order (B1 thiamine pyrophosphate, B2 FAD riboflavin, B3 NAD niacin, Lipoic acid (and the L can be seen in part of the strokes for the number “4”), B5 CoA pantothenic acid | Mnemonic | I am in favor of keeping the current text mnemonic since it is not adding extra value. - Victor Martinez | Verified | Agree that the current mnemonic is well recognized and used more often than the proposed one. But we can have a crowd debate on this! -Anup | I prefer our current mnemonic. -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 01/12/19 2:27 PM | Julia | Gao | Jgao@gwu.edu | |||||||||||||
122 | 76 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex | ![]() | N/A | Recommend red-bolding of "Ar"senic and G"ar"lic breath. This clinical finding is often mentioned in question stems and could help us quickly differentiate from Cyanide poisoning with Almond breath. | Mnemonic | Verified | I do not think this is a good one. Reject. -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 03/15/19 2:23 PM | Jason | Tegethoff | tegethoffjason@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
123 | 76 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex | ![]() | Up to Date: Arsenic exposure and poisoning Author:Rose H Goldman, MD, MPH Section Editor:Michele M Burns, MD, MPH Deputy Editor:Lisa Kunins, MD Contributor Disclosures All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our peer review process is complete. Literature review current through: Apr 2019. | This topic last updated: Jan 07, 2019. | Please consider adding "peripheral neuropathy" to the list of symptoms of arsenic poisoning. It is a symptom NBME expects students to recognize in identifying arsenic poisoning and is mentioned in UWorld and Amboss. | High-yield addition to next year | Can be considered for addition. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 05/20/19 1:05 PM | Wenzheng | Yu | wenzheng_yu@brown.edu | ||||||||||||||||
124 | 76 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex | ![]() | n/a | Another way to remember the cofactors: There are 5 things, in order B1, B2, B3, Lipoic Acid, B5. In addition to the current mnemonic | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 09/25/19 1:06 PM | Tricia | Scales | tscales@sgu.edu | |||||||||||||||||
125 | 76 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Regulation by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate | ![]() | UW QID 1031 | FBPase 2 it's same as fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase and it's written on the text fructose bisphosphotase 2 without 6 number on it. and FBPase 1 it's same thing as fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase , So it would be better for good understanding.. | Clarification to current text | I agree with Vasily. It will be simplified by using a bold font. -Victor | This is a good point! But it might be challenging to demonstrate what the reader is refering to without being too wordy. We can try using bold font for "2" and "1" both for enzyme and substance names in the figure. -Vasily | Can migrate over and see what others, such as the crowd, think. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 04/26/19 12:38 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad,shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
126 | 76 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Regulation by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate | ![]() | n/a | uctose bisPHOSPHATASE-2 removes phosphate when FASTING GLUCONEOGENESIS. PhosphofructoKINASE-2 adds phosphate while FED GLYCOLYSIS. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 9:50 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
127 | 77 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Amino acids | ![]() | I dont have one | This is mnemonic for differentiation between keto a gluco essential amino acid : I saw (isoleucine) phen (phenylalanine) fixing three(threonine) tires(tyrosine) with kit glue ( ketogenic and glucogenic | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/13/19 11:10 AM | Elaf | Mohamed | Elafmohamed38@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
128 | 77 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | TCA cycle | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/citric-acid-cycle | On page 77 of the 2019 edition, it is noted that "[T]he TCA cycle produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2, 1 GTP per acetyl-CoA = 10 ATP/acetyl-CoA (2x everything per glucose)." This is, in fact, incorrect. The TCA cycle amounts to 12* ATP/acetyl-CoA. The "10" should be changed to "12." | Clarification to current text | We used to say 12, however, after adjusting for rounding, we edited this down to 10. I would not edit this as the original value of 12 was associated with several errata submissions! -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/03/19 4:33 PM | Marco | Lawandy | mlawandy@student.touro.edu | |||||||||||||||
129 | 78 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | ATP production | ![]() | not indicated or refer to wiki | There is disaggrement in the net ATP production in page 74 and page 78, on Page 78, NADH produces 2.5ATP and FADH2 produces 1.5 ATP, but the calculation here is based on the newer estimates that NADH produces 3 ATP and FADH2 produces 2ATP. So in order to avoid confusion, I suggest either page 74 or page 78 be corrected. If we correct page 74, then it should be 27 net ATP via malate aspartate shuttle or 25 ATP via glycerol -3 P shuttle | Major erratum | May need faculty input. -Anup | According to my calculations, there is no diagreement. Per 1 glucose molecule, glycolysis produces 2+2*1.5 = 5 or 2+2*2.5 = 7 ATP molecules. Per 1 glucose molecule, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex produces 2*2.5 = 5 ATP molecules. Per 1 glucose molecule, TCA cycle produces 6*2.5 + 2*1.5 + 2 = 20 ATP molecules. This adds up to 30 or 32 ATP molecules per 1 glucose molecule, depending on the shuttle by which NADH electrons reach mitochondria. Recommend no changes to current text. -Vasily | Expert input. -Matt | Disagreement/need expert | ![]() | ![]() | 04/09/19 5:17 AM | Hang | Song | songhangpku@163.com | |||||||||||||
130 | 78 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | ATP production | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/atp-synthase | ATP synthase inhibitors decrease proton gradient | Major erratum | Reject. Oligomycin inhibits ATP synthase leading to accumulation of protons and increasing the gradient (difference). - Victor M. | Agree with Victor. Text is correct that these inhibitors increase the gradient, not decrease it. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/10/19 10:27 AM | Abdulrahman | Alghamdi | Abdulrahmanalghamdi707@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
131 | 78 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | thermogenin in b*r*own fat (has mo*r*e mitochondria than white fat). | Mnemonic | The mnemonic is not bad. However, I don't know if HY enough to be added. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | The suggested mnemonic seems to be built around the fact that words "brown" and "more" both contain letter "r". IMO, this does not seem like a strong enough basis for a good mnemonic. Reject. -Vasily | Agree with Vasily, this is not easy to remember because the relevant letter is in the middle of the word. A student could think it is brOwn fat and nO mitochondria just as easily. Reject. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 01/11/19 9:09 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
132 | 78 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | N*O* ATP is produced because electron transport st*O*ps ----> *O*ligomycin | Mnemonic | Reject. I think students could find this mnemonic misleading. The use of the arrow implies that the consequence of the inhibition is oligomycin when it is actually the cause. I prefer the DRACCO mnemonic since it shows the order of inhibition and the first letter of the inhibitor. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Agree with rejection. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 01/11/19 9:15 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
133 | 78 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16676004 | Cytochrome c is found in the intermembrane space. But on page 78, cytochromc c is illutrated as overlaping with the inner mitochondrial membrane which causes confusion. Please consider moving cytochome c to the intermembrane space in the next edition of FA. | Minor erratum | Agree. Cyt C should be placed in the intermembrane space. -Victor M | We already show it by the intermembrane space! It is on the membrane surface. Yes, it "overlaps" but that's more of a diagram nuance than a reflection of where it is found and what it does. Almost every diagram I can find has placement similar to what we currently depict. I suppose in many cases, the membranes are flipped vertically, which may explain the confusion. See: https://www.nature.com/articles/nrm2434 No change. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/12/19 9:41 PM | I-Chun | Hung | nzets@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
134 | 78 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Urea cycle | ![]() | It is a mneomonic | Ornithine went by the car (carbomyl phosphate) to the city (citrulin) she met aspartae (added aspartate )they spended money (added ATP) they argued successively (arginine succinate)fume went out (fumerate product) the arguing (arginine) ended by drinking water (added water)and passing urine (urea product) and ornithine went back home (cycle completion) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/13/19 11:04 AM | Elaf | Mohamed | Elafmohamed38@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
135 | 80 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Disorders of galactose metabolism | ![]() | http://www.jbc.org/content/280/7/5510.full | The metabolic pathway for galactose has an incorrect abbreviation for UDP-Glu when referencing glucose bound to UDP. The abbreviation for glucose is Glc, not Glu (glutamate), so the correct term to use is UDP-Glc. | Minor erratum | Verified | I do not think we have a mistake here. Btw, the cited reference uses Glu-6-P (not Glc-6-P) for glucose-6-phosphate. The article below uses "UDP-glu". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19652996 Recommend no change. -Vasily | Agree with Vasily. Appears to be no erratum here, no change. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/03/19 10:15 AM | Max | Yudovich | max.yudovich@osumc.edu | |||||||||||||
136 | 81 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Amino acids | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_amino_acid | There are 5 Glucogenic/ketogenic amino acid: Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan, Threonine (some don't recognize it as ketogenic) | Major erratum | I agree we should include tyrosine as part of the Glucogenic/ketogenic group in the next edition. However, not as part of the errata. "Tyrosine upon metabolism produces one molecule of fumarate and one molecule of acetoacetate. Fumarate is a glucogenic component because it is a TCA intermediate and gets converted to oxaloacetate which is channeled toward the path of gluconeogenesis. Acetoacetate is cleaved to form Acetyl CoA a precursor of ketone bodies. Hence, tyrosine is both glucogenic as well as ketogenic" http://usmle.biochemistryformedics.com/which-amino-acid-is-both-glucogenic-as-well-as-ketogenic/ - Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject. This change was made last year based on well-sourced resources. Would not recommend any changes -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/14/19 2:49 AM | SHICHENG | SONG | nicksong66@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
137 | 81 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Amino acids | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan | Essential Amino acids PVT TIM HaLL Phenylalanine Valine Tyrosine Threonine Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Leucine Lysine.Tyrosine is not an essential amino acid, it has to be replaced with Tryptophan | Major erratum | Tyrosine was not mentioned in this fact in FA19. Currently no change is needed. -Vasily | Must be from a pre-2019 version. Current text is correct and shows tryptophan. No change needed. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/28/19 2:22 PM | Chris | Robert | drchrisandrea@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
138 | 81 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Amino acids | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucogenic_amino_acid | Tyrosine is also both glucogenic and ketogenic; change mnemonic to "PITTT" | High-yield addition to next year | I faced this errata in Flash Facts as well, and I think I may have already added it to the FA page. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 04/01/19 2:07 AM | Elana | Molcho | elana.molcho@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
139 | 81 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Amino acids | ![]() | https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002222.htm | An addition to PV TIM HaLL: Van Halen says MILK FTW. Glucogenic AAs are V, H and M. Ketogenic AAs are L and K. I was thinking the letters could be highlighted in a different color. I have provided an image for student's enjoyment. | Mnemonic | Verified | Ha! Thank you for sharing this. It looks like a creative take on essential amino acid mnemonic. However, there are a couple of issues preventing me from accepting this suggestion. 1. As I see it, there two main ways in which our current mnemonic (PVT TIM HaLL) can be imroved. Firstly, it would be nice to arrange the mnemonic in such a way that the essential amino acids be split accordingly into ketogenic, glucogenic and glucogenic/ketogenic. Secondly, it would be nice to get rid of extra letters ("a" in "HaLL"). Unfortunately, the suggested mnemonic does not address these two issues. 2. The suggested mnemonic uses one-letter abbreviations for amino acids which are conventional, but which are not obligatory to know for Step 1 and are not used anywhere in the book. 3. I am not sure if we will be able to get the copyright holder's permission to use the picture. Thanks for the creativity. Please keep it up. Reject. -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 04/30/19 4:07 PM | Armando | Gallegos, Jr. | armando.gallegos2@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
140 | 81 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Amino acids | ![]() | https://www.diapedia.org/metabolism-and-hormones/5105758814/amino-acid-metabolism | TRY (tryptophan) ISOLating (isoleucine) KGs (ketogenic/glucogenic) THRough (threonin) funnels (phenylalenin).. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/19/19 7:20 PM | Mohammed | Kamareddine | mohammed.kamareddine@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
141 | 81 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Amino acids | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11035/ | Maybe add the following as they are often tested and referred to in question stems: 1) Excitatory AAs/Neurotransmitters - GLUTAMATE. 2) Biogenic AA's (3 catecholamines/tyrosine derivates + others) - Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Histamine, Serotonin. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 10:31 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
142 | 81 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Sorbitol | ![]() | Mnemonic | Update mnemonic to "Sorbitol LuRKS around" --> adding "around" makes mnemonic make more sense/be more applicable/easy to remember. "Sorbitol LuRKS around" means sorbitol stays around/accumulates since LuRKS lack Sorbitol Dehydrogenase and/or have low levels of Sorbitol Dehydrogenase (Lens). | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/03/19 6:50 PM | Shadia | Saleh | sal.shadia@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
143 | 82 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Urea cycle | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allosteric_regulation#Essential_activators | N-acetylglutamate is an OBLIGATE/ ESSENTIAL allosteric activator of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I. Unlike allosteric activators, which induce enzymatic activity, obligate activators are required for enzymatic activity. | Clarification to current text | Reject. Current fact is correct - Victor M. | Verified | From the supporting reference, it seems that obligate activators are a subset of allosteric activators. There is no mistake in current text. Recommend no change here. -Vasily | Agree with Vasily, no change. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/11/19 3:51 AM | Elana | Molcho | elana.molcho@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
144 | 82 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Urea cycle | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513323/ | N-acetylglutamate is an OBLIGATE allosteric activator. Currently, it is written that it is an allosteric activator which implies that the enzyme can still work without N-acetylglutamate (just works better in the presence of it), however this is not the case. The enzyme cannot work without N-acetylglutamate, which makes it an obligate activator. | Major erratum | This is a duplicate submission. IMO, this level of detail seems LY, unless there is evidence that it is tested in qbanks or nbmes. -Vasily | Duplicate, and still agree that it is low yield and not reflective of an erratum. Vasily's reasoning from prior submission still applies. No change here. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/29/19 7:36 AM | Opal | Sekler | opalsekler@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
145 | 82 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Urea cycle | ![]() | Mnemonic FA2019 (p. 82) | "NAG ("nag" as in bother/pester) CPS-1 to start the urea cycle." (N-acetylglutamate is the allosteric activator of CPS-I, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in urea cycle.) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/03/19 6:55 PM | Shadia | Saleh | sal.shadia@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
146 | 82 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Urea cycle | ![]() | N/A | Urea cycle, Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase ONE, think "I have to use number 1(pee)" | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/28/19 5:16 PM | Danny | Ibrahim | dsi00199@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||||
147 | 83 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Amino acid derivatives | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9326301 | a small bidirectional arrow next to tyrosine hydroxylase would be really nice, especially because this reaction is what let's us use certain dopaminergic drugs | Spelling/formatting | Maybe I am missing something, but it seems that the article says something along the following lines: "Tyrosine hydroxylase posesses DOPA oxidase activity. The products of DOPA oxidase activity are thioether derivatives of DOPA" (not tyrosine). In other words, I do not see it explicitly written that tyrosine hydroxylase can turn DOPA into tyrosine. Even if it was the case, this is likely LY for Step 1. Inclined to reject. -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 03/30/19 8:17 PM | Trevaughn | Baptiste | tbapt001@fiu.edu | ||||||||||||||||
148 | 83 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Catecholamine synthesis/tyrosine catabolism | ![]() | N/A | A mnemonic for remembering the order of catecholamine synthesis I use is "tldr". Tyrosine --> L-dopa --> Dopamine --> noRepinephrine. You can also expand it if you want: "Please TLDR Ever" = Phenylalanine --> Tyrosine --> L-dopa --> Dopamine --> noRepinephrine --> Epinephrine | Mnemonic | Verified | Thank you for the suggestion. Inclined to reject, as "d" can be misinterepreted as "dopa" and because "r" does not fit in the mnemonic that nicely. -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 03/04/19 1:58 PM | Justin | Winkler | jmwink04@louisville.edu | |||||||||||||||
149 | 84 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Alkaptonuria | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/941530-overview#a5 | first aid says: "Congenital deficiency of homogentisate oxidase in the degradative pathway of tyrosine to fumarate". | Major erratum | Reject. Tyrosine deviates from catecholamine synthesis to produce a final product, fumarate which is part of the TCA cycle. Homogentisate and homogentisate oxidase belong to one of the steps of this process. Consequently, the wording is appropriate "Congenital deficiency of homogentisate oxidase in the degradative pathway of tyrosine pathway to fumarate..." -Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject. Do not see any mistake here. There are several consecutive reactions that degrade tyrosine to fumarate. One of these reactions is catalyzed by homogentisate oxidase. If this enzyme is broken, alkaptonuria occurs. -Vasily | Reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/25/19 7:02 AM | Mohammad ALWahadneh | ALWahadneh | wizerulz@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
150 | 84 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Alkaptonuria | ![]() | Not needed | Use "All Caps" (Alkaptonuria) when Typing (tyrosine) Furiously (fumarate) -- to remember that problem converting tyrosine to fumarate in alkaptonuria | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/17/19 1:05 PM | Opal | Sekler | opalsekler@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
151 | 84 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Homocystinuria | ![]() | Page 84 of First Aid 2019 - In homocystinuria, lens sublexes "down and in." | You look "down and in" (lens sublexes) when you PEE (homocystinURIA); vs MarFAN Syndrome ("FANS up and out"). | Mnemonic | Great mnemonic! | Verified | Nice mnemonic. Up for addition from my side. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 12:05 PM | Orr | Shauly | shauly@usc.edu | ||||||||||||||
152 | 84 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Maple syrup urine disease | ![]() | I just thought of this on my own | "MSUD patients can't LIVe with these amino acids" (Leuicine, Isoleucine, Valine) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/25/19 9:32 PM | sina | moridzadeh | sina.moridzadeh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
153 | 85 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Glycogen regulation by insulin and glucagon/epinephrine | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5195864/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylase_kinase | Glycogen phosphorylase kinase has calmodulin as one of its subunits. Therefore calcium binds directly to the enzyme and activates it. Furthermore, calcium is released from the endoplasmic reticulum in both muscle contraction and a1 receptor stimulation. This relationship can be summarized with the following arrows: Muscle contraction or a1 receptor stimulation -> Ca2+ (from endoplasmic reticulum) -> glycogen phosphorylase kinase (has calmodulin subunit). In the current graph in the book, the following sequence of arrows “calcium released from the endoplasmic reticulum -> Ca2+-calmodulin complex -> glycogen phosphorylase kinase” is conceptually wrong and unnecessary, as it is already shown with an arrow that calcium directly activates glycogen phosphorylase kinase. | Major erratum | Agree. The student is correct, calmodulin is the delta subunit of glycogen phosphorylase kinase (GPK). The illustration shows "Calcium-calmodulin in muscle during contraction" activates the GPK. However, We don't show that calmodulin is the subunit of this enzyme. It seems that Ca-Calmodulin complex activates GPK when it is only by Calcium. - Victor Martinez. | Verified | Text is correct as is. When epinephrine bines the a-receptor, the PIP2-Ca2+ signal transduction system is activated, and calcium binds calmodulin. Would be beyond the scope of Step 1 to know that calmodulin is a binding receptor of glycogen phosphorylase kinase. Would recommend leaving text as is. -VV 1. Mark's Biochemistry | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 2:45 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
154 | 86 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Glycogen | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glycogen-debrancher-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease-iii | Glycogen debrancher is an enzyme with two catalytic activities (as already stated in the text). Cori disease is caused by congenital deficiency of glycogen debrancher, therefore none of these catalytic activities would occur. Thus, both steps 5 & 6 are inhibited (not only step 6). | Major erratum | Agree with the student. The enzyme has two catalytic sites and Glycogen storage disease has many subtypes including deficiency of both catalytic sites. We only mention n the table alpha-1,6-glycosidase. We need faculty input in this case. -Victor Martinez https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/glycogen-storage-disease-type-iii | Verified | This information is factually correct. Might need some expert review as well. Seems like a major errata to me. -Anup | Not technically an error, so let's defer this to the main cycle. I'm reading that deficiency in glycogen debranching enzyme, amylo-1,6-glucosidase,4-α-glucanotransferase (AGL gene) is the cause of Cori disease. Please add a red box"III" to step 5 of Glycogen Storage Disease illustration. -VV https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678930/ https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/119597-overview https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_III | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 2:51 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
155 | 86 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Glycogen | ![]() | 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextrin. "Depolymerization of glycogen by phosphorylase halts when glycogen branches have been reduced to two to four linked glucose molecules (limit dextrins). Glycogen debrancher enzyme has two catalytic activities. One is the cleavage of a dextrin branch from the remaining glycogen molecule (amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity). The other is the transfer of the dextrin to the free end of a dextran polymer (oligo-1,4-1,4-glucanotransferase activity). The transferred dextrin may then be further depolymerized by phosphorylase." 2. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glycogen-debrancher-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease-iii | Limit dextrin refers to 2-4 residues, not 1-4. The smallest form of a dextrin is a disaccharide. | Major erratum | The 4-alpha glucanotransferase enzyme is in charge of cleaving the outer branch of glycogen until it reaches the last glycosidic link which is 1,6. The last one is cleaved by alpha-1,6-glucosidase. Therefore, dextrins should have at least one residue in the branch. This student's comment sounds a bit nitpicky to me. But, it would help to have input from faculty for this one. "The 1,4-α-D-glucan 4-α-D-glycosyl transferase component transfers the terminal three glucose molecules to the parent chain and the amylo-1,6-glucosidase component cleaves the alpha 1,6 bond to release free glucose." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26372/ -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Most of the sources I referenced define limit dextrin as "short" without specification of the number of sugars. There were no reference to the number of residues in the wiki article provided. However, UTD does define as two to four residues. Would appreciate faculty input for clarification. -VV https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/dextrin https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glycogen-debrancher-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease-iii | Disagreement/need expert | Howard Steinman | Is the debate about the number of sugar residues in the "limit dextrin". I agree that the smallest number of residues should NOT be 1. If you have 1, then the glycosidase acts to release free glucose. Our textbook says that the limit dextrin has 4 residues. If you want to say 2-4, I'd go for it. Main point: limit dextrin isn't 1 residue because that's not aceted on by the transferase activity of the debrancher enzyme. When it's just 1 residue, it's the glycosidase activity of the debrancher enzyme that acts. The figure shows it right. Bottom line: say that limit dextrin is 2-4 residues (or 4 residues) | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 2:55 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | ||||||||||
156 | 87 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Glycogen storage diseases | ![]() | 1. Already mentioned in the book on page 86, 2. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glycogen-debrancher-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease-iii | Cori disease is caused by glycogen debrancher deficiency, which has two catalytic activites (not only a-1,6-glucosidase). | Minor erratum | Agree with the student. The enzyme has two catalytic sites and Glycogen storage disease has many subtypes including deficiency of both catalytic sites. We only mention n the table alpha-1,6-glycosidase. We need faculty input in this case. -Victor Martinez https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/glycogen-storage-disease-type-iii | Verified | Agree with the user. Please see the comment in the previous post for further workup. -Anup | Not technically an error, so let's defer to main cycle. If faculty approves above, can replace "(a-1,6-glucosidase)" with "(1,6-glucosidase, 4-α-D-glucanotransferase)" | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 2:59 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
157 | 87 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Glycogen storage diseases | ![]() | 1. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/7864/glycogen-storage-disease-type-1a, 2. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glucose-6-phosphatase-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease-i-von-gierke-disease, 3. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PEDS%2F54417 | Von Gierke disease refers to the most common subtype of glycogen storage disease type 1, termed 1A, that is caused by glucose-6-phoshatase deficiency. Type 1B is caused by G6P transporter deficiency and is NOT termed Von Gierke disease. | Minor erratum | Reject. It is correct that the disease has 2 types, type Ia, caused by the deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) catalytic activity, and GSD type Ib, caused by a defect in glucose-6-phosphate exchanger SLC37A4 (transporter). In spite of this, The two subtypes (GSDIa and GSDIb) are clinically indistinguishable. Historically, GSDI is also referred to as von Gierke disease after Dr. Edgar von Gierke, who first described the disease in 1929. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1312/ https://myriadwomenshealth.com/diseases/glycogen-storage-disease-type-ib/ - Victor Martinez | Verified | Agree with Victor. No changes to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 3:01 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
158 | 87 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Glycogen storage diseases | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glycogen-branching-enzyme-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease-iv-andersen-disease | Differentiate Cori disease (GSD 3) from Andersen disease (GSD 4). A-B/C-D. Andersen- Branching enzyme/ Cori- Debranching enzyme | Mnemonic | Verified | Although I like the mnemonic (it would be helpful for a Biochem class), I think Andersen disease is LY for the exam. Hence, reject. -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 03/02/19 9:14 AM | Grecia Haymee | Alvarez Fernandez | gralvarez02@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
159 | 87 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Glycogen storage diseases | ![]() | Made up. | Mcardle disease: Myo/Muscle Pains, Pees and Palpitations (Pains=Muscle cramps, Pees=Myoglobinuria, Palpitations=Arrhythmia) | Mnemonic | Verified | I am borderline about addition. Waiting suggestions from other authors. -Anup | I think it is an okay mnemonic. Suggest migrating to Annotate for further discussion. -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 03/29/19 11:57 PM | Alec | Hasty | alechasty2017@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
160 | 87 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Glycogen storage diseases | ![]() | My mind | 'There are 2 glycogen storage diseases that are always difficult to remember and often we use to forget it, so a easy way to remember (type III and IV glycogen storage disease) is with the next mnemonic: DCBA, (D) for debranching enzyme and the name of the disease is Cori/type III (C) and Branching enzyme with the name Andersen/type IV, so Debranching-Cori/Branching-Andersen so you only have to remember the leters DCBA. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/22/19 8:41 PM | Jorge Andres | Rios Duarte | jorgejejeje6@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
161 | 87 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Glycogen storage diseases | ![]() | https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/pompeii | POMPE Disease - Like POMPEII Volcano, heart is huge and pumping out may be affected (cardiomegaly, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 10:38 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
162 | 87 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Glycogen storage diseases | ![]() | Andersen Disease: https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/andersen-disease-gsd-iv/ Hers Disease: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/119690-overview Tarui Disease: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/949388-overview | The main pneumonic I would like to contribute is: “ABCD” Andersen->Branching enzyme ; Cori ->Debranching enzyme. I noticed a similar one in the Errata table, but with letters switched around. I believe ABCD is a little easier to remember. In order for the pneumonic to make sense in the text, I added a section for Anderson's disease. I also added sections for Hers disease and Tarui disease because there is a lot of blank space on that page, and it helps complete knowledge about glycogen storage diseases. (see attached pdf, I also have .ai formats). Please feel free to send me an email with any additional questions! Thank you! | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 11/21/19 7:21 PM | Forrest | Yeh | fyeh.ca@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
163 | 88 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Miscellaneous | Lysosomal storage diseases | ![]() | N/A | Tay-Sachs and Niemann-Pick both have 2 parts in their names just like Cherry-Red which is present in both of them | Mnemonic | I don't find this correlation easy to remember. But, if others think it is useful, I wouldn't be opposed. - Victor Martinez. | Verified | Reject suggestion. Too confusing. -Anup | Ha! This is actually the mnemonic I use. I think of the hyphen in the name of the diseases as of the cherry-red spot. It is challenging, however, to explain the mnemonic in writing. I suggested this mnemonic previously but it did not make it into the book. I still like this mnemonic. We could use a bold red dot in the name of the diseases (instead of the hyphen) and highlight with red the term "cherry-red spot" in the text. -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 4:26 AM | Feras | Al-Moussally | feras226@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
164 | 88 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Lysosomal storage diseases | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | What is deficient and accumulated in Gaucher Disease? Gaucher = Groucher and needs sugar (glucose/glucocerebrosidase and glucocerebroside) What is deficient and accumulated in Krabbe disease? The krab is part of astrology/celestial galaxy signs, thus (galactocerebrosidae and galactocerebroside) | Mnemonic | Verified | The table is already too crowded. Not sure if I would vote for or against this addition. -Anup | I agree with Anup the page is really crowded with text already. As for the mnemonic itself, it is not bad, but I am not a big fan of it either. Reject. -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 03/12/19 1:37 PM | Weston | Kloster | wkloster44@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
165 | 88 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Lysosomal storage diseases | ![]() | N/A | FABry disease (F-fingers [episodic peripheral neuropathy]; A-angiokeratomas; you always look FABulous since you barely sweat) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/07/19 5:16 AM | Adam | Kurnick | adam@kurnick.net | ||||||||||||||||
166 | 88 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Lysosomal storage diseases | ![]() | Alana Ghanim | How to remember the deficient enzyme in Hunter syndrome vs. Hurler syndrome. Hunter= iduronate which sounds like "I'd rather date" so think "I'd rather date a Hunter than a Hurler" | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 06/27/19 11:05 PM | Alana | Ghanim | alanaghanim@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
167 | 88 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Lysosomal storage diseases | ![]() | n/a | A blind (destruction of oligodendrocytes - optic neuropathy) KRAB with regression is lost in the GALAXY (Galacto-). | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 9:55 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
168 | 88 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Lysosomal storage diseases | ![]() | not applicable | hun(two)er deficient enzyme: iduronate 2;sulfatase, Hur(L)er: a-L-iduronidase | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/13/19 8:35 AM | Awab | Elnaeem | awab.kamal@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
169 | 88 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Miscellaneous | Lysosomal storage diseases | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fabry-disease-clinical-features-and-diagnosis | FABRYS - F: Foam Cells in kidney, A: Alpha-galactosidase or Angiokeratoma, B: Burning pain in extremities (peripheral neuropathy or Boys of moms (X-linked recessive), R: renal failure, Y: Y is fine (because again its XLinked), S: Sphingolipidosis or S:Sweatless (hypohydrosis) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/03/19 4:16 PM | Mesude | Rahmeti | mesudearahmeti@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
170 | 88 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Lysosomal storage diseases | ![]() | Self-written | Tay-Sachs Disease - The general manager (GM) chose the wrong SAXophone GANG to play because their music but a HEX on the audience. (GM2 GANGlioside, HEXosamindase) /// Niemann-Pick Disease - Hey-MAN please PICK (NIEMAN-PICK) me to SING (SPHING). I think I sound great because i'm very drunk on FOAMY Beer (FOAMY LIPID-laden macrophages) with my big LIVER and SPLEEN. (Extreme alcohol use may lead to hepatosplenomegaly, these drunk people believe they/re great singers/SPHINGERS). /// Gaucher Disease - You go to the GAUCHER restaurant with your BRO's to eat GLUCOSE-containing food (GLUCO-cereBROside) where you use your TISSUE PAPER handkerchiefs and CRUMBLE it up when finished eating (Gaucher cells resemble crumpled paper). | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 8:14 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
171 | 89 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Fatty acid metabolism | ![]() | First Aid 2019 pg 73. | The rate determining enzyme for Fatty acid synthesis is Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (which is listed on pg 73). However it is not listed in the diagrams on page 89 and 74 despite its cofactor Biotin being listed. | High-yield addition to next year | Agree. In spite of not being an error, I do think we should include acetyl carboxylase which is the limiting step of the fatty acid synthesis. That would include the integration of pathways on page 74 and the FA metabolism entry on page 89. This way we keep the same line of action by mentioning all the different rate determining enzymes. -Victor Martinez | Verified | HY addition for 2020. Suggest deferring for further workup. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 01/25/19 4:15 PM | Joseph | Cannizzo | joseph.cannizzo@stonybrookmedicine.edu | ||||||||||||||
172 | 89 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Fatty acid metabolism | ![]() | https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/primary-carnitine-deficiency#genes | Systemic carnitine deficiency is a defect in the transport of carnitine (not LCFA) into the mitochondria | Major erratum | We do not have a major erratum here, but a clarification to the text might be considered: "Systemic primary carnitine deficiency -> no cellular uptake of carnitine -> no transport of LCFAs into mitochondria -> toxic accumulation of LCFAs in the cytosol -> weakness, hypotonia, hypoketotic hypoglycemia". -Vasily | Agree that this is not an erratum. But I am not at all opposed to Vasily's proposed clarification which I do agree makes the text read much more clearly. We can consider this change for 2020 or 2021 depending on time. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/25/19 1:08 PM | Tammy | Hua | tammy.hua95@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
173 | 89 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Fatty acid metabolism | ![]() | https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/medium-chain-acyl-coa-dehydrogenase-deficiency#inheritance | MCAD deficiency has an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern | High-yield addition to next year | I don't think this is HY either. - Victor M. | Provided reference supports the suggestion. I am not 100% sure that the suggestion is really HY. -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 03/30/19 6:14 PM | Lisa-Qiao | MacDonald | llm012@jefferson.edu | |||||||||||||||
174 | 91 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Metabolic fuel use | ![]() | pneumonic, link n/a | carb/whey have 4 kcal (which is already there).... new submission: alcohol (how many letters in ALCOHOL=7; 7/kcal... fats how many kcal, 9/kcal (the FAT CAT has 9 lives) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Suggested mnemonic almost completely repeats our current mnemonic on page 91. -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 06/25/19 10:17 PM | Stanley | Abraham | szegedstan@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
175 | 92 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Familial dyslipidemias | ![]() | http://nlaresourcecenter.lipidjournal.com/Content/PDFs/Tables/1.pdf | In type III-- dysbetalipoproteinemia, if Apo E is defective, there should be increased chylomicrons and IDL, not VLDL | Minor erratum | May need faculty input. -Anup | OK to migrate over, but agree expert input would be helpful to ensure we address this accurately. -Matt | Disagreement/need expert | ![]() | ![]() | 04/01/19 10:43 AM | Elana | Molcho | elana.molcho@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
176 | 93 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Key enzymes in lipid transport | ![]() | per figure in page 92 | Hepatic lipase; degrades TGs remaining in IDL and "Chylomicron remnants" | High-yield addition to next year | I don't think this is HY enough to be mentioned. Current text and illustration are consistent. Reject. -Victor M. | Verified | On the one hand, I do not think that the provided reference supports the suggested change. As I see it, page 92 figure shows that chylomicron remnants are taken up via ApoE receptor - ApoE interaction. I do not see how the figure shows hepatic lipase's role in chylomicron degradation. On the other hand, there are papers stating that hepatic lipase plays a role in chylomicron remnant metabolism. E.g.: "HL, present in the basolateral surface of hepatocytes and the luminal and subluminal surfaces of endothelial cells or freely circulating in the bloodstream, hydrolyzes triglycerides and phospholipids present in circulating plasma lipoproteins, including IDL, chylomicron remnants..." https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.atv.0000140818.00570.2d I do not think that this level of detail is HY for Step 1. I would leave the text as is unless other authors feel strongly otherwise. I do not think there is conflict between the figure and the text in terms of the role hepatic lipase. I also do not remember seeing questions regarding the role of this enzyme in chylomicron metabolism in qbanks or nbme. Reject. -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:36 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
177 | 93 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Key enzymes in lipid transport | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pcsk9-inhibitors-pharmacology-adverse-effects-and-use?search=pcsk9&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~33&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H3046621671 LINK 1 - First paragraph of Mechanism of Action section. LINK 2 - Genetic Considerations < Mutations in the PCSK9 Gene https://www.uptodate.com/contents/familial-hypercholesterolemia-in-adults-overview?search=ldl%20receptor&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~47&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | It is listed that the end result of PCSK9 is the decrease of serum LDL. This should say increase of serum LDL. The pathway in First Aid lists that the increase in LDL Receptor recycling is what leads to a decrease in serum LDL. In fact, when PCSK9 exerts its actions, the LDL Receptor is not recycled to the cell surface, but rather sent to lysosomes to be degraded. This would lead to less LDL uptake, and higher serum LDL levels. Therefore. PCSK9 does NOT lead to decreased serum LDL. I believe this may have been a mix up with the PCSK9 Inhibitor section, which would lead to decreased serum LDL. I've attached two different Uptodate links that state the MOA & effects. Thanks! | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 09/07/19 2:43 PM | Michael | Garmo | michaelgarmo@aol.com | |||||||||||||||||
178 | 93 | Immunology | ![]() | Lymphoid Structures | Lymphatic drainage associations | ![]() | First Aid 2017 Material | Para-Aortic Lymph Nodes - "you have a PAIR OF(para) testes, ovaries, kidneys" | Mnemonic | I don't find this mnemonic useful since it neglects the uterus. - Victor Martinez. | Verified | Reject. This is cute, but I agree with Victor, it leaves out the uterus which is important. -Connie | Agree with authors, reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/07/19 4:49 PM | Haley | Basinger | haley.basinger@my.rfums.org | ||||||||||||
179 | 93 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Major apolipoproteins | ![]() | https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.rosalindfranklin.edu/contents/image?imageKey=PC%2F112742&topicKey=PC%2F4560&search=hdl&source=outline_link&selectedTitle=1~150 | Currently, it is listed that the B-100 apolipoprotein is only on particles originating from the liver. However, HDL is synthesized in the liver and doesn’t contain B-100 which would contradict this statement. | Clarification to current text | Reject. The table on page 93 "Major apolipoproteins" has a check sign only in VLDL, IDL and LDL columns in the B-100 row. HDL has not a check. The only apoliproteins checked are those produced in the liver with B-100 (LDL, IDL, and LDL.) - Victor Martinez | Verified | Likely a misunderstanding of the text. Would not recommend changes. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/16/19 5:27 PM | Nakib | Mansuri | nakib.mansuri@my.rfums.org | |||||||||||||
180 | 94 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Familial dyslipidemias | ![]() | n/a | Type thrEE has defective ApoE | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/21/19 4:37 PM | Jordan | O'Steen | josteen441@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
181 | 94 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Metabolism | Lipid-lowering agents | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/effects-of-exercise-on-lipoproteins-and-hemostatic-factors?search=HDL%20exercise&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H472188367 | Effects of exercise on lipoproteins and hemostatic factors: Exercise training programs produce favorable changes in the lipoprotein profile in patients who already have CHD. Most studies have shown a significant increase in serum HDL-cholesterol and a decrease in serum triglycerides. Exercise training also may have a modest lowering effect on serum LDL-cholesterol. The mechanism of benefit may derive from positive changes in the proteins, and in particular the enzymes that regulate lipid metabolism. Exercise training may influence the functionality of lipoproteins as well as the levels of lipoproteins. Exercise may alter hemostatic risk factor by reducing the risk of acute thrombus formation, improving blood viscosity, and positively influencing rate of progression of atherosclerotic lesions. | High-yield addition to next year | This is overly specific and not HY for step 1in my opinion. I can't think of a question that could be written from this information that a student couldn't correctly guess the answer to. It may be worthwhile to devote a new fact/page to the benefits of exercise but this would be a huge undertaking to determine what is the more HY for step 1. We could consider for next year. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 07/31/19 9:24 PM | Pavel | Aksionav | pavlusha_aksenov@mail.ru | ||||||||||||||||
182 | 96 | Immunology | ![]() | Lymphoid Structures | Lymph node | ![]() | Not needed | Replace the term "Postcapillary venule" with "High endothelial venule" in the lymph node schematic. High endothelial venules are mentioned in the text but not in the schematic. This can lead to confusion. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. HEVs are specialized post-capillary venous endothelial cells.This diagram is not at a high enough magnification to be able to visualize that. Also, the labeled item in our diagram is a post-capillary venule which is correct. -Connie | Agree with Connie. No change to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 3:08 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
183 | 96 | Immunology | ![]() | Lymphoid Structures | Lymph node | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1892634/ | Medulla consists of medullary cords (closely packed lymphocytes and plasma cells) must be changed to (closely packed B lymphocytes and plasma cells) | Minor erratum | Verified | Reject. Looked at source, there is nothing that specifies "B" lymphocytes. Attaching another source from a higher impact journal (Cell) that says medullary cords "contains strings of lymphocytes." https://www.cell.com/immunity/image-resource-lymphnode -Connie | No changes to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 2:56 PM | Najat | Fadlallah | najat.fadlallah@lau.edu | |||||||||||||
184 | 96 | Immunology | ![]() | Lymphoid Structures | Lymph node | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-peripheral-lymphadenopathy-in-adults?csi=fe144795-2d9e-4501-a120-17fd294659e2&source=contentShare | Lymphadenopathy (LAD) : Painful LAD is seen with acute inflammation (e.g., Strep). Painless LAD is seen with chronic inflammation (e.g. autoimmune disease), metastatic carcinoma, or lymphoma . Abnormal lymph nodes if - firm/hard -immobile - >2cm -systemic symptoms (fever, night sweats, weight loss) | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 1:05 PM | Rayan | El Hajjar | rayan.hajjar2@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
185 | 97 | Immunology | ![]() | Lymphoid Structures | Lymphatic drainage associations | ![]() | UpToDate, USMLE World. | In the lymphatic drainage table, under "Area of body drained" column for Superficial Inguinal nodes, skin of "Glans Penis" (which drains into the deep inguinal nodes along with the popliteal nodes) can be added as another exception along with popliteal area. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 08/14/19 9:12 AM | Ahmed Ali | Khan | ahmedalikhanjr@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
186 | 98 | Immunology | ![]() | Lymphoid Structures | Spleen | ![]() | Myself | 9 10 11, keep the spleen livin | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. The rhyme is just slightly too much off for me. And it's not super intuitive that it's referring to the rib numbers. -Connie | Agree with Connie, reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/22/19 8:36 AM | Zaid | R Najdawi | znajdawi@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
187 | 98 | Immunology | ![]() | Lymphoid Structures | Thymus | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16121185 | text says; Medulla is pale with Mature T cells and Hassall corpuscles. I recommend adding "Hassall Corpuscles have lymphopoietin important for maturing T cells". And to add mnemonic "Thymus Medulla goes through the hassle (Hassall) to "Mature T cells utilizing lymphopoietin" | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. The detail here is way beyond the scope of T cell maturation details needed for step 1. Also, lymphopoietin is pretty upstream in the story of T cell maturation. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin expressed by Hassall's corpuscles actually activates CD11c+ DCs residing in the thymus, causing them to upregulate surface costimulatory molecules CD80/86, which enables them to induce the proliferation/differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Treg cells (CD25+FOXP3+). Treg induction by DCs can also be achieved by other pathways. -Connie | Agree with Connie, lymphopoietin is a concept beyond the scope of Step 1 and is not the only pathway for T cell maturation. Would not recommend addition to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 8:11 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
188 | 98 | Immunology | ![]() | Lymphoid Structures | Thymus | ![]() | N/A | Under "Thymoma", it says "Good syndrome" where it is likely mean "Goodpasture syndrome" | Minor erratum | No, Good syndrome is correct. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/05/19 10:38 PM | Jenna | Nickas | jenna.nickas@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
189 | 98 | Immunology | ![]() | Lymphoid Structures | Thymus | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov//articles/PMC4012878/R | Thymoma is associated with many autoimmune diseases including SLE | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 11/19/19 8:41 PM | Elizabeth | Ancion | Eancion@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
190 | 100 | Immunology | ![]() | Cellular | HLA subtypes associated with diseases | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | Psoriasis (there is a s*C*ale lession) --->HLA subtype *C* . | Mnemonic | Currently, we don't have mnemonic for psoriasis. The mnemonic is not bad since it correlates psoriatic lesion which is a scale with the HLA subtype (C). -Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject -Scott | Oo I think we should consider this. Maybe rephrase in a way that incorporates the "c" sound in psoriasis with the buzzwords "silver scale" in addition to HLA C. Maybe pSoriasis presents with Silver Scale, HLA-C? This definitely needs some improving haha but just a thought? -Connie | Agree, please add to annotate. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/05/19 3:53 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||
191 | 100 | Immunology | ![]() | Cellular | HLA subtypes associated with diseases | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29072309 | In psoriasis, add the specific HLA-C allele that is strongly associated with the disease. All people have HLA-C in their genome. The specific allele that is associated with psoriasis is HLA-Cw6. | High-yield addition to next year | Reject, already specified on current edition. -Victor Martinez | Verified | We already have this in the table titled HLA subtypes associated with diseases -Scott | I think what the reader is suggesting is that we add that the specific allele associated with psoriasis is HLA-Cw6. The reader is technically correct, HLA-C is one of the three MHC class I genes we all have. Interestingly, I remember this being tested as just HLA-C, without going into detail about the specific allele. Interestingly, everything else on the list refers to a specific allele. Maybe we can crosscheck to see if psoriasis is still being tested as just associated with a mutation in HLA-C, and that students don't have to know the specific allele? Regardless, I'm on the fence, because this is the only tested disease related to HLA-C and I don't think step 1 will make student differentiate between different HLA-C alleles, so students should recognize HLA-C or HLA-Cw6. I feel like including it for completeness is not a bad thing, but this is already a confusing section so I don't want to include superfluous information if it's not needed. -Connie sources: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/HLA-C#conditions https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3107 | Reject. For the purposes of Step 1, it is more important to know that HLA-C can be associated with psoriasis rather than the specific allele. I recall having to memorize the association with the specific subtypes rather than the alleles associated with the subtypes. Honestly, HLA-B*5701 is one of the only mutations that are really needed to be memorized, and this is associated with hypersensitivity with abacavir than with a specific disease. Would not recommend addition. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 3:13 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | |||||||||||
192 | 100 | Immunology | ![]() | Cellular | HLA subtypes associated with diseases | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | Psoriasis(Psoriati*C*) --->HLA subtype *C* . | Mnemonic | I think that the mnemonic n first-row "Psoriasis (there is a sCale lesion) - HLA subtype C" is easier to remember and has a clinical correlation. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject. -Scott | Reject, using letters at the end of a words is generally less intuitive for mnemonics. -Connie | Agree, reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/13/19 2:18 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||
193 | 100 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | HLA subtypes associated with diseases | ![]() | Toxicity of NRTIs - First Aid 2019 Pg-203; Its good to have this fact together with the other HLA associated disorders. | HLA-B*5701 - Increased risk of Hypersensitivity with Abacavir (Anti RetroViral) | High-yield addition to next year | Reject. This fact is present in the HIV therapy entry, page 203. I don't think we should repeat it in the HLA subtypes table, page 100. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject. This doesn't fit under neither the HLA Subtypes heading nor the MHC I and II headings. It fits best when we're discussing antiviral drugs though. -Scott | Well this actually fits fine under the HLA subtypes. HLA-B*5701 is just a genetic variation of HLA-B, one of the 3 MHC class 1 genes (others are HLA-A, HLA-B). All this means is that people who have the 5701 variation of HLA-B are more susceptible to abacavir sensitivity. We discuss this on page 203, I think that is the appropriate location. However, I would defer to the editor on whether it's worth a mention here. It is nice to have this grouped together with the other HLA allele-associated conditions, even though this is technically not a disease, but if I had to pick one location for this fact, I still think it fits better with the abacavir entry. -Connie | Agree, this entry is more appropritae on page 203 related to abacavir. This is not technically an association with a disease, which is what the immunology table really focuses on. Therefore, would recommend leaving the text as is. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/26/19 10:52 PM | Arpit | Jain | arpitjaindr@gmail.com | |||||||||||
194 | 100 | Immunology | ![]() | Cellular | HLA subtypes associated with diseases | ![]() | https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra0808284?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed | T1DM also has a strong association with HLA DQ2 and DQ8. This is the reason patient with T1DM are at high risk for developing celiac disease (which is also associated with HLA DQ2 and 8) and the ADA recommends screening all patients T1DM for celiac disease once. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Agree, but would want to verify how HY this is first. American Diabetes Association currently says that the pts with the highest risk for TD1 are pts with DR3 or DR4+DQ8. UTD also mentions that TD1 is a risk factor for celiac, but doesn't mention the specific alleles. We cover TD1 on page 346 and mention DR3 and DR4, but it might be worth adding in DQ8. We cover celiac disease on page 375 and mention several associations, but not TD1. If we decide this is HY, may be worth adding TD1 to the list of associations. -Connie sources: http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/62/6/2135 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-of-celiac-disease-in-adults?search=hladq2&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~1&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Celiac disease is more associated with DQ2/DQ8 for purposes of Step 1. Not convinced how HY association of Type 1 diabetes with DQ8 would be. Would not recommend any change to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/14/19 11:33 PM | Basim | Ali | basim.ajafri@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
195 | 100 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | HLA subtypes associated with diseases | ![]() | n/a | A better Mnemonic for DR2 associated disease is "DRive 2 multiple hay pastures." | Mnemonic | Verified | Yes! This is definitely an improvement on the current mnemonic, which doesn't specify the DR number. Also this one flows a little better than the current one (multiple hay pastures are dirty). -Connie | Love it! Please replace: "Multiple hay pastures are dirty" WITH "DRive 2 multiple hay pastures" with appropriate red mnemonic font. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 8:45 AM | Chima | Amadi | ca329@cornell.edu | |||||||||||||
196 | 100 | Immunology | ![]() | Cellular | HLA subtypes associated with diseases | ![]() | Mnemonic | HLA-C for Psoriasis hint: Pronounce "C-riasis" | Mnemonic | Verified | There are several mnemonics proposed this year for psoriasis and HLA-C, this one is medium. We can compile and pick the best one once we migrate to annotate? Maybe we can compile the related smartsheet comments into one annotation so it's easy to see the options. -Connie | Agree, please add to annotate and we can pick the best one -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/24/19 1:17 PM | Nathaniel | Borochov | nateboro8@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
197 | 100 | Immunology | ![]() | Cellular | HLA subtypes associated with diseases | ![]() | Made up | "C"oriasis | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/13/19 3:24 PM | Mohamad Othman | El Helou | mohamadosman.helou@lau.edu | ||||||||||||||||
198 | 100 | Immunology | ![]() | Lymphocytes | HLA subtypes associated with diseases | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/human-leukocyte-antigens-hla-a-roadmap | mnemonic for DR2 ---> DRs get GOOD scores in 2nd year studying Histo MULTIPLE time SYSTEMatically( good--> good pasture, Histo-->Hay fever, MULTIPLE--> MULTIPLE sclerosis, SYSTEMatically--> SLE) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/31/19 9:05 AM | Mohamed | Menofy | mohamed.a.menofy@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
199 | 100 | Immunology | ![]() | Cellular | HLA subtypes associated with diseases | ![]() | n/a | DR5 is "pent"icious anemia. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 09/27/19 5:15 PM | Jordan | O'Steen | josteen441@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
200 | 100 | Immunology | ![]() | Cellular | HLA subtypes associated with diseases | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/prediction-of-type-1-diabetes-mellitus?search=type%20i%20diabetes%20dr3%2Fdr4&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | DR3/DR4 hurts beta cells to the core. (DM type I) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 09/27/19 6:36 PM | Jordan | O'Steen | josteen441@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
201 | 100 | Immunology | ![]() | Cellular | HLA subtypes associated with diseases | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/prediction-of-type-1-diabetes-mellitus?search=type%20i%20d | DR3/DR4, Sugar no more (for DM1) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/14/19 10:47 AM | Daniel | Zhu | Dzhu5@pride.hofstra.edu | |||||||||||||||||
202 | 100 | Immunology | ![]() | Cellular | HLA subtypes associated with diseases | ![]() | N/A | PAIR of B-27 Bombers (fly undetected - seronegative arthropathies) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/17/19 5:56 PM | Abhijit | Battar | abattar5@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
203 | 100 | Immunology | ![]() | Lymphocytes | Major histocompatibility complex I and II | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/major-histocompatibility-complex-mhc-structure-and-function | we can use X in eXogenously as indicator for 2(ii) in MHC 2 | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/31/19 8:57 AM | Mohamed | Menofy | mohamed.a.menofy@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
204 | 101 | Immunology | ![]() | Cellular | Differentiation of T cells | ![]() | As per information on p. 102 | Minor change to diagram. For Th17: add inhibited by IFN-gamma and IL-4. For Treg: add inhibited by IL-6. | Spelling/formatting | I agree we should add this to the next edition. However, it shouldn't be part of the errata. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Agree. We should be consistent -Scott | Yes, on annotate, it looks like there has been an effort to add in these cytokines, but there also seems to be some concern of over-population/over-crowding of the diagram. I think it would be nice to have these for consistency, but maybe we can work with the illustration team to find a layout that works better. Maybe arrows coming from the helper T cell could all be parallel instead of coming out radially? It may be easier to read the cytokines that way. -Connie | This would be something for the illustration team to address. Please add a note to annotate with Illustration team tagged. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/20/19 6:57 PM | Charles | de Leeuw | deleeuw.c@gmail.com | |||||||||||
205 | 101 | Immunology | ![]() | Cellular | Differentiation of T cells | ![]() | Mnemonic | To remember which section of the thymus (cortex or medulla) is involved in positive vs negative T cell selection, think of the letter “t” as a plus sign (+) and the letter “l” as a minus sign (-). Clarifying image attached. | Mnemonic | Could not understand the "t" as a (+) sign and "I" as a (-) sign- Priyesh | Verified | Reject. I think the "t" as "+" and "I" as "-" is clever, but I'm not sure where the letter I is coming from here? -Connie | Agree, reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/10/19 10:39 AM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
206 | 101 | Immunology | ![]() | Cellular | Differentiation of T cells | ![]() | None needed | Add in the down-regulators of Th17 cells and Treg cells as indicated on page 102. That is, add a red -IL4 and IFN-gamma for Th17 cells and a red -IL-6 for Tre cells onto the diagram. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/06/19 12:33 PM | Abhishek | Gami | agami@jhmi.edu | ||||||||||||||||
207 | 101 | Immunology | ![]() | Lymphocytes | Differentiation of T cells | ![]() | first aid | we can use O in pOsitive selection as indicator for cOrtex ,, and E in nEgative selection as indicator for mEdulla | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/31/19 9:09 AM | Mohamed | Menofy | mohamed.a.menofy@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
208 | 101 | Immunology | ![]() | Cellular | Important cytokines | ![]() | First Aid Usmle Step 1 2019, page 102 | I suggest to add new column "Cytokines" into the table "Differentiation of T-cells" for visual perception of the information located on the next page (102). | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 09/04/19 12:09 PM | Alsu | Zagorulko | alsu.zagorulko@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
209 | 102 | Immunology | ![]() | Cellular | Cytotoxic T cells | ![]() | https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2010/764542/ | They also fight against intracellular Listeria | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. CTLs are important for immunity against intracellular pathogens in general. I don't think knowing listeria as a CTL target specifically is HY. -Connie | Agree with Connie, reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 8:13 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
210 | 102 | Immunology | ![]() | Lymphocytes | Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7751026 | Macrophages, dendritic cells, and other APCs release IL-12, which stimulates T cells to differentiate into Th1 subtype. Th1 cells secrete IFN-gamma, which enhances the ability of monocytes and macrophages to kill microbes they ingest. This function is also enhanced by interaction of T cell CD40L with CD40 on macrophage. (This also explains how macrophages favour differentiation into Th1) | Clarification to current text | It is already covered on that section, however, we could consider adding this to the next edition for completeness. -Victor Martinez | Verified | On the fence. We already state that Th1 cells are induced by IL-12 in the chart, so I'm not sure it is completely necessary to add that into the macrophage-lymphocyte interaction section. However, it does complete the story a little better, which I think could be helpful to include. Would not consider this something to address urgently, but might be worth considering for 2020! -Connie | I agree with Connie. This is already covered. We could include this information here again but risk unnecessary repetition. However, this could consider for the 2020 edition as there is space on this page. - Sarah | Agree, the chart does a great job of summarizing the function. Would not recommend addition again. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/27/19 3:38 AM | Arpit | Jain | arpitjaindr@gmail.com | |||||||||||
211 | 102 | Immunology | ![]() | Cellular | T cell subsets | ![]() | USMLE WORLD QBANK FOR STEP 1, QUESTION ID 762 | As TH1 cells secrets interferon gamma and interleukin 2 it also secretes Lymphotoxin B | Minor erratum | I don't think lymphotoxin B is HY at all, but I don't have access to UW and don't know if this is being presented as extraneous info or not. Unless someone else can verify, I think it's too LY because it's not central to T cell function and also goes by several other names (TNFC) -Connie | Agree with Connie, not convinced that it's HY enough for purposes of Step 1. Would not recommend addition to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/01/19 3:55 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
212 | 102 | Immunology | ![]() | Cellular | T cells | ![]() | FA 2019 page 102 & 108 | Mnemonics to help keep straight the cytokines/interferons secreted by Th cells | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/06/19 10:28 PM | Emily | Tutt | emilyktutt@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
213 | 105 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Immunoglobulin isotypes | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-humoral-immune-response | Maternal IgG starts to wane by birth and is almost completely gone by 6 months of age. It does not "start to wane after 6 months". As it is stated on page 110, the half-life of preformed antibodies is around 3 weeks. | Major erratum | Verified | Faculty input needed. The submitter is correct about the half-life of passively transferred IgG, and they are correct with the UTD reference, which says that "maternal IgG is largely cleared from an infant's circulation by 6 months of age." The reference given is an old paper from 1982. However, more recent literature all states that passively acquired maternal Abs have distinct half-lives in infants, with pertussis-specific IgG waning by 4 mo, but measles remain protective at 6 mo and is still detectable by 1 year, dengue is still present in 82% of babies at 4 mo and 28% at 6 mo, but mean duration of rubella ab is 2.1 mo and varicella is 2.4 mo. I want to say that our current text is fine given the large range of IgG half-lives, but UTD says otherwise, so faculty input might be nice! -Connie sources: http://www.immunohorizons.org/content/2/1/14 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4165321/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17629601 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14604165 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13677366 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20558248 | Would greatly appreciate faculty input per Connie's well-sourced comment. -VV EDIT: Please change "(provides infants with passive immunity that starts to wane after 6 months of age)" to "(provides infants with passive immunity that starts to wane after birth)" | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Anthony DeFranco | suggested change OK except change "starts to wane by birth" to "starts to wane after birth" (maternal IgG in the infant wanes because no longer supplied via placenta). This is the boards level concept for students, reality is slightly more complicated (as indicated by the additional research, probably as some antibody, mostly IgA is present I'm mother's milk and can provide some protection), but impossible/undesirable in a book of this kind to include minor qualifications of this type | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 3:17 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | ||||||||||
214 | 105 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Immunoglobulin isotypes | ![]() | NAD | Mature, naive B-cells express only IgM and IgD prior to activation. Mature, naive B-cells are "Mature" and "Dumb" (M and D) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 06/08/19 2:50 AM | Mehreen | Ali | dr.mehreenali@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
215 | 106 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Complement | ![]() | - | C5b activates MAC mnemonic: Big-MAC; B from Big is to remember it's C5b not C5a | Mnemonic | It is catchy since almost everyone knows McDonald's. We should add this to the next edition. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | I like this one,Suggest consideration for 2020. -Scott | Yes, but is this HY? C5b-9 as MAC is definitely HY, but I feel like it's always presented as C5-9 or C5b-9, and we don't really have to identify the individual components, and I haven't seen anything requiring differentiation of C5b-9 from C5a-9. Maybe editor input? It's a cute mnemonic, but I wouldn't include it unless it's HY bc of crowding. -Connie | Inclined to reject. We have a really nice mnemonic for C5a to help remember it's use. Additionally, questions usually present with C5-9 rather than identifying the specific component. Recommend no changes. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/20/19 5:47 PM | Hasan | Alarouri | hassan.arouri@hotmail.com | |||||||||||
216 | 106 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Complement | ![]() | https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.www.libproxy.wvu.edu/pubmed/11257302 | C1-Like Complex should be clarified in the image to be "MBL Complex". This is important, because MBL deficiencies have been described and are testable items for STEP (see next errata) | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/18/19 9:25 PM | Joseph | McGuire | josephmcguirewv@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
217 | 107 | Immunology | ![]() | Physiology | Complement disorders | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC15187/ | "decay-acclerating factor" should be replaced with "decay-accelerating factor" | Spelling/formatting | Agree, minor spelling error -Victor Martinez | Verified | Agree - spelling error. Change to decay-accelerating factor as suggested. - Sarah | Agree with Sarah, change typo. -Connie | Haha, good catch! But doesn't really need to be on published errata, defer to 2020. Please replace "decay-acclerating factor" with "decay-accelerating factor" -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 12/23/18 11:07 PM | Joshua | Taylor | jbtaylor@email.arizona.edu | |||||||||||
218 | 107 | Immunology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Complement disorders | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ace-inhibitor-induced-angioedema?search=kallikrein%20inhibitor&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~22&usage_type=default&display_rank=4 - https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ace-inhibitor-induced-angioedema?search=kallikrein%20inhibitor&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~22&usage_type=default&display_rank=4 | Benefit in the treatment of ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema: ECALLANTIDE : recombinant protein that inhibits plasma kallikrein. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | UTD even says that available studies on this drug are conflicting. Ecallantide is literally under the section labeled, "therapies of unproven efficacy." I don't think this is HY, and the conflicting studies means that this won't be tested. -Connie | Agree, reject. No changes. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/19/19 12:06 AM | Lissette | Orozco | lissetteorozco_004@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
219 | 107 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Complement disorders | ![]() | was in a Uworld answer explanation but can also be read here: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952982/ | early complement disorders: add that it's not any recurrent infection but it's again especially the "encapsulated" bacteria! | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 06/07/19 10:54 AM | Noam Leander | Degner | noam.degner@me.com | |||||||||||||||||
220 | 107 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Complement disorders | ![]() | https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.www.libproxy.wvu.edu/pmc/articles/PMC2952982/ or https://www.uptodate.com/contents/inherited-disorders-of-the-complement-system?search=Complement%20system%20disorders&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | There are several complement disorders not listed here that have been described in the literature, but the high-yield ones not included in the book (according to Boards and Beyond as well as Pathoma) are MBL deficiencies (MBL gene affected; susceptible to meningitis caused by Neiserria meningitidis), C3 deficiencies (susceptible to recurrent infection with encapsulated bacteria & type III hypersensitivity syndromes), C3 Nephritic Factor (autoantibody), and hypocomplementemia. Others have been described in the attached article, but aren't considered high-yield to other STEP resources yet. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/18/19 9:42 PM | Joseph | McGuire | josephmcguirewv@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
221 | 108 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Important cytokines | ![]() | https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.www.libproxy.wvu.edu/gene/3576 | IL-8 is now commonly referred to as CXCL8. Questions sometimes refer to IL-8 as CXCL8 without acknowledgement that it was formerly called IL-8. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/18/19 9:14 PM | Joseph | McGuire | josephmcguirewv@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
222 | 109 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Respiratory burst (oxidative burst) | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-granulomatous-disease-pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=chronic%20granulomatous%20disease&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~117&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Under respiratory burst diagram it states that "phagocytes of patients with CGD can utilize H2O2" when it should be cannot utilize H2O2. | Minor erratum | Reject, the wording is correct GCD patients can utilize H2O2 generated by organisms, ultimately change this H2O2 into reactive oxygen species. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject. Text as is is correct. Patients with CGD cannot make their own H2O2, but they CAN utilize H2O2 generated by invading organisms. -Connie | Agree with Connie and Victor. No changes. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/25/19 5:28 PM | Nidhi | Shah | shahnidhi420@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
223 | 110 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Cell surface proteins | ![]() | n/a | NK cells are KILLER at 16 yrs (CD 16) and caught at 56 yrs (CD 56 - suggestive marker) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 10:00 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
224 | 111 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Vaccination | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | *in*activated vaccine = typhoid (V*i* polysaccharide, *in*tramuscular). | Mnemonic | Reject. I agree with Scott. It is not HY. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject. Not HY. -Scott | Reject, not HY. -Connie | Reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/05/19 4:28 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||
225 | 111 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Vaccination | ![]() | Plotkin SA, Cam NB. A New Typhoid Vaccine Composed of the Vi Capsular Polysaccharide. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155(21):2293–2299. doi:10.1001/archinte.1995.00430210041007 | The Vi typhoid vaccine is a subunit vaccine NOT an inactivated vaccine. Since it is composed of a capsular polysaccharide antigen and not the whole inactivated bacterium, it is by definition a subunit vaccine (similar to strep pneumo and H. influenza). | Minor erratum | Agree with the student. Typhoid Vi vaccine is made of the polysaccharide capsule from the bacteria. Therefore, it should be under the subunit classification. -Victor Martinez | Verified | CDC defines as an inactivated vaccine. Would not recommend any changes to the text. -VV https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/typhoid.html | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/07/19 11:52 AM | Daniel | Badin | daniel.badin434@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
226 | 111 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Vaccination | ![]() | https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/types | I’ve always had a hard time remembering the live versus killed vaccines. I came up with two “stories” to help remember them. Live attenuated vaccine Mnemonic – The small, type A, yellow chicken named Sabin received his flu mist and MMR before rotating at BCG. Meaning – small (smallpox), type (typhoid oral) A (adenovirus), yellow (yellow fever) chicken (varicella – chicken pox), Sabin (Polio oral), flu mist (influenza), MMR (MMR), rotating (rotavirus), BCG (BCG) Killed or inactivated vaccine Mnemonic – A hippo named Salk contracted rabies from the flu shot. Meaning – A hippo (hepatitis A), Salk (Polio IM), rabies (rabies), flu shot (influenza IM) *The only one missing from this is typhoid Vi, but assuming one understands there is a typhoid oral and IM (Vi polysaccharide) vaccine, it should be fine. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 06/04/19 2:29 PM | Blake | Wall | jblakewall@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
227 | 111 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Vaccination | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prevention-of-enteric-typhoid-and-paratyphoid-fever#H14 | On page 111, the Vi polysaccharide typhoid vaccine is given as an example of a killed/inactivated vaccine. It is actually a subunit vaccine | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 09/24/19 12:30 PM | Muhammad Shariq | Usman | shariqusman@outlook.com | |||||||||||||||||
228 | 112 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Hypersensitivity types | ![]() | n/a | Under hypersensitivity type II I would match the formatting of type I. In the first part just say "Antibodies bind to cell surface antigens causing:" Keep the part with Cellular destruction, Inflammation and cellular dysfunction, but add on the square bullet point as seen in the HS type I. | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 10/01/19 11:18 AM | Tricia | Scales | tscales@sgu.edu | |||||||||||||||||
229 | 113 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Hypersensitivity types | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-antiretroviral-agents-used-to-treat-hiv?search=HLAB57%20ABACAVIR&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~70&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 AND UWORLD | Type IV hypersensitivity reaction EXAMPLES: 1- TOUCH Contact dermatitis (poison,ivy,sumac,latex,nickel) 2- TRANSPLANT: graft vs host disease 3- TESTS : PPD (tuberculosis infection) ; IGRAS (Interferon gamma release assay); Abacavir HLAB57 hypersensitivity (100%NPV); Patch test (cause of contact dermatitis),T CELL FUNCTION: Candida extract (T cell inmune function) | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. We already have all of these examples except abacavir hypersensitivity. The way the text is currently organized I think is a little better than the suggested organization. While abacavir hypersensitivity is HY, I don't think the mechanism is HY. HLA-B*57:01 molecules preferentially bind peptides with alanine, threonine or serine at position 2, peptide antigens with these residues are generated by cleavage of cytosolic proteins by the proteosome in the cytoplasm and imported into the ER where they bind to newly synthesised HLA-B*57:01 molecules that are exported via the Golgi body to the cell surface for presentation to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. In most cases these peptides will be derived from “self” proteins and will therefore not be recognized by T cells, but in HIV-infected individuals who carry the HLA-B*57:01 gene and who are treated with abacavir, an autoimmune hypersensitivity reaction involving CD8+ cytotoxic T cells can develop. Interesting but not HY -Connie | Reject. Thanks Connie for your explanation of abacavir sensitivity! :) -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/19/19 12:41 AM | Lissette | Orozco | lissetteorozco_004@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
230 | 113 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Hypersensitivity types | ![]() | none | Suspect type IV hypersensitivity due to poison ivy when there's: 1. recent outdoor activity. 2. linear/ streaky pattern rash. | Clarification to current text | Can be deferred to next year. | ![]() | ![]() | 05/14/19 2:06 PM | Haitham | Alaithan | hsaithan93@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
231 | 113 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Hypersensitivity types | ![]() | Self-written | Type 3 Hypersensitivity - Also 3 letters for main examples - S-L-E (lupus), 'P'oly'A'rteritis'N'odosa, 'P'ost'S'trep'G'lomerulonephritis, 'S'ee 'S'erum 'S'ickness. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 11:16 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
232 | 114 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Blood transfusion reactions | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206885-overview https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?csi=e6afcaee-c28c-4e19-ab8d-320cbfd6a359&source=contentShare&imageKey=HEME%2F94399 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/immunologic-transfusion-reactions?csi=cf86246a-4478-4dfa-8128-e266eefc2666&source=contentShare | Allergic/anaphylactic transfusion reactions do NOT present with fever, contrary to what the "clinical presentation" column says. | Minor erratum | Agree. Fever is notably absent in allergic/anaphylactic transfusion reactions. Other symptoms are present such as urticaria, wheezing, shock, nausea, and abdominal cramps. - Victor Martinez. | Verified | Agree, accept. Provided sources check out, and I can't find anything on fever being present in allergic/anaphylactic transfusion reactions. Remove "fever" from clinical presentation column of allergic/anaphylactic transfusion reaction. Additional source (2018): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482202/ -Connie | Agree with Connie. - Vivek | Please remove "fever" from clinical presentation column of allergic/anaphylactic transfusion reaction. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Anthony DeFranco | this is my understanding as well that allergic reactions generally are not associated with fever to a significant degree. | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 01/10/19 5:42 PM | Lucas | Nelson | lucasnelson@oakland.edu | ||||||||
233 | 114 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Blood transfusion reactions | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-in-adults?search=DIC%20causes§ionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H255175&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#H255175 | Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction often present as DIC; as intravascular hemolysis is one of the causes of DIC. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. This is already present on page 420 in Heme/Onc -Scott | Reject. Agree with scott, this is included in the mnemonic on page 420. -Connie | Reject. No changes. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/16/19 3:27 PM | Nicolas | Curi Gawlinski | nicolascurii@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
234 | 114 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Blood transfusion reactions | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2265/#ch3.1.3 | In the "clinical presentation" column of "Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions" it states: hemoglobinuria (intravascular), jaundice (extravascular). BUT: jaundice occurs mainly at the intravascular hemolysis and only rarely occurs for extravascular hemolysis. This makes sense as hemolysis occurs at a much faster rate if it happens intravascular. | Minor erratum | Correct. However, both do take place. Therefore, both intravascular and extravascular takes place and are included in the text. No changes recommended. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/08/19 8:43 AM | Noam Leander | Degner | noam.degner@me.com | |||||||||||||||
235 | 115 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Autoantibodies | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-hashimotos-thyroiditis-chronic-autoimmune-thyroiditis | In Hashimoto thyroiditis, antimicrosomal & antithyroid peroxidase refer to the same antibody. Put one of them in a parenthesis next to the other one so this becomes clear. The way it is currently written can lead somebody to falsely believe that they are different antibodies. | Clarification to current text | Agree. We could add this to the next edition. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Yes, antithyroid peroxidase was historically known as antimicrosomal. UTD link supports this. -Connie | Agree but not an erratum. - Sarah | Can be deferred to main cycle. Replace: "Antimicrosomal, antithyroglobulin, antithyroid peroxidase" WITH "Antithyroglobulin, antithyroid peroxidase (antimicrosomal)" | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 3:19 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | |||||||||||
236 | 115 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Autoantibodies | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-of-celiac-disease-in-adults | In celiac disease, anti-tissue transglutaminase could also be IgG. This is useful because the IgG autoantibodies are used for the diagnosis of celiac disease in selective IgA deficiency. | High-yield addition to next year | I don't think this fact is high yield, but we could add this to the next edition if other authors believe it is important. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Accept but defer to 2020 This is true, UTD supports it too. Suggest, "Anti-endomysial (IgA), anti-tissue transglutaminase (IgA and IgG), deamidated gliadin peptide (IgA and IgG)" or "IgA anti-endomysial, IgA and IgG anti-tissue transglutaminase, IgA and IgG deamidated gliadin peptide." -Connie | Agree with Connie. It might not be super HY, but it's not much extra work to just add in an extra IgG in there. -Scott | Reject. This is true but not HY for the exam. For the purposes of Step 1, it is more important to know the association of IgA with celiac disease rather than any other type of immunoglobulin. Suggest no change. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 3:21 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | |||||||||||
237 | 115 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Autoantibodies | ![]() | Uworld, Becker Q bank, USMLE First Aid | Should add to the list: Autoantibody: "Anti-myelin antibodies"; Associated Disorder: "Multiple Sclerosis" | High-yield addition to next year | I think we need faculty regarding this comment, usually, autoantibodies are not part of the typical workup for MS. According to Up to date: "patients with a typical presentation who have insufficient clinical and MRI evidence to confirm the diagnosis of MS by the McDonald criteria, additional testing with lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid-specific oligoclonal bands, visual evoked potentials, and/or optical coherence tomography can be used to support the diagnosis, though optical coherence tomography is not part of the formal diagnostic criteria [2]. Of importance, these studies cannot be used to support optic nerve lesions in the absence of clear symptoms related to a current or historical attack. For patients with an atypical history, examination, or MRI, additional testing with spine MRI, lumbar puncture, and/or autoantibody determination for aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies is warranted to investigate alternatives in the differential diagnosis. The neurological examination may reveal findings consistent with previous or current demyelinating events in the central nervous system, including optic neuritis (eg, relative afferent pupillary defect, color desaturation, visual loss), eye movement abnormalities (eg, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, pendular nystagmus), upper motor neuron signs (eg, spasticity, hyperreflexia, Babinski sign), ataxia, gait disturbance, hemisensory loss, or bilateral sensory loss and/or paresthesia in extremities due to a spinal cord lesion," https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-and-diagnosis-of-multiple-sclerosis-in-adults?search=antimyelin%20antibodies&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~7&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H2682842451 -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Reject. Antimyelin antibodies currently lack clinical significance. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2077472/ - Scott | Reject. Anti-MOG antibodies have been a topic of debate for a long time, there are some excellent reviews (I'll cite below) that cover the history of this Ab and its association with differing neurological diseases. That said, due to the ongoing controversy, it shouldn't be tested on Step 1. Reader says that UW is one of his sources, so if we can verify that, I suppose we should get an expert opinion. In summary, some of the controversy about the relevance of these Abs is because it took a while to figure out that the Abs that target epitopes of myelin in its conformational state are biologically relevant, but the Abs that target epitopes of myelin in a denatured or linearized state are biologically irrelevant. Part of the long-standing assumption that these Abs are clinically associated with MS is due to extensive literature validating its role in murine EAE, but the literature in the more recent years basically slams the translational value of EAE models. Right now, the international consensus is that these Abs are important in pediatric and adult demyelination, but not associated with MS in adults. In fact, there was a publication last year in JAMA Neuro about anti-MOG associated demyelination being a completely new disease entry! Sources: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/2685098 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S156899721500261X -Connie | Completely agree with Connie. Anti-MOG antibody has created waves in the neurology community. This antibody is not necessarily associated with MS, and can sometimes be associated with optic neuritis or ADEM. Even if this is showing up on UWorld, I doubt that this would be tested on Step 1, considering how controversial this topic is in the neurology community. Would not recommend addition to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/26/19 3:18 PM | Phuong | Vo | phuongtkvo@yahoo.com | |||||||||||
238 | 115 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Autoantibodies | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176036-overview, as well as FA 2019 page 373 (to be consistent throughout the text) | The associated disorder listed for "antiparietal cell, anti-intrinsic factor" autoantibodies is currently "pernicious anemia". Consider clarifying it to "pernicious anemia (autoimmune gastritis)" or "pernicious anemia, autoimmune gastritis" since autoimmune gastritis is a separate entity/condition that is associated with the listed autoantibodies and does increase the risk of pernicious anemia. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 05/04/19 4:47 PM | Christine | Lin | christine15yr@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
239 | 115 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Autoantibodies | ![]() | N/A | Rule of 3: PR3-ANCA (number 3), C-ANCA (C is the 3rd letter of the alphabet) and Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (has 3 words) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/26/19 1:53 PM | Nuno | Lupi Manso | nunomglmanso@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
240 | 116 | Index | ![]() | Index | 22q11 deletion syndromes | ![]() | N/A | DiGeorge syndrome is not listed in the index. Thymic aplasia is there but many people will be looking for DiGeorge. | Minor erratum | Verified | Defer to 2020. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 02/19/19 3:14 PM | Alison | Liss | alisonmliss@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
241 | 116 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Immunodeficiencies | ![]() | USMLE-Rx (QID: 3718.10); https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1050956-treatment | Treatment: IVIG; bone marrow transplant is not curative (differentiation of B cells would still not occur). | High-yield addition to next year | I don't know which is the immunodeficiency that the student is referring to. However, on page 117 we do speak about IVIG and bone marrow transplant for SCID. A bone marrow transplant is curative for this disease. Up to date states: "...allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is clearly indicated for treatment of typical SCID. It is the only potentially curative, nonexperimental therapy available for a condition that is almost always lethal in the first few years of life..." https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hematopoietic-cell-transplantation-for-severe-combined-immunodeficiencies?search=SCID%20bone%20marrow%20transplant&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Reject. We do not have a section for treatment of these disorders anywhere. I do not recall seeing a step 1 question on management of these patients. -Scott | Reject. Treatment of Bruton's XLA is not HY at all. Also it varies a lot. -Connie | Agree, reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/01/19 6:32 PM | Sarah | McGriff | scmcgriff@gmail.com | |||||||||||
242 | 116 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Immunodeficiencies | ![]() | not needed | Highlight 22 in "22q11" to match mnemonic "CATCH-22". | Spelling/formatting | It is not an error, but we could add this to the next edition to reduce the cognitive load. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Nitpicky, but we should be consistent with our formatting. -Scott | Agree. - Sarah | Sure. Please highlight the "22" in "22q11" in Column 2 to match the mnemonic in Column 3. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/05/19 4:34 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||
243 | 116 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Immunodeficiencies | ![]() | 1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mendelian-susceptibility-to-mycobacterial-diseases-specific-defects, 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4357480/ | I suggest renaming the IL-12 deficiency entry to Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD, mentioned on page 102 as well). IL-12 is the most common cause of MSMD (>50% of cases). Also list some other defects, especially INF-gamma receptor deficiency (seen it MULTIPLE times on different NBMEs and in UWorld). | High-yield addition to next year | I think we need faculty input. The student seems correct, however, it is not clear if IL-12 deficiency can present only as Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | I would advise not changing the name because this entry is not specific to only MSMD, but to any cause of an IL-12 receptor deficiency. I think that we could mention MSMD again somewhere in the first column though. -Scott | Partial accept! I agree with Scott in that I don't think we should change the name of the entry. Quick lit search reveals that there are about 9 MSMD genes, of which two are related to IL-12. I think this entry is specific to IL-12. However, I think we should add MSMD to the 3rd column "Findings." We include susceptibility to specific pathogens in the IgA and the candidiasis entries, I don't think adding MSMD would be out of place here. Summary of reasoning: MSMD is caused by several mutations in gene products that either affect the production or the response to IFNg. IL-12B and IL-12Rb1 are two autosomal genes that can cause this. Because this is an IL-12R entry, we should keep it that way. The IL-12R is expressed by NK and T cells, and a receptor deficiency results in an inability to respond to IFNg. Contrary to some types of IFNgR deficiencies, IL-12 and IL-12R deficiency results in a "complete" phenotype, meaning that it always results in MSMD. To address Victor's concern, it looks like IL-12R deficiency will always present as MSMD due to the completely inability to respond to IFNg. It looks like there has been only 1 association of IL-12R deficiency with another systemic disease (Sjogrens, published 2017), so I don't think IL-12R deficiency will be tested in any other way. -Connie Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25453225 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1905729/ https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00885/full | Agree that we can include this in as a "Finding" rather than changing the name of the entry, considering that this entry is IL-12 specific. In findings, please include in the next line "Most common cause of Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial infections (MSMD)." -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 3:24 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | |||||||||||
244 | 116 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Immunodeficiencies | ![]() | 1. https://www21.ucsg.edu.ec:2065/contents/common-variable-immunodeficiency-in-children?search=common%20variable%20immunodeficiency&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~102&usage_type=default&display_rank=4#H10572287 ''Most patients with CVID present after puberty, and the disorder is usually diagnosed in the second or third decade of life. However, about 25 percent of all CVID patients present in childhood or adolescence, and there is an earlier peak of diagnosis at approximately eight years of age'' 2. https://www21.ucsg.edu.ec:2065/contents/clinical-manifestations-epidemiology-and-diagnosis-of-common-variable-immunodeficiency-in-adults?search=common%20variable%20immunodeficiency&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~102&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | In the commom variable immunodeficiency column, the part: ''Usually presents after 2 years and may be considered delayed''; could be changed to: ''Mainly diagnosed after 20 years old, with 25% of all patients detected before puberty, peaking at age 8''. Even though there is not an unanimous consensus on the age on onset, the way it's presented in the current text could be misleading and not helpful for the diagnosis of the disease. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/28/19 12:44 PM | Francisco | Duenas | francisco.duenasmd@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
245 | 116 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Immunodeficiencies | ![]() | Not neccessary, it comes from the collumn adjacent to the mnemonic. | Just a simple addition of elevated eosinophils to the Hyper IgE (Job syndrome) mnemonic: Cold (noninflamed) staphylococcal Abscesses, retained Baby teeth, Coarse facies, Dermatologic problems (eczema), Elevated IgE & Eosinophils, bone Fractures from minor trauma. Learn the ABCDEF’s to get a Job! | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 12/14/19 11:42 AM | Eric | Wallace | ericwallace@students.aucmed.edu | |||||||||||||||||
246 | 117 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Immunodeficiencies | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/137015-overview | Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: Mutation in WAS gene - should be WASp | Spelling/formatting | Reject. WAS is the gene and WASp (p stands for protein) is the product protein. Therefore, our wording is correct. - Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject. WAS is the gene, WASP is the protein. -Connie | Reject We have correctly mentioned the gene name. WASp is a gene product and its gene WAS, which is mutated in this syndrome. The reference provided by the student itself is suggestive of the fact. - Vivek | Agree, reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/12/19 3:32 PM | Diane | Vasquez | divasque89@gmail.com | |||||||||||
247 | 117 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Immunodeficiencies | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ataxia-telangiectasia?search=radiation%20ataxia%20telangiectasia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Hypersensitivity to radiation cause multiple Double strand DNA breaks . Instead of what is in the book , just to clarify . | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. It's not because they're just "sensitive" to sun and that results in more DNA breaks. The sensitivity to ionizing radiation is due to the defect in detecting DNA damage which leads to a an accumulation of mutations, as we explain. -Connie | Agree with Connie, reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/19/19 12:27 AM | Lissette | Orozco | lissetteorozco_004@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
248 | 117 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Immunodeficiencies | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/137015-overview | The mnemonic WATER is already used for the symptoms of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. It is useful to point out that the A and E in it can also be used to memorize that IgA and IgE are increased in this disease. | Mnemonic | Verified | I like this! I think it would be helpful and easy to add the increased IgA and IgE to the mnemonic! It's also helpful that those are the only two letters in WATER that could be an Ig. -Connie | Agree that we can incorporate into the entry, as long as this change does not go to the next page. Please transfer to the annotate with appropriate red formatting and modifying the mnemonic as "WAATEER" -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/03/19 7:01 AM | Daniel | Badin | daniel.badin434@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
249 | 117 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Immunodeficiencies | ![]() | i saw this mneomonic on a YouTube channel | Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (type 1) there is a really good way to sum up the condition which is by the name of the condition itself: L A D L: Late separation of the cord. A: Absence of the pus. D: Dysfunctional Neutrophil. | Mnemonic | Verified | YAS I like this one a lot. It's easy to remember and helpful. We already list these symptoms. Organizing it into LAD and highlighting the letters in leukocyte adhesion deficiency is also easy. -Connie | Love it, please add to annotate with appropriate red formatting. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/18/19 4:24 PM | Mohamed | Almahmodi | m.s.alhuthali@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
250 | 117 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Immunodeficiencies | ![]() | Not applicable | Mnemonic for decreased TRECS in SCID: "SCIDDING (skidding) because there are no TRECS (tracks)!" | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 06/10/19 8:24 PM | Mehreen | Ali | dr.mehreenali@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
251 | 119 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Transplant rejection | ![]() | N/A | GVHD row, last column, line 9, the word "transfusion" is miss-spelled. | Spelling/formatting | Agree. Minor spelling problem -Victor Martinez | Verified | Agree. Change "tranfusion" to "transfusion". - Sarah | Agree, but doesn't need to be on published errata, can defer to 2020 -Connie | Please replace "tranfusion" with "transfusion" in Row 4, Column 4 of the Transplant rejection table -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 12/22/18 9:12 AM | Behnam | Nabavizadeh | behnam.nabavi@yahoo.com | |||||||||||
252 | 119 | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Transplant rejection | ![]() | http://tpis.upmc.com/tpislibrary/kidney/KHAcuRej.html, also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis | to add "Fibrinoid" necrosis under the hyperacute rejection | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | No, fibrinoid necrosis is not exclusive to transplant rejection, and is more commonly used in the context of vascular damage due to autoimmune disease, high bp, like literally anything else but transplant rejection. -Connie https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/%28SICI%291096-9896%280000%299999%3A9999%3CN/A%3A%3AAID-PATH610%3E3.0.CO%3B2-I | Agree with Connie, reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 6:54 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
253 | 120 | Immunology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Immunosuppressants | ![]() | Self-made mnemonic | Basiliximab mnemonic: The basilisk is in the 2nd Harry Potter movie (IL-2), when it bites someone they get scared (hypertension), swell up (edema), and shake in fear (tremor). | Mnemonic | I like this mnemonic. I think people can relate to this. We should consider it for the next edition. - Victor Martinez | Verified | This is a nice story mnemonic! Most people know about harry potter, and even if they don't, a basilisk is also just a mythical giant reptile and that works with the mnemonic regardless. -Connie | I love this mnemonic, but unfortunately we do not include references to popular culture. We unfortunately had to reject a really good Harry Potter reference two years ago for this same reason :'( -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/11/19 2:44 PM | Thomas | Polveroni-Edwards | Polveroni-Edwards.Thomas@mayo.edu | ||||||||||||
254 | 120 | Immunology | ![]() | Immunosuppressants | Immunosuppressants | ![]() | minor missing detail in 2019 First Aid Text | Missing Daclizumab on page/column with Basiliximab. It is in previous versions but was left out in 2019 version. Despite this it is still found in the Index and refers to page 120. | Minor erratum | Verified | Agree to remove from index, not add back. Daclizumab has been pulled from the market. Should just remove the mention in the index. -Connie | It was not tabulated either in the FAS18 edition. But I agree with the student that it is still indexed and referred to page 120 which needs to be deleted from index chapter. - No errata - Change during 2020 revision. - Vivek | Agree, I'll add a note to the index. We decided to take it out last year due to it being removed from the market and because it was lower yield compared to the other drugs in the table. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/22/19 6:21 PM | Aida | Roshansky-Koka | aidakokamd@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
255 | 121 | Immunology | ![]() | Immunosuppressants | Recombinant cytokines and clinical uses | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | IFN-*β* --->Multiple sclerosis(demyelination of CNS (*B*rain and spinal cord)).\Highlight "β and letter B in Brain". | Mnemonic | If we add this mnemonic to the next edition, I think it would be a better fit in the interferons entry on page 109. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Not a bad mnemonic! Suggest consideration for 2020. -Scott | I actually would reject this. "B" for "brain" doesn't intrinsically link IFNb with multiple sclerosis. Also, if this is supposed to help with remembering what is included in the CNS, I feel like that's unnecessary because I think students should already know this before starting FA. -Connie | Agree with Connie, reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/02/19 3:08 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||
256 | 121 | Immunology | ![]() | Immunosuppressants | Recombinant cytokines and clinical uses | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-applications-of-thrombopoietic-growth-factors?search=oprelvekin&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~38&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | INTERLEUKIN - 11: AGENT: Oprelvekin MECANISM: stimulates megakaryocyte growth in vitro and increases platelet production in vivo CLINICAL USES: ly reduced the extent of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia and the need for platelet transfusions ADVERSE EFFECTS: luid retention with dilutional anemia, peripheral edema, pleural effusions, and atrial arrhythmias | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. The UTD literally says, "Given its many adverse effects, use of oprelvekin is rarely justified." And it's listed under "other," so definitely won't be tested. -Connie | Agree, reject LY. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/19/19 12:57 AM | Lissette | Orozco | lissetteorozco_004@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
257 | 122 | Immunology | ![]() | Immunosuppressants | Bevacizumab | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search?search=Bevacizumab&submit=Go | Under the notes section it states, "Also used for neovascular age-related macular degeneration, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and macular edema." I believe it is important to recognize that Bevacizumab is used off-label for this indication. Bevacizumab/Avastin has never been FDA approved for ocular indications or intravitreal administration. While bevacizumab and ranibizumab are created from the same parent mouse antibody, they are two distinct antibodies and approved for two different indications. While bevacizumab is widely used for the indications listed in the notes, I think it would be appropriate to clarify that those are "off-label" clinical uses of bevacizumab. This has generated a great deal of controversy in ophthalmology and students should be aware that this particular antibody, while used for ocular indications, is not actually approved for such indications. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 10/03/19 3:50 PM | William | Bloom | william.bloom3993@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
258 | 122 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pharmacology | Diabetes mellitus management | ![]() | https://resident360.nejm.org/content_items/degludec-versus-glargine-in-type-2-diabetes, https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa1615692 | should probably include degludec under the injectables given the big splash it's made in the last year through NEJM | High-yield addition to next year | It always takes a few years for new drugs to make it onto standardized tests. Let's wait a little longer. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 12:13 PM | Jan Andre | Grauman | jgrauman@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
259 | 122 | Immunology | ![]() | Immunosuppressants | Immunosuppressants | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5713267/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26649440 | Agent: Secukinumab, Ixekizumab. Target: IL-17A. Clinical Use: Psoriasis, Psoriatic Arthritis | High-yield addition to next year | I think this is worth adding! We have the TNF and IL-23 drugs, but generally I think we're moving away from the TNFa drugs. IL-17 is a huge target for psoriasis biologics, but we don't mention any. Suggest adding entry above Ustekinuma: Ixekizumab, Secukinumab. IL-17A Psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis If there's no room here, we could consider moving to MSK chapter! -Connie https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-psoriasis-in-adults?search=ixekizumab&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~21&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H625584391 | Agree. Please add in per Connie, if space permits. If not, we can think about incorporating in the MSK chapter. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/27/19 12:14 AM | Steffanie | Camilo Tertulien | steffkmilo@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
260 | 122 | Immunology | ![]() | Immunosuppressants | Therapeutic antibodies | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | E is the 5th letter alphabetically -->Eculizumab Complement protein C*5* . | Mnemonic | Reject. I don't feel this can be easily remembered. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Yeah, this is fine. I'm not inclined to accept or reject for 2020. -Scott | Reject. -Connie | Reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/13/19 2:14 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||
261 | 122 | Immunology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Therapeutic antibodies | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25823918 | if you can add these drugs with targeted receptor to therapeutic antibodies table: anti programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy ( eg, pembrolizumab,nivolumab) or programmed cell death ligand PD-L1 (eg,Atezolizumab) are currently used in advanced melanoma, certain types of lung cancer and renal cell carcinoma | Major erratum | Reject. We cover all these in Heme/Onc and Path, and I think that's a much better place for these facts. -Connie | Agree, reject. We even have a really nice diagram that was created by our illustration team last year :) -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/27/19 8:03 AM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
262 | 122 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Immunosuppressants | Therapeutic antibodies | ![]() | https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100258/aimovig-erenumab-aooe- | certolizumab pegol is another clinically relevant TNF alpha antibody | High-yield addition to next year | Belongs in immunology section | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 12:00 PM | Jan Andre | Grauman | jgrauman@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
263 | 122 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Immunosuppressants | Therapeutic antibodies | ![]() | https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100325/cimzia-certolizumab-pegol- | certolizumab pegol is another clinically relevant TNF alpha antibody | High-yield addition to next year | Duplicate | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 12:00 PM | Jan Andre | Grauman | jgrauman@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
264 | 122 | Immunology | ![]() | Immunosuppressants | Therapeutic antibodies | ![]() | https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100325/cimzia-certolizumab-pegol- | certolizumab pegol is another clinically relevant TNF alpha antibody | High-yield addition to next year | Reject. Approved by FDA <1 yr ago won't be tested. -Connie | Reject -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 12:04 PM | Jan Andre | Grauman | jgrauman@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
265 | 122 | Immunology | ![]() | Immunosuppressants | Therapeutic antibodies | ![]() | https://alexion.com/products/Soliris/Soliris-Generalized-Myasthenia-Gravis | Eculizumab approved for Myasthena Gravis, Oct 2017 | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 12:09 PM | Avery | Elifritz | elifritz70@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
266 | 122 | Immunology | ![]() | Immunosuppressants | Therapeutic antibodies | ![]() | https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/clinical/eculizumab.html https://alexion.com/products/Soliris/Soliris-Generalized-Myasthenia-Gravis | Eculizumab has black box warning for meningococcemia - Link with "Terminal complement deficiency (C5-C9)" on pg 107 | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 12:13 PM | Avery | Elifritz | elifritz70@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
267 | 122 | Immunology | ![]() | Immunosuppressants | Therapeutic antibodies | ![]() | N/A | Abciximab GP IIb/IIIa mnemonic: AbSIXimab; II (2) x III (3) = 6 | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 06/06/19 10:11 PM | Haley | D'Souza | DSouzaHS@evms.edu | ||||||||||||||||
268 | 122 | Immunology | ![]() | Immunosuppressants | Therapeutic antibodies | ![]() | Self-written | b'EV'acizumab - 'VE'gf /// TRASTuzumab - give a lot of TRUST-2-HER with BREAST cancer (HER2). | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 11:21 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
269 | 124 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Bacterial structures | ![]() | Not needed. | Last sentence in the second column which reads ‘Lipoteichoic acid (gram positive) only extend from membrane to exterior.’ should read ‘’Lipoteichoic acids (gram positive only) extend from membrane to exterior.’ | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | User is correct. Grammar issue. Revise text from ".. acids (gram positive) only extend from .." to ".. acids (gram positive only) extend from .." - Humood | Agree with Humood. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/01/19 9:14 AM | Muhammad Faizan | Ali | faizanali.93@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
270 | 124 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Bacterial structures | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1595480/ | Gram-positive bacteria also has periplasm (book says: gram-negative only). In gram-positive, periplasm between peptidoglycan and plasma membrane. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/25/19 11:29 AM | Daler | Kudratov | KUDRATOVD@GMAIL.COM | |||||||||||||||||
271 | 125 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Pleomorphic bacteria | ![]() | My brain | CREAM does not have a shape | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. Reasonable mnemonic. Let's discuss on Annotate. - Humood | Accept. But it is not true that pleomorphic bacterias have no shape.Will need to tweak it on annotate. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/12/19 7:50 PM | Levi | Marshall | LSMmt4@health.Missouri.edu | ||||||||||||||
272 | 125 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Pleomorphic bacteria | ![]() | n/a | “Ana, Rick and Mike from US Climbed Everest and said: NO WALL!” Anaplasma, Rickettsiae, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Chlamydia, Ehrlichia No Peptidoglycan CELL WALL. | Mnemonic | Verified | Not a big fan. Sorry. - Humood | Reject. It is a long mnemonic and fairly confusing even after reading it for the third time. Ashten | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 9:31 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
273 | 125 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Stains | ![]() | NA | Primarily Intracellular Organisms Mnemonic: REAL intra-Cellular Body i.e. Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia, Bartonella | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Not a big fan, sorry. If others find it helpful, feel free to accept it. - Humood | Not very helpful. Reject. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/22/19 3:25 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
274 | 125 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Yersinia enterocolitica | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7798/ | My comment is regarding Yersinia pestis, on page 125 in microbiology section under clinical bacteriology on the gram negative lab algorithm it states that Yersinia pestis is a gram negative bacilli. Upon further research and studying it has come to my attention that it in fact is a coccobacilli rather then just bacilli. During a question on my uworld i had gotten the question wrong because of this misleading information. It kept describing in the vignette a gram negative coccobacilli but looking at first aid gram negative lab algorithm it was classified as bacilli. Hopefully this error could be fixed for the next edition. Also is attached a supporting reference stating on a medical journal it is in fact a coccobacilli. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 08/20/19 4:23 PM | sagar | vinayak | sagarvinayak@hotmail.ca | |||||||||||||||||
275 | 126 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Special culture requirements | ![]() | menmonic only | mnemonic for culture media: Charcoa*L* for *L*egione*ll*a | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Not a big fan, sorry. If others find it helpful, feel free to accept it. - Humood | Not helpful. Reject. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 9:39 AM | Steven | Flamer | flamer@mail.einstein.yu.edu | ||||||||||||||
276 | 126 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Special culture requirements | ![]() | mnemonic only | mnemonic for culture media: Thayer-Marti*N*for *N*eisseria. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Not a big fan, sorry. If others find it helpful, feel free to accept it. - Humood | Not helpful. Reject. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 9:40 AM | Steven | Flamer | flamer@mail.einstein.yu.edu | ||||||||||||||
277 | 127 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Bordetella pertussis | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4264864/ | Bordetella Pertussis has a capsule and should be added to the Encapsulated bacteria | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. Vivek makes a good point: if the capsule has not been clearly identified as a virulence factors (i.e., promoting evasion of phagocytic destruction), then it is highly unlikely USMLE will go after it on Step 1. The fact is probably of little clinical relevance besides the fact that capsule stains could be used. But, my understanding is that culturing a sample suspected of containing B. pertussis on Bordet-Gengou or Regan-Lowe agar for high specificity or using PCR to detect target DNA is preferred anyway from a diagnostic standpoint. I would not include it because there are much higher-yield facts to remember about encapsulated bacteria. - Ashten | Yes, the user is correct. There are some other bacterias also with capsule. Unless it has a good pathoimmulogic basis it is not going to be tested. "the B. pertussis PS capsule is not involved in classical capsule-mediated defense mechanisms, including adherence to mammalian host cell, complement-mediated killing and antimicrobial attack [17]. Currently, it is not known whether the B. pertussis PS capsule plays any role in bacterial virulence within an infected host." However, the study referred to by the user states that "their work provides the first experimental evidence of a role for a virulence-repressed gene in pertussis pathogenesis." We can further weigh in on the annotate for inclusion. - Vivek | Good discussion. I agree with the authors that this is a LY fact. The list of capsulated organisms is not inclusive or comprehensive. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/10/19 10:49 PM | Jorge | Avila | jorgeavila@uees.edu.ec | ||||||||||||
278 | 128 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Catalase-positive organisms | ![]() | I made this mnemonic. | SHE PLANS BC (of her) Cat... that is a mnemonic that is more helpful for the catalase + organisms because all the letters (SHE PLANS BC) are bacteria. The current one is okay and relates to cats but everyone I know says it is hard to remember and this one is easier. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Not a big fan, sorry. If others find it helpful, feel free to accept it. - Humood | Reject. A crowd sourcing participant has suggested a good mnemonic which we have accepted already. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/10/19 2:09 PM | Charanpreet | Sahota | charanksahota@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
279 | 128 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Catalase-positive organisms | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC380547/ | Klebsiella is a catalase positive organism | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 08/29/19 2:20 PM | Jay | Shah | jayshah0425@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
280 | 128 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Catalase-positive organisms | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC380547/ | KATs Need PLACESS to Belch their Hairballs. KATs here stands both for Klebsiella and Catalase. The rest is just like in the book | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 11/11/19 1:36 PM | Stanislav | Gruzdev | stas200910@yandex.ru | |||||||||||||||||
281 | 129 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Type III secretion system | ![]() | Bent, Z. W., Branda, S. S., & Young, G. M. (2013). The Yersinia enterocolitica Ysa type III secretion system is expressed during infections both in vitro and in vivo. MicrobiologyOpen, 2(6), 962–975. doi:10.1002/mbo3.136 | Mnemonic: Third borns are always PESSY (Third for Type III secretion system; PESSY for Pseudomonas, E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella and Yersinia enterocolitis. | Mnemonic | Verified | Not a big fan. Sorry. - Humood | Reject. The mnemonic feels pretty forced, and "PESSY" does not register immediately on an initial read. I would much prefer a mnemonic for this that is more integrative (e.g., Gram-negative pathogens, GI pathogens, etc.). Ashten | ![]() | ![]() | 06/08/19 2:21 PM | Kariuki | Maina | maina@mail.einstein.yu.edu | ||||||||||||||
282 | 129 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Type III secretion system | ![]() | personal | Initials of every bacteria can be found on the subject itself: ''Type III SEcrEtion SYStem'' (pSEudomona, E coli, Salmonella, Yersinia, Shigella). | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/29/19 10:02 AM | Francisco | Duenas | francisco.duenasmd@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
283 | 131 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Main features of exotoxins and endotoxins | ![]() | N/A | under "Chemistry" of "Exotoxins", edit it to become: "Polypeptide with A and B components. A (active) component produces toxic effects and B (binding) components binds to cell surfaces." | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. Unless I am mistaken, I think this a faulty generalization. If we changed the text to what is suggested, it would imply that all exotoxins have A and B moieties / components, which is not true. In fact, AB toxins fall within one class of exotoxins (i.e., type III). Take TSST-1 from S. aureus as an example: its mechanism of pathogenicity is via non-specific MHC II binding on the cell surface. So, the chart should not be changed to include this because it would give the wrong impression to readers. Ashten | I think this is not high yield to be mentioned in the table. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 02/27/19 1:47 PM | Ralph | Zeitoun | riz07@mail.aub.edu | ||||||||||||||
284 | 132 | Microbiology | ![]() | Molecular | Bacteria with exotoxins | ![]() | https://iai.asm.org/content/73/5/2698 | Text indicates "Pertussis Toxin Overactivates adenylate cyclase (t cAMP) by disabling C;, impairing phagocytosis to permit surviva l of microbe". However, it is misguiding as "Pertusis Toxin (PT) is an AB5 toxin that is uniquely produced by B. pertussis. It comprises an enzymatically active A subunit (S1) that ADP ribosylates the alpha subunit of heterotrimeric Gi proteins in mammalian cells, and a B heteropentamer that binds unidentified glycoconjugate receptors on cells. ADP ribosylation of G proteins by PT causes a wide range of effects on signaling pathways in mammalian cells and is responsible for the systemic symptoms of pertussis disease, such as lymphocytosis, insulinemia, and histamine sensitivity. PT is an important colonization factor for B. pertussis lower respiratory tract infection and that PT plays an early role in this host-pathogen interaction, including delaying the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection. PT acts as a soluble factor that can enhance B. pertussis respiratory tract colonization. PT also suppresses serum antibody responses to B. pertussis after respiratory tract infection and may play multiple immunosuppressive roles in the host-pathogen interaction. " | Major erratum | Verified | Defer to expert opinion. Ashten | Already addressed by faculty. - Vivek | Defer to an expert, this is beyond me. | Disagreement/need expert | Sheldon Campbell | While I'd need to look at the original text (is it referenced here -- if so, how?), the confusion arises from the fact that B. pertussis has several significant toxins. The 'pertussis toxin' ADP-ribosylated G proteins, resulting in interference with multiple signaling pathways, including some associated with immune response. There's also an adenylate cyclase toxin that increases cAMP levels, with, again, multiple effects. It's clear that multple factors, toxin and non-toxin, are responsible for pertussis. See: Melvin JA, Scheller EV, Miller JF, Cotter PA. Bordetella pertussis pathogenesis: current and future challenges. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2014 Apr;12(4):274-88. | Warren Levinson | 1. Delete second part starting wiih impairing phagocytosis… 2. The first part is correct but I would reword it to say: Inactivates inhibitory G subunit (Gi) which activates adenylate cyclase and increases cAMP | Accept | Delete: Impairing phagocytosis to permit survival of microbes | ![]() | ![]() | 01/21/19 4:07 PM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||
285 | 132 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Bacteria with exotoxins | ![]() | N/A | under mechanism of Diphteria toxin and Exotoxin A, edit it to: "Inactivates elongation factor (EF-2) by ADP-ribosylation" | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Agree with Vivek's suggestion. Ashten | Yes, both are ADP-ribosylating exotoxins. We can edit the text to "Inactivate elongation factor (EF-2) by ADP-ribosylation. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/119972 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP-ribosylation - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 02/27/19 1:48 PM | Ralph | Zeitoun | riz07@mail.aub.edu | ||||||||||||||
286 | 132 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Bacteria with exotoxins | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4041834/ | increased fluid secretion: B. anthracis it states that that toxin is edema factor, which is incorrect. The toxin is Edema toxin ( protective antigen plus Edema factor) (AB toxin) , in which Edema factor is the A component that causes the increase in cAMP, and the B component is protective antigen, which mediates the adhesion to host cells. Individually they are non toxic and must be in a pair to form a virulence factor. | Major erratum | Vivek's comment is solid. The commenter does have a valid point. I favor the idea of using "anthrax toxin" for the sake of consistency. Ashten | In 2018 FA, it was edema toxin. Not sure why was it changed to last year. The student is correct that "The three components of the anthrax exotoxins, PA, LF, and EF, are individually non-toxic, but they pair to form the two major virulence factors of B. anthracis: lethal toxin (LT, composed of LF + PA) and edema toxin (ET, composed of EF + PA)" # I think we mentioned edema factor because this is what causes characteristic edematous borders of black eschar in cutaneous anthrax. I suggest we change "edema factor" to "anthrax toxin" as we mention that on page 137 "B. anthracis produces anthrax toxin (an exotoxin consisting of protective antigen, lethal factor, and edema factor)? - Vivek | I agree. Using "anthrax toxin" is more comprehensive and less prone to being misleading. And it adds consistency throughout the chapter. Sarah | ![]() | ![]() | 06/13/19 8:27 PM | ahmed | shakir | ashakir85@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
287 | 132 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Bacteria with exotoxins | ![]() | first aid | we can use mnemonic: she has cold blood not eating protein but fake corn (she --> shigella, cold blood--> hemorrhagic E coli, not eating protein--> inhibit protein synthesis, fake--->pseudo in pseudomonas, corn--> corynebacterium) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/31/19 9:18 AM | Mohamed | Menofy | mohamed.a.menofy@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
288 | 132 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Bacteria with exotoxins | ![]() | first aid | we can use mnemonic: VIP in Rio 2020 pass the cold water( vip rio--> vibrio , pass--> bacillus, the cold--> toxigenic E coli , water --> fluid secretion) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/31/19 9:21 AM | Mohamed | Menofy | mohamed.a.menofy@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
289 | 132 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Bacteria with exotoxins | ![]() | - | Bacteria that causes diarrhea via increase in c(A)MP ---> (A)ctively secrets Cl into the lumen, While cGMP only prevents absorption | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/08/19 11:43 AM | Ahmad Y. | Obeidat | Obeidat.amd@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
290 | 132 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Bacteria with exotoxins | ![]() | Self-written | PSEUDO's use LONG structures to cause disease. 1) PSEUDOmonas infection often due to mechanical ventilations LONG TUBE use. 2) PSEUDOmembranes in LONG THROAT with diptheria. Both these PSEUDO organisms inactivate eLONGation factor! | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/31/19 5:28 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
291 | 132 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Bacteria with exotoxins | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6356903/ | Heat-stable toxin in Enterotoxigenic E. Coli not only inhibits NaCl reabsorbtion but also enchances Cl- secretion ("Heat-stable enterotoxin STa binds to the guanylate cyclase C receptor and activates its intracellular catalytic domain, causing the hydrolysis of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and accumulation of intracellular cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels. These increased cGMP levels activate cGMP-dependent protein kinase II (PKGII) [15,50,51]. In addition, cGMP was shown to inhibit phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3), leading to the activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) [52]. Activated PKGII and PKA phosphorylate and open the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl− channel, inducing Cl− and HCO3− release into the intestinal lumen [50,51,52,53]. Protein kinase A also phosphorylates the sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) that inhibits Na+ reabsorption (Figure 2) [54].") | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/15/19 12:57 PM | Stanislav | Gruzdev | stas200910@yandex.ru | |||||||||||||||||
292 | 133 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Endotoxin | ![]() | n/a | Lipopolysaccharide is made of Lipid A + O antigen + polysaccharide. Lip + O + polysaccharide (lipopolysaccharide) --> Lipid A + O antigen + polysaccharide | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. I find it complicated. If others find it helpful, feel free to accept it. - Humood | I think we don't need mnemonic to remember all the components. So, would reject this submission. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 02/21/19 1:30 PM | Joseph | Huntley | huntleyjh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
293 | 133 | Microbiology | ![]() | Basic Bacteriology | Endotoxin | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187311/ | adding TLR4 to the abbreviations at the end. TLR4 stand for Toll-Like Receptor 4 | Spelling/formatting | Agreed. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 05/13/19 10:29 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
294 | 134 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Gram-positive lab algorithm | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24451174 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-of-listeria-monocytogenes-infection | Listeria is facultative anaerobic bacilli | Minor erratum | Currently we are correct in saying Listeria is aerobic (As supported by the UTD link). I am not sure if we need to mention it being facultaive anaerobic. - Vivek | I agree with Vivek in that it is more HY to be aware that listeria is an aerobic organism. The addition of it being a facultative anaerobic seems LY and unlikely to be tested. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/22/19 12:31 PM | Claudia | Laborc | l.claudiaflora@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
295 | 134 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Staphylococcus saprophyticus | ![]() | not applicable | I think the mnemonic: no stress is confusing, one can easily confuse StRESs Saprophyticus Resistant Epidermidis Sensitive with: stRESS Resistant Epidermidis Sensitive Saprophyticus. I suggest changing it with: In the hospital staff (staphylococcus) none voted (novobiocin) for ESR (Epidermidis Sensitive Saprophyticus Resistant) | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. Reasonable mnemonic. Let's discuss on Annotate. - Humood | Agree, this mnemonic makes more sense. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 03/23/19 7:28 PM | Awab | Elnaeem | awab.kamal@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
296 | 135 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | α-hemolytic bacteria | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-gram-stain-and-culture-results-in-the-microbiology-laboratory | Alpha hemolysis is a partial hemolysis where hemoglobin is oxidized (not reduced) to methemoglobin and turns green. | Minor erratum | Accept. User is correct per resource provided. Errata. - Humood | Accept. This is true: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071541/. The iron in the heme is oxidized from the ferrous (Fe2+) to ferric (Fe3+) form. Ashten | ![]() | ![]() | 05/05/19 11:45 AM | Nayla | Mroueh | naylamroueh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
297 | 136 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci) | ![]() | https://reference.medscape.com/calculator/jones-criteria-diagnosis-rheumatic | Major criteria for rheumatic fever: J-Joint involvement ♥-Carditis N-Nodules, subcutaneous E-Erythema marginatum S-Syndenham chorea Minor criteria for rheumatic fever: H-Heart block (↑PR interval) A-Arthralgia “L”-Elevated ESR/CRP, leukocytosis F-Fever Need 2 major criteria or 1 major and 2 minor criteria for diagnosis. (2 HALF make up for 1 J♥NES) | Mnemonic | Verified | Defer to Cardio team. - Humood | The mnemonic is interesting. But it took me time to understand. So, I feel it will overcomplicate the memorization. It is better to remember as it is rather than to understand another mnemonic IMO. - Vivek [cardio team feel free to override my comment if you want to work up this] | ![]() | ![]() | 01/01/19 6:56 PM | Sarah | McGriff | scmcgriff@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
298 | 136 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Viridans group streptococci | ![]() | N/A | Strep "M"utans and Strep "M"itis --> "M"outh --> dental caries | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. Reasonable mnemonic. Let's discuss on Annotate. - Humood | Yes, let's discuss this on annotate. It looks a good mnemonic. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 10:05 AM | Ralph | Zeitoun | riz07@mail.aub.edu | ||||||||||||||
299 | 137 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Bacillus anthracis | ![]() | 1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/microbiology-pathogenesis-and-epidemiology-of-anthrax, 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4041834/ | Multiple newer sources state that the anthrax toxin is not a single exotoxin composed of three molecules. Bacillus anthracis produces two anthrax toxins (exotoxins), edema toxin (ET) and lethal toxin (LT), each of which consists of two subunits. When the protective antigen (PA) combines with the edema factor (EF), it gives rise to the edema toxin. When the protective antigen (PA) combines with the lethal factor (LF) it gives rise to the lethal toxin. So to summarize: LT = LF + PA, ET = EF + PA. Please correct this on page 132 (footnote) as well. | Minor erratum | Verified | Reject. Fine as is. Per UTD, "Virulent B. anthracis requires a poly-D-glutamic acid capsule and three proteins (edema factor [EF], lethal factor [LF], and protective antigen [PA]) [16]." https://www.uptodate.com/contents/microbiology-pathogenesis-and-epidemiology-of-anthrax?search=anthrax&topicRef=5533&source=see_link#H4 - Humood | Agree, reject. For exam purposes this is correct. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 3:39 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
300 | 137 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci) | ![]() | Self-written | Group B Strep. went to CAMP with staph aureus (group B strep gives CAMP factor to increase staph aureus hemolysis) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/31/19 5:19 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
301 | 138 | Microbiology | ![]() | Toxicities and Side Effects | Clostridia | ![]() | https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-090816-093458?casa_token=ga1wCncZq4UAAAAA:6rU4x_nmFz-dAJ9q_iqIZOS1Ka0ezH43uV1IczlQ2Rihc7gqh_9WTsxvAaNCzuukflE2qSqiQDxygpJ- | Toxin A was initially considered Enterotoxin and Toxin B as cytotoxin. However, consensus has changed in last 2-3 years. Both Toxin A as well as Toxin B have enterotoxicity. | Minor erratum | Verified | No action needed. Already on annotate as published errata. - Humood | Agree, defer to an expert. Can't find too many sources on this. | Disagreement/need expert | Sheldon Campbell | I believe the distinction is LY. Both A and B toxins seem able to contribute to C difficile disease, and they operate by similar mechanisms. | Warren Levinson | I would replace the first 4 lines with: Produces Toxins A and B that damage enterocytes. Then continue with : Both toxins lead… etc | Accept | Replace: "Produces 2 toxins. Toxin A, an enterotoxin, binds to brush border of gut and alters fluid secretion. Toxin B, a cytotoxin, disrupts cytoskeleton via actin depolymerization." with "Produces Toxins A and B that damage enterocytes." | ![]() | ![]() | 01/02/19 12:17 PM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | |||||||
302 | 138 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Clostridia | ![]() | https://www.hindawi.com/journals/criid/2015/694247/ | I think it would be better if you add Closttridum Septicum to clostridia table and the difference between C.perfringen in Gas gangren causes as C.septicum not preced by trauma(atrumatic myonecrosis). Moreover C.septicum is underlying by colonic malignancy | High-yield addition to next year | Reasonable suggestion. However, needs to be drafted. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 05/13/19 11:32 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
303 | 138 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Clostridia | ![]() | -- | "spas" in "tetanospasmin" should be highlighted to correspond to the highlight in "spastic" paralysis | Spelling/formatting | Migrated to annotate. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 05/14/19 5:26 AM | Talia | Kamdjou | taliakamdjou@mail.tau.ac.il | ||||||||||||||||
304 | 138 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Clostridia | ![]() | https://www.jwatch.org/na43536/2017/03/02/vancomycin-vs-metronidazole-clostridium-difficile | I believe it should be highlighted that oral vancomycin is now the preferred treatment over metronidazole. This came up numerous times for me in question banks. | Clarification to current text | Reject. Already revised. Oral vanco is mentioned before metronidazole. - Humood | Agree with Humood. Already changed during Pass 1 Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/21/19 9:17 AM | Brianna | Olamiju | brianna.olamiju@yale.edu | ||||||||||||||
305 | 138 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Clostridia | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/primary-focal-hyperhidrosis?search=hyperhidrosis%20treatment&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | The text says "Local botox injections used to treat focal dystonia, achalasia, and muscle spasms. Also used for cosmetic reduction of facial wrinkles." It can be added it is also used to treat local hyperhidrosis, because in spite of sweat glands being activated by sympathetic system their post-sypnaptic neurons release Ach. | Clarification to current text | Accept. This is a fair point and would be simple to add in to the current text. Ashten | Reasonable addition and potentially HY due to pharmacology-physiology tie in. - Sarah | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 07/27/19 5:12 PM | Judith | Vásquez | judith.vasquez.11@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
306 | 139 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Listeria monocytogenes | ![]() | Self-written | 'LIST'eria - You go to the supermarket with your KID and your GROCERY-LIST to buy COLD/refridgerated DAIRY MILK, CHEESES, DELI MEATS. Your kid gets distracted playing with his ROCKET toys and TUMBLING on the floor. (Listeria affects KIDS/NEWBORNS often, associated with COLD enrichment growth, DAIRY products, DELI MEATS, rocket tails) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/31/19 6:14 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
307 | 139 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Nocardia vs Actinomyces | ![]() | https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1020§ionid=56968770 | Nocardia lives in soil but longs for oxygen and looks for it infecting lung. Actinomyces is normal flora but hates oxygen hiding from it on an abscess. | Mnemonic | Verified | Not a big fan, sorry. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 05/23/19 4:24 PM | Ana Luiza | Mapurunga Goncalves | analuizamapurunga@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
308 | 140 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Mycobacteria | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230802-overview | Mycobacterium tuberculosis DOES NOT stain with a gram stain. First Aid states that it is gram positive, this is false | Minor erratum | Verified | This is indeed an area of controversy (see references below).In view of this I suggest removing Gram + from here. We could discuss this faculty but in my opinion it is a controversial and likely LY fact, therefore safer to delete. - Sarah https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12356459 http://textbookofbacteriology.net/tuberculosis.html | Agree, remove Gram (+) from text. Just have it say Acid fast rods. | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Sheldon Campbell | Taxonomically, the Mycobacteria are most closely related to Gram-positives; however, they do not Gram stain well. First Aid is taxonomically true but practically false. I would agree to refer to the Mycobacteria as 'acid-fast rods' and leave their Gram stain status undescribed, as it's LY and more trouble than it's worth on this level. | Warren Levinson | I would delete the Garm positive rods. Just say Acid-fast rods | Accept | Delete Gram (+) rods. | ![]() | ![]() | 01/09/19 3:35 AM | Omar | Tayh | motayh@gmail.com | |||||||
309 | 140 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Mycobacteria | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tuberculosis-transmission-and-control-in-health-care-settings | Mode of transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis --> airborne | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Yes, we can include this in the table of mycobacteria. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 03/02/19 10:49 AM | Ralph | Zeitoun | riz07@mail.aub.edu | |||||||||||||||
310 | 140 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Mycobacteria | ![]() | n/a | CORD factor activates maCORDphage | Mnemonic | This mnemonic does not make sense really. - Vivek | Verified | I don't feel it will be useful. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 05/06/19 12:58 PM | Michael | Hagerty | michaelhagerty1992@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
311 | 140 | Microbiology | ![]() | Parasitology | Protozoa—CNS infections | ![]() | https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Toxoplasma_gondii | what if you add Crescent shape organism on the diagnosis section of Toxoplasma gondii. | Clarification to current text | Reject. No need. - Humood | Agree with Humood. LY addition. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 5:23 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
312 | 141 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Gram-negative lab algorithm | ![]() | https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1551§ionid=94106931 | Enterobacteriaceae(E. coli, serrate, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter) are oxidate test negative. Of the bacilli given in table on page 141, only 'P'seudomonas is oxidase 'P'ositive.(both starting with P) | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Defer to 2020. ? HY new content. - Humood | Reject. It will be oversimplification, confusing and may attract more errata. For example- "The Gram-negative diplococci Neisseria and Moraxella are oxidase-positive. Many Gram-negative, spiral curved rods are also oxidase-positive, which includes Helicobacter pylori, Vibrio cholerae, and Campylobacter jejuni." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidase_test -Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/01/19 1:35 PM | Anjali Gaurishankar | Byale | anjalibyale6@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
313 | 141 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Gram-negative lab algorithm | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1829097/ & https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vibrio-vulnificus-infections?search=vibiro%20vulnificus&topicRef=7646&source=see_link#H11 | Vibrio Vulnificus - motile, comma-shaped, gram-negative bacillus, The organism is isolated in high concentrations from shellfish (especially oysters), High iron levels appear to be a marked predictor of the severity of infection with Vibrio vulnificus. Laboratory diagnosis of Vibrio vulnificus infection can be performed by using stool, blood, or lesion cultures. The Gram stain shows a mildly pleomorphic, slightly curved gram-negative bacillus. It grows well in peptone water enrichment broth and can then be subcultured on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS) agar, which exhibits green colonies. Causes Rapidly Spreading cellulitis which is difficult to treat. | High-yield addition to next year | Borderline accept. Vibrio vulnificus is an interesting (and potentially lethal) bug. It is popular on the Step 2 CK exam, but not so much on the Step 1. This may change as the Step 1 is becoming more clinically orientated over time. Anyway, I believe this is a reasonable addition for this year. I would condense it to 2-4 lines. - Humood | We have discussed little bit about V vulnificus as a bug causing food-borne illness (p178). What I find useful to include in the same table (foot note) are: their concentrations are high in shellfish (especially oysters) and it can also causes rapidly spreading cellulitis. Otherwise, characteristics, lab diagnosis of this bug is not HY IMO for step 1. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 03/19/19 5:15 AM | Bassel | Hafez | basselhafez95@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
314 | 141 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Leprosy | ![]() | https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-015-1768-6 | The lepromin skin test is used to determine the type of leprosy. Tuberculoid leprosy the test is positive and lepromatous leprosy the test is negative. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 07/19/19 11:10 PM | Luis | Apolinario Rojas | luisapolinario90@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
315 | 142 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Haemophilus influenzae | ![]() | UWorld question id: 963 explanation; Koneman's Color Alas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology 6th ed, pg 446 | Haemophilus Influenzae can also be grown with S aureus, which provides factor V DIRECTLY, and provides FACTOR X via RBC hemolysis. | Major erratum | Verified | https://microbeonline.com/x-v-factor-test-haemophilus-principle-procedure-results/ "H. influenzae can be grown in a blood agar plate previously streaked with beta-hemmolytic Staphylococcus aureus. As hemolysis by S. aureus liberates V factor, there will growth of the H.influenzae around the streak line, a property known as satellitism. " | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/16/19 8:58 AM | Zygy, Elana | Roe-Zurz, Molcho | tetradynamo@gmail.com, elana.molcho@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
316 | 142 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Haemophilus influenzae | ![]() | https://www.cdc.gov/hi-disease/about/causes-transmission.html | Respiratory droplet transmission, not aerosol. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 09/03/19 10:01 AM | Shajetha | Iyathurai | shajetha.iyathurai@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
317 | 142 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Neisseria | ![]() | https://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/lab/nmen.htm | Neisseria are oxdiase + yet it is not mentioned as important information in their classification or in the diagram made for Gram negative bacteria in the previous page | Minor erratum | Verified | Reject. I don't think this is necessary. The important info here is maltose acid detection/fermentation. - Humood | I agree with Humood. The list of oxidase positive organisms is not meant to be inclusive either. We merely mention HY examples as well as HY features of each organism that will help students identify the correct microbe in a clinical vignette. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/25/19 12:23 AM | Syed Y | Shah | syed.shah415@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
318 | 144 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria | ![]() | see diagram on p.141 | Add that Citrobacter is also a weak fermenter. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Agree. - Humood | Ok. - Sarah | Okay, after Citrobacter add (weak fermenter). | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Sheldon Campbell | Yes, agree. | Warren Levinson | There is no sense in adding Citrobacter and Serratia just because they fit the mnemonic. The only reason this topic is important is that, in the stool culture, E coli ferments lactose and but Shigella and Salmonella do not. Any other information dilutes the impact of this key fact. So I would delete all the other bacteria. | Accept | Add (weak fermenter) after Citrobacter. | ![]() | ![]() | 01/20/19 6:53 PM | Charles | de Leeuw | deleeuw.c@gmail.com | ||||||
319 | 144 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Salmonella vs Shigella | ![]() | https://ard.bmj.com/content/64/4/594 | Shigella flexeri is associated with Reactive Arthritis | Clarification to current text | Already added annotate. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 05/13/19 10:41 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
320 | 144 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Salmonella vs Shigella | ![]() | own mnemonic | In shigella order: you can write in order with mnemonic: Dye> Flexing> Biceps> soon:: Dysenteriae>flexneri>boydii>sonnei | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/15/19 6:39 PM | Shobhit | Piplani | shobhitpiplani@aol.com | ||||||||||||||||
321 | 144 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Salmonella vs Shigella | ![]() | Self-written | Mnemonic I believe should be placed as a NEW SECTION/NEW FACT just before salmonella and shigella section. In order to remember the H2S producers use "Yo See! Salmons Poo!" / "Yersina Shigella Salmonella Proteus". Poo represents +ve H2S production as it is dark/black in colour. The second half "Salmons Poo" obviously contains SALMONella while the first S will be for shigella. Hence Salmonella and Proteus both 'poo' / make H2S. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/31/19 6:29 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
322 | 144 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Yersinia enterocolitica | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/microbiology-and-pathogenesis-of-yersinia-infections | I found this to be mentioned alot in USMLE stem questions ""Conditions associated with iron-overload such as chronic liver disease, hemochromatosis, and thalassemias have been associated with an increased risk of invasive yersiniosis | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Defer to 2020. ? HY new content. - Humood | This aspect can be an important tested area. Because most strains lack efficient intrinsic iron uptake mechanisms, and depend on the iron binding strategies of other bacteria to capture the iron that they need; therefore, responsible for the association described by the user. I would vote for including it. Change can be: Lack efficient uptake process. Iron-overloading conditions (eg, chronic liver disease, hemochromatosis, thalassemias) increase risk of invasive yersiniosis. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 12/31/18 6:42 AM | Mohammed Saif | Alnaqeep | alnaqeep@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
323 | 144 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Yersinia enterocolitica | ![]() | 1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/microbiology-and-pathogenesis-of-yersinia-infections 2. Uworld ID 15407 choice B explanation | Yersinia is NOT a rod, it is coccobacillus. | Minor erratum | Verified | It is true that across the medical literature Yersinia is referred to as coccobacilli. However, in FA we have called it as gram negative rod both in the algorithm and in-text. Please note- "A Coccobacilli is a type of bacterium with a shape intermediate between cocci (spherical bacteria) and bacili (rod-shaped bacteria). Please also note: Coccobacilli are very short rods." [1] Coccobacilli has important examples including H. Influenza, B. Pertussis, Pasteurella,, Brucella, F. Tularensis. So, I think this is not an errata, but we can clearly mention it as a coccobacilli during 2020 revision both in the algorithm and in-text. 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccobacillus - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 02/23/19 12:53 AM | Heewon | Choi | hxc326@case.edu | |||||||||||||||
324 | 145 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Campylobacter jejuni | ![]() | Self-written | Addition to mnemonic - HOT CAMPfire with many ANIMALS around that need to be COOKED MORE! (associated with infected animal contact and undercooked meats) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/31/19 6:51 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
325 | 145 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Escherichia coli | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenic-escherichia-coli-associated-with-diarrhea/print | To remember which strains of E. coli cause watery diarrhea, remember the mnemonic TAP water (eTec, eAec, and ePec) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/31/19 7:59 PM | Daniel | Zhu | Dzhu5@pride.hofstra.edu | |||||||||||||||||
326 | 145 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Escherichia coli | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-treatment | Under Enterohemorrhagic E. coli, it says shiga-like toxin causes HUS, it should be just shiga toxin. The term shiga-like is outdated in this context. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 12/02/19 12:25 AM | Ahmed | Noor | ahmed.noor09@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||||||
327 | 145 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Klebsiella | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8035/ | adding urease positive (+) to the Klebsiella paragraph. | Clarification to current text | No need to add here. Urease positive organisms are mentioned on page 127. - Humood | Agree with Humood. No change needed Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/13/19 10:36 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
328 | 146 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Bacterial taxonomy | ![]() | UWorld | V vulnificus has some interesting properties that would be beneficial to have in First Aid: Vibrio vulnificus grows in brackish coastal water and marine environments. transmission primarily occurs due to consumption of raw seafood or wound contamination. Manifestations are often mild but individuals with liver disease or iron overload are at very high risk of severe, fulminant infection (eg sepsis, necrotizing faciitis). Free iron acts as an exponential growth catalyst for the bacterium | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Defer to 2020. ? HY new content. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 01/15/19 12:06 PM | Prasanna | Patel | rinzal.jsn@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
329 | 146 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Helicobacter pylori | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-regimens-for-helicobacter-pylori?search=helicobacter%20pylori%20treatment&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1; https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/920803; https://www.reuters.com/article/us-redhill-biopharm-fda/u-s-fda-approves-redhills-bacterial-infection-treatment-idUSKBN1XE141; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4284035/ | The newest Tx option for H. Pylori infections is a triple therapy of amoxicillin, rifabutin, and a PPI due to bacterial resistance. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 11/05/19 10:04 AM | Daniel | Schaefer | drs12d@med.fsu.edu | |||||||||||||||||
330 | 146 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Lyme disease | ![]() | n/a | Change the E for the FACE mnemonic to : Erythema migrans/Encephalopathy | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. Reasonable mnemonic. Let's discuss on Annotate. - Humood | Accept. Also, add- Cardiac block/carditis Now it looks more complete. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/20/19 6:52 PM | Charles | de Leeuw | deleeuw.c@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
331 | 146 | Immunology | ![]() | Immunosuppressants | Therapeutic antibodies | ![]() | https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100362/rituxan-rituximab | Also for the treatment of pemphigus | High-yield addition to next year | We cover rituximab, but the approval for pemphigus just happened in June, won't be tested. -Connie | Agree, reject -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 1:42 PM | Jan Andre | Grauman | jgrauman@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
332 | 146 | Immunology | ![]() | Immunosuppressants | Therapeutic antibodies | ![]() | https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100362/rituxan-rituximab | rituximab is also for the treatment of pemphigus | High-yield addition to next year | We cover rituximab, but the approval for pemphigus just happened in June, won't be tested. -Connie | Agree, reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 1:42 PM | Jan Andre | Grauman | jgrauman@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
333 | 146 | Immunology | ![]() | Immunosuppressants | Therapeutic antibodies | ![]() | https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100253/ilumya-tildrakizumab-asmn | tildrakizumab also blocks IL23 and is also used to treat psoriasis | High-yield addition to next year | This one is also relatively new, the psoriasis biologics tested on step 1 tend to be older. This author is literally linking to a page of recent FDA approvals which is not helpful. -Connie | Reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 1:44 PM | Jan Andre | Grauman | jgrauman@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
334 | 147 | Microbiology | ![]() | Miscellaneous | Syphilis | ![]() | https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/tests/vdrl-test | VDRL False -ve possible in Syphilis less than 3 months. VDRL False +ve possible in Lyme disease, SLE, HIV, Malaria, Tuberculosis, certain types of pneumonia, and IV drug users. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Defer to 2020. ? HY new content. - Humood | I think this has a diagnostic value which would be important for step 2ck. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/22/19 3:46 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
335 | 147 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Syphilis | ![]() | N/A | Tertiary syphilis mnemonic: PARESIS: P: Personality change A: affective personality R: reflexes are hyperactive E: eyes are Argyll Robertson S: sensorial defects I: intellect is low S: speech is decreased | Mnemonic | Verified | Not a big fan, sorry. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 05/12/19 10:04 AM | Amna | Alsaihati | amna.saihati@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
336 | 147 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Syphilis | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3537782/ https://fmc-reg.onecount.net/onecount/login/loginlogout.cgi?gid=36971,36971&return=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdedge.com%2Fdermatology%2Farticle%2F67306%2Fhair-nails%2Falopecia-association-sexually-transmitted-disease-review&brand=edge3&sid=anbmbhn3jeed8qd0qjdqbgsld6 | it would be better if you add picture of patient had alopecia, as it is associated with secondary syphilis. | High-yield addition to next year | No need. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 05/14/19 6:22 PM | Mugtaba | Aldiwekh | aldiwekhmugtaba@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
337 | 147 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Syphilis | ![]() | first aid | we can use mnemonic: sits on a table eating gum argylrobertson attack rome with strong stroke leaving the city as charcoal during 3rd world war( table--> tabes dorsalis, gum--> gummas, attack--> ataxia, rome-->romberg + , charcoal--> charcot joint, war--> aortitis) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/31/19 9:28 AM | Mohamed | Menofy | mohamed.a.menofy@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
338 | 148 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Macrolides | ![]() | own | Chlamydiae be treated with Azithromycin and Doxycycline: Azithromycin (taken All alone); Doxycycline (taken for Cycle of 7 days) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 11/10/19 12:34 PM | Uroosa | Mazhar | uroosam@auamed.net | |||||||||||||||||
339 | 148 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Syphilis | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5239707/#targetText=Within%2024%20hours%20after%20antibiotic,resolving%20a%20few%20hours%20later. | Jarisch–Herxheimer Reaction is mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8. It has been asked in multiple Q-Banks. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 09/28/19 6:34 AM | Jamil | Noman | Jamel.h2o.101@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
340 | 148 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | VDRL false positives | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312652/ and https://www.ama-assn.org/residents-students/usmle/heres-most-missed-usmle-test-prep-question-and-right-answer | "Drugs" here is referring to specific types of drugs (e.g., chlorpromazine, procainamide) or to IV drug users? I've found reference to both of them, I just need some clarification | Clarification to current text | Verified | I think we mean specific drugs (medication) in this context and could clarify by providing specific examples in parenthesis as the reviewer suggested. - Sarah | Agree, add (eg, chlorpromazine, procainamide) after drugs. | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 12/27/18 11:49 PM | Nicolas | Curi Gawlinski | nicolascurii@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
341 | 148 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | VDRL false positives | ![]() | https://openurologyandnephrologyjournal.com/VOLUME/8/PAGE/2/FULLTEXT/ | antiphospholipid syndrome can present with a false-positive VDRL. Could keep same mnemonic, just add antiphospholid syndrome between parentheses after lupus. Has showed up multiple times in qbanks. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 07/24/19 8:45 AM | Mohammed | Kamareddine | mohammed.kamareddine@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
342 | 149 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Zoonotic bacteria | ![]() | n/a | “Lousy BORing RECURRing Fever” BORrelia RECURRentis – Relapsing Fever – Louse “Rickettsia tyFLEA” Rickettsia typhi – Endemic typhus – FLEAs | Mnemonic | Verified | Not a big fan, sorry. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 9:33 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
343 | 149 | Microbiology | ![]() | Clinical Bacteriology | Zoonotic bacteria | ![]() | Self-written | BARTonella - BART Simpson's pointy hair may SCRATCH your skin (CAT SCRATCH Disease) /// PASTEURella = 'PASTOR'ella - I felt the 'PASTOR's words deep in my SKIN and BONES (cellulitis & osteomyelitis) like an ANIMAL BITE. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/31/19 6:38 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
344 | 151 | Microbiology | ![]() | Mycology | Systemic mycoses | ![]() | my own idea | because Coccidioidomycosis is common in California what if you highlight the C letter in red color on both word. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. A one letter mnemonic is not ideal. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 05/13/19 10:58 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
345 | 151 | Microbiology | ![]() | Mycology | Systemic mycoses | ![]() | n/a | BLASTOMYCOSIS: “GRANd Beast from the EAST is Vicious” EASTern US Blastomycosis, Broad Based Buds Verrucous skin lesions GRANulomatous nodules | Mnemonic | Verified | Not a big fan, sorry. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 9:35 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
346 | 151 | Microbiology | ![]() | Mycology | Systemic mycoses | ![]() | Self-written | Addition to current mnemonic - 'HISTOE'plasmosis - HIS TOE often STICKS OUT like a LARGE spleen and a tongue (tongue ulcers + spleenomegaly) but sometimes HIDES with macrophages and in BIRD/BAT droppings. (I believe it's important to have mnemonic to remember the splenomegaly as a differentiating point to the other infections) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/31/19 6:56 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
347 | 153 | Microbiology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Opportunistic fungal infections | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-oropharyngeal-and-esophageal-candidiasis?search=nystatin%20swish%20and%20swallow&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | In the Candida section, it makes the treatment of esophageal candida ambiguous. It implies that nystatin can be used to treat esophageal candida. systemic therapy with fluconazole is required for esophageal candidasis, not topical therapy with nystatin. | Minor erratum | Verified | I agree with the suggestion (and the referenced UTD article confirms this). I suggest the following change to the text: "...nystatin, azoles or, rarely, echinocandins for oral; fluconazole, echinocandins, or amphotericin B for esophageal/systemic." - Sarah | Agree,change the text to: "...nystatin, azoles or, rarely, echinocandins for oral; fluconazole, echinocandins, or amphotericin B for esophageal/systemic." | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Sheldon Campbell | Agree with change. | Warren Levinson | The Medical Letter says the Drug of Choice for both oral and esophageal candidiasis is fluconazole. | Accept | Change text to: "...nystatin, azoles or, rarely, echinocandins for oral; fluconazole, echinocandins, or amphotericin B for esophageal/systemic." | ![]() | ![]() | 01/31/19 1:45 AM | Hasaan | Omar | kalimdor101@gmail.com | |||||||
348 | 156 | Microbiology | ![]() | Parasitology | Protozoa—CNS infections | ![]() | https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sleepingsickness/health_professionals/index.html | CDC recommends T. b. gambiense be treated with Pentamidine and Eflornithine. Only the treatments for T. b. rhodesiense are listed, and these are usually not used for the other subspecies. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 09/11/19 7:16 PM | Joseph | Yasmeh | jyasmeh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
349 | 156 | Microbiology | ![]() | Parasitology | Protozoa—CNS infections | ![]() | Self-written | Trypanosoma 'BRUISY' - PAINFUL bite, like a painful BRUISE which hurts you till it makes you passout/SLEEP into COMA! | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/31/19 7:02 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
350 | 156 | Microbiology | ![]() | Parasitology | Protozoa—others | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/african-trypanosomiasis-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-treatment#H2334707 | Winterbottom's sign. Winterbottom's sign is seen in the early phase of African trypanosomiasis, a disease caused by the parasites Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense which is more commonly known as African sleeping sickness. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 07/31/19 8:38 PM | Pavel | Aksionav | pavlusha_aksenov@mail.ru | |||||||||||||||||
351 | 157 | Microbiology | ![]() | Parasitology | Protozoa—hematologic infections | ![]() | Self-written | BABESIA / 'BABY'sia - I have TICKED off 'having a BABY' from my life-achievement goals, with the help of the RING I gave my wife and the CROSS I wear protecting us. (BABYsiosis by ixodes TICK seen with RING and CROSS forms!) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/31/19 7:10 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
352 | 158 | Microbiology | ![]() | Parasitology | Protozoa—others | ![]() | UWorld qid 15448 | Rod-shaped kinetoplasts can be found on biopsy | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. I doubt this is super HY. I don't recall coming across this one. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 03/11/19 11:45 PM | Manonmani | Murugappan | mano96@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
353 | 158 | Microbiology | ![]() | Parasitology | Protozoa—others | ![]() | mnemonic | TRYPomastigote (flagellated) are found in TRYPanosoma cruzi and brucei (page 156) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/12/19 10:07 AM | Francisco | Duenas | francisco.duenasmd@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
354 | 158 | Microbiology | ![]() | Parasitology | Protozoa—others | ![]() | Self-produced | Trypanosoma CRUZI - 'Tom CRUZ' helps people everywhere, including the mysterious 'CHAGAS' area. He has a BIG DIALATED HEART, big colon, big esophagus. He gets KISSES of gratitude from those he saves. (CHAGAS disease has many LARGE/dilated organs + caused by KISSING bug) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/31/19 7:17 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
355 | 159 | Microbiology | ![]() | Parasitology | Nematodes (roundworms) | ![]() | 1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/toxocariasis-visceral-and-ocular-larva-migrans 2. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(17)30331-6/fulltext | Most pts w/ Visceral larva migrans (T. canis) are asymptomatic. MC occurs in children and results in hepatitis and pneumonitis (if symptomatic). Hepatic sx - hepatomegaly or nodular lesions. Lung sx - dyspnea, wheezing, and a chronic nonproductive cough in 20-80% of pts. Ocular larva migrans is common. CNS and cardiac involvement are rare but are potentially life-threatening complications. So the text should be corrected as "Most often asymptomatic. If symptoms arise (particularly in children), most commonly occur in lung (pneumonitis), eye (visual impairment, blindness - "Ocular larva migrans"), liver (hepatomegaly, nodular lesions). Disease can rarely affect heart (myocarditis) and CNS (seizures, coma)" | Clarification to current text | Verified | I agree that the condition is often asymptomatic but for the purposes of Step 1 asymptomatic cutaneous larva migrans is not likely to be tested. In addition, I would not add too much detail here as it is already a busy page. The current text as such is not incorrect but I agree we should change it from "Often affects..." to "Can affect...". We can also change the order of affecting organs to liver, eyes, CNS and then heart. More of a clarification than an erratum. - Sarah | Agree, change "Often affects heart (myocarditis), liver, eyes (visual impairment, blindness), and CNS (seizures, coma)" to "Can affect liver, eyes (visual impairment, blindness), CNS (seizures, coma), heart (myocarditis)." | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Sheldon Campbell | Agree with change. | Warren Levinson | Could add “ Most patients asymptomatic. Can affect lung, liver, eyes”. | Accept | Change "Often affects heart (myocarditis), liver, eyes (visual impairment, blindness), and CNS (seizures, coma)" to "Can affect liver, eyes (visual impairment, blindness), CNS (seizures, coma), heart (myocarditis)." | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 5:21 AM | Cem | Turam | cemturam@gmail.com | |||||||
356 | 159 | Microbiology | ![]() | Parasitology | Nematodes (roundworms) | ![]() | https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/loiasis/treatment.html | Loa loa infection refractory to diethylcarbamazine may be treated with albendazole. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Defer to 2020. ? HY new content. - Humood | I don't feel treatment of refractory loa loa infection will be tested. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/09/19 4:50 PM | Jason | Tegethoff | tegethoffjason@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
357 | 159 | Microbiology | ![]() | Parasitology | Nematodes (roundworms) | ![]() | First aid 2018, UpToDate strongyloidiasis page | Re-formatting from last years text has gotten rid of the symptoms associated with strongyloides infection (epigastrc pain, pulmonary symptoms, and cutaneous manifestations) | High-yield addition to next year | Revision already on annotate. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 05/05/19 4:15 PM | Alanna | Hickey | alanna.hickey@umassmed.edu | ||||||||||||||||
358 | 159 | Microbiology | ![]() | Parasitology | Nematodes (roundworms) | ![]() | Self-written | 'ANKLE NECTOR' - ANKLEstoma and NECATOR are both HOOKworms that attach to you and suck blood out like NECTOR using its HOOK. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/31/19 7:29 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
359 | 159 | Microbiology | ![]() | Parasitology | Nematodes (roundworms) | ![]() | Self-written | Wucherria banCROFTi - Lara 'CROFT' (tomb-raider movie) is a FEMALE (female mosquito spreads it) who would rides HUGE ELEPHANTS in the jungle (like huge elephantiasis!) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/31/19 7:33 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
360 | 160 | Microbiology | ![]() | Parasitology | Parasite hints | ![]() | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2Q3TMtg4r8 | Easy way to remember Shistosoma Haematobium is associated with the bladder, It looks like a bladder with a urethra as the terminal spine. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/08/19 10:04 AM | Natalie | Harford | natalie.09.97@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
361 | 161 | Microbiology | ![]() | Parasitology | Ectoparasites | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/scabies-management?search=scabies%20treatment&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~88&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Sarcoptes scabiei: Treatment: Topical permethrin and oral ivermectin are the most common first-line treatments | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Not an erratum, merely a potentially HY addition. I agree we could add "Treatment: permethrin cream, oral ivermectin, washing/drying all clothing..." - Sarah | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 2:39 PM | Sheila | Serin | serinsheila@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||||
362 | 163 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Naked viral genome infectivity | ![]() | page 167 | There are no naked -ssRNA, they all are enveloped according to table page 167 | Major erratum | Verified | That is a misinterpretation of the table which shows Picornaviruses, Hepevirus, Caliciviruses have no envelope and they are SS RNA structure . - Vivek | Agree with Vivek. Current text is fine as is. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:48 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
363 | 163 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | RNA viral genomes | ![]() | n/a | For RNA viral genomes, change mnemonic to: "I went to a positively retro (retrovirus), toga (togavirus) party, where I drank flavored (flavivirus) Corona (coronavirus) and ate hippie (hepevirus) California (calicivirus) pickles (picornavirus), man." | Mnemonic | Verified | Mnemonic. Defer to 2020. - Humood | I am not sure if "positively retro" make sense. But adding it would help to remember that these are positive stranded. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/20/19 6:49 PM | Charles | de Leeuw | deleeuw.c@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
364 | 163 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Viral envelopes | ![]() | Beats "CPR to a naked Hippie" | Enveloped RNA viruses: RHCP (Red Hot Chili Peppers) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/06/19 10:02 PM | Rasimcan | Meral | rasimcanmeral@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
365 | 164 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | DNA viruses | ![]() | Myself | Adenovirus medical importance mnemonic "FAM Gets Pneumonia with Conjunctivitis" i.e. Febrile pharyngitis, Acute hemorrhagic cystitis, Myocarditis, Gastroenteritis, Pneumonia, Conjunctivitis | Mnemonic | Verified | Mnemonic. Defer to 2020. - Humood | Looks like a helpful mnemonic. We can shift it on annotate and structure it appropriately. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/31/19 5:46 PM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
366 | 164 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Herpesviruses | ![]() | Self-written | HSV 2 - more common for GENITAL Herpes (remember 2 testicles, 2 labia for genitals). | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/31/19 7:37 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
367 | 164 | Microbiology | ![]() | Systems | Red rashes of childhood | ![]() | Not needed. | For Parvovirus B19, you slap with the five fingers of your hand (fifth disease - "slapped cheek" appearance) | Mnemonic | Verified | Not a big fan. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 05/12/19 7:05 AM | Najat | Fadlallah | najat.fadlallah@lau.edu | |||||||||||||||
368 | 165 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Herpesviruses | ![]() | https://pmj.bmj.com/content/postgradmedj/61/722/1089.full.pdf | Cytomegalovirus: Presence of both intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies within infected cells. Mnemonic: "C (M)ore (V)odies" | High-yield addition to next year | Not a big fan. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 12:36 PM | Jessica M. | Alonso | jessica_alonso@icloud.com | ||||||||||||||||
369 | 165 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Herpesviruses | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279269-overview | add is associated with oral hairy leukoplakia | High-yield addition to next year | Reject. Already mentioned on page 177. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 05/31/19 12:43 PM | Meenhaj | Kabir | mkabir04@nyit.edu | ||||||||||||||||
370 | 166 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Viral structure—general features | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC112152/ | It is stated that CMV interacts with integrins such as heparan sulfate, but I believe this should be RSV. It has been recognized that the RSV G protein attaches to heparan sulfate on host cells. | Minor erratum | Verified | Both CMV and RSV interact with integrins (heparan sulfate). So not an erratum but we could consider adding RSV to the table if deemed HY. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11562534 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3457392/ - Sarah | LY, would not add. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/11/19 1:51 PM | Riva | Desai | rd978@georgetown.edu | |||||||||||||
371 | 167 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | RNA viruses | ![]() | n/a | All (+) RNA viruses are icosahedral, except for Corona. All (-) RNA viruses are helical, except for Delta. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Defer to 2020. ? HY new content. - Humood | The suggested general statement looks helpful, but I afraid this may not capture all the RNA viruses? - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/20/19 7:44 PM | Charles | de Leeuw | deleeuw.c@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
372 | 167 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | RNA viruses | ![]() | https://web.stanford.edu/group/virus/rhabdo/2004bischoffchang/Rhabdo.htm | According to RNA viruse table p167 Rhabdovirus has capsid symmetry "Helical" but it's actually is Bullet shape "characteristic" to it which is mention correctly in p171 | Major erratum | Reject. The virus is bullet-shaped. The capsid is helical. - Humood Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Updated Edition, 165, 1984-1994.e2 | Humood is correct. The user is confusing capsid symmetry with virus shape. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/02/19 5:17 PM | Abdallah | Mohamed Elsaid | Dr.abdallah.elsaeed@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
373 | 167 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | RNA viruses | ![]() | Self-written | PICORNaviruses - they 'PERCH' before PICking CORN ! (addition to present mnemonic) /// FLAVI/FLAVOURvirus - This person from the WEST-NILE has some serious FLAVOUR/style weairing their YELLOW ST.LOUS Vuitton DENGUE Hat!!! (Flaviviruses include yellow fever, dengue, st louis encephalitis and west nile amongst others) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/31/19 7:43 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
374 | 167 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | RNA viruses | ![]() | N/A | ARENAvirus - you bring your LASSO into the ARENA to fight. (LASSA fever encephalitis) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/31/19 7:48 AM | Afeefa | Konchwalla | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
375 | 167 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | RNA viruses | ![]() | Self-written | BUNYAviruses - Don't HUNT-A-BUNNY in CALIFORNIA or CONGO! It's mean! (California encephalitis, crimean-CONGO fever and HANTA virus all fall under BUNYA/BUNNYvirus) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/31/19 7:51 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
376 | 168 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | RNA viruses | ![]() | https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/clinical.html | Please add that Rotaviruses are 'wheel-shaped' (this was a key feature in recognizing the virus in a NBME question). CDC also states that 'The name rotavirus is derived from the Latin word rota, meaning “wheel.”' | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Yes. We can take include. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 02/15/19 6:19 PM | Prasanna | Patel | rinzal.jsn@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
377 | 169 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Influenza viruses | ![]() | www2.usmle-rx.com | Genetic "S"hift is more "S"erious than Genetic drift | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. Reasonable mnemonic. Let's discuss on Annotate. - Humood | Accept, makes more sense to me. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 02/18/19 7:45 PM | Roberto | Guerrero | robguerrero@uees.edu.ec | ||||||||||||||
378 | 169 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Paramyxoviruses | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21171875 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20100768 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24739493 | : I think because Respiratory Syncial Virus(RSV) is an important virus causing bronchiolitis in children less than 2 years, so it would be better if you write about it in details in a separate paragraph. Common guys you should give some respect to RSV.! | Clarification to current text | Reject. No need for a separate paragraph. RSV already mentioned elsewhere on this chapter multiple times. Most HY info is the association between RSV and bronchiolitis. - Humood | I agree with Humood. RSV is covered in the microbiology chapter as a cause of respiratory infections in small children and premature babies. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 5:46 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
379 | 169 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Rubella virus | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/966220-clinical | states maculopapular rash that starts on face and spreads CENTRIFUALLY; however, it should state CENTRIPETAL spread | Major erratum | Verified | Defer to expert. This looks like a subtle difference especially when it related to the spread if the rash on the human body. I am not sure which one is politically correct. Anyway, we could either defer to expert or just say "starts on face and then spread caudally" - Humood https://www.uptodate.com/contents/rubella?search=rubella&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Reject. The suggestion is based on atypical measles (see reference), and the commenter is mistaking the description of spread for the type of exanthem distribution. My understanding of the terms "centripetal" (i.e., toward the center) and "centrifugal" (i.e., away from the center) in the context of rashes is that "centripetal" rashes have a primarily truncal/central distribution (which would apply to measles), whereas "centrifugal" rashes would have a mostly peripheral/distal distribution (e.g., Coxsackie A virus infections). Now, since the exanthem begins centrally with measles virus infection, the rash would SPREAD centrifugally because it moving from a central distribution to a diffuse one. Also, like I mentioned, the commenter is referring to an atypical presentation, which is probably very LY and not worth including. Therefore, I would keep the original text. - Ashten | ![]() | ![]() | 03/29/19 12:00 PM | Nidaa | Rasheed | nidaa.rasheed@mail.utoronto.ca | ||||||||||||||
380 | 169 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Rubella virus | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968523-clinical | The text for Rubella virus currently lists "postauricular and other lymphadenopathy" as symptoms. Possibly clarify/correct "other lymphadenopathy" to "occipital lymphadenopathy". | Clarification to current text | Reject. I believe the current narrative refers to any LAD other than postauricular, not necessarily occipital. - Humood | Agree with Humood. The text states "other lymphadenopathy" not occipital. The user may have misread the text. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/08/19 3:20 PM | Christine | Lin | christine15yr@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
381 | 170 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Measles (rubeola) virus | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/measles-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention?search=koplik%20spots&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~6&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Koplik spots are better described as white-blue spots with an erythematous base rather than red spots with a white center | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/08/19 5:47 AM | Julian | Maamari | julian.maamari@lau.edu | |||||||||||||||||
382 | 170 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Measles (rubeola) virus | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/measles-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention | 5 C's of measles: Cough; Coryza; Conjunctivits; "C"oplik spots; Cutaneous rash | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/19/19 5:52 AM | Yazan | Alzu'bi | yoalzoubi@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
383 | 170 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Measles (rubeola) virus | ![]() | FA19 p.170 & 183 | 5 C's of measles: Cough; Coryza; Conjunctivitis; "C"oplik spots; Confluent rash | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/24/19 10:32 AM | Yazan | Alzu'bi | yazan_zo3bi@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
384 | 172 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Hepatitis viruses | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-virus-infection-in-adults-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=hepatitis%20A&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H3024115574 | Hepatitis A is NOT usually asymptomatic (only in children <6yo). In fact, 70% of cases in adults have symptoms that usually begin with abrupt onset of nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, malaise, and abdominal pain. Within a few days to a week, dark urine (bilirubinuria) appears; pale stools (lacking bilirubin pigment) may also be observed. These are followed by jaundice and pruritus (40 to 70 percent of cases). The early signs and symptoms usually diminish when jaundice appears, and jaundice typically peaks within two weeks. Physical findings include fever, jaundice, scleral icterus, hepatomegaly (80 percent of cases), and right upper quadrant tenderness to palpation | Major erratum | Accept. User is correct. HAV commonly present with acute, self-limiting, hepatitis. Replace "Asymptomatic (usually), Acute" With "Acute and self-limiting (adults), Asymptomatic (children)" - Humood https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-virus-infection-in-adults-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=hepatitis%20A&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H3024115574 | Good point. Agree with Humood. - Vivek | Good point! I agree it would be more accurate to make the change that Humood suggested (per UTD reference). - Sarah | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 2:49 AM | Nicolas | Curi Gawlinski | nicolascurii@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
385 | 172 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Hepatitis viruses | ![]() | Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease 9th Ed, pg 839 | hepatitis E is Endemic in Equatorial regions and frequently Epidemic (highlight E’s) | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. Epidemic, Endemic, and Equatorial. I do not think this is super HY for a mnemonic. - Humood | Reject. Helping students to remember it with a mnemonic will unlikely to help them. - Vivek | Agree - this mnemonic is not particularly helpful/HY. Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 5:59 AM | Nicolas | Curi | nicolascurii@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
386 | 172 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Hepatitis viruses | ![]() | N/A | for Hep E, to remeber preganacy, I would say PregnancEE | Mnemonic | Verified | Not a big fan. Sorry. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 05/01/19 10:45 AM | Omair | Chaudry | ochaudry19@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
387 | 172 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Hepatitis viruses | ![]() | n/a | ABCDEFG of Hep B. A: Arthralgia, B: Blood/baby/B, C: Cytotoxic T Cells/Carrier, D: DNA/Duration long, E: Eosinophilic, F: Fever/Full resolution, G: Granular, H: Hepadnavirus | Mnemonic | Verified | Not a big fan. Seems random. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 05/22/19 11:22 AM | Cameron | Hanson | cameronglennhanson@kcumb.edu | |||||||||||||||
388 | 172 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Hepatitis viruses | ![]() | myself | HAV and HEV are fEcAl (fecal - oral transmission) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/23/19 9:02 PM | Francisco | Duenas | francisco.duenasmd@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
389 | 175 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | HIV | ![]() | pg 175 FA | gp "(F)orty" for (F)usion | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. Reasonable mnemonic. Let's discuss on Annotate. It has to be tweaked to say forty-one. - Humood | Accept. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 03/09/19 9:14 AM | Raul | Orozco Villalobos | raul_ou_fan@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
390 | 175 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | HIV | ![]() | n/a | How to remember which receptor is used for early vs. late infection in HIV: ‘Early’ has 5 letters = CCR5 ; ‘Late’ has 4 letters = CXCR4 | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. Reasonable mnemonic. Let's discuss it on Annotate. - Humood | Accept. I find this mnemonic very helpful. Agree to discuss further on annotate. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 03/24/19 5:27 PM | Mackenzie | Madison | madisonm@iu.edu | ||||||||||||||
391 | 175 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | HIV | ![]() | N/A | Being a 'HOMO'-sexual 'M'ale usually increases the risk of getting HIV compared to the general population. However, a 'HOMO'zygous 'M'utation in 'M'acrophages (CCR5) makes you immune to the infection! | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/27/19 5:41 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
392 | 175 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | HIV diagnosis | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/211316-workup#c1 | in the diagram "intermediate" should be "indeterminate" | Spelling/formatting | Added during 2020 final pass. Can be considered for acknowledgement in next edition. Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 11/04/19 9:07 AM | Ranya | Baddourah | ranyabaddourah@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
393 | 177 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Common diseases of HIV-positive adults | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mycobacterium-avium-complex-mac-infections-in-persons-with-hiv | Mycobacterium Avium Intracellulare/complex mostly occurs in HIV patients with CD4 count less than 50cells/mm3. as mention in the table for sure it is less than 100 but to be more specific it would be better if you classify both organisms under less than 50 cells/mm3. | High-yield addition to next year | Discussion already on annotate. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 05/20/19 7:02 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
394 | 177 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Common diseases of HIV-positive adults | ![]() | n/a | Assuming CD 4+ count as DOLLAR$$$. CD4+ cell <500/mm3 (< 500 million $) You CAN Buy 2-Houses CANdida albicans, EBV, HHV-8, HPV CD4+ cell <200/mm3 (< 200 $) CAP, Hat, JoCkey and PyJama CANdida albicans, EBV, HHV-8, HPV CD4+ cell <100/mm3 (< 100 $) You CAN Go To A BAR and Buy yourself a CRaft beer and C-Mo:Mo CANdida albicans, Toxoplasm Gondii, Aspergillus fumigatus, BARtonella spp, EBV, CRyptosporidium spp, CRytococcus neoformans, CMV, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare | Mnemonic | Verified | Not a big fan. - Humood | Reject. This is too much for a mnemonic. I do not think it would be very useful to the readers and might be pretty overwhelming. Ashten | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 9:39 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
395 | 177 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Common diseases of HIV-positive adults | ![]() | N/A | CMV infections in AIDS = C.R.E.E.P. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 11/22/19 1:40 PM | Halee | Einfeld | raxorium@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
396 | 178 | Microbiology | ![]() | Systems | Bugs causing food-borne illness | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/vibrio-parahaemolyticus | V parahaemolyticus and V vulnificus . source of infection contaminated or raw seafood. adding the word raw to the text | Clarification to current text | Okay. Added to annotate. - Humood https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vibrio-vulnificus-infections?search=vibrio%20vulnificus&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~35&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | ![]() | ![]() | 05/13/19 11:05 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
397 | 181 | Microbiology | ![]() | Systems | Common vaginal infections | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PC%2F68759&topicKey=OBGYN%2F5477&search=common%20vaginal%20infections&source=outline_link&selectedTitle=1~150 and https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=OBGYN%2F81449&topicKey=OBGYN%2F5477&search=common%20vaginal%20infections&source=outline_link&selectedTitle=1~150 | This might be an overkill for Step 1, but I've made this table with data from UpToDate that adds a lot of value in diagnostic and differentials between these common vaginal infections, looking at their Si/Sx. | High-yield addition to next year | Accept. Let's migrate this table to Annotate and discuss what needs to be included in the book. - Humood | This table is interesting. But I feel most of it is already covered and. However, we can move this table on annotate and see how can we optimize our current table, particularly symptomatic and diagnostic differences. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 3:31 AM | Nicolas | Curi Gawlinski | nicolascurii@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
398 | 181 | Microbiology | ![]() | Systems | Common vaginal infections | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16648432 | Bacterial vaginosis it is Off white discharge, lab findings: positive whiff test(amine odor with KOH). Trichomonas vaginitis is THIN foul smelling discharge. Candida Vulvovaginitis : ph normal (3.8-4.5) for the treatment Azoles (eg,Fluconazole) | Clarification to current text | Reject. I didn't get the proposal. We have a table that contrasts all types of vaginal infections. - Humood | Reject. Unnecessary. This information is covered sufficiently in the table. Ashten | Agree with the authors. The table covers all HY information already. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/14/19 11:09 AM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
399 | 181 | Microbiology | ![]() | Systems | Urinary tract infections | ![]() | My brain | Usual pathogens- KEEPS = Klebsiella, E.coli, Enterococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Staph. Saprophyticus, Serratia | Mnemonic | Verified | Mnemonic. Defer to 2020. - Humood | I feel it is a helpful mnemonic and reasonable to consider for UTI. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 02/01/19 1:24 PM | Mariah | Gosling | goslingm@hawaii.edu | ||||||||||||||
400 | 182 | Microbiology | ![]() | Systems | ToRCHeS infections | ![]() | FA p. 182 | Go to IT to fix your PC (Intraventricular calcifications with Toxoplasmosis; Periventricular calcifications with Cytomegalovirus) | Mnemonic | Verified | Mnemonic. Defer to 2020. - Humood | Does't really make sense to me. Reject. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 12/28/18 12:11 PM | Elan | Baskir | ebask003@fiu.edu | ||||||||||||||
401 | 182 | Microbiology | ![]() | Systems | ToRCHeS infections | ![]() | FA19 p.182 | *CALL* *IT* to fix your *PC* (Intracranial *CALL*cifications with *T*oxoplasma, *P*eriventricular with *C*ytomegalovirus) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Not a big fan, sorry. - Humood | Reject. The mnemonic is not very easy to remember on first read and may actually require more thought to keep straight than just remembering the specific facts. - Ashten | ![]() | ![]() | 03/28/19 5:59 PM | Elan | Baskir | ebask003@fiu.edu | ||||||||||||||
402 | 182 | Microbiology | ![]() | Systems | ToRCHeS infections | ![]() | mnemonic, p. 182 FA | CALl IT for your PC. CALcifications: Intracranial/Toxo, Periventricular/Cmv | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Sorry not a big fan. - Humood | Reject. Toxoplasmosis has a distinct presentation that probably does not need a mnemonic for students to remember. In summary: not worth it. - Ashten | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 3:12 PM | Elan | Baskir | ebask003@fiu.edu | ||||||||||||||
403 | 182 | Microbiology | ![]() | Systems | ToRCHeS infections | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19697432 | Pulmonary Artery stenosis is associated with congenital rubella syndrome. | Clarification to current text | Reject. Not super HY. PDA is more important association. - Humood | Reject. I think Humood makes a good point. While the evidence provided does uphold this suggestion, I do not think that it would be tested on Step 1 over PDA. Ashten | I agree with the authors. The association with PDA is more HY. Also, we mention congenital rubella as a cause of pulmonary artery stenosis in the cardiovascular chapter already. I don't think it is sufficiently HY to warrant repetition here. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/13/19 11:14 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
404 | 183 | Microbiology | ![]() | Systems | Red rashes of childhood | ![]() | i have no hyperlinks, i came up with that | after a Rad Party, CHug Milk and Sleep Vell ( Rubella virus , Parvovirus B19, Coxsackievirus type A, HHV-8, Measles virus, Strep. pyogenes, Vzv) | Mnemonic | Verified | Mnemonic. Defer to 2020. - Humood | A complicated mnemonic. Suggest to reject it. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 12/25/18 2:44 PM | deepika | gudapati | deepgudapati@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
405 | 183 | Microbiology | ![]() | Systems | Red rashes of childhood | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpangina | in Coxsackievirus type A ulcer in oral mucosa, what if you add (Herpangina) after oral mucosa | Clarification to current text | Accept. Added to annotate. - Humood https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease-and-herpangina?search=coxsackie%20virus&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~92&usage_type=default&display_rank=2 | ![]() | ![]() | 05/14/19 11:15 AM | Muhand | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
406 | 184 | Microbiology | ![]() | Systems | Sexually transmitted infections | ![]() | N/A | Granuloma inguinale --> The character "A" which cites the picture, has a different font compared to elsewhere in the book. | Spelling/formatting | Verified | User is correct. Can implement in 2020. Font seems smaller than the elsewhere. - Humood | Agree. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 12/29/18 4:32 AM | Behnam | Nabavizadeh | behnam.nabavi@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
407 | 187 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Antimicrobial therapy | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3457410/ | mecA gene originally identified in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) encodes a PBP of 668 amino acid residues which is responsible for beta-lactam resistance | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. The numbers do not seem super HY. - Humood | Reject. Polypeptide size probably does not matter because the point is that a PBP is encoded by the gene, which is the mechanism by which the resistance occurs. Ashten | ![]() | ![]() | 02/27/19 9:34 AM | Reema | Patel | patelr58@students.rowan.edu | ||||||||||||||
408 | 187 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Antimicrobial therapy | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nitrofurantoin-drug-information?search=nitrofurantoin&topicRef=8065&source=see_link#F201984 | Nitrofurantoin - first line therapy in Acute uncomplicated cystitis >or= 12 years of age and chronic recurrent UTIs. It is a High risk medication in Geriatric patients (>or = 65 years) as it is included in Beers criteria. Contraindications: Anuria, oliguria, or significant impairment of renal function (creatinine clearance [CrCl] <60 mL/minute or clinically significant elevated serum creatinine) or previous history of cholestatic jaundice or hepatic dysfunction associated with prior nitrofurantoin | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 03/19/19 4:46 AM | Bassel | Hafez | basselhafez95@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
409 | 187 | Microbiology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Antimicrobial therapy | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nitrofurantoin-drug-information?search=nitrofurantoin&topicRef=8065&source=see_link#F201984 | Nitrofurantoin - first line therapy in Acute uncomplicated cystitis >or= 12 years of age and chronic recurrent UTIs. It is a High risk medication in Geriatric patients (>or = 65 years) as it is included in Beers criteria. Contraindications: Anuria, oliguria, or significant impairment of renal function (creatinine clearance [CrCl] <60 mL/minute or clinically significant elevated serum creatinine) or previous history of cholestatic jaundice or hepatic dysfunction associated with prior nitrofurantoin | High-yield addition to next year | Accept. Agree to add new entry for nitrofurantoin. - Humood | Agree, this would be a HY entry. We have no dedicated entry for nitrofurantoin. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 03/19/19 4:53 AM | Bassel | Hafez | basselhafez95@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
410 | 188 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Penicillinase-resistant penicillins | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5517843/ | Kindly add methicillin to the list of penicillase-resistant penicillins | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Defer to 2020. ? HY new content. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 12/31/18 4:11 AM | Kamleshun | Ramphul | adramphul@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
411 | 189 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Cephalosporins | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases?search=Ceftolozane&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~12&usage_type=default&display_rank=3 | Add "Ceftolozane" in 3rd generation as it has enhanced activity against Pseudomonase and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobactericeae. Used with tazobactam | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. I don't recall coming across this info. Does not seem super HY. - Humood | Reject. I also did not come across this. It looks like the brand name for ceftolozane/tazobactam is Zerbaxa, which I have yet to encounter during third year. Ashten | ![]() | ![]() | 02/07/19 7:16 PM | Rodrigo | Cavalcante | rodrigoccavalcante@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
412 | 189 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Cephalosporins | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cephalosporins | Inside 2nd generation cephalosporins, add "Used in the prophylaxis and therapy of anaerobic contamination from the GI tract in the abdominal and pelvic cavities". Below the entry "2nd gen - HENS PEck" add ⇒ Anaerobic coverage (specifically Cefotetan and Cefoxitin) | High-yield addition to next year | Reject. I don't think this is super HY. I haven't seen this being asked on the boards. - Humood | Reject. Not HY. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 2:57 AM | Nicolas | Curi Gawlinski | nicolascurii@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
413 | 189 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Cephalosporins | ![]() | https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.001572#tab2 | Enterobacter Aerogenes is now known as Klebsiella Aerogenes. Also listed as 'E. Aerogenes' on page 190 under "Carbapenems: Mechanism of resistance" | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/13/19 2:34 AM | Rob | Shvarts | rob.shvarts@emory.edu | |||||||||||||||||
414 | 189 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | β-lactamase inhibitors | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/combination-beta-lactamase-inhibitors-carbapenems-and-monobactams?search=vaborbactam&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~6&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Add "vaborbactam" to the list as used in Meropenem-vaborbactam for KPC | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Defer to 2020. ? HY new content. - Humood | Defer to 2020. Looking at the UpToDate entry, it looks like the evidence is not super robust yet for the effectiveness of that drug combo vs. other antibiotics. It would be worth watching this, but I doubt it will be relevant for Step over the next year. Ashten | ![]() | ![]() | 01/25/19 8:36 PM | Rodrigo | Cavalcante | rodrigoccavalcante@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
415 | 190 | Microbiology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Clostridia | ![]() | Uworld | Fidaxomicin is a macrocytic antibiotic that inhibits RNA polymerase and is bactericidal to C. difficile. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Defer to 2020. ? HY new content. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 12/30/18 2:09 PM | Gurnoor | Grewal | gurnoorgrewal92@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||||
416 | 190 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Vancomycin | ![]() | n/a | “Red Man NOT wearing a DRESS singing DA-DA inside his VAN” Red Man Syndrome Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Thrombophlebitis DRESS syndrome Binds D-A-D-A portion of cell wall precursors VANcomycin. | Mnemonic | Verified | Not a big fan. Sorry. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 9:41 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
417 | 190 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Vancomycin | ![]() | Self-written | VANcomycin - REDMAN is driving the VAN (redman syndrome with vancomycin) that you need a D-Ala/dollar to ride with (addition to pre-existing mnemonic). For clostridium difficile infection we send the VAN directly into GIT (ORAL DOSE) to look for pseudomembranes made by C. Difficile. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 11:32 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
418 | 191 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Aminoglycosides | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/aminoglycosides?search=aminoglycosides&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Add "Plazomicin" as a novel aminoglycoside used for KPC and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Defer to 2020. ? HY new content. - Humood | I afraid this novel drug will be tested on step 1 exam. Reject. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/25/19 8:42 PM | Rodrigo | Cavalcante | rodrigoccavalcante@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
419 | 191 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Aminoglycosides | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/aminoglycosides | The figure shows that aminoglycosides inhibit initiation complex formation. The following is from Uptodate: "The aminoglycosides primarily act by binding to the aminoacyl site of 16S ribosomal RNA within the 30S ribosomal subunit, leading to misreading of the genetic code and inhibition of translocation [3,4]. The initial steps required for peptide synthesis, such as binding of mRNA and the association of the 50S ribosomal subunit, are uninterrupted, but elongation fails to occur due to disruption of the mechanisms for ensuring translational accuracy". | Major erratum | Verified | I think we are correct in saying that it generally inhibits initiation complex formation through binding of the 3OS submit (therefore called 30S inhibitors; depicted in the illustration page 191 ) and thus it leads to elongation failure. Though I agree the minute details on the molecular interaction is not highlighted (that's why the student is confused) which is not important to mention IMO. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/aminoglycoside - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 03/13/19 5:34 AM | Xiang | Guo | drguox@126.com | |||||||||||||||
420 | 191 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Protein synthesis inhibitors | ![]() | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/lincomycin | Lincomycin drug it binds also to 50s sub unit.what if you added to the mnemonics CCEL at 50 to be CCELL. extra L for lincomycin | Clarification to current text | Reject. Lincomycin is not super HY in my opinion. - Humood | Reject. Agree with Humood - LY. Ashten | Agree with authors. This is a relatively LY drug. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/13/19 7:26 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
421 | 192 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Tetracyclines | ![]() | Not needed. | For mechanism of resistance: Tetracyclines are treated as Trash by bacteria. You dont want to bring Trash inside (reduced uptake) you want to throw it out (increased efflux) | Mnemonic | Verified | Mnemonic. Defer to 2020. - Humood | I feel it would be a big mnemonic which one may need to memorize further. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/01/19 7:51 AM | Muhammad Faizan | Ali | faizanali.93@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
422 | 192 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Tetracyclines | ![]() | None | To remember that Tetracyclines are contraindicated in pregnancy you can use the mnemonic "tetrogen" or "tetragen" (teratogen) | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. This is appropriate. I prefer "TETRA-gen" for consistency. Ashten | Interesting mnemonic. Both words look similar and may be helpful to remember this. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 03/05/19 4:57 PM | Manyle | Ahmed | ManyleAhmed@Gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
423 | 192 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Tetracyclines | ![]() | N/A | Adverse effects of tetracyclines (some of them are found in different sections of FA, so this list is more comprehensive than the one in the FA tetracycline section): Tetracyclines Freeze Bone Growth In Prepubescent Patients = Teeth discoloration, Fanconi syndrome (expired tetracyclines), Bone growth inhibition, GI distress, Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, Pill-induced esophagitis, Photosensitivity. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 11/25/19 12:59 PM | Halee | Einfeld | raxorium@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
424 | 193 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Macrolides | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/azithromycin-clarithromycin-and-telithromycin?search=macrolides&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H12 | On aminoglycosides, it is mentioned that they can cause neuromuscular blockade and are contraindicated in patients with myasthenia gravis. Telithromycin, a macrolide, can also cause exarcebation and it is contraindicated for MG patients. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Defer to 2020. ? HY new content. - Humood | Reject. Telithromycin is now rarely used due to postmarketing reports of hepatotoxicity and exacerbations of myasthenia gravis which is not reported with other drugs in this class. We also don't mention this drug anywhere in the FA. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/25/19 8:59 PM | Rodrigo | Cavalcante | rodrigoccavalcante@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
425 | 195 | Microbiology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Antimicrobial therapy | ![]() | Not needed | Write Daptomycin as "DaptomySKIN to remember that this antibiotic is used to treat skin infections. | Mnemonic | Verified | Okay. Sounds reasonable. Added to annotate. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 07/01/19 3:06 PM | Jackeline | Porto | jcjp0704@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
426 | 196 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Rifamycins | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/rifamycins-rifampin-rifabutin-rifapentine/print | Current text claims "Rifampin ramps up cytochrome P-450, but rifabutin does not." This is not true, as rifabutin is considered an inducer of CYP-450, although to a lesser extent than rifampin. I suggest the following rewrite: "Rifampin RAMPS up cytochrome P-450. So does Rifabutin, BUT less so." | Minor erratum | Verified | I understand teh student's concern that the current mnemonic is reflecting as if Rifabutin does not induce CYP-450 at al. However, that is already added in the second column of rifamycins which states- "Rifabutin favored over rifampin in patients with lllV infection due to less cytochrome P-450 stimulation." We can work on the mnemonic during next revision. Currently, it is fine as is. - Vivek | Reject. Agree with Author. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/10/19 2:38 PM | Emily | Coker | ecoker@ucla.edu | |||||||||||||
427 | 196 | Microbiology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Rifamycins | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/rifaximin-drug-information?search=rifaximin&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1~37&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1 | Rifaximin, sold under the trade name Xifaxan among others, is an antibiotic used to treat traveler's diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, cl difficile infection (off label), and hepatic encephalopathy. It has poor absorption when taken by mouth | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 07/31/19 9:10 PM | Pavel | Aksionav | pavlusha_aksenov@mail.ru | |||||||||||||||||
428 | 197 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Ethambutol | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ethambutol-an-overview | Replace "may be reversible" with "usually reversible". Optic neuritis is reversible in most patients. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Agree. User is correct. - Humood | Ok. not an erratum but good clarification. - Sarah | Change to "Usually reversible." | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Sheldon Campbell | Agree. That's more precise wording. | Warren Levinson | Neither Katzung nor Mandell discuss reversibility of Optic Neuritis due to ethambutol, so I think I’ll pass on this one. | Accept | Change to "Usually reversible." | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 3:43 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | ||||||
429 | 198 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Prophylaxis in HIV/AIDS patients | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1529727-overview#a8 | Primary prophylaxis for Mycobacterium avium (MAC) in people living with HIV infection who immediately initiate ART is no longer recommended, regardless of CD4 count (AII recommendation). | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/15/19 7:16 AM | Mohamad Hekmat | Sukkari | hekmat_sukkari@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
430 | 198 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Treatment of highly resistant bacteria | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5204005/ | For drugs that treat MRSA: “There’s a line (linezolid) to dab (daptomycin) in the clean (clindamycin-according to Sketchy Pharm) van (vancomycin).” Also-“Tiger (tigecycline) and dog (doxycycline) covered in TonS (TMP-SMX according to Sketchy Pharm) of tar (ceftaroline).” | Mnemonic | Verified | Not a big fan. Sorry. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 06/07/19 2:34 PM | Carlos | Silva | Csilva@llu.edu | |||||||||||||||
431 | 199 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Amphotericin B | ![]() | 1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pharmacology-of-amphotericin-b, 2. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-cryptococcus-neoformans-meningoencephalitis-in-hiv-infected-patients | Replace "Intrathecally for fungal meningitis" with "Intrathecally for coccidioidal meningitis". Intrathecal administration is not used for cryptococcal meningitis. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Agree. User is correct. - Humood | Ok. not an erratum but good clarification.Ok. not an erratum but good clarification. - Sarah | Replace "Intrathecally for fungal meningitis" with "Intrathecally for coccidioidal meningitis". | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Sheldon Campbell | Agree with change. I looked for other likely uses of intrathecal Ampho, didn't find any. | Warren Levinson | I agree. Change “fungal” to “coccidioidal” | Accept | Replace "Intrathecally for fungal meningitis" with "Intrathecally for coccidioidal meningitis". | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 3:45 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | ||||||
432 | 199 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Antifungal therapy | ![]() | UWorld, UpToDate | Azoles specifically blocks 14-alpha-demethylase (the cytochrome P450 enzyme that converts lanosterol to ergosterol) | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Defer to 2020. ? HY new content. - Humood | Already covered in the page 198 and 199; however, we should specifically mention within the illustration that the enzyme 14-alpha-demethylase is actually a cytochrome P450 enzyme. [Because in the text (199) we mentioned that it blocks cyt450 but on illustration (198) we mentioned it inhibits demethylase] - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/15/19 7:33 PM | Prasanna | Patel | rinzal.jsn@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
433 | 199 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Antifungal therapy | ![]() | First Aid for the USMLE STEP 1 2019 | PHARMACOLOGY (ANTIFUNGALS): Fact (p.199): Nystatin for the treatment for oral Candidiasis Mneumonic: NY State Candidates I voted for (orally) Fact (p.199): Flucytosine for the treatment of meningitis by Cryptococcus Mneumonic: FLU got you feeling CRYPTO Fact (p.199): Azoles inhibit cytochrome P-450 Mneumonic: That azole is so inhibited Fact (p.199): Terbanafine for the treatment of fungal nail infections. Mneumonic: TER (her) FINE nails Fact (p.200): Echinocandins for cell wall inhibition includes caspofungin Mneumonic: CASPER the friendly ghost goes through WALLS PHARMACOLOGY (ANTIMICROBIALS): P.204: Antibiotics contraindicated during pregnancy: MCAT M- Metronidazole C- Chloramphenicol A- Aminoglycosides T- Tetracyclines | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 3:22 AM | Madiha | Khan | madiha34m@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
434 | 199 | Microbiology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Antifungal therapy | ![]() | (my brain) | For Flucytosine - "FU-cytosine" - since it involves 5-FU | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Seems like a stretch. - Humood | Reject. Not very intuitive. Ashten | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 2:09 PM | Andrew | Ko | andrewko@hawaii.edu | ||||||||||||||
435 | 199 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Azoles | ![]() | first aid | see attachment | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/31/19 9:50 AM | Mohamed | Menofy | mohamed.a.menofy@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
436 | 200 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Anti-mite/louse therapy | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pediculosis-capitis?search=lice%20treatment&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~86&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H88337; https://www.uptodate.com/contents/lindane-drug-information?search=Lindane&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1~13&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1 | Include topical ivermectin as treatment. Remove Lindane or clarify Lindane neurotoxicity. Lindane lotion has been discontinued in the US for more than 1 year. Only use lindane in patients who cannot tolerate or have failed first-line treatment. | Clarification to current text | Verified | I agree. I suggest removing Lindane and adding topical +/- oral ivermectin (as oral ivermectin is used for scabies while the topical version is used for pediculosis). - Sarah | Agree, remove Lindane, add "Topical +/- oral ivermectin" | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Sheldon Campbell | Does the section include the cheapest, most widely used agents -- permethrins and benzoyl alcohol? | Warren Levinson | Yes add ivermectin to Permethrin Delete Lindane. | Accept | Agree, remove Lindane, add "Topical +/- oral ivermectin" | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 2:51 PM | Sheila | Serin | serinsheila@yahoo.com | |||||||
437 | 201 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Drug names | ![]() | UpToDate Docosanol: Drug information | Docosanol is a topical agent that prevents viral entry and replication at the cellular level. It is used for orolabial herpes | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Defer to 2020. ? HY new content. - Humood | Not high yield IMO. Reject. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/15/19 7:00 PM | Prasanna | Patel | rinzal.jsn@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
438 | 202 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Ganciclovir | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ganciclovir-and-valganciclovir-an-overview#H2 | Ganciclovir monophosphate is formed by UL97 Kinase. It is called the UL97 kinase b/c The drug is converted intracellularly to ganciclovir 5'-monophosphate by a viral kinase, which is encoded by the cytomegalovirus (CMV) gene UL97 during infection. I would indicate that it is the triphosphate form that preferentially inhibits viral DNA polymerases more than cellular DNA polymerases. In addition, ganciclovir triphosphate serves as a poor substrate for chain elogation, thereby disrupting viral DNA synthesis by a second route :-) | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/23/19 8:12 PM | Mark | Pilarski | markdp21@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||||||
439 | 203 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | HIV therapy | ![]() | not needed | For abacavir association with HLA-B*57:01, highlight AB in abacavir red and highlight the A-B in HLA-B*57:01 red for memory aid | Mnemonic | Verified | Mnemonic. Defer to 2020. - Humood | Not helpful IMO. Reject. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 12/22/18 2:52 PM | Nicholas | Yeisley | nwygz4@mail.umkc.edu | ||||||||||||||
440 | 203 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | HIV therapy | ![]() | not needed | "miraviroCXX"; (CXX is roman numerals for 120, gp120) | Mnemonic | Verified | Mnemonic. Defer to 2020. - Humood | Not helpful IMO. Reject. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 12/28/18 9:48 AM | Nicholas | Yeisley | nwygz4@mail.umkc.edu | ||||||||||||||
441 | 203 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | HIV therapy | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3773846/ | Maraviroc is not a fusion inhibitor. It is a co-receptor binding inhibitor. Both fusion inhibitors and co-receptor binding inhibitors are considered ENTRY inhibitors. I recommend changing "Fusion inhibitors" with "Entry inhibitors". This also applies to the chart on page 201. | Minor erratum | Verified | I agree - it would be more appropriate to rename these "Entry inhibitors". UTD (Overview of antiretroviral agents used to treat HIV) also uses this term. I don't think it is a major erratum but should be addressed in the next edition. - Sarah | i agree, entry inhibitor is more appropriate word ~ parth | Agree, change to "Entry inhibitors" | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Sheldon Campbell | Agree; that's a sensible grouping. | Warren Levinson | 203 HIV I agree. Change “Fusion” to “Entry” | Accept | Change"Fusion inhibitors" to "Entry inhibitors" | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 3:47 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | ||||||
442 | 203 | Microbiology | ![]() | Pharmacology | HIV therapy | ![]() | myself | NRTI mnemonic: TESLA DZ Tenofovir, Emtricitabine, Stavudine, Lamivudine, Didanosine, Zidovudine | Mnemonic | Verified | Mnemonic. Defer to 2020. - Humood | This mnemonic standalone is not intuitive and helpful IMO. Would reject it. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/29/19 8:47 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
443 | 203 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | HIV therapy | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16302461 | Enfuvirtide is NOT effective against HIV-2, but at the top of the page it says only NNRTIs are not effective against HIV-2 | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 05/14/19 3:59 PM | Matthew | Pavlica | mpavlica@nyit.edu | |||||||||||||||||
444 | 203 | Microbiology | ![]() | Pharmacology | HIV therapy | ![]() | From the DHHS: https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/fact-sheets/21/52/when-to-start-antiretroviral-therapy | ART is now started for ALL HIV patients as soon as possible. | High-yield addition to next year | Accept. I think it would be prudent for us to update the text to reflect this practice: "Antiretroviral therapy (ART): initiated at the time of HIV diagnosis." Ashten | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 4:46 AM | Andrew | Ko | andrewko@hawaii.edu | ||||||||||||||||
445 | 203 | Microbiology | ![]() | Pharmacology | HIV therapy | ![]() | (my brain) | Current mnemonic: "EnFUvirtude - FUsion inhibitor"; Suggestion: "EnFUvirtude - FUsion inhibitor - gp FUrty-one" | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Too much. I think it might be too overwhelming to remember. Given Sarah's comment on Annotate about "Entry Inhibitors" vs "Fusion Inhibitors," I would recommend this: ENfuvirtude inhibits ENtry. Ashten | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 4:48 AM | Andrew | Ko | andrewko@hawaii.edu | |||||||||||||||
446 | 203 | Microbiology | ![]() | Pharmacology | HIV therapy | ![]() | No reference needed. | Staph Aureus Dies Tomorrow as wELL. Staph-> stavudine. Aureus-> Abacavir. Dies-> Didanosine. Tomorrow-> Tenofovir. wELl-> Emtricitabine and Lamivudine | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Too complicated. Ashten | ![]() | ![]() | 06/27/19 5:46 PM | Mohamed | Elashwal | melashwal@outloo.com | |||||||||||||||
447 | 203 | Microbiology | ![]() | Pharmacology | HIV therapy | ![]() | No reference needed. mnemonic | NNRTIs Mnemonic: Elves Never Die. Elves-> Efavirenz. Never-> Nevirapine. Die-> Delavirdine. | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. This one's pretty good; it's simple and get to the point about the drugs in that class. Ashten | ![]() | ![]() | 06/27/19 5:49 PM | Mohamed | Elashwal | melashwal@outlook.com | |||||||||||||||
448 | 203 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | HIV therapy | ![]() | None Mnemonic | Nucleos(t)ides LimiT HIV DiAZESs (Diseases) Competitively DEN (than) Non-nucleosides. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Too complicated and clunky. Ashten | ![]() | ![]() | 07/05/19 2:50 PM | Akintunde | Gbadebo | akintundegbadebo@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
449 | 203 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | HIV therapy | ![]() | None | "DIDanosine can lead to PancreaDIDis". An easy way to remember this small and very testable fact. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/03/19 7:59 PM | Sumeet | Salhotra | salhotra1991@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||||
450 | 203 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | HIV therapy | ![]() | not needed | Mnemonic for remembering the seven antiretrovirals in the NRTIs | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/26/19 10:05 PM | Alexa | Lawson | lexielawson19@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
451 | 203 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | HIV therapy | ![]() | Self-written | ProTEASE Inhibitiors - NAVIR (never) TEASE (proTEASE) chubby/large people who have lipodystrophy/cushings and high blood sugar (these are complications of protease inhibitor use). They are at risk of complications! | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 11:37 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
452 | 203 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | HIV therapy | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-hiv-2-infection | HIV-2 is resistant to NNRTIs and all fusion inhibitors (inc. enfuviritide and maraviroc). HIV-2 also has variable resistance against protease inhibitors (so PI regimens must be used with caution). Finally, a clarification on page 175 about when to suspect HIV-2 would be helpful (person from endemic area [West Africa]). Thanks! | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/08/19 5:50 PM | Bryce | Hwang | bphwang@stanford.edu | |||||||||||||||||
453 | 204 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Hepatitis C therapy | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/simeprevir-drug-information | Adverse effects of Grazoprevir and Simeprevir are switched | Minor erratum | Yes, the user is correct. According to medscape and UTD, headache and fatigue has been reported in 10% of patients taking Grazoprevir. (1) In case of Simeprevir, photosensitivity reactions and rash have been most commonly reported. (2) [Current text states the opposite] 1. https://reference.medscape.com/drug/zepatier-elbasvir-grazoprevir-1000055#4 2. https://reference.medscape.com/drug/olysio-simeprevir-999875#4 - Vivek | Well spotted. Minor erratum to be fixed during Pass 2. - Sarah | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/06/19 11:20 AM | Nayla | Mroueh | naylamroueh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
454 | 204 | Microbiology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Hepatitis C therapy | ![]() | https://www-uptodate-com.proxy.hsc.unt.edu/contents/treatment-regimens-for-chronic-hepatitis-c-virus-genotype-1-infection-in-adults?search=hepatitis%20c%20treatment&topicRef=3673&source=see_link#H16319566 | Mnemonic/"general rule" to help remember drug treatment combinations for Hep C | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. I agree with Vivek: the suggestion seems to be lacking. Ashten | This mnemonic suggestion is not clear to me. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 05/06/19 10:33 PM | Emily | Tutt | emilyktutt@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
455 | 204 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Hepatitis C therapy | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-regimens-for-chronic-hepatitis-c-virus-genotype-1-infection-in-adults?search=ledipasvir&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3~28&usage_type=default&display_rank=3#H253485860 | Capitalizing the letter A in ledipAsvir and ombitAsvir make it easier to remember they are ns5*A* inhibitors. Same thing for letter B in sofosBuvir and dasaBuvir as they are ns5*B* inhibitors. Additionally, some of the hepatitis C therapies are not in the index. | Mnemonic | Verified | Thanks for the comment. That sounds a good idea and helpful to remember NS5A AND NS5B inhibitors. We can forward this suggestion to annotate. With regard to, hepatitis C therapies, this needs to be checked by the indexed time at a later time. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 05/07/19 8:09 PM | Tho | Nguyen | tnguyen27@kumc.edu | |||||||||||||||
456 | 204 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Hepatitis C therapy | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206157/ | On page 204 under NS3/4A inhibitors under toxicity; should read: Simeprevir: Photosensitivity reactions, rash, headache, fatigue, nausea. Grazoprevir: headache and fatigue. Here is a quote from this article 'The main side effects of Simeprevir include headache, fatigue, nausea, photosensitivity and skin rash’ | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 06/04/19 12:09 AM | Tricia | Scales | tscales@sgu.edu | |||||||||||||||||
457 | 204 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Hepatitis C therapy | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177792-treatment#d11 | Ribavirin is a guanosine nucleoSide inhibitor as it is a nucleoside analogue. The statement that it inhibits 'synthesis of guanine nucleotides' is true as well but I find it clearer to say that it is a nucleoside inhibitor rather than it 'inhibits the synthesis of nucleotides.' | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 06/30/19 2:43 PM | Ian | Mark | ianmark926@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
458 | 204 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | Interferons | ![]() | n/a | (2018 edition) In Clinical Use row, "Chronic HBV and HVC" should be changed to "Chronic HBV and HCV" (HCV has letters transposed) | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 05/18/19 11:40 PM | Nehaly | Shah | nehaly.shah@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
459 | 206 | Pathology | ![]() | Pathology | Barrett esophagus | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459330/ | Barrett’s esophagus is the condition in which a specialized columnar epithelium replaces the normal stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 08/23/19 12:24 PM | Nilay | Patel | nlypatel@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||||||
460 | 206 | Pathology | ![]() | Pathology | Cell injury | ![]() | https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/bcr287 | Desmoplasia:the proliferation of non-neoplastic fibrous tissue | High-yield addition to next year | Yes, this is true, but not as testable and may lead to some confusion. I think it is best left with metaplasia, dysplasia, and hyperplasia. -SM | ![]() | ![]() | 05/14/19 9:36 PM | Lincoln | Kavinsky | lincoln.kavinsky@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
461 | 206 | Pathology | ![]() | Pathology | Cellular adaptations | ![]() | https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.aub.edu.lb/contents/epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-of-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia; https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.aub.edu.lb/contents/overview-of-benign-breast-disease | Add "BPH" as an exception to neoplastic potential of hyperplasia, and add "apocrine metaplasia of the breast" as an exception to neoplastic potential of metaplasia. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. I'm not entirely sure what this submiter wants us to do. This could have possibly been an errata for a previous version? -SM Agreed, Reject - AKB | Reject. It seems like the student is suggesting that the text states that all hyperplasia and metaplasia have neoplastic potential? -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/12/19 12:30 PM | Ralph | Zeitoun | riz07@mail.aub.edu | ||||||||||||||
462 | 206 | Pathology | ![]() | Cellular | Cellular adaptations | ![]() | n/a | To remember the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia: the LARGEST cells will win a TROPHY (larger cells in hyperTROPHY). A cell wants MORE cell friends to PLAY with (make more cells in hyperPLAYsia). | Mnemonic | Verified | Nice mnemonic but not terribly useful. Can skip. - AKB | I think this mnemonic is good but i'm not sure many readers would need a mnemonic for this. It may be a waste of space. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/19/19 12:29 PM | Elizabeth | Murray | elizabeth.murray@downstate.edu | ||||||||||||||
463 | 209 | Pathology | ![]() | Cellular | Necrosis | ![]() | https://journals.aace.com/doi/pdf/10.4158/EP15935.CR | Fat Necrosis as complication of Trauma on Obese Patient, also a complication in patient with extensive weight loss after adrenalectomy. Fat Necrosis could be a major complication in obese patients after a postsurgical treatment, so this can be published as a high yield example of Fat Necrosis Complication after surgery on obese patients. | High-yield addition to next year | This article is a case report - I'm not sure how "high yield" this material is. Reject. - MK | Reject. -SM | ![]() | ![]() | 04/29/19 12:22 PM | Marie Carmen | Padín | marie9735@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
464 | 210 | Pathology | ![]() | Cellular | Ischemia | ![]() | Noticed | In the ischemia section, the subendocardium (LV) of the heart is labeled with "A" for the image, but this is already referred to below by red infarct "A" showing an image of the lung. | Minor erratum | Reject. -Scott | Reject. There are several pictures on the page, each labeled individually and in different sections. It seems self-explanatory which A is referring to which picture. - MK | Agree with rejection. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/04/19 9:27 PM | Nanki | Hura | nanki.hura@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
465 | 211 | Pathology | ![]() | Pathology | Types of calcification | ![]() | myself, FA2019 | Dystrophic calcification mnemonic: CCATTTS Liq Fat In Psam Room i.e. CREST syndrome, Congenital cmv, Atherosclerosis, Toxoplasmosis, Thrombi, TB, Schistosomiasis, Liquefactive necrosis of chronic abscess, Fat necrosis, Infarcts, Psammoma body, Rubella | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. -Scott | I think this mnemonic is would be hard to remember. Reject? - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 7:32 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
466 | 212 | Pathology | ![]() | Pathology | Amyloidosis | ![]() | https://watermark.silverchair.com/ajcpath108-0289.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAk0wggJJBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggI6MIICNgIBADCCAi8GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMtlki02qZntdM7fHhAgEQgIICAKb0OCRLIttoA307SWFQyMWGFQoZqVdeyp0SkLJU_bBGQ1LsNYjblQkqprShv4Anu-BVtNaDFDb0rEbYMNMZXBtWrQDaA4M7c8yJnnw4foUc-bvHtLPYWVSVIC2Qh3PfD5EnrmDoXIXvTfGPHMM_J4sveANlPRx7tbznKpmhJR5k8_DeWhB77aU5zJVYBMbfbAxb-pC0mvK8IE68J81KaqBL6sUdXVfkrA29G3hFdi2LSLFJnrBw9IJ5eXtkcohaY7iCO5_U6tHizycQ6nPjk8FJIf13nexfkb_HL1YQ-MnPcpsgf5gwegWZQC59iJ6v9c8IVGi7q1dM9OGG7ePZJ09fVPlmJksMiE9Bz-dShJMh7FyzmJhUMd7HSwfkoB9X2_t1QjxJUKldo25HIUJrGbUvOMuoex97_F-_ZbBnv2GODQUnm-5J3_QwlCZLvQVulEJx9KiqvZrMn3ekybkZS0o9nNG8FNmOP62QnYUKeDCI2FTbQ9AUgIDjBeT5fhkRG0khUNeZo14hhMQqJAFMxni6KhS-W_Go6faMIsX6q6BTpOQDjbb4NTuNCtHgPC9KHPiWxV2izvxCKogPXbgAfa1V4sHICtoOHFr3DXWutRT4GFi5hVMjVIC7KY24T88bnaokEKP4xwWuKkIuhsd2B9fR-UZfh3JKoIpcBqK_Hmtq | Calcitonin amyloid is known as 'ACal' (There should be no space between 'A' and 'Cal') | Spelling/formatting | Verified | Thank you for the comment. Agree, there should be no space. https://www.ajkd.org/article/S0272-6386(16)30645-X/fulltext?rss=yes&mobileUi=0 - Vivek | Accept. Agree with user and Vivek -MA Agree as well - AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 12/23/18 4:47 AM | Jerrin | Bawa | jerrin.bawa@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
467 | 213 | Immunology | ![]() | Inflammation | Acute inflammation | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17625373 | Procalcitonin is one of the main diagnostic markers for infections. | High-yield addition to next year | Reject. As of 2017, procalcitonin is still considered a "promising" marker for sepsis, which makes me think it's too novel to be tested. UTD entry on acute phase reactants says that "Further study is required to define its clinical utility." Also the source provided by the proposer is from a 2007 article published in a journal of a Nippon med school. Also this is the wrong chapter designation but page 213 is the correct page for acute phase reactants in the path chapter. -Connie Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5543591/ https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-phase-reactants?search=procalcitonin&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3~62&usage_type=default&display_rank=3 | Agree with Connie. While we often use it in the clinical setting, it has not been around long enough to be tested on Step 1. Would not recommend addition to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 12:47 PM | Jose Carlos | Fernandez | josecarlos1593@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
468 | 213 | Pathology | ![]() | Inflammation | Acute phase reactants | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-phase-reactants | Next to Fibrinogen, the addition of an "upwards" arrow before ESR would clarify the result of increased fibrinogen. | Clarification to current text | Verified | We explain the relationship between fibrinogen and ESR on the next page(p214). -MA | Agree with MA-SM Same, - AKB | Agree with addition of up arrow next to ESR since they do correlate. Clarification only, NOT published errata-worthy. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/02/19 5:22 AM | Adam | Kurnick | adam@kurnick.net | ||||||||||||
469 | 213 | Pathology | ![]() | Inflammation | Acute phase reactants | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-phase-reactants | The addition of an arrow pointing upwards and ESR (*increases ESR*) would be helpful if placed next to "Positive (Upregulated)". Otherwise, it would be helpful if "*upwards arrow* Acute Phase Reactants" was placed on Page 214 next to Inflammation under "increased ESR". | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. Not all reactants directly cause an increase in ESR. ESR is also covered in more detail on the very next page. -MA | I think we could ACCEPT here and disagree with MA. I think that this could give additional benefit because the ESR is fairly SENSITIVE for inflammation, but ESR is also an insanely nonspecific finding and could be from any cause of inflammation. -SM | Agree with addition of up arrow next to ESR since they do correlate. Clarification only, NOT published errata-worthy. -Matt NB: duplicate submission by same student, credit should be given only once if implemented | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/02/19 5:25 AM | Adam | Kurnick | adam@kurnick.net | ||||||||||||
470 | 213 | Pathology | ![]() | Inflammation | Acute phase reactants | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23172263 | adding procalcitonin to Acut pahse reactant but it is unique because it has positive and negative properties. it is level rise in bacterial toxins and fall in response to viral infections. | High-yield addition to next year | Reject. There is a huge boom in recent literature about the usability of PCT in Sepsis patients. It is not technically mentioned in any reerence that I am aware of as an acute phase reactant. -SM | ![]() | ![]() | 05/18/19 7:47 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
471 | 213 | Pathology | ![]() | Inflammation | Inflammation | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1048887-overview#a3 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ace-inhibitor-induced-angioedema?search=bradykinin&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H4335305 | Cardinal signs of inflammation: Tumor (swelling): ADD bradykinin | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. Bradykinin is included under the cardinal signs of Dolor. -SM | Reject. Bradykinin mediates pain. - MK; reject - AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 01/21/19 7:21 AM | Hasan | Alarouri | hassan.arouri@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
472 | 213 | Pathology | ![]() | Inflammation | Inflammation | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-patient-with-neutrophilia?search=Leukemoid%20reaction§ionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H23&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~48&display_rank=1#H23 | Leukemoid reaction refers to a white blood cell (WBC) count >50,000/microL from causes other than leukemia. The majority of cells are mature neutrophils, often accompanied by a prominent left shift. | High-yield addition to next year | This is something that could be tested, likely at the Step 3 level. Leukemoid reactions are not typically dealt with on Step 1 to my knowledge. -Scott | I have seen leukemoid amongst Step 1 content and think it is a fair point to include - AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 3:15 AM | Nicolas | Curi Gawlinski | nicolascurii@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
473 | 215 | Pathology | ![]() | Pathology | Acute inflammation | ![]() | Myself, FA2019 | Leukocyte Extravasation step mnemonic: Leukocyte go to Margin Rolling And Transmitting Chemicals i.e. Margination, Rolling, Adhesion, Transmigration, Chemoattraction | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. -Scott | Reject-akb | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 8:31 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
474 | 216 | Pathology | ![]() | Inflammation | Leukocyte extravasation | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3037658/ | VLA-4 integrin. VLA stand for Very Late Antigen, i think it would be better if you add this to the abbreviations and symbols at the end of the book. | Spelling/formatting | unnecessary, not a testable fact; - AKB | Reject. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 04/26/19 4:44 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
475 | 216 | Pathology | ![]() | Inflammation | Leukocyte extravasation | ![]() | self-made | To remember the order: "MR. please ACT out the leukocyte extravasation" where M-margination, R-rolling, A-adhesion, C-crawling, T-transmigration. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. I think the images work better and tell the same thing. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 8:01 AM | Talia | Kamdjou | tkamdjou@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
476 | 216 | Pathology | ![]() | Inflammation | Leukocyte extravasation | ![]() | Self Created | To remember that Sialyl Lewis X partners up with selectins for Leukocyte Extravasation. Si-Le-Xtins bind selectins during Leukocyte Extravasation. Si - Sialyl. Le - Lewis. Xtins - X | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/08/19 2:21 PM | Baoanh | Vu | baoanhvu21@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
477 | 221 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Tumor nomenclature | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3834696/ | Melanocytes are NOT derived from mesenchyme; they come from neural crest cells. (this has important implications considering metastasis of malignant melanocyte tumors, since the -misleading- association that mesenchymal-derived cells spread hematogenously). | Major erratum | Reject. Sorry, melanocytes have a very strange developmental process as described here: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3834696/ Neural Crest Cells is a group of cells originating from the embryonic germ layer named ectoderm. Under inductive influence of the notochord, the middle area of the embryonic disc differentiates into neuroectoderm that is visible as a neural plate at 4-week-old human embryo (Figure 5A). This plate folds and changes into the neural tube, future central nervous system elements – brain, spinal cord. During this process named neurulation, a group of cells from edges of the neural plate (crests), separates, changes the phenotype from epithelial to mesenchyme and migrate out from neuroepithelium (Figures 5A and and5B).5B). These neuroectodermal cells migrating to many places of the forming embryo's body are neural crest cells – NCC (Figure 5C). Neural crest cells are initially multipotent cells but gradually become lineage-restricted in developmental potential. This potential is determined by anatomical localization along the cranial-caudal axis, e.g. cranial NCC can differentiate into neurons, glial cells but also chondrocytes, osteocytes, muscle cells, whereas trunk NCC form neurons and glial cells in the peripheral nervous system, endocrinal cells (Figure 6). These cells proliferate and start to express distinct molecular markers. -Scott | Agree with Scott. Appears to be complex but the bottom line is that our current statement of melanocytes being derived from "mesenchyme" is correct. No change. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/14/19 9:04 PM | Nicolas | Curi Gawlinski | nicolascurii@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
478 | 222 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Hallmarks of cancer | ![]() | uWorld and pathoma | Tissue invasion by metastatic cells is described in Uworld and Pathoma with cell attachment to the basement membrane happening before its degradation by metalloproteinases. | Minor erratum | Reject. It's the same process, we just use different words, besides not all metastases happen because of metalloproteinases -Scott | Agree with Scott. We don't really fixate on a single timeline, just the general process. There is no erratum here. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/07/19 10:32 AM | George Amaury | Lara Collado | amaurylarac@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
479 | 222 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Hallmarks of cancer | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6179891/ | "Seed and Soil" hypothesis, certain tumor cells (the seeds) can only successfully colonize selective organs (the soil) that have suitable growth environments. The current text leads to a different meaning of Seed and Soil theory [ first encountered capillary bed is the often site of mets ] while the theory actually implies something else | Minor erratum | this is true and a great way to think of metastatic potential, however, the USMLE will likely never write a question about the "seed and soil hypothesis". Scott | I agree with the submission. I think the way we have this written, it implies that tumor cells spread to the first capillary bed they encounter, when in fact it is better described by the sentence that follows about organ tropism. It is somewhat inaccurate. My thoughts? Delete "seed and soil theory" text from the entry. It's not really covered in anywhere near enough detail and is likely LY as Scott points out, anyway. Would not call publishable errata-worthy. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 07/19/19 7:12 AM | Ahmad | Mashlah | a7hmad@live.com | ||||||||||||||
480 | 224 | Pathology | ![]() | Pathology | Bone formation | ![]() | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-metastasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370191 | the pneumonic painful bones kill the lungs should be painful breasts kill the lungs instead. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject, not necessary and awkward -AKB | Reject. I understand why the student would suggest this, but the point of the mnemonic is to remind you which cancers metastasize to bone. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/16/19 6:33 AM | Mary | Fahmy | maryfahmy07@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
481 | 224 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Common metastases | ![]() | FA 2019 Page 224 | remove highlight from these letters "ungs" in the word "Lungs" in the mnemonic(Painful Bones Kill The Lungs) , keep just "L" in red color. | Spelling/formatting | Verified | Agree, as per the student (for the next 2020 edition). - Vivek | Agree. -MA ; same - akb' | ![]() | ![]() | 01/05/19 2:17 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
482 | 224 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Common metastases | ![]() | Gojan RR | Should say "most carcinomas INITIALLY spread via lymphatics" and can give example of colorectal carcinoma commonly metastasizing to liver. | Clarification to current text | Reject. -Scott | Reject. Isn't this implied as the cancer spreads to the other sites via the lymphatics? - MK | Agree with rejection. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/03/19 9:54 AM | Jamshaid | Mir | jmir@sgu.edu | |||||||||||||
483 | 224 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Prostatic adenocarcinoma | ![]() | UWorld Question ID: 11747. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16960456. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16915183. | Metastasis of carcinomas are via lymphatics with the exception of 4 carcinomas that spread hematogenously stated in the First Aid 2019: 1. Hepatocellular Carcinoma, 2. Renal Cell Carcinoma, 3. Choriocarcinoma, 4. Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma. However, as per UWorld question (ID: 11747), prostatic adenocarcinoma spreads to the vertebral column by the prostatic venous plexus, hence hematogenously and not by lymphatics, making prostatic adenocarcinoma spread to the vertebral column a hematogenous metastasis which should be added to the exceptions described anteriorly by the First Aid or should be stated on this page. | Clarification to current text | Great question! However, I think that we reject. Because the most common route of metastasis is lymphatic, though hematogenous spread is possible, it is less likely. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1459485/ -Scott | Scott is correct. Not to mention, that the venous plexus leading to these bones often contains associated lymphatics! Reject. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/01/19 4:18 PM | Jackeline | Porto | jcjp0704@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
484 | 225 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Important immunohistochemical stains | ![]() | https://www.nature.com/articles/nrc3893 | S-100: is stated to be a target of Neural Crest cells in the table even though they can be seen to target more general Mesodermal tissue. You even specified on page 426 under the Islet Langerhans cells of Histiocytosis- t being mesodermal in origin in brackets. My supporting evidence is it staining breast cancer tissue as well! | Clarification to current text | Verified | Yes, they may belong to the mesodermal line of tissue, however, we use them in anatomic pathology to identify neural cells. The practical application of this stain is the most important. -Scott | No need for change, as Scott said, practical application (i.e. the exam itself) most important; leave as is- AKB | Agree with Scott's assessment, no change is needed. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/26/19 12:40 PM | Abdul Sattar | Raslan | anr06@mail.aub.edu | ||||||||||||
485 | 225 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Neoplasia and neoplastic progression | ![]() | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-24310-5 | Neurofibromin (Ras GTPase activating protein) and in neurology section p 513 NF1 ((encodes neurofibromin, a negative RAS regulator ) | Clarification to current text | Verified | I think that this fits better on page 513. -Scott | Agree with student. I see a similar comment on Annotate. Neurofibromin is an inhibitor of RAS/MAPK signaling. Robbins pathology, table 7-7. - MK | Agree, reasonable addition, and placing on p513 is fine as an addition. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 02/14/19 6:20 AM | nehal | khalid | nehalnasser55@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
486 | 225 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Oncogenes | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19462461 | JAK2 is a "Non-receptor" tyrosine kinase. This is clarified in case of BCR-ABL - that it is a "non-receptor" tyrosine kinase. However, JAK2 does not have this clarification | Clarification to current text | Verified | Agree, we can change this on non-urgent basis. - Vivek | Agree with Vivek. - MA | Agree with clarification for 2020 as per submission/authors. NOT published errata worthy. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 12/23/18 4:29 AM | Jerrin | Bawa | jerrin.bawa@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
487 | 225 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Oncogenes | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23059849/ | RET associated neoplasm is familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Many students think medullary carcinoma alone which is excluded here but a clarification to familial would help | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/RET#conditions "Additionally, a nonfamilial form of medullary thyroid carcinoma (a type of thyroid cancer that can also occur as part of multiple endocrine neoplasia) can be caused by somatic mutations in the RET gene." -SM | Reject, unnecessary detail -AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 01/10/19 10:51 PM | Emily | Lowery | Emilylowery94@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
488 | 225 | Pathology | ![]() | Pathology | Oncogenes | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1744824-overview | Associated Neoplasm with RET oncogene says MEN2A, and 2B and papillary thyroid carcinoma. Should say Medullary thyroid carcinoma although Papillary thyroid carcinoma is also associated with RET/PTC proteins with constitutive RET kinase activation due to chromosomal rearrangements generating a fusion gene. | Major erratum | Reject. We aren't able to make any definitive conclusions about RET and MTC. "Thus, despite the well-known molecular basis of fMTC, the genetic variants of the sporadic form are still poorly understood, and functional analyses are needed to better understand the consequence of such RET variants and to improve our knowledge on the disease." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23059849 Scott | Agree with Scott. From a syndrome versus a sporadic mutation perspective, what we list is accurate and would not make any changes. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/24/19 3:23 AM | Abhijit | Battar | abattar5@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
489 | 225 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Oncogenes | ![]() | My own brain | How to remember the proteins for TSC1 (hamartin) and TSC2 (tuberin) - which one codes which? TSC2 = "Two"berin! | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/12/19 10:17 AM | Halee | Liu | raxorium@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
490 | 225 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Oncogenes | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123447-overview | During my study and cross referencing for Step 1, I noted that in FA2019, the RET oncogene is listed only in association with papillary thyroid carcinoma but I have encountered it being more associated with medullary thyroid carcinoma. Some of the sources I have referenced do not even mention papillary thyroid carcinoma in association with RET. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 11/04/19 8:52 AM | Paula Danika | Binsol | pdbinsol@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
491 | 225 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Tumor suppressor genes | ![]() | N/A | For Li Fraumeni syndrome, a better mnemonic than SBLA would be "Check your LABS: Leukemia, Adrenal gland, Breast, Sarcoma" | Mnemonic | Verified | I like LABS better than SBLA, but the problem with the other name may come up. I've personally never heart of SBLA syndrome before though. -Scott | I agree that this mnemonic is probably an easier way to remember the 4 letters. However, SBLA cancer syndrome is another name for LiFraumeni syndrome. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/22/19 9:56 AM | Sanam | Solanki | solankism@vcu.edu | ||||||||||||||
492 | 225 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Tumor suppressor genes | ![]() | Info taken directly from table on p. 225 of FA 2019 | mnemonic for cancers arising from PTEN mutations: "PTEN" (P - prostate, T - teat [breast], EN - endometrial) | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. Scott | Accept. This mnemonic is easy to remember and helpful for the types of cancers that arise from PTEN mutations. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 10:22 AM | Saieesh | Rao | imsa.projects@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
493 | 225 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Tumor suppressor genes | ![]() | FA 2019 | Loss of function of PTEN causes Prostate, breast, and endometrial cancer. “PTEN = Prostate, Tatas, and ENdometrium” | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/05/19 2:21 PM | Jasmin | Shahrestani | jshahrestani@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
494 | 225 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Tumor suppressor genes | ![]() | No reference needed. | TSC2 ; think "two"berin | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/02/19 3:31 PM | Mohamed | Elashwal | melashwal@outlook.com | ||||||||||||||||
495 | 225 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Tumor suppressor genes | ![]() | None | To learn easily gene product of tumor suppressor genes TSC1 and TSC2: TSC1-lamartin, TSC2berin. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 07/20/19 8:55 PM | Stephanie | Del Rio | step.dt@outlook.es | |||||||||||||||
496 | 225 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Tumor suppressor genes | ![]() | not needed | PTEN Associated with (Prostate, Tits{breast}, ENdometrial cancer) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 07/23/19 5:29 AM | Mamoun | Souleiman | mamoon1995@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
497 | 226 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Carcinogens | ![]() | N/A | "Ionizing radiation" row --> please add "Blood" under organ column for "Leukemias" | Clarification to current text | Verified | Agree with the student. We should add "blood" under organ column for leukemias. (We did the same for alkylating agents). - Vivek | I don't feel that this is important enough to include in the published errata. - MA | Technically bone marrow, not blood. Can consider this as an addition/clarification, I recharacterized as such. NOT published errata worthy. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/09/19 9:07 AM | Behnam | Nabavizadeh | behnam.nabavi@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||
498 | 226 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Oncogenic microbes | ![]() | 1. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/liver_flukes/index.html 2)https://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/infectious-diseases/cholangiocarcinoma.asp 3)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonorchis_sinensis 4) https://www.uptodate.com/contents/liver-flukes-clonorchis-opisthorchis-and-metorchis | Existing Information is Liver Fluke (Clonorchis sinesis) causes Cholangiocarcinoma. The "Liver Fluke" term should be replaced by "Chinese Liver Fluke" or simply remove the term liver fluke since 1)the current version delivers message that all liver flukes esp Clonorchis causes cholangiocarcinoma, whereas Opisthorchiidae liver flukes (Clonorchis and Opisthorchis) causes cholangiocarcinoma not the Facioliadiae liver flukes. 2. fasciola hepatica is commonly known as common liver fluke (just google liver fluke) and Clonorchis sinesis is a liver fluke, but commonly pronounced as Chinese Liver Fluke, you can check the uptodate weblink mentioned below. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/26/19 7:23 AM | Om Murti | Nikhil | dromnikhil@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
499 | 227 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Serum tumor markers | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-paget-disease-of-bone?search=Paget%27s%20disease%20of%20bone&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~56&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 https://academic.oup.com/ajcp/article-abstract/83/5/594/1819719?redirectedFrom=PDF | Paget Disease of Bone is listed as a cancer, but the disease itself isn't itself neoplastic. Perhaps it therefore doesn't belong on this list, just as other non-neoplastic causes of increased ALP are not on the list (even though they too have an increased risk for cancers, like primary sclerosing cholangitis).. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/12/19 9:43 PM | Joseph | Yasmeh | jyasmeh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
500 | 227 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Serum tumor markers | ![]() | N/A | CA 125 for Ovarian Cancer: “These ovaries are open for business from 1-to(2)-5.” | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/13/19 11:54 AM | Jared | Sharza | jaredsharza@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
501 | 228 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Important immunohistochemical stains | ![]() | UWorld QID: 926, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24893135, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/neuroendocrine-neoplasms-of-unknown-primary-site?search=pheochromocytoma%20synaptophysin&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2 | Chromogranin, synaptophysin, and neuron-specific enolase also identify pheochromocytomas, due to their neuroendocrine cell lineage. "Page 336 --> pheochromocytoma --> etiology/findings" should also be updated to include this. | High-yield addition to next year | This one has a caveat because pheochromocytomas are virtually 100% positive for CgA, they can lose synaptophysin, and NSE is used as a marker for detecting malignant pheochromocytoma, because it's normal in benign pheos. I say we reject this one because it is written above the level of a 2nd year medical student. -Scott https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16188147 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3342373 | ![]() | ![]() | 05/24/19 11:37 AM | Eyal | BenDavid | bendavid.eyal@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
502 | 228 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | P-glycoprotein | ![]() | UW ID: 1819; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3762612/ | There should be clarification to the current text to explicitly state that P-glycoproteins are ATP-dependent efflux pumps with a specificity for hydrophobic compounds. UW states: "The human multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene codes for P-glycoprotein, a transmembrane ATP-dependent efflux pump protein that has a broad specificity for hydrophobic compounds. This protein can both reduce the influx of drugs into the cytosol and can increase efflux from the cytosol, thereby preventing the action of chemotherapeutic agents (eg, anthracyclines)." | High-yield addition to next year | We do mention that on page 228. Reject. Scott | This is basically to add non-urgent detail to the fact such as its ATP-dependence or the specificity for hydrophobic compounds. This can be deferred to 2021. -Matt | ![]() | ![]() | 06/17/19 5:33 PM | Yolanda | Zhang | yolandazhang43@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
503 | 229 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Hematopoiesis | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20237866 | Approximately 95% of patients with polycythemia have a V617F mutation involving the JAK gene. This mutation replaces valine with phenylalanine at the 617 position, rendering hematopoietic cells more sensitive to growth factors such as EPO and TPO. So PV is not only about increased level of EPO, but about increased sensitivity to EPO | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | I don't think that students will need to get that specific with their knowledge. As long as they know that Paraneoplastic Polycythemia is associated with elevated erythropoietin levels, they will be golden. I can't imagine a question being asked that will differentiate between the increased sensitivity and the absolute elevation of EPO on the USMLE. -Scott | I agree with Scott and think this suggestion is out of the scope of step 1. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/01/19 6:35 PM | Sergii | Sakhno | sakhnomd@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
504 | 229 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Paraneoplastic syndromes | ![]() | N/A | Thymomas are Pure and Good | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 7:45 PM | Mehreen | Ali | dr.mehreenali@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
505 | 229 | Pathology | ![]() | Pathology | Paraneoplastic syndromes | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nonislet-cell-tumor-hypoglycemia | Nonislet cell tumor hypoglycemia: due to increased insulin like growth factor-2 with normal insulin and normal c-peptide, occurs more commonly in patients with mesenchymal tumors, fibromas, carcinoid, myelomas, lymphomas, hepatocellular, and colorectal carcinomas | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 10/25/19 2:17 PM | Mohamad Hekmat | Sukkari | hekmat_sukkari@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
506 | 232 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Enzyme kinetics | ![]() | not needed | under the Lineweaver section I recommend modifying the text to " The closer to zero on Y axis, the higher the Vmax, the closer to zero on X axis the higher Km" and high Km means low affinity. More convenient to remember | Clarification to current text | Verified | Sounds like a good idea. Current text is heterogeneous. We use some symbols (arrows) and few words for Vmax, but we use many words (but no symbols) for Km. Suggest using more parallel (homogeneous) wording. Something like: "X-intercept closer to zero = higher Km = lower affinity Y-intercept closer to zero = higher Vmax". Hopefully, this will improve readability. -Vasily | Agree w/ Vasily. Seems like text about the y-intercept and x-intercept should be written in a similar format. Both should be written using symbols (arrows) or text. - Sarina | Reasonable to consider Vasily's proposal for FA2020, we can definitely migrate this over for consideration. Need not be official errata worthy. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:37 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
507 | 232 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Enzyme kinetics | ![]() | http://www.biology-pages.info/E/EnzymeKinetics.html | Michaelis-Menten curve, the BLUE CURVE which express the effect of "Non-competitive inhibitor" is NOT ACCURATE at all, actually it shows that Km will increase....please replace the blue curve which represents, the addition of Noncompetitive inhebitor with an accurate and correct one. | Major erratum | In summary, this erratum focuses on the shape of the blue curve. It should technically reach a plateau value (1/2 Vmax, for example) with a fixed Km (owing to unobstructed active binding site). I would say that while our curve could be better, this is not an urgent erratum that needs immediate addressing. The text and associated details are all accurate and a student can currently learn this correctly from the presented material. Owing to time concerns, I would flag this as an accepted clarification to be considered in 2021. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 05/05/19 12:34 AM | Mohammad | Jmasi | mohammad.jmasi2010@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
508 | 234 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Efficacy vs potency | ![]() | http://tmedweb.tulane.edu/pharmwiki/doku.php/basic_principles_of_pharm | Under noncompetitive antagonist, it says that potency is decreased. Potency should remain unchanged. | Major erratum | Duplicate | Duplicate | Duplicate | ![]() | ![]() | 01/30/19 10:43 PM | Jordan | Schouten | jordan.schouten@health.slu.edu | ||||||||||||||
509 | 234 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Pharmacokinetics | ![]() | any basic pharmacology | Page 3 of the errata for page 234 says to change efficacy to "no change" -- this is wrong!! It should be potency. | Major erratum | We have been discussing this already on annotate with conflicting views. Can't reject/accept. - Vivek | Agree, duplicate submission that is already under debate on Annotate. Will reject for that reason alone. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/04/19 3:05 PM | Ashraf | Patel | ASHRAFXPATEL@GMAIL.COM | ||||||||||||||
510 | 234 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Receptor binding | ![]() | http://tmedweb.tulane.edu/pharmwiki/doku.php/basic_principles_of_pharm | Under agonist with noncompetitive antagonist it states that this would lead to a decrease in potency and efficacy. However, the ED50 would be equal for agonist alone or agonist with noncompetitive antagonist therefore the potency should be unchanged. | Minor erratum | Verified | Sounds like a valid comment. This cell should say: "No change". -Vasily | Agreed. If ED50 is the same potency would be the same. - Sarina | This is a bit above my level of comfort. The reference does support an unchanged EC50 (surrogate for ED50) which technically suggests unchanged potency if we go by its definition of amount of drug needed for effect (which per slopes doesn't change, it is efficacy that changes), although as with many things in pharmacology, it often goes beyond that level of simplicity. Let's flag this one for expert review. -Matt UPDATE: Based on expert feedback, this is a valid erratum. We can change the up arrow to "no change" as per expert reviewer feedback. Worthwhile to publish in the errata. -Matt | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Rayudu Gopalakrishna | A valid comment. The potency will not change with an addition of noncompetitive antagonist to agonist. In the table, in the row (noncompetitive antagonist), potency "downward arrow" must be replaced with "no change." | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 01/05/19 2:32 PM | Rachel | Watson | rcfh7@health.missouri.edu | |||||||||
511 | 234 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Receptor binding | ![]() | N/A | Noncompetitive antagonist should not change potency. | Major erratum | Duplicate | Duplicate | Duplicate | ![]() | ![]() | 01/21/19 11:35 AM | Charles | de Leeuw | deleeuw.c@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
512 | 234 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Receptor binding | ![]() | N/A | I believe there is an error in the erratum: in the noncompetitive antagonist row, the potency column should be changed to "no change"; the efficacy column is correct | Minor erratum | Verified | Thank you for your input! I agree. In noncompetitive antagonist line, potency should be "No change" and efficacy should be "[downarrow]". -Vasily | Same as above. - Sarina | Erratum in the errata? Recommend expert review, since I had recommended that initially for the initial submision leading to the errata entry! This content is complicated and should be addressed by a full pharmacist. -Matt | Disagreement/need expert | ![]() | ![]() | 03/09/19 5:37 PM | Wenzheng | Yu | wenzheng_yu@brown.edu | ||||||||||||
513 | 234 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Receptor binding | ![]() | Not needed. Suggested errata spreadsheet supports this point. | Your recently posted official errata is incorrect. The proposed change to the text should be: “in the noncompetitive antagonist row, change potency from down arrow to no change”. The errata says to change efficacy to no change, but that would be incorrect. | Major erratum | Verified | Thank you for your input! I agree. In noncompetitive antagonist line, potency should be "No change" and efficacy should be "[downarrow]". -Vasily | Same as above. - Sarina | Duplicate of above. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/10/19 1:54 PM | Samantha | Savitch | sls034@jefferson.edu | ||||||||||||
514 | 234 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Receptor binding | ![]() | https://firstaidteam.files.wordpress.com/2019/03/errata-2019-first-aid-for-the-usmle-step-1-pub-3_1_19.pdf | Error in errata: Newest errata (01/03/19) states that the Efficacy column for Noncompetitive antagonist should say no change; however, it is the potency that would remain unchanged, not the efficacy | Minor erratum | Addressed above. - Sarina | Duplicate of above. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/28/19 12:54 AM | Dhruv | Sarwal | dhruvsarwal@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
515 | 234 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Receptor binding | ![]() | https://derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-exam/required-reading/pharmacodynamics/Chapter%20418/competitive-and-non-competitive-antagonists | The book has an error in potency column of non competitive antagonist which should be changed from decrease to no change but the errata for 2019 edition for this correction also has an error...it says to change the decrease sign of efficacy column to no change in same row | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 09/17/19 1:26 AM | Ashish | Tripathi | ashishtripathi1245@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
516 | 235 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Drug metabolism | ![]() | https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/clinical-pharmacology/pharmacokinetics/drug-metabolism | Most drugs are inactivated (not activated) by phase I metabolism | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/31/19 8:23 PM | Nico | Bivona | nico.bivona@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
517 | 235 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Urine pH and drug elimination | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/enhanced-elimination-of-poisons#H8 | Acidifying urine is abandoned and a/w acidemia. UTD — Urinary acidification (urine pH below 5.5) with ammonium chloride or ascorbic acid was historically used to treat intoxications with weak bases such as amphetamines, quinidine, or phencyclidine. However, this practice has been abandoned, as efficacy has not been established and iatrogenic toxicity (from severe acidemia) can occur. | Major erratum | Yes, clinically, this is almost never done, but that is not the goal of this fact. The goal is to teach basic acid/base pharmacology concepts that are likely to be tested. For that reason, I would reject this proposal, which is essentially to not talk about it. The Step 1 often tests content that is not clinically relevant, but rather focused on teaching important concepts. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 08/02/19 11:54 PM | Zonghao Pan | Zonghao Pan | 763500885@qq.com | |||||||||||||||
518 | 235 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Urine pH and drug elimination | ![]() | 763500885@qq.com | Acidifying urine is abandoned and a/w acidemia. UTD — Urinary acidification (urine pH below 5.5) with ammonium chloride or ascorbic acid was historically used to treat intoxications with weak bases such as amphetamines, quinidine, or phencyclidine. However, this practice has been abandoned, as efficacy has not been established and iatrogenic toxicity (from severe acidemia) can occur. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/10/19 8:18 AM | Zonghao | Pan | 763500885@qq.com | |||||||||||||||||
519 | 236 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Efficacy vs potency | ![]() | none needed | Efficacy: moves along the vErtical axis; pOtency: moves along the hOrizontal axis | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 4:11 PM | Natalie | Jansen | jansen7@uic.edu | ||||||||||||||||
520 | 236 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Therapeutic index | ![]() | FA 2019 Page 251 | suggest making *The* in "Theophylline " and in the word "These" in mnemonic , in red color , like mnemonic in page 251. | Mnemonic | Verified | I think the only having the "T" in red is sufficient for this mnemonic. - Sarina | Agree with Sarina. Reject. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 01/05/19 3:08 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
521 | 236 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Therapeutic index | ![]() | Blumenthal DK. Pharmacodynamics: Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Action. In: Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. McGraw-Hill Education / Medical; 2017:31-54. | It is worth mentioning that this is a quantal dose-response curve (which differs from a graded dose-response) and then define quantal dose-response. ‘A quantal dose-respnse measures the proportion of the population which responds to a particular dose of a drug to produce a predefined/preset response (eg two fold increase in INR). The percentages of the responding population are plotted over progressively increasing doses of the drug as a cumulative frequency distribution (ogive). Quantal dose-response allows determining ED50, ET50 and the therapeutic index of the drug for a particular response’. | High-yield addition to next year | Agree! I think we can clarify that this is a quantal dose response curve, which would add minimal text. The book does not really distinguish b/w graded vs. quantal dose response curves. I think it is important to highlight the fact that the Y-axis refers to the number of patients that achieve a therapeutic effect vs. a graded dose-response curve, which emphasizes the measurable effect (eg, BP) instead of the number of patients that respond to a treatment. - Sarina | ![]() | ![]() | 03/27/19 2:49 PM | Vardan | Hambardzumyan | hambvart@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||||
522 | 237 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Acetylcholine receptors | ![]() | UWorld Question ID 1360 | Nicotinic ACh receptors are ligand gated NA/K and "Ca" too. there was a question on that on UWorld | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Agreed. We can consider adding Ca channels. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor - Sarina | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:52 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
523 | 237 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Autonomic receptors | ![]() | https://web.archive.org/web/20060907231522/http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/cns/histo/systems/cranialnerves/main.htm | on Diagram it is marked as Parasympathetic cell body located/ leave from "Medulla". Instead some paraSym nuclei originate from Midbrain (Edinger–Westphal nucleus) or in Pons (Super, inferior salivatory Nuclei). Suggest changing "Medulla" on Diagram to "Brainstem" to prevent confusion. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Sounds like a valid suggestion! Agree, we would be more accurate if we said "Brainstem" instead of "Medulla". There are multiple parasympathetic nuclei outside of the medulla. However, I would not classify this submission as a "Major erratum". I'd rather say it is a "Minor erratum" or "Clarification to current text". -Vasily | Agree. This should be changed. -Kaitlyn | Reworked as a clarification. Agree with this proposal, reasonable to edit the text to better emphasize brainstem intstead of medulla. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:46 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
524 | 237 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Autonomic receptors | ![]() | Katzung, Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 14e, https://accessmedicine-mhmedical-com.arktos.nyit.edu/content.aspx?bookid=2249§ionid=175216108#1148433103 | Skeletal muscle uses a nicotinic receptor (Nn) not a muscarinic receptor as indicated by the "M" subscript in the figure (bottom right) | Minor erratum | Verified | Thank you for your suggestion! I do not believe there is a mistake in current text. Nm is expressed on skeletal muscles whereas Nn is expressed in autonomic ganglia. The "m" subscript stands for "muscle", not "muscarinic". -Vasily | There is not an error in the current text. Nm receptors are expressed on skeletal muscle. - Sarina | No erratum here per author. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/03/19 10:35 AM | Audrey | Hunt | ahunt01@nyit.edu | ||||||||||||
525 | 238 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | G-protein–linked second messengers | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-spontaneous-preterm-birth | Mention in the caption of the diagram in the bottom that Myosin light-chain kinase causes vascular smooth muscle contraction. Also in the diagram , next to myosin light-chain kinase(smooth muscle) , add an arrow that says "vasodilation of blood vessels". | Clarification to current text | Verified | Valid suggestion. I think it should be more clear that MLCK causes vascular smooth muscle contraction, so inhibition of MLCK would cause smooth muscle relaxation (however this information is likely present in a different chapter) I think it is acceptable to add vasodilation of BVs to the diagram at the bottom of the page. So, it would read something like: Myosin light-chain kinase (smooth muscle) --> vasodilation of vascular SM (or BV dilation) - Sarina | Agree with suggestion and appreciate input from authors and experts. Would definitely consider this in 2020. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | Rayudu Gopalakrishna | The schematic presentation is right. Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) differentially regulated by calcium ions and cAMP. Calcium-calmodulin binding to MLCK activates it which in turn phosphorylates myosin and causes smooth muscle contraction.http://www.jbc.org/content/277/8/6550.full.html cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates MLCK which decreases the affinity of MLCK for calcium-calmodulin and decreases its activity and causes relaxation of smooth muscle. http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/24/2/235.long | ![]() | ![]() | 01/02/19 2:52 PM | Bahaa' eddine | Succar | bahaasuccar@gmail.com | |||||||||||
526 | 238 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | G-protein–linked second messengers | ![]() | N/A | For H1 a1 V1 M1 M3: *HAV*e *1* *stiff* *M*&*M* boozy *smoothie* (emphasizes smooth muscle contraction). For M2 a2 D2: *I*’m (inhibit) *2 (too)* MAD and need to *relax* (emphasizes inhibition results in relaxation of smooth muscle). | Mnemonic | Verified | The idea behind this is good but I think it could be better. The M&M needs to reference M1 and M3. also, to be less inappropriate, we could say its a frozen smoothy (as opposed to stiff and boozy) -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 01/21/19 2:48 PM | Charles | de Leeuw | deleeuw.c@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
527 | 238 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | G-protein–linked second messengers | ![]() | https://www.cvpharmacology.com/vasoconstrictor/alpha-agonist | The major function of a1 receptors in FA (this year and last) says increase vascular smooth muscle contraction. Until Sketchy, I did not understand that that includes BOTH (a) arteriole/precapillary sphincter contraction w/ incr. MAP and (b) venous vasoconstriction & decreased capacitance / increased venous return. I wasn't aware of the veno-constriction effect from FA. | Clarification to current text | Verified | In the interest of being concise, I think the current text is acceptable, as "vascular" implies both arterial and venous blood vessels. Although I understand that the current text may seem unclear, I think it is sufficient for now. - Sarina | No change needed, minor point. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/23/19 9:00 PM | Emanuel | Grant | ewg4bd@virginia.edu | |||||||||||||
528 | 238 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacology | G-protein–linked second messengers | ![]() | lippincott pharmacology | bladder relaxation is done by beta 2 not Beta 3 | Minor erratum | Reject. This is not correct. Haven't checked lippincott for it. But there are many studies saying bladder relaxation is mediated by beta 3 adrenaergic receptors (AR). "The distribution of beta-AR subtypes mediating detrusor muscle relaxation is species dependent, the predominant subtype being the beta(3)-AR in humans." [1] "beta3-AR, which is implicated in metabolic functions of endogenous catecholamines, mediates relaxation of human detrusor muscle." [2] "The beta3-adrenergic receptor (beta3-AR) has been shown to mediate various pharmacological and physiological effects such as lipolysis, thermogenesis, and relaxation of the urinary bladder. " 1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17600372 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12007519 3.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16457637 - Vivek | Agree with Vivek. Beta-3 receptor agonism is strongly associated with bladder relaxation in numerous studies as demonstrated. This erratum is incorrect and will be rejectedf. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/20/19 7:17 PM | CHERYL | FRANCIS | cherylann_francis@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
529 | 238 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | G-protein–linked second messengers | ![]() | n/a | DAMiT – D2 , α2, M2 - Gi coupled – Two HAV 13 Mcq – H1, α1, V1, M1, M3 - Gq coupled letS All β Very Very Happy-2 Day – All β, V2, H2, D1 - Gs coupled | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 1:21 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
530 | 238 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | G-protein–linked second messengers | ![]() | n/a | DAMiT – D2 , α2, M2 - Gi coupled – Two HAV 13 Mcq – H1, α1, V1, M1, M3 - Gq coupled letS All β Very Very Happy-2 Day – All β, V2, H2, D1 - Gs coupled | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 9:17 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
531 | 238 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | β-blockers | ![]() | Cannavo A, Koch WJ. Targeting β3-Adrenergic Receptors in the Heart: Selective Agonism and β-Blockade. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2017;69(2):71–78. doi:10.1097/FJC.0000000000000444 Niu X, Watts VL, Cingolani OH, et al. Cardioprotective effect of beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonism: role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase [published correction appears in J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Jul 31;60(5):481]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(22):1979–1987. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.12.046 | B3 adrenergic receptors are present in the cardiovascular system, mainly in myocardium and endothelium, where they have a prominent role in modulating cardiac function and angiogenesis. B3 receptors are couple Gs primary in adipose tissue, otherwise in ventricular myocardium b3 receptors are coupled Gi proteins. Cause this property, b3 receptor in the heart are not subject to desensitization and downregulation, and in fact, their levels within human failing myocardium remain unchanged or become upregulated. Recommendation: Add Gi protein coupled in b3 receptors, and also add cardioprotective effect. | High-yield addition to next year | I think this is overly specific for step 1. not HY. reject. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 05/28/19 7:00 PM | Laura Patricia | Aguilar Franco | laura.aguilarfranco@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
532 | 239 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Anticholinesterase poisoning | ![]() | FA 2019 Index pg. 790 listed Vesamicol @ pg. 239. | Vesamicol listed in index for page 239. It does not exist on this page. This must be from a previous edition and was not removed from the index. | Minor erratum | Verified | Agree. Vesamicol should be removed from the Index. -Vasily | Agree. Vesamicol is not written on p 239 although it does apply to this page since it inhibits VMAT. - Sarina | Agree with removal of index item that no longer exists. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/10/19 1:13 PM | Thuy | Nguyen | tn0193@my.unthsc.edu | ||||||||||||
533 | 239 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Antiarrhythmic Drug Classes | ![]() | http://tmedweb.tulane.edu/pharmwiki/doku.php/intro_to_antiarrhythmics | To remember which class of Antiarrhythmic is associated with each specific Channel, use the mnemonic "Nah Brother, Keep Calm." Type I's are Na+ Channel Blockers, Type II are B-Blockers, Type III are K+ Blockers, and Type IV are Ca2+ blockers! | Mnemonic | Verified | I like this but I can't figure out where we talk about the anti arrhythmic types. Perhaps in the cardio chapter?? -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 04/18/19 3:55 PM | Jonathan | Caggiano | JCaggiano494@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
534 | 240 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Anticholinesterase poisoning | ![]() | N/A | Anticholinesterase poisoning: BE LESS DUMB: B: bradycardia E: emesis L: lacrimation E: excitation of skeletal muscle S: salivation S: sweating D: diarrhea U: urination M: miosis B: bronchospasm | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/12/19 10:07 AM | Amna | Alsaihati | amna.saihati@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
535 | 240 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Anticholinesterase poisoning | ![]() | Not applicable | with regard to muacarinim side effects, to reduce confusing them with anticholinergic side effects and other side effects, it is possible to make the connection: DUMBBELLSS for Muscularity, Muscularity refering to muscarinic | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 06/19/19 5:52 AM | Awab | Elnaeem | awab.kamal@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
536 | 240 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Cholinomimetic agents | ![]() | Made it up | Grandma don't remember --> galantamine, donepezil, rivastigmine | Mnemonic | Verified | Way better than what we have. We should incorporate. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 04/01/19 7:42 AM | Ali | Jilani | a.jilani.77@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
537 | 241 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Atropine | ![]() | not needed | DUMBBELSS in p240 is changed to DUMBBeLSS, I wonder if there is some story behind and suggest making it more clear. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 01/10/19 4:56 AM | Hang | Song | huwanheng.pku@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
538 | 241 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Atropine | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anticholinergic-poisoning?csi=5f1accf7-931f-49fb-a327-fe153c4efcf2&source=contentShare | The "e" in the DUMBBELLSS mnemonic should be capitalized. In the 2017 Edition the "E" was correctly left uncapitalized since it was for "Excitation of skeletal muscle and CNS" which is a nicotinic effect and is not blocked by Atropine. However in the 2019 edition the "E" is used for "Emesis" which is a muscarinic effect and is blocked by atropine. | Minor erratum | Verified | Agree. It should be "DUMBBELLS" now, not "DUMBBeLLS". -Vasily | Correct. The 'e' on p. 241 needs to be capitalized. - Sarah | Agree with change. NOT published errata worthy, however. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/29/19 6:38 AM | Nayla | Mroueh | naylamroueh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
539 | 241 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Atropine | ![]() | SketchyMedical - autonomic drugs | under atropine, add a "heart" subtitle and include the fact that it can reverse fatal bradycardia (increase HR) | High-yield addition to next year | Disagree. The first sentence already states that Atropine is used to treat bradycardia. - Sarina | I agree we already state this but the table is more eye catching and we don't want students to miss this key point. We have room to add to the table. I vote we do it. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 03/17/19 11:46 AM | Anna | Priddy | priddyanna@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
540 | 241 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Atropine | ![]() | FA 2019 page 241 | To the adverse effects section, add "Fast as a Fiddle" to represent tachycardia | Mnemonic | Verified | We should use this. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 04/09/19 1:57 PM | Jasmin | Shahrestani | jshahrestani@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
541 | 241 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Atropine | ![]() | UWORLD; | Add to Side Effects "Fast as a Fiddle" as a mnemonic for increased HR due to the decreased vagal tone of the SA node | Mnemonic | Verified | We should use this -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 04/15/19 1:16 PM | Cheyenna | Espinoza | cespinoza@oakland.edu | |||||||||||||||
542 | 241 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Muscarinic antagonists | ![]() | It would be better to say it treats bradycardia and ophthalmic on applications and mention mydriasis and cycloplegia on adverse effects. | For atropine, putting the "Produce mydriasis and cycloplegia" on application side is somehow "misleading" since the applications for every other muscarinic antagonists are what the drugs are used for, but not what the elicit. | Clarification to current text | Disagree. Cycloplegia is not an AE. Atropine eye drops are used to stimulate pupil dilation/cycloplegia for eye exams. - Sarina | I guess at best this submission could be considered a request to clarify the text so it is clearer what the indications are, and it is clearer what the adverse events are? Will accept so that the team can review this year. I agree with Sarina there is no erratum here, rather, my goal is for us to review the text and, if needed, optimize clarity. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 04/17/19 1:05 AM | Matthew Yat Hon | Chung | mchung@mail.sjsm.org | ||||||||||||||
543 | 241 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Muscarinic antagonists | ![]() | - | Oxybutynin, Solifenacin, Tolterodine : decrease Sitting On Toilet | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/03/19 8:29 AM | Ahmad | Y. Obeidat | obeidat.amd@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
544 | 242 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Sympathomimetics | ![]() | Mnemonic | MiraB3gron - B3 stops your pee | Mnemonic | Verified | I think this mnemonic might give a wrong impression that Vitamin B3 "stops your pee". For this reason, not a big fan of this mnemonic. Reject. -Vasily | I agree with Vasily but as someone who could never remember the location of these receptors, I actually like this. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 02/27/19 4:47 AM | Nathaniel | Borochov | nateboro8@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
545 | 242 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Sympathomimetics | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/phenylephrine | Phenylephrine is a vasoconstrictor that causes increase in BP, not hypotension. It can cause reflexive bradycardia. | Major erratum | Reject. the column is for application. Phenylephrine is indicated as the treatment of hypotension, vascular failure in shock being a vasocontrictor (we don't mean it will cause hypotension). https://www.uptodate.com/contents/phenylephrine-systemic-drug-information?search=phenylephrine&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1~139&usage_type=panel&display_rank=1 - Vivek | Agree with Vivek. The text clearly states that the vasopressor phenylepherine treats hypotension. Must've been a misreading on the part of the student. Reject erratum. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/06/19 1:11 AM | Kinza | Sultan | kinza.sultan@westernu.edu | ||||||||||||||
546 | 242 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Sympathomimetics | ![]() | me | Underline and put in red the T in "Tocolysis" so that it starts the same as Terbutaline | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 12/06/19 10:06 AM | Francisco | Duenas | francisco.duenasmd@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
547 | 243 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Norepinephrine vs isoproterenol | ![]() | refer to page 242 and attached image | the effects of epinephrine and isoprotenerol are mixed up at the top of the image. They should be Epinephrine (β > α) and Isoproterenol (α ≈ β) | Minor erratum | Disagree. Isoproterenol is highly beta-specific, whereas epinephrine has a reasonable amount of both, hence the "equal-ish" sign. No change. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 08/05/19 8:47 AM | Mohammed | Kamareddine | Mohammed.kamareddine@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
548 | 244 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacology | α-blockers | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/2417047/ | Under ‘α2 selective’ please add Clonidine and Alpha Methyl dopa. These drugs cause a decrease in generalised sympathetic outflow and a decrease in blood pressure. Rebound hypertension is a concern with abrupt cessation. (The index of the book says these drugs can be found on page 240 and 244 but they are NOT there on these pages!) | Clarification to current text | Verified | Disagree. a-methyldopa and clonidine are selective a2 agonists, not a1/a2 antagonists. On p. 243, the topic of rebound HTN is discussed. - Sarina | This is an index erratum. Agree with review of the index and correction of the page numbers with incorrect references. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | Rayudu Gopalakrishna | Clonidine and alpha-methyldopa are alpha2-agonists. Therefore, they are discussed on page 243 as alpha2-agonists. Page 244 for alpha blockers. Therefore, clonidine and alpha-methyldopa are not discussed here. Student is right that index is listing clonidine on page 244. It is indeed present on page 243. (This correction is needed). | ![]() | ![]() | 12/31/18 6:46 AM | Muhammad Faizan | Ali | faizanali.93@hotmail.com | |||||||||||
549 | 244 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | α-blockers | ![]() | No need it | Mirtazapine is an a2 selective blocker, in the FA 2019 edition you put the drug in the a blocker section as a sympatholytic. Mirtazapine is in effectum an a2 selective blocker, but due its mechanis of action, mirtazapine acts as an indirect symphatomimetic. You should move mirtazapine to indirect sympathomimetics drugs (page 242) | Clarification to current text | We have appropriately listed it (as alpha-2 selective) under alpha blockers. I think the student misunderstood it being classified as sympatholytics. Indirect-acting sympathomimetic drugs are those that act indirectly to increase the concentration of the endogenous neurotransmitter by causing its release (e.g., amphetamine derivatives) or inhibiting its reuptake (e.g., tricyclic antidepressants). While mirtazapine is technically increasing release, I could not find any valid resource that consider it as that. - Reject - Vivek | Agree with Vivek. Technically it may have some indirect sympathomimetic activity, but it is by and large best classified as an alpha blocker in most resources, including our text. For this reason, I would reject this erratum as well. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/28/19 7:38 PM | Laura Patricia | Aguilar Franco | laura.aguilarfranco@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
550 | 245 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Heart failure | ![]() | Improvised | When I survive (decr. mortality) HF, Buy Me a Car! (BIsoprolol = BUY / MEtopropolol = ME / CARvedilol = Car) | Mnemonic | Verified | This is fine but our current mnemonic better encompasses the point. Reject. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 01/23/19 6:55 PM | Emanuel | Grant | ewg4bd@virginia.edu | |||||||||||||||
551 | 245 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | β-blockers | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-management-of-the-cardiovascular-complications-of-cocaine-abuse?search=cocaine%20toxicity§ionRank=2&usage_type=default&anchor=H9004423&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#H9004423 | Under adverse effects, it is stated that there is unsubstantiated concern for unopposed alpha stimulation after giving beta blockers for cocaine toxicity. Multiple other times in the book there are mentions of this affect. I do not believe unsubstantiated should be used, since there are studies showing the vasoconstriction seen in this setting. | Minor erratum | Verified | Thank you for your suggestion! I agree with reopening the discussion on the wording here. UTD: "We recommend that beta-blockers not be used to treat cardiovascular complications, particularly myocardial ischemia, in patients with acute cocaine intoxication. This proscription in the acute setting is based principally upon theoretical concerns of coronary artery vasoconstriction and systemic hypertension, which can result from unopposed alpha-adrenergic stimulation." https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cocaine-acute-intoxication I remember there was a big discussion last year. But for the purposes of Step 1, I believe unopposed alpha-adrenergic stimulation with beta-blockers is a HY topic. -Vasily | We should consider removing the word "unsubstantiated" from the text. It seems redundant since the text already states that using B-blockers for cocaine-associated chest pain is "controversial". I think the reader will understand that guidelines regarding the use of B-blockers in cocaine users may remain ambiguous, but it is still important to emphasize the effect of unopposed alpha stimulation in this context. - Sarina | I think the rewording proposed is reasonable (eg, removing the word "unsubstantiated" to make it a bit less controversy-generating). Agree with migrating over for consideration. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 1:20 PM | Dylan | Erwin | derwin@smu.edu | ||||||||||||
552 | 245 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | β-blockers | ![]() | First aid 2019 p. 507 | Add "Essential tremor" to list of applications for beta blockers in the top section of the table, as referenced on p. 507 | Clarification to current text | This is worthwhile but I am not sure what we would say in the "actions" column because I'm not sure anyone knows how this works. I think mentioning it in the Neuro chapter is sufficient. -Kaitlyn | We can consider adding it here (note we already mention tremor, but specifically for hyperthyroidism). Non-urgent and can be considered in 2021. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 05/11/19 4:57 PM | Audrey | Hunt | ahunt01@nyit.edu | ||||||||||||||
553 | 245 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | β-blockers | ![]() | FA Page 245 | Create a new mnemonic for the two partial agonists - "P"inodolol and "A"cebutolol are both "P"artial "A"gonists - the first letters in partial agonist will tell the student the drugs that are partial agonists! | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/28/19 7:32 PM | Abhishek | Gami | agami@jhmi.edu | ||||||||||||||||
554 | 246 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Ingested seafood toxins | ![]() | Not needed. | Tetradotoxin Terminates sodium channel activity while ‘Siguatoxin’ Starts sodium channel activity. | Mnemonic | Verified | Ha! Not bad! I think we should consider this mnemonic. -Vasily | This is clever but siguatoxin is spelled with a C. Our current mnemonic is better. Reject. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 01/01/19 7:55 AM | Muhammad Faizan | Ali | faizanali.93@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
555 | 246 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Ingested seafood toxins | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-shellfish-and-pufferfish-poisoning?csi=109e1dce-e711-45db-8f40-b18da1147c4b&source=contentShare | It’s stated in the text that tetrodotoxin effects sodium channels in cardiac/nerve tissue. Tetrodotoxin does not effect sodium channels in cardiac tissue. The Na v 1.5 channels in cardiac tissue are not effected by this toxin. | Major erratum | Verified | Good point! There are some articles that specifically state that mammalian heart is resistant to TTX: "Sodium current (I(Na)) of the mammalian heart is resistant to tetrodotoxin (TTX) due to low TTX affinity of the cardiac sodium channel (Na(v)) isoform Na(v)1.5" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17935523?dopt=Abstract On the other hand, some sources mention that tetrodotoxin ingestion can lead to arrhythmias. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750019.html It would probably be safer just to remove "cardiac/" from current text to read: "Highly potent toxin; binds fast voltage-gated Na+ channels in nerve tissue preventing depolarization". It would be great if an expert could double check this. -Vasily | I agree with Vasily. It would be more accurate to remove "cardiac" from the text. Here is a good review article on this topic https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6212850/ - Sarah | Agree with authors. The literature does not overly support cardiac sodium channel blockade. Arrhythmias noted but that could certainly be a nerve-related process (eg, changes in vagus nerve activity) as opposed to direct cardiac. Thus, I will support the removal of "cardiac" from the text as per the author's proposal. Reasonable to put this in the published errata. -Matt | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Rayudu Gopalakrishna | Student comment is right. The authors’ and editor’s responses are appropriate. Tetrodotoxin does not affect the low affinity sodium channels in the heart. Therefore, removing the word “heart” and leaving the word “nerve” in the text is important as suggested. Older literature, there are some reports on the direct toxic effect of this toxin on the heart. These studies used higher doses or unhealthy heart (ischemia/reperfusion). Later studies have not shown such toxic effects on healthy adult heart at low doses of toxin. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857368 | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 01/30/19 2:37 PM | Brady | Gunn | Sa198622@atsu.edu | |||||||||
556 | 246 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Autonomic Drugs | Ingested seafood toxins | ![]() | My self | C in Ciguatoxin looks like an O for Open Na channels and the "do" in Tetrodotoxin can signify "No" depolarization (TetroNOtoxin | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 06/08/19 3:21 PM | Danny Ibrahim | Danny Ibrahim | dsi00199@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||||
557 | 246 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Seizures | ![]() | First Aid, sketchy | Drugs that induce/lower the threshold for seizures: FABRICATE: (F)Flumazenil, (A) Amphotericin B, (B) Bupropion, (R) Reye's syndrome (aspirin), (I) Isoniazid, (C) Cocaine, Carbepenams, (A) antipsychotics, (T) Tricyclic antidepressants, (E) Enflurane | Mnemonic | Verified | We need to address what drugs are highest yield. We mention others. I defer to an editor. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 4:29 PM | Ashton | Jackson | grace.v.gilbert@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
558 | 247 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Cytochrome P-450 interactions (selected) | ![]() | It’s a mnemonic based on what’s already present in FA 2019 | P450 inducers can be remembered in an easier way; by classifying them as: * 3 anticonvulsants (Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Carbamazepine ) * 2 Anti-microorganisms (Rifampin, Griseofulvin) * 1 Anti-HIV (Nevirapine) * And St John’s wort For inhibitors; Almost all of them have O in their names as shown in the attached photo; except for: - Cimetidine, can be put with Omeprazole as both are decrease HCL secretion - Grapefruit juice; can be put with Alcohol as both are things to drink | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 11/01/19 8:02 PM | Hussein | Alsa’di | hussein.alsadi22@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
559 | 247 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Toxicities and Side Effects | Specific toxicity treatments | ![]() | https://www-uptodate-com.elibrary.einstein.yu.edu/contents/beta-blocker-poisoning?search=remedy%20for%20beta%20blocker%20toxicity&source=search_result&selectedTitle=5~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=5#H14 | Mnemonic: Better unblock the GAS line (Better for beta blockers; GAS for Glucagon, Atropine and Saline) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 06/08/19 3:25 PM | Kariuki | Maina | maina@mail.einstein.yu.edu | ||||||||||||||||
560 | 248 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Toxicities and Side Effects | Drug reactions—endocrine/reproductive | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860825/ | adding Gynecomastia to the table. and drugs that causing it: Spironolactone, THC (Marjiuana), Alcohol chronic , Cimetidine, Ketoconazole, Estrogen , Digoxin. the mnemonics will be " STACKED" | Mnemonic | Verified | This is a good idea but the drugs chosen by the student are not comprehensive. The reference included mentions other drugs (almost too many). However, I think it is worthwhile and we have room on the page. Support incorporating. -Kaitlyn | Reflagged as a mnemonic as this is certainly not a clarification. Can consider addition in 2021. -Matt | ![]() | ![]() | 05/13/19 7:53 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
561 | 248 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Drug reactions—gastrointestinal | ![]() | Myself, FA2019 | Drugs causing diarrhea mnemonic: MACroLiDeS causes diarrhea i.e. Macrolides (erythromycin), Acamprosate, Colchicine, Lipid-lowering agents (ezetimibe, orlistat), anti-Diabetes drugs (acarbose, metforming, pramlintide), SSRIs | Mnemonic | Verified | I like this but mnemonics that don't use every letter are always difficult to remember. I this STAY CALM is better - Ssris Trazodone (adding this one to work with mnemonic) Acamprosate acetYl cholinesterase inhibitors (this one is a stretch, I know) Colchicine Antidiabetes drugs Lipid lowering drugs Diabetes drugs. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 6:43 PM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
562 | 248 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Drug reactions—gastrointestinal | ![]() | Myself, FA2019 | Hepatitis causing drugs mnemonic: Fibrates RIPS the liver i.e. Fibrates, Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Statins | Mnemonic | Verified | I like it. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 6:53 PM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
563 | 248 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Toxicities and Side Effects | Drug reactions—gastrointestinal | ![]() | Noticed | Does not mention GLP-1 agonists as causal agents of pancreatitis (EX: Exenatide). Diuretics is listed as a cause of pancreatitis, but these effects are not mentioned in the Renal chapter | Clarification to current text | Agreed! I think we can add GLP-1 agonists as a cause of pancreatitis here. - Sarina | OK with consideration of GLP-1 inhibitors here. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 04/06/19 6:03 PM | Nanki | Hura | nanki.hura@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
564 | 248 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Toxicities and Side Effects | Drug reactions—gastrointestinal | ![]() | First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 | Should add GLP-1 analog as drug that can cause pancreatitis | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/16/19 12:31 PM | Rayan | El Hajjar | rayan.hajjar2@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
565 | 249 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Toxicities and Side Effects | Drug reactions—hematologic | ![]() | not required | DCP = Direct Coombs Positive = methylDopa Cephalosporins Penicillin | Mnemonic | Verified | I'm on the fence about if I like this or what we have currently better. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 02/07/19 8:00 PM | Joshua | Ladella | josh.ladella@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
566 | 249 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Toxicities and Side Effects | Drug reactions—hematologic | ![]() | FA 2019 Page 249 | Remove red color from the word "Coombs" , it's not needed. | Spelling/formatting | Staff rejects | Reject. I still find it useful. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 02/15/19 7:13 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||||
567 | 249 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Toxicities and Side Effects | Drug reactions—hematologic | ![]() | https://www-uptodate-com.elibrary.einstein.yu.edu/contents/major-side-effects-of-class-i-antiarrhythmic-drugs?search=major%20side%20effects%20of%20class%20IA%20antiarrythmic%20drugs&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Mnemonic: Help! Very Low platelet glycoprotein 1a (H for Heparin, V for Vancomycin, L for Linezolid and 1A for class 1A antiarrythmics). | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 06/08/19 2:35 PM | Kariuki | Maina | maina@mail.einstein.yu.edu | ||||||||||||||||
568 | 249 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Toxicities and Side Effects | Drug reactions—musculoskeletal/skin/connective tissue | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/thiazolidinediones-in-the-treatment-of-diabetes-mellitus#H22 | Add thiazolidinedione drugs to list of medications that can increase risk of osteoporosis and fracture (albeit the risk is small and only proven in postmenopausal women). This risk is mentioned in Endocrine Drugs. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Sure, I think we can add thiazolidinedione to the list of drugs that cause osteoporosis since it is mentioned that it increases risk of fractures on p. 371 - Sarina | ![]() | ![]() | 02/18/19 2:53 AM | Basim | Ali | basim.ajafri@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
569 | 249 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Toxicities and Side Effects | Drug reactions—musculoskeletal/skin/connective tissue | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/drug-allergy-classification-and-clinical-features?search=drug%20hypersensitivity%20HLA&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2 | I've made a table with the high-yield associations of specific HLA subtypes and their respective drug reactions | High-yield addition to next year | This is very interesting but I don't remember being tested on it... We do not have room on the page currently so I reject at this time. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 3:19 AM | Nicolas | Curi Gawlinski | nicolascurii@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
570 | 249 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Drug reactions—musculoskeletal/skin/connective tissue | ![]() | Myself, FA2019 | Myopathy causing drugs mnemonic: ColD PenGuin FINS Had myopathy i.e. Colchicine, Daptomycin, Penicillamine, Glucocorticoids, Fibrates, Interferon alpha, Niacin, Statins, Hydroxychloroquine | Mnemonic | Verified | I don't like this one but I can't come up with anything better. Would like to know what other people think. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 7:29 PM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
571 | 249 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Toxicities and Side Effects | Drug reactions—musculoskeletal/skin/connective tissue | ![]() | https://www.hepatitisc.uw.edu/page/treatment/drugs/simeprevir-drug | Simeprevir drug is Hepatits C virus protease inhibitor can cause photo sensitivity as well. So the New mnemonics would be SSAT For Photo | High-yield addition to next year | This is a fairly new drug but I think it shows up on Step 1. Many sources do discuss the photosensitivity. An alternative to the mnemonic would be SAT For Some Photos. -Kaitlyn | Reflagged as a high-yield addition for 2021, not a clarification as is currently tagged. -Matt | ![]() | ![]() | 05/13/19 8:04 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
572 | 249 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Toxicities and Side Effects | Drug reactions—musculoskeletal/skin/connective tissue | ![]() | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8474741_Drug-induced_lupus_erythematosus | adding minocycline and quinidine for drug induced lupus | High-yield addition to next year | Reflagged as a high-yield addition for 2021, not a clarification as is currently tagged. -Matt | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 7:28 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
573 | 249 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Fluoroquinolones | ![]() | mnemonic | Drug reaction: tendon and cartilage damage with Fluoroquinolones; add mnemonic "FLOORoquinolone makes you drop to the floor without tendons and cartilage" | Mnemonic | Verified | I like this. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 03/06/19 4:51 PM | M Marwan | Dabbagh | dr.dabbagh@outlook.com | |||||||||||||||
574 | 250 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Toxicities and Side Effects | Drug reactions—neurologic | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16449853 | Under Visual Disturbances, Isoniazid does not cause "optic neuropathy/color vision changes." Only Ethambutol is known to do this. | Clarification to current text | Verified | According to UTD, INH can cause optic atrophy and optic neuritis. So I do not think we are making a mistake by saying that optic neuropathy is an adverse effect. Not as HY as peripheral neuropathy due to B6 deficiency, but still a valid point. As for color vision, I think it would be safer not to mention it in the context of INH. Suggest changing "optic neuropathy/color vision changes" to "optic neuritis". This will leave us with our current mnemonic and will probably be a little bit more accurate. -Vasily | Definitely not an erratum as isoniazid-induced optic neuropathy (often retrobulbar neuritis) is a well described entity in the literature. I agree with Vasily in that the ocular side effect of ethambutol is more HY and therefore we could remove this information from the chapter if deemed too LY. However, it does not have to be mentioned in the published errata. Personally I would leave it as is but should be discussed with the author team +/- crowdsourcers during the 2020 review process. - Sarah | I am fine with tweaking the text to be clearer/more accurate as per the authors' feedback. I also would not lose sleep if we opted to keep the text as is. Will accept for discussion by the 2020 chapter team. Definitely not published errata-worthy! -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/06/19 1:05 AM | Jerrin | Bawa | jerrin.bawa@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
575 | 250 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Drug reactions—neurologic | ![]() | myself, FA2019 | Peripheral Neuropathy causing drugs mnemonic: VIPs in Platinum group have peripheral neuropathy i.e. Vincristine, Isoniazid, Phenytoin, Platinum agents (cisplatin) | Mnemonic | Verified | I like this one. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 7:53 PM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
576 | 250 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Toxicities and Side Effects | Drug reactions—neurologic | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1179733-overview#a5 | Use of combined oral contraceptive pill is very common. Given how common its use is, it would be wise to note that it is known to be associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 08/31/19 7:44 AM | Anthony Martin | Lim | anthony.m.lim@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
577 | 251 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Toxicities and Side Effects | Cytochrome P-450 interactions (selected) | ![]() | My brain | "GRAMPPS CaN" -> See attachment for mnemonic breakdown. Everyone in my study group loves this mnemonic... People like mnemonics where every word means something!!! | Mnemonic | Verified | I think this is easier to remember than what we have but I don't know what all the letters mean. Need to see the attachment. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 01/29/19 10:28 AM | Levi | Marshall | LSMmt4@health.Missouri.edu | |||||||||||||||
578 | 252 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Miscellaneous | Drug names | ![]() | Not needed | The table is missing fluoroquinolones: -floxacin / fluoroquinolones/ ciprofloxacin, gemifloxacin. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Not an erratum. As always it is difficult to decide which drug name endings/suffices should be included in this table and which are LY or self-explanatory/well known. Personally I don't feel it is necessary to add -floxacin for fluoroquinolones here but if others think it is HY, it could be added. - Sarah | I agree with Sarah. I don't think it is too HY to add quinolones to this table since they are emphasized in the micro chapter. - Sarina | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 3:54 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
579 | 252 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Miscellaneous | Drug names | ![]() | my brain | put the AR of -sARtan in red because it stands for Angiotensin-2 Receptor blocker | Mnemonic | Verified | Agree, this is helpful -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 02/14/19 5:20 AM | Bahaa' eddine | Succar | bahaasuccar@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
580 | 253 | Pharmacology | ![]() | Miscellaneous | Drug names | ![]() | Not needed | For drugs ending in "-limus", the category is listed as mTOR inhibitor (sirolimus, everolimus). However, tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor, also ends in "-limus". A more accurate description of the category would be to say that drugs ending in "-limus" bind to FK binding proteins. | Minor erratum | s | Verified | This is a valid point, but a note regarding this issue already exists on Annotate. It has been deferred till 2020. -Vasily | Agreed, this is a good point! - Sarina | Duplicate of submission last year. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/10/19 2:00 PM | Samantha | Savitch | sls034@jefferson.edu | |||||||||||
581 | 256 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Bias and study errors | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3159210/ | A recently released NBME Form had a question testing the concept of Intention to Treat, which I could not find in First Aid. It is a means of reducing errors in Trials, by which you include all study participants into the analysis regardless of study compliance. | High-yield addition to next year | I do not recall being tested on this for Step 1. Need further input -YK | I agree it should be included. It's not a difficult calculation and is an important concept in research. -KD | Agree, would not recommend addition to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/03/19 1:58 PM | Douglas | Peters | dougpeters94@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
582 | 256 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Observational studies | ![]() | https://www.nature.com/articles/6400454 | "Ecological studies" should be added to the list of observational studies. It came up in a UWorld question. | High-yield addition to next year | I agree in adding this to the table. -YK | Not sure this would be particularly HY, ecological studies are almost never used in any clinical setting due to the potential for "ecological fallacy". Would recommend rejecting - FQ | Agree with Frank. Though this comes up on UWorld, ecological study is not necessarily a HY topic to add to the text that is frequently tested. Would not recommend addition. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/28/19 4:12 PM | Harpreet | Gill | harpreetkgill.94@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
583 | 256 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Observational studies | ![]() | board and beyond videos | in case-control study you can write O letter in word control as capital and highlight with red as well and highlight first O in Odds ratio sentence with red color too. | Mnemonic | Verified | I would most definitely reject. Pretty much every type of study listed has at least one O. -KD | Agree with Kristina -YK | Reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/02/19 12:14 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
584 | 256 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Observational studies | ![]() | none | Don't be CoI = Cohort = Incidence of Disease | Mnemonic | Verified | not a fan, reject -YK | Yes, not a fan. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/26/19 9:36 AM | Nicola | Duzak | nhampel@mail.sjsm.org | |||||||||||||
585 | 257 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Likelihood ratio | ![]() | Myself, FA2019 | Mnemonic to remember LR: LR = Disease/Healthy i.e. LR+ = Positve rate in Disease/Positive rate in Healthy; LR- = Negative rate in Disease/Negative rate in Healthy | Mnemonic | Verified | Not a great mnemonic, and is basically already covered in the text. No change. -YK | Agreed, not useful -FQ | Agree, reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/27/19 6:37 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
586 | 257 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Observational studies | ![]() | none | Cross your P's = Cross-sectional Study looks at Prevalence of disease | Mnemonic | Verified | not a fan, reject -YK | Yes, reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/26/19 9:33 AM | Nicola | Duzak | nhampel@mail.sjsm.org | |||||||||||||
587 | 258 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Quantifying risk | ![]() | Sainani KL, Schmajuk G, Liu V. A caution on interpreting odds ratios. Sleep. 2009;32(8):976. | The example of Odds Ratio should be written as 'lung cancer patients have 8 times higher odds of having a history of smoking.' An OR is not directly interpreted as a change in likelihood, chance, risk, etc. | Minor erratum | I am inclined to reject. I think our wording is appropriate, in that case, likelihood and odds would be addressing the same concept. However, we could have faculty input about this issue. "Odds of an event happening is defined as the likelihood that an event will occur, expressed as a proportion of the likelihood that the event will not occur. Therefore, if A is the probability of subjects affected and B is the probability of subjects not affected, then odds = A /B." https://psychscenehub.com/psychpedia/odds-ratio-2/ - Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject. Would rather not have "odds" in the definition itself. No changes to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/13/19 12:51 AM | Wesley | Plinke | plinke@ohsu.edu | |||||||||||||
588 | 258 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Quantifying risk | ![]() | https://www.cdc.gov/training/SIC_CaseStudy/Interpreting_Odds_ptversion.pdf | The odd ratio is Odds of an exposure given a disease (i.e. a/c) Vs Odds of exposure in absence of disease (i.e. b/d). In Case control study, groups are divided based on disease presence or absence. Hence, disease odds are not calculated. We calculate the odds of exposure. (Current text says opposite) (Please check CDC reference) | Major erratum | This user is incorrect. The text is clearly giving an example of an odds ratio in which we calculate the odds that the patients smoke (not the odds of disease, which he/she is suggesting here). No change necessary. -YK | I think this user is correct. We are trying to ascertain the odds of exposure retrospectively once we have observed the cases and controls. I have added a clarifying statement in the text. - FQ | Our statement is correct as written but could be clarified. Please delete the phrase "the odds of the outcome in the" so that the highlighted statement reads: Depicts the odds of a certain outcome given an exposure (eg, disease [a/c]) vs absence of that exposure (eg, no disease [b/d]). -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/27/19 6:49 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
589 | 258 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Quantifying risk | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431098/ ; Uworld ID 1205 | Odds ratio (OR) formula should be (a/b)/(c/d) = ad/bc, NOT (a/c)/(b/d) = ad/bc | Minor erratum | Reject. both formulas are "correct", however the current representation is important to demonstrate exposure / not exposure. No change -YK | Reject. Text is fine as is. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/17/19 2:21 AM | Heewon | Choi | hxc326@case.edu | ||||||||||||||
590 | 258 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Quantifying risk | ![]() | n/a | NNH = 1/AR – hARm | Mnemonic | Verified | We already have something similar. Also if this is meant to represent an equation, then it is incorrect. Reject. -YK | Reject, text is fine as is. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 9:20 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
591 | 258 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Statistical distribution | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glossary-of-common-biostatistical-and-epidemiological-terms?search=Odds%20ratio&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Error: "If in a case-control study, 20/30 lung cancer patients and 5/25 healthy individuals report smoking, the OR is 8; so the lung cancer patients are 8 times more likely to have a history of smoking." Correction [ "If in a case-control study, 20/10* lung cancer patients and 5/20* healthy individuals report smoking, the OR is 8; so the lung cancer patients are 8 times more likely to have a history of smoking. | Spelling/formatting | This refers to fact "Quantifying Risk". The student appears to be incorrect. The text is saying that 20 out of a total of 30 patients and 5 out of a total of 25 patients. He/she is "correcting" this to present a ratio of those patients who smoke and who do not smoke, which would likely be very confusing if presented this way. Recommend no change. -YK | Agree with Yumi, suggest no change. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/15/19 1:11 PM | Joel Adoquaye | Allotey | jalloteya@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
592 | 259 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Incidence vs prevalence | ![]() | https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR175/12Chapter12.pdf | Therapy initiation may increase prevalence depending on what the disease is (eg, Cancer, Diabetes, HIV) as it prolongs survival time. Current text says it decreases prevalence. | High-yield addition to next year | This comment is nitpicky since curative therapy reduces (e.g bacterial infections/antibiotics) the prevalence. But, if therapy is not curative (HIV/antiretrovirals), it increases prevalence by reducing overall mortality. Technically, it is not an error, but we might specify these two types of therapies in the next edition. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Valid point, especially since chronic illnesses make up a large portion of illnesses treated today. I think we can correct this by simply removing "therapy initiation" from the table. This information is already basically covered by the text above the table stating "prevalence ~ incidence for short duration disease; prevalence > incidence for chronic diseases" -YK | Yes, agree with your assessment, since prevalence could increase or decrease depending on if it's an infectious or chronic disease. Perhaps we could clarify this or just directly remove if that would be easier. - FQ | Agree with Yumi. Please delete "Therapy initiation" row from the table. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/29/19 4:32 AM | Jerrin | Bawa | jerrin.bawa@gmail.com | |||||||||||
593 | 259 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Precision vs accuracy | ![]() | n/a | Random Error – Decrease Precision in a test Systematic Error – Decrease Accuracy in a test “REPtiles Deep in the SEA”. | Mnemonic | Verified | Not very good. Reject -YK | No changes. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 9:22 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
594 | 260 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Bias and study errors | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evidence-based-approach-to-prevention?search=lead-time%20bias%20definition&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~19&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H20178015 | To differentiate between "lead-time bias" and "length-time bias," you can think "If a disease is detected early, you get a 'head start' on the treatment, and therefore take the 'lead.'" This draws comparison to a race. | Mnemonic | Verified | I don't see this as being helpful for differentiating between the two. Recommend no change. -YK | Agreed, would also reject - FQ | Agree, reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/17/19 6:34 PM | Amer | Mohiuddin | amemohiu@iu.edu | ||||||||||||
595 | 260 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Bias and study errors | ![]() | n/a | "HAWK"thorne bias - subjects being watched like a HAWK; "B"erkson bias - subjects get "B"etter care | Mnemonic | Verified | these are clever, but it does not look like we have enough room on this page for these mnemonics. -YK | The Hawk one is great; I'd include it if there's space. I don't like the second. Could be easily misremembered as the patients being better, i.e. LESS sick instead of more. -KD | ![]() | ![]() | 05/06/19 12:52 PM | Michael | Hagerty | michaelhagerty1992@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
596 | 261 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Statistical distribution | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_pyramid | Population pyramids, their different kinds ( developing vs. developed countries) and calculating dependency ratio using the pyramids deserves a part in the book. developed countries show a "constrictive" and developing countries show an "expansive" pattern in the pyramids. The dependency ratio is calculated by adding the nonproductive population (less than 15 yrs and more than 65 yrs old) and dividing it by the productive workforce ( between 15 and 65 yrs of age). | High-yield addition to next year | is this tested on Step 1? I don't recall being tested on this type of information. -YK | I don't think this is a necessary inclusion. -KD | While it can sometimes be included, it's more of a undergraduate stats process. Would not recommend addition. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/12/19 8:48 AM | Amirhossein | Akhavan Sigari | amirsigari@yahoo.ca | |||||||||||||
597 | 261 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Statistical distribution | ![]() | it"s a mnemonic | "M"e"A"n= "M"ost "A"ffected by outliers ------ "M"o"D"e= "M"ost "D"efiant to outliers | Mnemonic | Verified | Don't like it. -YK | No changes. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/18/19 9:30 AM | Mohamad Othman | El Helou | mohamadosman.helou@lau.edu | |||||||||||||
598 | 261 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Statistical distribution | ![]() | n/a | It's POSITIVE to be RIGHT but don't be MEAN. (POSITIVEly skewed distribution has RIGHT tail and the MEAN is the higher value) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/25/19 4:38 PM | Sultan | Aljarba | sultan6044@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
599 | 261 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Statistical distribution | ![]() | have attached file for reference | for positive skew mean> median> mode (go alphabetically and to the direction of the skew) and same with negative skew | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/10/19 9:19 AM | shobhit | piplani | shobhitpiplani@aol.com | ||||||||||||||||
600 | 264 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Ethics | Informed consent | ![]() | n/a | For the informed consent requirements of disclosure, understanding, capacity, and voluntariness, you can remember "Don't Underestimate Core Values" | Mnemonic | Verified | Somewhat good, but not really relevant to the text it represents. Suggest to reject -YK | Not that great. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/29/19 9:03 PM | Lexie | Gibson | lexiegibs@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
601 | 266 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Ethics | Ethical situations | ![]() | https://www.deathwithdignity.org/terminology/ | The situation where a terminally ill patient requests physician assistance in ending his/her life is currently being referred to as "physician assisted suicide," which is widely viewed as a biased term, as "suicide" does not accurately describe a terminally ill patient wishing to hasten their death. It would be more appropriate to refer to it as "physician assisted death" | High-yield addition to next year | I agree with Vivek, we definitely need faculty input for this one. Both terms are widely used, but I think we need to choose the one that is more ethically appropriate. -Victor Martinez | Verified | On UpToDate, they refer to it as "physician-assisted dying (PAD)", so this user may have a good point here.The article also speaks about the various terminologies, and it seems there is no set term. I think we should consider changing the term in this edition, with faculty approval. -YK Source: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/physician-assisted-dying-understanding-evaluating-and-responding-to-requests-for-medical-aid-in-dying?search=physician%20assisted%20suicide&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~17&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | The student has argued an important point with a reference discussing it. However, it is still a popular term described in the code of medical ethics as seen in the article blow and the underlying concepts remain the same. I feel we need faculty input to shed more light on it in terms of appropriateness. - https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/ethics/physician-assisted-suicide - Vivek | However, it may be okay to leave as is, considering that the AMA still uses the term "physician assisted suicide." Would appreciate input from faculty. -VV | Disagreement/need expert | ![]() | ![]() | 01/15/19 10:19 AM | Kayla | Sheehan | kaylaksheehan@gmail.com | |||||||||||
602 | 266 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Ethics | Ethical situations | ![]() | Noticed | All of the examples are gender-neutral and describe the patient as him/her in the "appropriate response" (unless specified in stem/pregnant), except for the situation of the "family member asks you not to disclose the results of a test etc." For this one, the last sentence says, "[...] the patient might seriously harm himself"; it should read "himself/herself." | Spelling/formatting | I'm personally of the opinion this might be more due to lack of space, would be favor of keeping as is - FQ | I'd actually be inclined to change it for consistency. -KD | Pretty nitpicky but sure. In the 5th row entry on page 266, please replace "himself" with "himself/herself" in the last sentence. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/04/19 4:12 PM | Nanki | Hura | nanki.hura@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
603 | 266 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Ethics | Ethical situations | ![]() | https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/ethics/physician-assisted-suicide | Add The AMA Code of Ethics: "Instead of engaging in assisted suicide, physicians must aggressively respond to the needs of patients at the end of life." | Clarification to current text | In the AMA code of ethics, this line is followed by 4 points which clarify its meaning by "aggressively respond". Out of context, this can be taken the wrong way (eg, be aggressive in medical treatment of a potentially terminal illness). That being said, I think we could clarify the current text. Instead of the current "Physicians may, however, prescribe medically appropriate analgesics even if they shorten the patient’s life", we can say "Physicians must provide emotional support, comfort care and adequate pain control when necessary." -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 10:45 PM | Tatiana | Santos | tatisantosmd@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
604 | 268 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | The Well Patient | Car seats for children | ![]() | https://www.nhtsa.gov/equipment/car-seats-and-booster-seats | Missing text on page 268 regarding car seats for children, index reference still present | Major erratum | Acknowledged, should remove the index reference to this page. - FQ | Agreed -YK | Good catch. Will add a note to the index. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/27/19 4:01 PM | Dhruv | Sarwal | dhruvsarwal@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
605 | 270 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Healthcare Delivery | Common causes of death (US) by age | ![]() | First aid 2019 | AIDS | Spelling/formatting | Reject. AIDS stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome and SIDS for sudden death infant syndrome which is the third leading cause of death in infants according to the CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/pdf/leading_causes_of_death_by_age_group_2016-508.pdf -Victor Martinez | Staff rejects | Reject SIDS stands for Sudden infant death syndrome which is the third leading cause of death among infants. - Vivek | Text is fine as is. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/11/19 2:24 PM | Hsinyu | Yin | hsinyu94@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
606 | 270 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Healthcare Delivery | Common causes of death (US) by age | ![]() | https://www.cdc.gov/injury/images/lc-charts/leading_causes_of_death_by_age_group_2017_1100w850h.jpg | The CDC reports maternal complications as the third leading cause of death for individuals under 1 years of age, SIDS is the fourth leading cause. In First Aid 2019, SIDS is listed as the third leading cause. I have attached CDC table showing this. | Major erratum | Yes it appears the user is correct. This changed from the 2015 CDC chart, in which SIDS was still #3. Looks like there is enough support here to change the table. -YK Source: 2015 data -- https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/pdf/leading_causes_of_death_by_age_group_2015-a.pdf 2017 data -- https://www.cdc.gov/injury/images/lc-charts/leading_causes_of_death_by_age_group_2017_1100w850h.jpg | I'm not so sure we should change, as if you look through the past 6 years of CDC data from 2012-2017, SIDS outranks maternal complications on most years, though the difference is quite small. Perhaps we can list them as tied for number 3? -FQ | Considering that CDC released a new table in 2017, it would be worth changing in the text. In the "Common causes of death" table, please replace "SIDS" with "Maternal complications" as the #3 cause in infants <1 year (Column 2). -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/23/19 3:00 PM | Antara | Afrin | afrinant@msu.edu | |||||||||||||
607 | 270 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Healthcare Delivery | Medicare and Medicaid | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | The 4(fou*R*) parts of Medica*R*e ,not Medicaid. | Mnemonic | I believe that the ABCD parts we use as mnemonic is enough. But, if the rest think that this proposal is adding extra value, then I am good with it. -Victor Martinez | Verified | I don't see this as necessary or helpful -YK | Agreed, doesn't seem useful, would reject. - FQ | Agree with authors. Would not recommend adding. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/06/19 4:19 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||
608 | 270 | Public Health Sciences | ![]() | Healthcare Delivery | Medicare and Medicaid | ![]() | https://www.hhs.gov/answers/medicare-and-medicaid/what-is-the-difference-between-medicare-medicaid/index.html | You CARE for the elderly and you give AID to the poor. | Mnemonic | Verified | Not necessary -YK | Our mnemonic is better. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/30/19 2:55 PM | Brandon | Flock | brandon.flock@my.rfums.org | |||||||||||||
609 | 273 | Index | ![]() | Index | Orientation | ![]() | FA2019 | The page numbers in FA 2019 are still representative of FA 2018 on page 597 and do not align with page numbers in current edition | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 02/03/19 11:28 AM | Joanna | Georgakas | joanna_georgakas@brown.edu | ||||||||||||||||
610 | 277 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Auscultation of the heart | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/physiologic-and-pharmacologic-maneuvers-in-the-differential-diagnosis-of-heart-murmurs-and-sounds?search=auscultation%20of%20heart%20sounds§ionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H2&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=4~150&display_rank=4#H2 | *I*nspiration increases intensity of r*I*ght heart sounds; *E*xpiration increases intensity of l*E*ft heart sounds | Mnemonic | I think we can take into account this mnemonic for the next edition since generally speaking murmurs increasing with expiration originate with left side valves. - Victor Martinez. | Verified | Since the first part is already included in the 2019 edition, perhaps a line with expiration can be added just below and the letters in the text can be capitalized to highlight the mnemonic. -Lilit | I think this could be included in the "Auscultation of the Heart" section - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/05/19 1:30 PM | Kelsey | Harder | kharder@kumc.edu | |||||||||||||
611 | 278 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Embryology | Heart embryology | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5107421/ | The posterior CARDINAL vein, and not "posterior vein", gives rise to the IVC. | High-yield addition to next year | I don't consider this needs to appear on errata since posterior (cardinal), subcardinal and supracardinal veins give rise to IVC. If this needs further clarification, we could add parentheses after posterior with the word (cardinal) in the next edition. - Victor Martinez. | Verified | Can change to posterior cardinal vein. Do not think this is MAJOR errata category - EP | Don't think this is necessary. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 3:56 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
612 | 278 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Embryology | Heart morphogenesis | ![]() | https://www-uptodate-com.webproxy2.ouhsc.edu/contents/prenatal-assessment-of-gestational-age-date-of-delivery-and-fetal-weight?search=gestational%20age&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1 | 2019 version states cardiac looping begins in week 4 of "gestation", but this should instead be week 4 of "development" or week 6 of gestation since gestational age is calculated from the date of last menstrual period (see page 619 of the 2019 First Aid) | Minor erratum | I agree with the student. We should be consistent with our formatting, gestational age is calculated from the last menstrual period and embryonic age (developmental) from date of fertilization. We should say "week 4 of fertilization" or "week 4 of development."However, I don't know if this qualify to be on errata. - Victor Martinez. | Verified | Agree with using "development" - MK | Defer to an expert. | Disagreement/need expert | john.r.butterly@dartmouth.edu | I can not comment on this - no expertise in this area | *CARDIO Anish Bhatt | i think development is the safest and most appropriate term, as it is both accurate and an umbrella term. | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 01/25/19 12:14 PM | Christina | Jacobs | christinacjacobs@outlook.com | |||||||
613 | 278 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Embryology | Heart morphogenesis | ![]() | uworld question 202 | Cryptogenic stroke is evaluated by echoCG with "bubble study" to identify R->L heart shunt (PFO, ASD) | High-yield addition to next year | The study is described in the question stem and the student must make an inference to reach a diagnosis. Choosing a correct diagnostic study for a given condition is more so tested on Step 2/3. I recommend rejecting. -Lilit | Ambivalent about this suggestion but leaning towards recommending rejecting. While the student is correct, I think it is low yield for Step 1. The UWorld question the student references doesn't necessarily require the student to know that bubble studies are used in the evaluation of cryptogenic stroke; it merely describes the procedure of observing bubbles passing from RA to LA, and the student must infer this indicates the presence of PFO. -Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 10:21 AM | Dmytro | Pavlenko | pavlenko.md@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
614 | 279 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Embryology | Heart morphogenesis | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/893798-overview | In the figure showing the spiraling of the aorticopulmonary septum, the spiral is drawn in the wrong direction. The aorta should be spiraling over the pulmonary trunk, not under it. | Minor erratum | Reject. The illustration depicts the rotation of the aorticopulmonary septum. It is a spiral so, at some point, the pulmonary would be over the aorta and then it would spin over, putting the aorta above the pulmonary trunk. Besides, the current illustration does not show which part corresponds to the aorta and pulmonary trunk. - Victor Martinez. | Verified | Agree, reject. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/05/19 2:25 PM | Joshua | Ladella | josh.ladella@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
615 | 280 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Embryology | Fetal circulation | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/patent-ductus-arteriosus-in-preterm-infants-management?search=ibuprofen%20ductus%20arteriosus&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H230984984 | Ibuprofen is now used to close a PDA instead of indomethacin generally | High-yield addition to next year | I think we already are considering adding NSAIDs to the text instead of just Indomethacin. -Lilit | Agree with this suggestion. If we are changing to NSAIDs then should be ok, but I do not see any comment thread on this page about changing from indomethacin to NSAIDs. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 05/09/19 4:53 AM | Jack | Henry | jack.henry@ucdconnect.ie | |||||||||||||||
616 | 281 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Anatomy | Anatomy of the heart | ![]() | http://www.vhlab.umn.edu/atlas/coronary-arteries/lad-left-anterior-descending-artery/index.shtml | LAD supplies the anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum, anterior left ventricle, anterolateral papillary muscle, and provides collateral circulation to the Right ventricle. It is the most commonly occluded. The left circumflex (LCX) supplies anterior of interventricular septum, anterolateral papillary muscle, left atrium, and the posterior and lateral sides of the left ventricle. | Major erratum | Duplicate | ![]() | ![]() | 12/27/18 6:58 PM | Molly | Schieber | molly2163@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
617 | 281 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Anatomy | Anatomy of the heart | ![]() | Not Needed. It's Repititive | LAD(arises from LCA) supplies anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum, anterolateral papillary muscle, and anterior surface of LV. Most commonly occluded. | Clarification to current text | Is the suggestion that we should fix the entry on coronary blood supply for LAD since the first line and second line are repetitive? If that is the comment, then yes, I agree. -Aida | Verified | Agreed with this suggestion. The information is repetitive and can be combined into a single sentence. Addressed in another comment and migrated to annotate already. -Lilit | Agree with student- this information is repeated in the next line. Needs to be combined. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/26/19 8:30 PM | Arpit | Jain | arpitjaindr@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
618 | 281 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Anatomy | Anatomy of the heart | ![]() | uworld | according to UWORLD; Rt dominance is in 70%, Lt dominance in 10% and co-dominance in 20% | Minor erratum | Verified | The article mentioned here is from the American Journal of Critical Care and was published in 2011. I haven't really come across any other resources that specify the percentages. -Lilit | Info from student cited PMID: 21885462.- MK | Understandably, there is some variation in the reported rates of coronary dominance. Most seem to quote 7-8% for left dominance (see https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002870307006242) but for Step 1 purposes it may be easier to simplify these percentages like the student suggested. The exact percentages are unlikely to be relevant or HY for Step 1 as long as students are aware of the general distribution of coronary dominance. Either way the current text is not incorrect. It may be worthwhile discussing this further on Annotate to see whether simplification would be useful. I will flag this for expert input first to ensure a change as the student suggested would not result in a factual erratum. Sarah | Disagreement/need expert | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:23 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
619 | 281 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Anatomy | Anatomy of the heart | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158064-overview | SA node is supplied by SA Nodal Artery which is perfused by branches of the RCA in ~60% of cases whereas in ~40% it is perfused by the LCX. This is in great contrast to the printed statement of, "RCA supplies SA node" in FA 2019. The parenthetical that follows "(blood supply independent of dominance)" remains a true statement and should be kept. This fact is supported by the eMedicine link as a supporting reference with the relevant information in the Etiology subsection titled "Childhood and familial diseases," italicized heading "SA nodal artery disease." An additional journal article has been included corroborating the same anatomical fact. | Major erratum | Verified | I wasn't aware of this until I looked this up on UTD. Here is the exact link of the content mentioned in this suggestion. I think expert input might be needed for this. -Lilit https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sinus-node-dysfunction-epidemiology-etiology-and-natural-history?search=sa%20node%20dysfunction&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H440351002 | The UTD is pretty clear. Here is another primary source that is in agreement with the student. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/147323000803600410 I agree with Lilit that it is probably best to include an expert. Otherwise, it must be clarified that ~40% of SANAs are LCX branches. -Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 03/18/19 3:36 PM | Samir K. | Shah | samirkshah93@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
620 | 281 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Anatomy | Anatomy of the heart | ![]() | page 281 in first aid 2019. It seems to be just a minor typo | Under the "Coronary blood supply" section there are two mentions of LAD. The first one states "LAD and its branches supply anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum, anterolateral papillary muscle". I believe this is a duplication of the fact right below it. Could it be that the first LAD fact is actually supposed to say LCA? Because that would make more sense. | Minor erratum | Already discussed here and on annotate. -Lilit | Per Lilit, has already been discussed. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 05/09/19 11:34 PM | Aria | Fariborzi | aafariborzi@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
621 | 281 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Anatomy | Anatomy of the heart | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534790/ | The posterior descending artery does not supply the AV node. The atrioventricular nodal branch supplies the AV node, which is usually a branch of the right coronary artery, but may in some cases be a branch of the left circumflex artery. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/24/19 8:42 PM | Matthew | Pavlica | mpavlica@nyit.edu | |||||||||||||||||
622 | 281 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Anatomy | Cardiac and vascular function curves | ![]() | www.usmle-rx.com | In Coronary Blood supply, there's a repeat on content regarding LAD supply. | Clarification to current text | As suggested, in the first and second paragraph, second column, LAD supply is repeated. However, I don't consider that this should be part of the errata. We should change our wording in the next edition. - Victor Martinez. | Verified | Same as above. Agree with change in Editor comment. - MK | Change "LAD and its branches supply anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum, anterolateral papillary muscle. LAD supplies anterior of interventricular septum, anterolateral papillary muscle, and anterior surface of LV. Most commonly occluded." To: LAD and it's branches supply anterior 2/3rd of interventricular septum, anterolateral papillary muscle, and anterior surface of LV. Most commonly occluded. | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | john.r.butterly@dartmouth.edu | the recommendation is fine with me | nish7886@gmail.com | i like the change as well | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 12/27/18 10:36 AM | Sara | Khan | dr.sarakhan7@gmail.com | |||||||
623 | 281 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Anatomy | Myocardial infarction complications | ![]() | N/A | Under CORONARY BLOOD SUPPLY on page 281, Cardiovascular - Anatomy, there is a description of the structures supplied by the LAD, followed immediately by a second sentence repeating the same information. It would help save space in the 2020 edition if these two sentences were condensed. | Clarification to current text | Duplicate. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | Agreed with student. The revised sentence suggested by second author looks good. Nicely combined the important aspects of both sentences. -Lilit | Nice catch. Agree with the student. It is repeating the same information. I suggest combining first and second sentence in the second column as follow: LAD and its branches supply anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum, anterolateral papillary muscle, and anterior surface of LV. Most commonly occluded. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/10/19 7:10 PM | Richard | Ferro | Richard.Ferro@quinnipiac.edu | |||||||||||||
624 | 282 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Cardiac output variables | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/surgical-management-of-heart-failure?search=laplace%27s%20law%20hypertrophy&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | LV compensates for ↑afterload by thickenin (hypertrophy) in order to ↓wall tension; wall tension should be changed into wall stress | Minor erratum | "Wall stress or wall tension is a conception derived from physics (Laplace's law) and represents the systolic force or work per surface unit. It is the systolic force made by myocardial tissues. Stress increase indicates enlargement of the left ventricle or increase of intracavitary pressure." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12070929 Wall stress and tension are derived from Laplace's law, they are part of the same principle. I do agree, we should change from "decreased wall tension" to "decreased wall stress" since the formula we show on the book involving thickness (5th arrow, column 3) is wall stress= P x r/2wall thickness. Therefore, by increasing wall thickness (denominator), wall stress reduces. - Victor Martinez. | Verified | I agree with this - it is really the stress that is being reduced as t is the wall thickness that is changing. John Butterly | Agree, change wall tension to wall stress. | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | john.r.butterly@dartmouth.edu | I agree - change wall tension to wall stress | *CARDIO Anish Bhatt | agree | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 01/06/19 3:58 AM | Hang | Song | wh429@cornell.edu | |||||||
625 | 283 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Cardiac output equations | ![]() | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jsr.12156 | COPD also causes arterial stiffness leading to increased pulse pressure | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | This article discusses OSA, which is already mentioned in text. Reject. -Lilit | The article the student provided is on OSA. OSA is already discussed in text underfed increased PP due to increased sympathetic tone.- MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:25 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
626 | 283 | Renal | ![]() | Embryology | Potter sequence (syndrome) | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_sequence#Causes | I think the text should clarify that bilateral Renal agenesis leads to potter sequence, in the book it is stared under multi cystic dysplastic kidney | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject.Potter Sequence typically refers to the appearance of the infant appearance of a fetus or neonate exposed to severely decreased or absent amniotic fluid secondary to renal disease. It is not necessarily associated with a specific in-utero renal condition, therefore although Potter sequence is seen in patients with renal agenesis, it is more commonly associated with Multi-cystic dysplastic kidney. (Source: UpToDate) Addition/change not required. -Rohan | Reject, AKB | Good analysis by Rohan. I agree that no further clarification is required. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/09/19 12:42 PM | Aman | Kalra | aman | ||||||||||||
627 | 284 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle | ![]() | Uworld question 1625 | right bottom of page: (6) Exercise, [chronic] AV shunt | Major erratum | Verified | Agreed with second author comment. -Lilit | Recommend rejecting. Both acute and chronic AV shunts decrease TPR. The UWorld question the student references actually states as much. Other hemodynamic changes may vary with time but this is not the case for TPR. -Mitchell Katona | agree. no change needed. Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 10:16 AM | Dmytro | Pavlenko | pavlenko.md@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
628 | 285 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Cardiac and vascular function curves | ![]() | eMedicine https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1894036-overview, Lilly's Pathophysiology of the Heart (Chapter 2), UWorld QID 1557, | (Unable to enter "NEW FACT" in the box, but I would file this under "HEART SOUNDS") - Both S3 and S4 are heard best in the left lateral decubitus position. As written in the text, it suggests that only the S4 is heard best in this position. This may confuse readers to associate S4 only with that position, when in fact either S3 or S4 are associated with the left lateral decubitus position. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Agree with this. -Lilit | This is technically correct. Consider adding that S3 is best heard at apex when patient is in left lateral decubitus position. - MK | Agree. This can be migrated to Annotate. Sarah | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/01/19 9:39 PM | Andrew | Ko | andrewko@hawaii.edu | ||||||||||||
629 | 285 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Cardiac and vascular function curves | ![]() | n/a | “Kick in the end (S4) if it’s stiff and noncompliant” S4 = “atrial kick” against a stiff LV hypertrophy. | Mnemonic | Verified | Not a very useful mnemonic. Reject. - Huzaifa | Agreed with Huzaifa. Not very useful. Reject. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 2:12 PM | Araniko | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
630 | 285 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Cardiac and vascular function curves | ![]() | n/a | “a Curved aXe in the Vine Yard” | Mnemonic | Verified | Oh I like this mnemonic for jvp curve! "A Curved aXe in the Vine Yard." Helps remind me of the order, and isn't a random mnemonic that would be difficult to remember. Accept. - Huzaifa | I like this a lot too. Definitely helps with the order. Would have been better if we could somehow stress that X and Y are descents and the rest are waves, but this is still pretty good. Accept. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 2:14 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
631 | 285 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Flow-volume loops | ![]() | None needed. | During isovolumetric relaxation, the line representing ventricular volume should be completely flat. In the current text, it is slightly curved, however, this is a isovolumetric process with no volume changes occuring. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/25/19 10:57 PM | Abhishek | Gami | agami@jhu.edu | |||||||||||||||||
632 | 285 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Heart failure | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3305384/ | S3 is associated with systolic heart failure. 3 syllables in sys-tol-ic. S4 is associated with diastolic heart failure. 4 syllables in di-a-stol-ic | Mnemonic | Verified | Addressed in another comment. Reject. -Lilit | Reject. S3 can also be heard in diastolic HF. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/auscultation-of-heart-sounds?search=s3%20s4&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~104&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H24 -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 04/20/19 11:20 AM | Ryan | Bender | rbender49@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
633 | 285 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4253755/ | In the ventricular volume curve of the second graph, it is shown that during the atrial systole the ventricular volume increases gradually and then decreases to the level that it was prior to the atrial systole. This is wrong. The ventricular volume increases and remains at that volume (isovolumetric contraction) until the aortic valve opens. | Major erratum | Reject, as per the student's link, The cardiac cycle shown on the research is similar to the current FA illustration. Both illustrations depict the same volume (straight horizontal line) during the isovolumetric contraction until the aortic valve opens, this is followed by ejection. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Agree with author, reject. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 4:01 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
634 | 285 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/auscultation-of-heart-sounds | It states that S4 should be considered abnormal, regardless of patient age. According to uptodate and UWorld, S4 is normal in healthy older adults. | Major erratum | Verified | Yes agreed. According to the link provided, S4 can be normal in older healthy individuals due to decreased ventricular compliance with age. S4 is always abnormal when it is palpable, regardless of age. -Lilit | Agree. S4 can be found in healthy older adults without any other cardiac abnormality, due to decreased ventricular compliance with age. This could, however, be changed to "S4 is always abnormal when it is palpable, regardless of patient age." - MK | Ok, this could be clarified further as Mitchell recommended. Won't take up too much additional space. - Sarah | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/17/19 2:05 AM | Nida | Bajwa | nab016@jefferson.edu | ||||||||||||
635 | 285 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle | ![]() | fa2019 | x descent - atrial relaXation | Mnemonic | Verified | Im not inclined to accepting this mnemonic, as it seems to suggest that x descent is due to atrial relaxation. The illustration is very clear and the text explains the concept really well. -Lilit | Recommend rejecting. Although atrial relaxation occurs during the x descent, this is incidental to the process that causes the x descent (TV displacement during rapid ejection). It is not likely to help the student understand the significance of the x descent to know that it occurs during atrial relaxation. Conversely, the other mnemonics in this fact directly help the student understand the physiology behind the a, c, v, and y waves/descent. -Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 10:36 AM | Dmytro | Pavlenko | pavlenko.md@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
636 | 285 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK342/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK344/ | S3 - add that it is a "ventricular gallop" and for S4 - "atrial gallop" | Minor erratum | Recommend rejecting. These are merely very uncommonly used synonyms for S3 and S4, which are not helpful for Step 1. -Mitchell Katona | Agree with Mitchell - LY information not relevant for Step 1. Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 10:39 AM | Dmytro | Pavlenko | pavlenko.md@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
637 | 285 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle | ![]() | Costanzo Physiology | On the pressure-volume loop diagram, it displays a contractility increase as only affecting volume. There should also be an increase in left ventricular pressure as a consequence of the increased contractile force. Supporting reference is costanzo. Costanzo states "when contractility increases, the ventricle can develop greater tensiona dn pressure during systole and eject a larger volume of blood than normal. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/22/19 6:21 PM | Justin | Newman | justineliasnewman@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
638 | 285 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle | ![]() | - | change in (P)ressure = valves o(P)en. Change in vo(L)ume= Valves c(L)ose | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/09/19 4:28 AM | Ahmad Y. | Obeidat | Obeidat.amd@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
639 | 285 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle | ![]() | https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/advan.00182.2018 | In the left atrial pressure graph (green dotted line) the a peak is lower than the c peak. C should be lower than a, and there should be more of an x descent. While Costanzo shows this printed relationship, all sources including the attached show a being significantly higher than c. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 6:06 PM | Patrick | Barrett | pcbarret@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
640 | 286 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Heart murmurs | ![]() | Self made mnemonic | The mnemonic BEAR for aortic regurgitation causes: Bicuspid aortic valve, Endocarditis, Aortic Root dilation, Rheumatic Fever (you can even put the R^2 for both the Root in Aortic Root and Rhuematic fever | Mnemonic | Verified | I personally like mnemonics, but i don't think this one is absolutely necessary. Between the 2 that are suggested, BEAR is the better one, however. If this doesn't add an extra line, then we should include in the text. -Lilit | BEAR could be easier to remember than BER^2.I don't think this is necessary but could be helpful. Confirmed info https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-chronic-aortic-regurgitation-in-adults?search=aortic%20regurgitation&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 2:43 AM | Abdul Sattar | Raslan | anr06@mail.aub.edu | ||||||||||||||
641 | 286 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Physiologic changes in valvular disease | ![]() | UWorld QID: 227 & supported by online articles on google | In the pressure tracing diagram of aortic regurg: the dicrotic notch is exaggerated. With an incompetent aortic valve there is back flow resulting in loss of pressure in the aorta and disappearance/reduction of the dicrotic notch | Minor erratum | This definitely makes sense and I wish I could access the World question to find the exact source that stated this. I was able to find only a few articles on this and they were all before 1980. However, it was basically an analysis of pulse pressure changes in people with severe aortic regurgitation, and aortic pressure tracings were performed. One of the papers said that only 1 case showed loss of the dicrotic notch (link below). I believe this finding correlates with the severity of disease and is not present in every individual with the condition. I would defer to expert faculty, as this is a change that would require their approval. -Lilit https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1018155/pdf/brheartj00344-0124.pdf | Agree that this is something that would require expert faculty input. I do remember this Uworld question as well and that there's a diminished dicrotic notch. - Huzaifa | Good discussion and excellent analysis by Lilit! I agree we should ask for expert input on this to ensure the current diagram does not contain any errors. Migrated to Annotate for discussion. - Sarah | Disagreement/need expert | ![]() | ![]() | 06/05/19 6:44 PM | Osama | El-Gabalawy | ga3balawy@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
642 | 286 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Physiologic changes in valvular disease | ![]() | Uworld Question ID 227 | In aortic regurgitation there is loss of the dicrotic notch as there is immediate back flow of blood into the LV, resulting in loss of pressure in the aorta and disappearance of the dicrotic notch (figure needs to be corrected). | Minor erratum | Duplicate comment, see above. -Lilit | Agree, duplicate comment. - Huzaifa | Good discussion and excellent analysis by Lilit! I agree we should ask for expert input on this to ensure the current diagram does not contain any errors. Migrated to Annotate for discussion. - Sarah | Disagreement/need expert | ![]() | ![]() | 06/24/19 4:32 AM | Nayla | Mroueh | naylamroueh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
643 | 288 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Auscultation of the heart | ![]() | not needed | I recommend adding 3 rules to help understand how different bedside maneuvers affects heart murmurs; 1) Increase in Preload leads to increase intensity of all murmurs (except HCM and MVP; later click); Same for the opposite. 2) Increase in Afterload leads to increase intensity of Regurgitant murmurs and decrease intensity of stenotic murmurs (again except for HCM and MVP); Same for opposite. 3) HCM and MVP murmurs intensity always go opposite to Preload and afterload. This can be applied to all murmurs and will work! | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | I think the current text basically reflects everything suggested in this comment. I don't think any further changes/additions are necessary. -Lilit | This is basically already stated in that section and FA goes more in depth on the MVP murmur with these maneuvers. Don't think this is necessary. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:32 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
644 | 288 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Auscultation of the heart | ![]() | no need | In the picture, its written "left sternal border: Diastolic murmur.." ,, Diastolic murmur and systolic murmur should be in bold to be as the same as others. | Spelling/formatting | This is due to formatting. The mnemonic ATP M uses a different format for the auscultation areas. Left sternal border is an extra area that is not part of the mnemonic, hence the difference in formatting. I don't see this as a major issue. Leave text as is. -Lilit | Leave text as is. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 07/20/19 12:04 PM | Zaid R | Najdawi | znajdawi@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
645 | 288 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Auscultation of the heart | ![]() | Boards and beyond | Inspiration - increases with rIght (bold i in inspiration and right) and expiration - increases left. ( bold e in expiration and left) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/22/19 11:36 AM | Natalie | Harford | natalie.09.97@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
646 | 288 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Auscultation of the heart | ![]() | This was published by the First Aid Team. It'd be worth the ink to include it in future editions. https://firstaidteam.com/2015/09/21/mnemonic-monday-positions-of-heart-auscultation/ | To remember the arrangement of the auscultation sites for heart sounds, "All Physicians Take Money" indicates the Aortic, Pulmonic, Tricuspid, and Mitral sites from superior to inferior and right to left, in typical order of examination. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/05/19 5:50 PM | Ray | Vickery | rvickery2@liberty.edu | |||||||||||||||||
647 | 288 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Cardiac and vascular function curves | ![]() | Index | Valsalva maneuver is listed as page 293 in the index.This is wrong. It should be listed as page 288. | Minor erratum | I believe there's a whole section of the index that's been messed up from last year and that there will be a significant effort to fixing it this year. Accept. - Huzaifa | Agreed. Index issue to be addressed separately. -Lilit | Yes - this is a known issue and will hopefully be rectified this year. - Sarah | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/09/19 8:12 PM | Ramy | Lawandy | marcolawandy@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
648 | 289 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Congenital cardiac defect associations | ![]() | Not applicable | Romano-Ward syndrome can have an associated pneumonic of "RomaNO-ward syndrome", as in NO deafness. | Mnemonic | Verified | Already included in FA 2019. -Lilit | This looks like it is already applied in the FA 2019 edition. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/25/19 10:47 PM | Razi | Hashmi | hashmirazi1@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
649 | 289 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Heart murmurs | ![]() | Grammar mistake | Under the entry for PDA, there should be no apostrophe in ("PDA's"). The full text should read PDAs are continuously annoying, not "PDA's are continuously annoying." | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 10/23/19 8:24 AM | Abhishek | Gami | agami@jhmi.edu | |||||||||||||||||
650 | 289 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Heart murmurs | ![]() | None needed. | The last sentence on the page has an extra apostrophe. It should state "PDAs are continuously annoying" instead of "PDA's" as this is referencing the plural (public displays of affection) not ownership.. | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 11/25/19 11:03 PM | Abhishek | Gami | agami@jhu.edu | |||||||||||||||||
651 | 290 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Myocardial action potential | ![]() | RX express videos | Add in the image of the cardiac mm cell with the receptors that is used in the express videos. Makes easier to visualize and break down. | High-yield addition to next year | We should take a look at the RX video illustration to analyze which one is easier to digest. -Victor Martinez | Verified | I've been on the video review board for the new RX videos that are about to come out and am not sure which video illustration is mentioned here. We should try to find the said video perhaps? However, with the new videos coming in, I'm not sure if this is completely necessary. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 02/15/19 8:44 AM | Joanna | Georgakas | joanna_georgakas@brown.edu | ||||||||||||||
652 | 290 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Other antiarrhythmics | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4516287/ | "Funny TaLK": The order of channels opening in pacemaker cells is “Funny”(If channel) – Phase 4, “TaL” Calcium T channel and then Calcium L channel – Phase 0, “K” Potassium channel – Phase 3 | Mnemonic | Verified | It's a clever way of remembering the sequence of events, even though not particularly in the order of phase 0 to phase 4. However, I think this might still go along with the illustration following the text. Although I don't think this will help too much for complete understanding of the physiology, it can be a good start for some students. Perhaps we can consider adding this mnemonic. -Lilit | Ambivalent about this suggestion but leaning towards accepting. It is reasonably high yield to know the order of the channels opening. On the other hand, it is not nearly enough to only know the order when the events of each phase must also be understood. -Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 04/20/19 11:13 AM | Ryan | Bender | rbender49@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
653 | 290 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Pacemaker action potential | ![]() | Boyett MR. Sophisticated architecture is required for the Sinoatrial node to perform its normal pacemaker function. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003 | In Phase 0 there is a slow Na/Ca inward current (Type T Ca channels open at -50). Theres a decrease in K efflux as K channels close. In the book you have: "there's a slow Na/K inward current" which makes it confusing. Should remove the K from that sentence and maybe add closure of repolarizing K channels . | Clarification to current text | Verified | The slow Na/K mixed inward current is the role of If channels and to remove K from this statement would be wrong. The repolarizing K channels are a separate entity, that the student must be confused about here. -Lilit | Recommend rejecting. I believe student is confusing role of If channels. Na/K inward current refers to If channels, so removing K as is suggested here would make If and INa channels (in the myocardial action potential) ambiguous and is simply less accurate. The second recommendation to add "closure of repolarizing K channels" is probably superfluous, but it is true that slow deactivation of IK channels contributes to pacemaker activity, so that addition could be considered. Source: Boron. Medical Physiology, 3e. pp485-8. -Mitchell Katona | Agree with Mitchell and Lilit. Reject. Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/11/19 12:28 PM | Paola | Del Cueto | paoladelcueto@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
654 | 291 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Electrocardiogram | ![]() | https://www.cvphysiology.com/Arrhythmias/A003 | Speed of conduction is incorrect, it is listed in the text as: Purkinje >atria > ventricles> bundle of His >AV node. It should be His-Purkinje > atria > ventricles > AV node | Minor erratum | Verified | Agree with the student's suggestion to change to His Purkinje > atria > ventricles > AV node. - MK | Yes, change to His-Purkinje > atria > ventricles > AV node. I believe this is in the published errata but needs to still be migrated to Annotate to ensure this is being changed. - SS | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | john.r.butterly@dartmouth.edu | I agree with most of the proposed change. It should be Purkinje>His>atria>ventricles>AV node | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 02/16/19 6:55 AM | Melissa | Schechter | mschech@gmail.com | ||||||||||
655 | 291 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Electrocardiogram | ![]() | UWorld | AV node blood supply comes from PDA (mostly from RCA), but in Left dominant hearts, AV node blood supply would come from LCA | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. The text clarifies that PDA can arise from both the RCA and LCX (a branch of LCA). -Lilit | Don't think this needs to be changed, I think the info in the text is correct. I cannot find supporting evidence on this student's suggestion. -MK | Agree with Lilit and Mitchell. Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:27 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
656 | 291 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Electrocardiogram | ![]() | First Aid 2019 page 291 | Add mneumonic for speed of conduction: "Park AT VENTure HIgh AVenue" listed from fastest to slowest: Perkinje > ATria > VENTricles > bundle of HIs > AV node | Mnemonic | Verified | We are changing the order of these structures (there's a note on annotate), so this mnemonic wouldn't work with that order. -Lilit | Agree with Lilit. -Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 04/28/19 1:51 PM | Jasmin | Shahrestani | jshahrestani@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
657 | 292 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Brugada syndrome | ![]() | first aid | hurghada Renowned for Scuba Diving(hurghada-->brugada, Renowned-->Right bundle block, Scuba -->St elevation, Diving--> Dominant) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/31/19 12:39 PM | Mohamed | Menofy | mohamed.a.menofy@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
658 | 292 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Electrocardiogram | ![]() | https://step2.medbullets.com/cardiovascular/120019/supraventricular-tachycardia | Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Specifically atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia was refrenced in Boards and Beyond and was tested on Uworld. High yield to know slow pathway of AV node is used also that there is slow conduction of AV node and prolongs AV node refractory period. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | I agree with the student. I have seen board review questions testing knowledge for this condition. Consider adding to text. -Lilit | I agree we could include. AVNRT is the most common form of PSVT and is due to the presence of 2 conduction pathways (slow and fast) in the AV node. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 11:00 AM | Tarek | Fatahi | Tarekf123@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
659 | 292 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Torsades de pointes | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157826-overview#a3 | The QT interval predisposes to the Torsades de point (FA2019). It would be good idea to add the normal value/range of QT interval as a reference to this information. Usually cQT interval <0.44 msec in males and <0.046 msec in females is considered normal. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | I think I saw this suggestion as a note on annotate already, so this is already being considered perhaps? -Lilit | This info may be beyond the scope of Step 1 - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/28/19 3:10 PM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
660 | 292 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Torsades de pointes | ![]() | https://www-uptodate-com.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/contents/acquired-long-qt-syndrome-definitions-causes-and-pathophysiology?search=fluoroquinolones%20torsades&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2 | For the ABCDE mneumonic, it mentions that Antibiotics (eg, macrolides) are a cause of drug-induced QT. In the Microbiology Pharmacology section of First Aid (and UpToDate), it lists both macrolides and fluoroquinolones as capable of prolonging the QT interval. | High-yield addition to next year | Consider adding fluoroquinolones in the parenthesis along with macrolides. However, maybe implement this change in the pharmacology section, rather then CV? Each drug class only gives 1 example in the cardio section, it's not meant to be a comprehensive list. -Lilit | Agree with student. Some fluoroquinolones can prolong QT interval. Add antiBiotics (e.g. macrolides, fluoroquinolones). -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 4:02 PM | Nanki | Hura | nanki.hura@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
661 | 292 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Torsades de pointes | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-long-qt-syndrome-pathophysiology-and-genetics#H973343666 | It should be included that the "vast majority" of congenital long QT syndromes are caused by mutations leading to dysfunctional potassium channels. This is a commonly tested concept because potassium channels are a major contributor to the physiology regarding the QT length in the cardiac cycle. | High-yield addition to next year | Inclined to accept this one. According to the source, at least 2/3 of all CLQT syndrome cases are due to loss of function mutations of potassium channels, while 5-10% are due to gain of function sodium channel mutations. 2/3 is a significant majority. Perhaps we can add in parenthesis "most commonly due to loss of function K+ channel mutations." -Lilit | Agree with Lilit. Would be best for the fact to read: "...typically due to ion channel mutations (most commonly due to loss of function K+ channel mutations)" -Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 05/01/19 11:07 AM | Lee | Seifer | lseif002@fiu.edu | |||||||||||||||
662 | 292 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Torsades de pointes | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2474834/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3461497/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19668779 | A decrease in function mutation affecting the KCNH2 gene is one of the most common causes of congenital long QT syndrome . | High-yield addition to next year | There have already been changes implemented for this section during first pass. I don't think specific genes should be included, but we did address the fact that majority of cases of CLQT syndrome are caused by loss of function K channel mutations. This information should be enough. -Lilit | I agree that the current info in the text stating that there is a loss of function of K channels is sufficient. Don't think it's high yield to mention the specific gene. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 06/16/19 3:29 AM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
663 | 292 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome | ![]() | n/a | Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome remember the initials "WPW": W - for delta Wave, P - for PR interval shortened, W - for Widened QRS complex | Mnemonic | Verified | This actually sounds nice. Perhaps we can include this mnemonic. -Lilit | Agreed. This is a good mnemonic. -Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 05/01/19 8:24 PM | Maria Louise | Avenido | louise_a27@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
664 | 293 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | ECG tracings | ![]() | https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physrev.00031.2009 | Under atrial fibrillation, I recently came across a question asking about a specific anatomic location for the trigger of the aberrant electrical activity. "With prior atrial remodeling from a variety of factors, ectopic activity originating from the pulmonary veins (more likely) can occur, leading to longer episodes of afib." | High-yield addition to next year | Agree with this. UTD has more detailed into. -Lilit https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mechanisms-of-atrial-fibrillation?search=atrial%20fibrillation%20pathophysiology&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H11423999 | I agree with the student. The pulmonary veins are the most frequent location of the ectopic foci that cause atrial fibrillation. I also noticed a similar comment on annotate marked "defer to 2020" -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 04/17/19 11:08 AM | Parth | Patel | mparth25@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
665 | 294 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors | ![]() | mnemonic | carotid Sinus vs. carotid bO2dy: Carotid SinuS: measures preSSure. Carotid bO2dy measures O2 | Mnemonic | Verified | Good memory hook. Carotid body doesn't only respond to changes in oxygen, however the "O" in body is still a good way to remember its chemoreceptor role. Leaning towards accepting this one. -Lilit | Agree, it's better than anything we currently have and does help with remembering the functions. Comfortable accepting this one. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 07/30/19 2:34 PM | Paola | Del Cueto | paoladelcueto@outlook.com | ||||||||||||||
666 | 295 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Capillary fluid exchange | ![]() | Not needed. | Used as an example of a great number of facts that are not listed correctly in the index. Page numbers are off by quite a bit. | Clarification to current text | The student is correct, on the current index " Capillary fluid exchange" is listed on pages 300 and 692, but it should be "pages 295 and 692." It is an easy fix. -Victor Martinez | Verified | This is already being addressed. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/12/19 10:17 AM | Evan | Crockett | Evan Crockett | |||||||||||||
667 | 295 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Capillary fluid exchange | ![]() | Mnemonic | Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of a compartment/vessel = arrows pointing out from the tips of the "H". Oncotic pressure pulls fluid in to a compartment/vessel = arrows pointing in to the center of the "O" (like spokes on a wheel). Clarifying image attached. | Mnemonic | The illustration depicts clearly the basic concepts of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures with filtration and absorption. I don't believe it needs further clarification with a mnemonic. -Victor Martinez | Verified | I don't think this mnemonic is useful at all. The illustration very clearly depicts this phenomenon. Reject. -Lilit | I think either the image or the mnemonic could be used to describe hydrostatic and oncotic pression. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 10:17 PM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
668 | 295 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Capillary fluid exchange | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157452-overview | Mnemonic to remember order of net fluid flow equation= Kf [(Pc-Pi)- sigma(πc-πi)] Mnemonic: CiCi's Pizza π. Subtract Interstitial pressure (i in CiCi) from Capillary pressure (CiCi) P comes first (Pizza) and then π comes second in the equation. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/11/19 12:54 PM | Tiffany | Holland | tiffany.holland@tamu.edu | ||||||||||||||||
669 | 296 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Congenital heart diseases | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tricuspid-valve-tv-atresia | Tricuspid atresia needs both an ASD and a VSD/PDA to survive (in patients without a VSD, a PDA is needed to get blood into the lungs | Minor erratum | Verified | I think this has more to do with subtypes of tricuspid atresia, based on presence/size of associated cardiac lesions. Adding more information as suggested would be unnecessary for Step 1 knowledge. -Lilit | Don't think this is necessary - beyond scope of Step 1. - MK | Agree with Lilit and Mitchell - LY information. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/27/19 8:13 PM | Subhadra | Acharya | sxa089@jefferson.edu | ||||||||||||
670 | 296 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Congenital heart diseases | ![]() | not needed | Isolated Ebstein anomaly is not associated with any type of shunting, so I suggest putting it under the "other anomalies" along with the coarcation of Aorta on page 297 | Major erratum | Verified | Link from uptodate listing listing associated cardiovascular defects in einstein anomaly. -Lilit https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-ebstein-anomaly?search=ebstein%20anomaly&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~46&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H977796647 | Don't think this needs to be changed. Ebstein's anomaly often has an ASD or PFO which results in right-to-left shunting. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/ebsteins-anomaly. - MK | Agree with Lilit and Mitchell. Current text is accurate and does not require any change. Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:31 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
671 | 296 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Congenital heart diseases | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2035949-clinical | Not all of congenital cyanotic heart diseases become evident immediately after birth | Major erratum | Don't consider this a major erratum. In fact, the text doesn't even say that all congenital heart heart diseases present with cyanosis immediately after birth. The sentence says "often" and so I think it should be left as is. -Lilit | Agree with Lilit, plus this specifically is about right-to-left shunts, so I'm comfortable with the text saying it often presents with early cyanosis. - Huzaifa | I agree with the authors. I don't think further clarification is necessary for the purposes of Step 1. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 8:56 AM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
672 | 296 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Congenital heart diseases | ![]() | Nelson Essential of Pediatrics 7th edition page 501 or https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001111.htm | Persistent truncus arteriosusis is not right to left shunt , it is cyanotic because of the mixing of the right and left sides blood. In overall, the blood shunted from left to right | Major erratum | Unfortunately I don't have access to this textbook but do see the point here. However, the student's assumption here is that right-to-left shunt is what's causing the cyanosis. Persistent truncus arteriorsus presents with cyanosis as a result of free mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Technically Right-Left Shunts occur when oxygen-poor blood from the right heart flows in the left heart without passing through functional, ventilated alveoli. In this case however, some of the oxygenated blood is pumped back to the lungs too. Since the path of least resistance is to the lungs, most of the blood pumped will go into the lungs and pulmonary circulation will be overloaded. So, I can see the confusion here. Persistent truncus arteriosus is classified as a congenital cyanotic heart disease with admixture physiology, so I would defer to experts on this. Is it wrong to call this a right-to-left shunt, if blood flow is mostly directed to the pulmonary circulation? Or can this still be considered a right-to-left shunt because of mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood? I found this paper that discusses the physiology of these conditions (listing both PTA and TAPVR displaying admixture physiology). -Lilit https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3104535/ | Agree that we should have expert faculty review this. Couldn't find a primary source that clarifies this, but found a presentation from Columbia University that states there's both left to right and right to left shunting. http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/pathophys/cardiology/2009/righttoleftshuntsBW.pdf - Huzaifa | Great discussion! Thanks, Lilit and Huzaifa, for your excellent research into this topic and discussion. As far as I understand persistent truncus arteriosus is initially a left-to-right shunt with mixing of the blood but with time turns into a right-to-left shunt (Eisenmenger) syndrome. I agree that it would be best to get faculty input here to ensure the current text is correct, or add a clarifying note (eg, initially left-to-right shunt with mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, can progress to right-to-left shunt). Migrating to Annotate for discussion and faculty input. - Sarah https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534774/ | Disagreement/need expert | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 9:53 AM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
673 | 296 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Congenital heart diseases | ![]() | Nelson Essential of Pediatrics 7th edition page 501 or https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/heartdefects/tapvr.html | Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return is not left to right shunt , it is cyanotic because of the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the right atrium and that blood shunted to the right | Minor erratum | In line with the above discussion, TAPVR is also considered a CHD with admixture physiology, so I defer this to expert faculty as well, for the same reasons. Any other input from others will be much appreciated. -Lilit | Hm TAPVR isn't even under left to right shunt in FA, it's listed under right to left, and the text specifically says right to left shunt. There is an obligatory right to left shunt at the atrial level to support systemic flow. In favor of rejecting this one. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 9:56 AM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
674 | 296 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Congenital heart diseases | ![]() | http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T115146/22q11-2-deletion-syndrome | Associated with 22q11 syndromes (instead of DiGeorge syndrome). Additional comment: DiGeorge syndrome is a commonly used synonym for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Historically a clinical diagnosis of DiGeorge syndrome could be made in the absence of genetic testing, but today it should be reserved for patients in whom 22q11.2 deletion has been excluded and genetic etiology remains unknown. In this topic "DiGeorge syndrome" is used only when genetic etiology is unknown or unreported. | Clarification to current text | Inclined to accept this. TOF is also associated with velocardiofacial syndrome, which is also due to a deletion on chromosome 22q11.2. I think using a broader term like 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is probably a better option. Thoughts? -Lilit | I think perhaps consider expert review. According to the NIH, DiGeorge syndrome, and a few other names for this condition, are all variants of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. But to avoid confusion 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is used. So I'm in favor of agreeing and changing per the suggestion. - Huzaifa | I agree with the authors. This is not an erratum but it would be more accurate to generalise this to 22q11 syndrome (which we use more consistently throughout the book). - Sarah | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 06/10/19 8:26 PM | Estefanía | Henríquez Luthje | ehenriquezluthje@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
675 | 297 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Anatomy of the heart | ![]() | Made it up | Mneumonic for findings in Coarctation of the Aorta: ABCDE's --> A: berry Aneurysms, B: Bicuspid aortic valve, C: Costal notching, D: Delayed pulse in LE, E: Endocarditis | Mnemonic | Verified | Agree with second author. Some of these are associations, while others are direct effects of the condition. Mixing them up into a single mnemonic might confuse students. -Lilit | Reject. Some of these refer to complications of coarctation while others are associations. I think combining these is not the best way to understand this material. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/27/19 2:09 PM | Nanki | Hura | nanki.hura@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
676 | 297 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Cardiomyopathies | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/genetics-of-dilated-cardiomyopathy?search=Genetics%20of%20dilated%20cardiomyopathy&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy could be familiar: defect in gene TTN that codes for protein titin. | High-yield addition to next year | I am inclined to reject this addition. It is not HY, the TTN gene is part of many skeletal and cardiac syndromes. But, it is not commonly tested. -Victor Martinez | Verified | I don't think this is HY enough to add. Also is this supposed to be referencing p 305? - EP | I agree that this is not high-yield enough to be added. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/16/19 12:33 AM | NeryMara | Lamothe | maralamothe@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
677 | 297 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Congenital heart diseases | ![]() | https://www.pediatricheartspecialists.com/blog/55-down-syndrome-and-congenital-heart-disease | not only atrial septal defect associated with Down syndrome. In fact, the most common heart defects in Down syndrome are the following: atrioventricular septal defect, or AV canal defects (45%), ventricular septal defects (35%), secundum atrial septal defects (8%), and patent ductus arteriosus (7%). | Minor erratum | AV canal defects are mentioned in the Biochemistry chapter under "Down Syndrome" and in this chapter we just point out one high yield association. I don't think it is necessary to list everything here (should be in the biochem chapter if I had to pick one). Do you guys think the incidence rates of these defects are necessary to include in the book? I personally don't think it's needed, since we mentioned the MOST common congenital heart defect already. -Lilit | Since we've mentioned the most common, I don't think it's high yield to mention incidence rates. - Huzaifa | I agree with the authors. The incidence of these is LY for Step 1. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 10:14 AM | Halima | Aloum | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
678 | 297 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Congenital heart diseases | ![]() | not needed | It is better to mention " PDA is normal in utero and normally closes only after birth." and "Patency is maintained by PGE synthesis and low O2 tension." below "In fetal period, shunt is right to left (normal)." since all of them discuss the ductus arteriosus before birth | Clarification to current text | I think what we have in the text is fine. The embryology section along with PDA fact is enough to draw these conclusions. No changes are necessary. -Lilit | I believe what the student is suggesting is a reorganization of the existing text in the PDA fact. I think the current text flows fine though. No changes necessary. - Huzaifa | Agree with the authors. The current text is fine and factually correct. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 12:29 PM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
679 | 297 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Congenital heart diseases | ![]() | n/a | “TURN into an ARC” coARCtation of aorta associated with TURNer syndrome | Mnemonic | Verified | I don't like this, not catchy enough. Reject. -Lilit | I don't mind this mnemonic actually. Could improve on it by doing something like "Turn By the Arc" to show association of Turner syndrome and bicuspid aortic valve with coarctation. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 2:18 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
680 | 297 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Congenital heart diseases | ![]() | n/a | “Feeling DOWN to have A Septal Defect” DOWN syndrome associated with Atrial Septal Defect | Mnemonic | Verified | Again, not catchy, wouldn't add much to the content and would take up too much space. Reject. -Lilit | Reject, would be hard to remember. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 2:20 PM | a | p | anikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
681 | 297 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Congenital heart diseases | ![]() | original mnemonic | DSLR mnemonic for left to right shunts (vsD, asD, pDa), D Shunts are Left to Right | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 11/24/19 12:21 PM | Jinsung | Kim | jinsungkim@einsteinmed.org | |||||||||||||||||
682 | 297 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Congenital heart diseases | ![]() | original mnemonic, previous submission had wrong email | DSLR for left to right shunts (vsD, asD, pDa), D Shunts are Left to Right | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 11/24/19 12:24 PM | Jinsung | Kim | jinsung.kim@einsteinmed.org | |||||||||||||||||
683 | 298 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Congenital cardiac defect associations | ![]() | Step prep question on USMLE RX. | The entry for Turner Syndrome under congenital cardiac defect associations should specify that these individuals are at risk for *juxtaductal* aortic coarctation. | High-yield addition to next year | This fact is already stated on the congenital heart diseases entry, page 297. The congenital cardiac defect associations table (page 298) provides an easy/quick association between the disorder and defect, so I would not add "juxtaductal" since it is redundant. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Says so already on page 297. Reject. -Lilit | I don't think this needs to be added. Turner Syndrome is discussed in detail on pg 297 and "juxtaductal: is included. The chart on 298 is meant to be a brief summary. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/11/19 3:40 PM | Halley | Alberts | halley8236@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
684 | 298 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Congenital cardiac defect associations | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-cytogenetic-abnormalities?search=edwards%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~76&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H11 | Ventricular septal defects and patent duct arteriosus are the most common defects in Edwards syndrome presenting in neonates. | High-yield addition to next year | Of course it's important to know this information. However, VSD and PDA don't only present in neonates with Edwards syndrome. There are many other conditions/diseases these cardiac defects are associated with. We don't have to list these and all the rest, as I think it is higher yield to be able to identify these defects based on physical exam findings provided in most question stems. -Lilit | Recommend accepting. Edwards is as high yield as the other syndromes and identifying the two most common defects would be a good addition. -Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 3:11 AM | Nicolas | Curi Gawlinski | nicolascurii@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
685 | 298 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Congenital cardiac defect associations | ![]() | Not needed | Infant of a (DI)abetic mother ---> {(2)switched vessels, Transposition} | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 09/30/19 2:25 AM | Mamoun | Souleiman | mamoon1995@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
686 | 298 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Features of renal disorders | ![]() | Index | Fibromuscular Dysplasia is listed in the index as page 303. This is wrong. It should be listed as page 298 and 592 | Minor erratum | This will be resolved at the end of the editing process. Page numbers may change. -Lilit | Index team will address. - Huzaifa | Yes - this is a known issue and will hopefully be rectified this year. - Sarah | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/08/19 9:13 PM | Mike | Lawandy | marcolawandy@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
687 | 298 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Hypertension | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5634904/ https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-hypertension-in-adults?search=hypertension%20risk%20factors§ionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H8&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1# | Diabetes and smoking are not risk factors for hypertension. In fact, smoking is associated with lower blood pressure | Minor erratum | REJECT, there is a well-established association between smoking and high blood pressure. -Victor Martinez | Verified | False - will not change text - EP | Reject. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/22/19 9:26 AM | Hasan | Alarouri | hassan.arouri@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
688 | 298 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Hypertension | ![]() | 1. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24352797. Published February 5, 2014. Accessed May 28, 2019. 2. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12748199. Published May 21, 2003. Accessed May 28, 2019. | Hypertension is defined as ‘persistent systolic BP > 130 mmHg and/or diastolic BP > 80 mmHg.’ I think the SBP and DBP values should be revised as follows: JNC-8 and JNC-7 define pre-hypertension as SBP >120 mmHg and/or diastolic BP > 80 mmHg, while hypertension is persistent SBP >140 mmHg and/or DBP > 90 mmHg (in otherwise healthy individuals), or >130/80 mmHg for patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Thus, I suggest 1) changing 130 mmHg to 140 mmHg, (2) changing 80mmHg to 90mmHg, (3) including the phrase ‘or >130/80 mmHg for patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease.’ and possibly (4) including the definition of pre-hypertension as SBP 120-139 mmHg and/or DBP 80-89 mmHg. | Major erratum | Reject. These numbers were updated according to ACC/AHA guidelines. -Lilit | Agree with Lilit, these numbers are according to ACC/AHA guidelines. - Huzaifa | Agree with the authors. The current text is accurate. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/28/19 5:31 AM | Vardan | Hambardzumyan | hambvart@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
689 | 298 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Hypertension | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview | The First Aid 2019 states the following: "Hypertension: Persistent systolic BP > 130 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP > 80 mm Hg", which is a mistake, as the latest guideline from the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association states the following: Hypertension: Persistent systolic BP ≥130 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥80 mm Hg. | Major erratum | Equal signs will be added in the 2020 edition. This was already addressed during our first pass. -Lilit | Has been addressed. - Huzaifa | Already actioned during Pass 1. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/23/19 7:15 PM | Domingo | Reynoso Saldana | dr.domingoreynoso@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
690 | 299 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors | ![]() | no link | In Index you will find "Carotid Massage p. 299" this is incorrect. Correct page number is 294. | Major erratum | This will be addressed by the index team. -Lilit | Per Lilit, this will be addressed by index team. - Huzaifa | Yes - this is a known issue and will hopefully be rectified this year. - Sarah | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/24/19 9:42 AM | Nicola Helen | Duzak | nhampel@mail.sjsm.org | |||||||||||||
691 | 300 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Aortic aneurysm | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S107858849990864X | AAA (3 A's) is sometimes due to a defect in the gene encoding for type III procollagen | Mnemonic | Verified | I've never seen familial/genetic factors mentioned in board preparation books for AAA. Rejecting this suggestion. Smoking, HTN and atherosclerotic disease are the highest yield for this topic. -Lilit | Reject, this is low yield as far as I know. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 07/30/19 2:07 PM | Paola | Del Cueto | paoladelcueto@outlook.com | ||||||||||||||
692 | 300 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Aortic aneurysm | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470237/ | Add Hypercholesterolemia as one of the major causes of Abdominal aortic aneurysm | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 08/26/19 5:54 PM | Judith | Vásquez | judith.vasquez.11@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
693 | 300 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Aortic aneurysm | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1979501-clinical#b1 | "May cause abdominal and/or back pain, which is a sign of leaking, dissection, or imminent rupture." Should also mention that the sudden onset abdo ± back pain can be a sign of "ruptured AAA" (i.e. not just imminent, but the AAA has ruptured). Any patient with sudden onset "tearing" abdo ± back pain who comes in with hemodynamic instability on a b/g of CV risk factors, should have AAA as a differential high on the list. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 08/27/19 6:24 AM | Anthony Martin | Lim | anthony.m.lim@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
694 | 300 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Atherosclerosis | ![]() | Aorta. COronary. POpliteal. CArotid. | A COPy CAt | Mnemonic | We already have a story mnemonic to remember the location of atherosclerosis. However, I do like this student's mnemonic since it is quite simple and includes all the arteries too. -Victor Martinez | Verified | I like this mnemonic a lot more than the story, as it seems easier to remember. It's a short phrase, rather than a long sentence. I would suggest replacing the story. -Lilit | I think this student's mnemonic may be easier to remember than the current "story" that is used on pg 300. It is short and simple and includes all of the affected arteries. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/08/19 10:47 AM | Mohamed | Elashwal | melashwal@outlook.com | |||||||||||||
695 | 300.00 | Index | ![]() | Physiology | Normal cardiac pressures | ![]() | 2019 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 | The index says that you can find the "Swan-Ganz catheter" on page 300. There's no mention of it on that page, it is instead mentioned on page 295. The same thing applies to PCWP (Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure). | Minor erratum | This appears to be an index issue, can be addressed by the index team. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 05/07/19 1:58 PM | Pablo Emanuel | Ramirez | pablorc@sanjuanbautista.edu | ||||||||||||||||
696 | 301 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Ischemic heart disease manifestations | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155919-overview#showall | STEMI have characteristic of ST elevation and pathological Q wave. FA2019 mentions Q wave but is missing term "Pathological". It is very important to differentiate between pathological and physiological Q waves. | Clarification to current text | Verified | I agree with the suggestion. There are physiologic and positional effects that contribute to Q waves on ECG. We can add the word "pathological." -Lilit https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-and-diagnosis-of-q-waves-on-the-electrocardiogram?search=physiologic%20q%20wave&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H2 | Technically correct- we could add "pathologic" before Q waves. - MK | Agree. Sarah | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/03/19 10:47 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
697 | 301 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Kussmaul sign | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/constrictive-pericarditis?search=Constrictive%20pericarditisConstrictive%20pericarditis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~95&usage_type=default&display_rank=2 | Constrictive pericarditis could be a complication of radiation therapy of non-honking lymphoma. | High-yield addition to next year | I agree we could consider adding constrictive pericarditis to the next edition, this will lead to a further discussion on if we should place it in the cardiac tamponade entry or as a separate fact. -Victor Martinez | Verified | I think there's no need to add a new fact or include a new section on constrictive pericarditis. Any inflammatory process that results in pericardial inflammation/effusion will lead to fibrosis (hence lead to constrictive pericarditis). This phenomenon should be mentioned briefly with "Acute pericarditis" on page 308, as radiation therapy is already listed as a risk factor. -Lilit | I agree we could add constrictive pericarditis as a complication of radiation therapy, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, TB. Presents with Kussmaul sign, pulsus paradoxus, signs of right HF. I think this would need to be a separate fact rather than included with cardiac tamponade. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/17/19 2:08 AM | NeryMara | Lamothe | maralamothe@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
698 | 302 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Evolution of myocardial infarction | ![]() | Pathoma | after reperfusion due to influc of Ca leads to contraction; that is called (contraction band necrosis) | Minor erratum | Verified | According to uptodate, necrosis is a result of myocyte hypercontracture. There are several factors that contribute to hypercontracture which are listed in the link below. Hypercontracture itself can then contribute to additional injury, LEADING to "contraction band necrosis." I would appreciate editor as well as expert input on this. -Lilit https://www.uptodate.com/contents/reperfusion-injury-of-the-heart?search=contraction%20band%20necrosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H5 | I think we could add (contraction band necrosis) next to the already discussed "hypercontraction of myofibrils through increased free calcium influx." -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:28 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
699 | 303 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Diagnosis of myocardial infarction | ![]() | https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2017/08/14/12/31/eliminating-creatine-kinase-myocardial-band-testing | CK-MB is no longer recommended in the diagnosis of reinfarction following acute MI (ACC/AHA 2013 Guidelines) | Major erratum | As per the student's link, the article proposes the elimination of CK-MB testing in suspected ACS. However, according to UTD " Reinfarction and late diagnosis- since CK-MB levels return to baseline 36 to 48 h after infarction, resampling can be used to detect very early infarction. Since cTn does not normalize that rapidly, it has been suggested that CK-MB might be value in this area. It is now clear that cTn increases rapidly, albeit from an abnormal baseline in patients with reinfarction." https://www.uptodate.com/contents/biomarkers-of-cardiac-injury-other-than-troponin?search=reinfarction&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~104&usage_type=default&display_rank=4 I would leave the current text as is since the step 1 evaluates that CK-MB levels return to baseline 1 to 2 days after rising, and our wording is appropriate according to UTD. -Victor Martinez | Verified | We can amend the text to make note that CK-MB is not routinely used to assess for re-infarction. Do not think this is MAJOR erratum - EP | Reject, CKMB is still used for repeat infarcts sometimes. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 12/26/18 11:32 PM | Genevieve | Pentecost | gspf66@health.missouri.edu | ||||||||||||
700 | 303 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Diagnosis of myocardial infarction | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/811905-overview | Although Myoglobin was deemed unnecessary, it should be added to graph as a note stating that it rises prior to Troponin after MI and declines rapidly | High-yield addition to next year | Reject. This is not a high yield concept. -Lilit | Reject. I don't think this is high yield. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 04/09/19 11:09 AM | Ana Catarina | Jacinta Fernandes | a46845@ualg.pt | |||||||||||||||
701 | 303 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Diagnosis of myocardial infarction | ![]() | Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, Ninth Edition - Chapter 12, Under section "Myocardial Infarction" - "Troponins I and T are not normally detectable in the circulation. Following an MI, levels of both begin to rise at 3-12 hours." | In the book, it says "Cardiac troponin I rises after 4 hours" but it is actually 3 hours. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 09/01/19 7:00 PM | Yuhung | Chou | ychou@student.uiwtx.edu | |||||||||||||||||
702 | 303 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | ECG localization of STEMI | ![]() | n/a | A Smart LAD scores 1st/2nd = LAD obstruction - AnteroSeptal infarct with V1-V2 ST elevation An Average LAD scores 3rd/4th = LAD obstruction - AnteroApical infarct with V3-V4 ST elevation A Lazy LAD scores 5th/6th = LAD obstruction - AnteroLateral infarct with V5-V6 ST elevation | Mnemonic | Verified | I find this very catchy. Perhaps we can include this? We certainly have space on that page. -Lilit | Hmm it takes a bit to learn the actual mnemonic but I guess it gets the job done. I'm not sure, I don't like mnemonics where I feel I need to learn the mnemonic to learn the fact, but if it works for others and there's space then we could include. I was confused first at how this mnemonic worked. The S in Smart corresponds to the S in Septal, A in Average with A in Apical, L in Lazy with L in Lateral, so these will all get mnemonics treatment if included. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 2:21 PM | a | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
703 | 304 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Acute coronary syndrome treatments | ![]() | Just turned the text in FA2019 into a mnemonic | MONA BASH - Morphine Oxygen Nitroglycerin Aspirin (antiplatelet) Beta blocker ACEi Statins and Heparin (anticoagulation) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 12/15/19 6:52 PM | Marc | Marc El Khoury | markkhoury96@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
704 | 305 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Cardiomyopathies | ![]() | http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/23/3/586 | Important cause of dilated cardiomyopathy is coronary artery disease | High-yield addition to next year | I agree we should add this cause to the next edition and it can be part of the ABCCCD mnemonic by adding an extra C (Coronary artery disease). -Victor Martinez | Verified | Agree adding CAD to cause of DCM. -EP | Agree with adding CAD to a cause of DCM and including an extra C in the mnemonic ABCCCCD. - MK | john.r.butterly@dartmouth.edu | yes - absolutely. Ischemic heart disease is the number 1 cause of dilated systolic dysfunction in the US (but this might be a semantic issue as dilated cardiomyopathy is generally thought of as non-ischemic causes) so really a matter of definition. | nish7886@gmail.com | i think we should include it. DCM is more of a phenotype, and ischemia in addition to multiple other things can lead to this phenotype. it's important that we break the semantic issue John brings up -- totally agree with him. | ![]() | ![]() | 01/08/19 10:51 AM | Fatima | Mirza | fatimanmirza@gmail.com | |||||||||
705 | 305 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Cardiomyopathies | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153153-overview | I recommend changing the ABCCCD mnemonic to ABBCCCD (i.e. add a B). The extra B stands for "birth" -- thus incorporating peripartum cardiomyopathy as a cause of dilated CM. This also improves the mnemonic such that there is 1 A, 2 B's, and 3 C's to make it more memorable as the number corresponds to the letter position in the alphabet. | Mnemonic | It is a good suggestion. We could consider adding an extra B to the mnemonic to include Birth (peripartum cardiomyopathy) as one of the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy. -Victor Martinez | Verified | I like this suggestion. Peripartum cardiomyopathy has popped up on UWorld once or twice. The addition is minor and wouldn't add too much to the existing text. -Lilit | Also agree with this addition to the mnemonic as permpartum cardiomyopathy is a significant cause of dilated CM. This would make the new mnemonic ABBCCCCD if you include the above change as well. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/19/19 6:04 PM | Anthony | DeMarinis | ard3@uab.edu | |||||||||||||
706 | 305 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Cardiomyopathies | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22335739 | Came across a question on UWorld asking about sudden death in young man. I've always associated sudden death HOCM with sarcomeric mutations. However, familial cases in dilated cardiomyopathy are also associated with sarcomeric mutations specifically in the titin protein (TTN gene). | High-yield addition to next year | Sarcomeric mutations implies any protein involved in cardiac contractility. Beta myosin and myosin binding protein C are listed as examples in the text, but proteins such as titin, troponins T/I/C, etc may also be involved. Don't think it's worth listing all of these additional proteins, students just have to know that proteins involved in cardiac contractility are affected (which is clearly discussed in text). Here is the UTD link though. -Lilit https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy-gene-mutations-and-clinical-genetic-testing?search=hypertrophic%20obstructive%20cardiomyopathy%20genetics&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H22623491 | Would like editor input. I think the confusion for the student was in the fact that sarcomeric mutations are also seen in DCM not just HOCM, whereas in the text sarcomeric mutations are only discussed in HOCM. UTD says https://www.uptodate.com/contents/genetics-of-dilated-cardiomyopathy?search=dilated%20cardiomyopathy%20genetics&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H685023 that 30% of familial DCM is due to sarcomeric mutations. For example, beta myosin can have a mutation that causes DCM or a different mutation that causes HOCM. It may be important for students not to ONLY associate sarcomeric mutations such as to beta myosin with HOCM (on the other hand, it may be so much more common in HOCM as compared to DCM that this isn't necessary). I think we should consider adding sarcomeric mutations to the etiologies of DCM. -Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 04/25/19 11:04 AM | Parth | Patel | mparth25@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
707 | 305 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Virology | Cardiomyopathies | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-dilated-cardiomyopathy?search=lyme%20myocarditis&topicRef=4935&source=see_link | ABBCCCD = Alcohol abuse, wet Beriberi, Borrelia burgdorferi, Coxsackie B viral myocarditis, chronic Cocaine use, Chagas disease, Doxorubicin | Mnemonic | Verified | I think we decided against using this mnemonic on Annotate already. -Lilit | Per Lilit, reject. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 05/07/19 8:44 PM | Joy | Rathod | jratho01@nyit.edu | ||||||||||||||
708 | 305 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Cardiomyopathies | ![]() | https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa1110186 | truncating mutations that affect TTN gene which encodes for Titin protein are the most common cause of familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) | High-yield addition to next year | "No unique clinical characteristics have been identified for these truncating mutations but adverse events may occur earlier in men than in women. The role of missense mutations, common among all patient groups, was not addressed in the study." While UpToDate does say that titin mutations are the most common known cause of DCM, I just don't think this information should yet be added to the text. I would definitely appreciate expert input for this. -Lilit https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=CARD%2F117134&topicKey=CARD%2F4911&search=dilated%20cardiomyopathy&source=see_link https://www.uptodate.com/contents/genetics-of-dilated-cardiomyopathy?search=dilated%20cardiomyopathy&topicRef=3516&source=see_link#H5900156 | I'm not sure how high yield this is either. Per the comments above, might be enough to just state sarcomeric mutations. Defer to expert input for this. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 05/11/19 12:27 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
709 | 306 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Heart failure | ![]() | https://www.cvphysiology.com/Heart%20Failure/HF006 | Diastolic dysfunction causes Decrease in EDV and Increase in EDP according to the attached diagram , not normal EDV | Major erratum | Verified | I think this should be rejected. Diastolic dysfunction is a problem of ventricular filling due to impaired myocardial relaxation. Dysfunction in this process will lead to reduced early diastolic passive filling of the left ventricle. As a result, the late phase of diastolic filling (atrial contraction) will start making a bigger contribution than in an individual with normal physiology. This redistribution is the result of preserved EDV. I would appreciate editor/expert input on this subject. -Lilit https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-of-heart-failure-with-preserved-ejection-fraction?search=diastolic%20heart%20failure&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H19 | Recommend rejecting. Subject's reference is suspect. The JACC consensus is normal EDV (see below link). Anecdotally, this is a common misconception as I specifically recall from my Step studying being confused about this exact FAS1 fact and discussing with classmates. Pathophysiology of DD entails thickening of wall, which is commonly mistaken as leading to decreased EDV. Does anyone have a succinct way to clarify this? Source: http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/49/9/982. -Mitchell Katona | Agree with the authors. Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:34 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
710 | 306 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Heart failure | ![]() | Mnemonic | Drugs that decrease mortality : (ABC) 1)Ace inhibitors 2)Beta Blocker 3) Cpironolactone | Mnemonic | Verified | I don't like the mnemonic. A simple word like "Abs" can still be more memorable and preserve the S for spironolactone. -Lilit | I don't think the C part (Cpironolactone) works very well for this. Reject. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/05/19 10:04 PM | ahamd | Obeidat | obeidat.amd@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
711 | 306 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Heart failure | ![]() | none needed | In the pressure-volume loop diagrams, it would be helpful if the abbreviations were written out with their abbreviation in parentheses following. (I.e., "Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)" and "Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF"). This is the only place where these abbreviations are used. | Clarification to current text | Not sure if this actually needs to be clarified as it could take up a lot of space. - MK | Agree with Mitchell. These are also covered in the Abbreviation list at the end of the book. No need to include further detail here. Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/15/19 1:00 AM | Natalie | Jansen | jansen7@uic.edu | ||||||||||||||
712 | 306 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Physiology | Heart failure | ![]() | N/A | Diastolic dysfunction is associated with S4 heart sound and diastolic has 4 syllables for S4 (di-a-sto-lic --> S4) On the other hand, systolic dysfunction, which is associated with an S3 heart sound, has 3 syllables for systolic (sys-to-lic). Therefore, sys-to-lic --> S3 | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Inaccurate information is presented, as per link added by second author. In addition, not the best mnemonic. -Lilit | Reject. S3 can also be heard in diastolic HF. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/auscultation-of-heart-sounds?search=s3%20s4&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~104&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H24 -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 04/18/19 2:42 PM | Jenny | Wei | justbeingjenny@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
713 | 306 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Hydralazine | ![]() | First aid 2019 | Hydralazine with nitrate therapy improves both symptoms and mortality in 'selected' patients. Text in the book says 'select'. Selected patients could be specified eg: African patients | Spelling/formatting | I don't think the formatting of this sentence is off at all. As for specifying the select group of patients, its not just African Americans that benefit from combination Hydralazine/nitrate. They are also used in patients who are not tolerant of ACE inhibitors, ARBs or ARNI, as well as patients who have persistent class III/IV heart failure despite optimal medical therapy. This treatment is highly individualized, and to be this specific with defining the select group of patients is outside the scope of Step 1. -Lilit | Agreed with Lilit. The sentence is fine in its current form. AA patients are "classically" the select group that benefit but as Lilit said there are others and in any case this is very LY for S1. -Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 03/17/19 7:14 AM | Priyanka | Priyanka | dr.priyankalalwani@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
714 | 307 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Bacterial endocarditis | ![]() | Not needed | Mnemonic -> Owsler nodes. Ow indicates pain and helps differentiating the hand lesions in endocarditis (Osler vs Janeway). | Mnemonic | I am not inclined to accept or reject this mnemonic. It could help to differentiate between Osler and Janeway lesions. However, I think this difference would be more important for the step 2 clinical knowledge rather than the step 1. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject. The text already mentions that Osler nodes are tender, whereas Janeway lesions are painless. I don't think adding a mnemonic would be useful, since both are symptoms of bacterial endocarditis. I don't think differentiating the two symptoms would be a critical factor in getting a question right on Step 1. -Lilit | I don't think it is an unreasonable suggestion since Osler nodes and Janeway lesions are easily confused as they are somewhat similar in appearance/location. I can say that the UWorld test bank contains a practice question (#72 in the Step 1 Qbank), which gives a description of "nontender lesions" and asks for the pathologic process with both immune complexes (Osler nodes) and microemboli (Janeway lesions) as answers. Even so, it may not be "high yield" enough for inclusion but it is possibly "testable" to know which is painful and which isn't. - Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 4:05 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
715 | 307 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Shock | ![]() | Noticed it | Missing a comma after anaphylaxis in what distributive shock is caused by. Right now it reads "anaphylaxis CNS injury," but should by "anaphylaxis, CNS injury" | Spelling/formatting | Yes. Need to add a comma after anaphylaxis. -Lilit | Agree. Add comma after anaphylaxis. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/27/19 5:35 PM | Nanki | Hura | nanki.hura@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
716 | 307 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Shock | ![]() | uWorld | According to uWorld, anaphylactic shock results in decreased cardiac output, not increased. The attached figure shows a combined cardiac/vascular function curve for anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis causes widespread venous/arterial dilation along with increased capillary permeability and third spacing , causing decrease in mean systemic filling pressure and venous return. Contractility and HR go up to compensate, but overall CO effect is still decreased. | Minor erratum | According to UpToDate, anaphylaxis can result in massive third spacing of fluid due to increased vascular permeability and result in severe intravascular volume depletion within 10 minutes. Depending on volume loss and peripheral vascular resistance, sympathetic stimulation may not be able to maintain appropriate cardiac output. I would like to get expert faculty input on this matter. -Lilit https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-of-anaphylaxis?search=anaphylactic%20shock&topicRef=392&source=see_link#H23 | I'm unable to open the figure the student has attached, but I've attached another reference showing the anaphylactic shock results in decreased cardiac output. Agree to have expert feedback on this. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3877435/ - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 05/10/19 12:53 PM | Rob | Shvarts | rob.shvarts@emory.edu | |||||||||||||||
717 | 307 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Shock | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/definition-classification-etiology-and-pathophysiology-of-shock-in-adults?search=shock&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H25 | Mnemonic for types of Shock: SANCHO. The first 3 letters are subtypes of Distributive shock (Septic, Anaphylactic, Neurogenic/CNS Injury). Rest of letters are: Cardiogenic, Hypovolemic, Obstructive. | Mnemonic | Verified | I don't think this is a high yield addition. Just don't think a mnemonic is necessary to remember the types of shocks. -Lilit | Reject. Hard to remember. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 07/19/19 2:09 PM | Ernest | Flores | eaf0182@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
718 | 308 | Rapid Review | ![]() | Pathology | Rheumatic fever | ![]() | https://reference.medscape.com/calculator/jones-criteria-diagnosis-rheumatic | HALF (minor criteria for rheumatic fever): H-Heart block (↑PR interval) A-Arthralgia “L”-Elevated ESR/CRP, Leukocytosis F-Fever Need 2 major criteria or 1 major & 2 minor criteria for diagnosis. (2 HALF make up for 1 J♥NES) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 01/01/19 7:03 PM | Sarah | McGriff | scmcgriff@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
719 | 309 | Index | ![]() | Pathology | Cardiac tamponade | ![]() | N/A | The fact for 'Pulsus paradoxus' below cardiac tamponade is incorrectly said to be on page 315 in the index. | Spelling/formatting | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 12:34 PM | Halley | Alberts | halley8236@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||||
720 | 309 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Cardiac tamponade | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157096-overview | Constrictive pericardisit : Pericardium loses its elasticity, Stiff, Thickened, sticky. Results from : Pericarditis, Radiation, Heart surgery. Symptoms of congestion - Heart cannot fill properly: Dyspnea, Raised JVP, Edema. Pulsus Paradoxus & kussmaul sign. Rapid Y desent in Jugular venous pulse curve | High-yield addition to next year | I agree we could consider adding constrictive pericarditis to the next edition, this will lead to a further discussion on if we should place it in the cardiac tamponade entry or as a separate fact. -Victor Martinez | Verified | I believe I mentioned this in another comment, but all of these etiologies are already listed under acute pericarditis. We can just add a line about constrictive pericarditis and mention that it can lead to signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade. It would take too much extra text if we added it with cardiac tamponade or if we created a new "constrictive pericarditis" section. Thoughts? -Lilit | I agree this is a necessary addition to the text. I think it should be a separate topic and not under cardiac tamponade as these are not the same thing. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/10/19 2:55 PM | Ahmad | Y. Obeidat | Obeidat.amd@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
721 | 309 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Cardiac tamponade | ![]() | https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsus_paradoxus&ved=2ahUKEwiw9qv7ovzgAhVC6RoKHV8fAG4QFjAHegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw0q8O4IojznhFHl4KwkEiWs | Causes of pulsus paradoxus. CHACOT (Cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, Hypovolemic shock, Asthma, COPD, Obstructive sleep apnea, Tension pneumothorax | Mnemonic | Verified | There are many other non cardiac conditions with pulsus paradoxus. If we're going to add the suggested conditions, we should consider the rest as well. I suggest the mnemonic "Pea COAT" for what it already in the book. Pericarditis, Croup, OSA, Asthma, Tamponade. I used this and it helped me a lot. Attaching the link to more non cardiac conditions with pulsus paradoxus. -Lilit https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pulsus-paradoxus-in-pericardial-disease?search=pulsus%20paradoxus&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~29&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H6 | Agree with this. All of these can present clinically with pulsus paradoxus. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/12/19 5:21 AM | Maham | Irfan | Dr.irfan1691@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
722 | 309 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Myocarditis | ![]() | n/a | “Pulsus Paradoxus with a CrAP Cardiac Output” Croup, Asthma, Pericarditis, Cardiac tamponade, Obstructive sleep apnea | Mnemonic | Verified | We have already introduced a mnemonic for pulsus paradoxus. -Lilit | I like the Pea COAT mnemonic better. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 2:16 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
723 | 310 | Index | ![]() | Index | Vasculitides | ![]() | FAS1 2019 | Giant cell arthritis is listed as being on page 315, but it is actually on 310. | Major erratum | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 01/08/19 1:18 PM | Christine | Diedrich | christinediedrich@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||||
724 | 310 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Vasculitides | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23663684/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/20457278/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23114585/ | It would be good to add that the production of cytokines, in particular Interleukin-6 (IL-6), appears to closely correlate with the severity of the Giant Cell Arteritis. A monoclonal antibody against IL-6 (tocilizumab) is effective in treatiing GCA. | High-yield addition to next year | According to UTD " the use of Tocilizumab for the treatment of GCA was suggested by evidence that IL-6 is important in disease pathogenesis" Also UTD "At this time, we reserve TCZ (Tocilizumab) for the management of individual patients who are at high risk for glucocorticoid toxicity, who incur glucocorticoid-related side effects during the course of treatment, or who experience relapsing disease." https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-giant-cell-arteritis?search=treatment%20of%20giant%20cell%20arteritis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~104&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 We could consider adding this to the next edition and put it in the Therapeutic antibodies table, page 122, immunology chapter as a second-line agent for the treatment of Giant cell arteritis. -Victor Martinez | Verified | There are only case reports, series and a phase 2 clinical trial on this, according to UTD. Is this really enough clinical evidence to support its efficacy yet? I'm inclined to reject this suggestion for now. -Lilit https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-giant-cell-arteritis?search=giant%20cell%20arteritis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~127&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H179055212 | I'm not sure if this fact is considered high yield and would appreciate others' opinions on this. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/30/19 1:11 AM | Leidy Laura | Guerrero Hernández | Leidylauragh14@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
725 | 310 | Index | ![]() | Pathology | Vasculitides | ![]() | index clariication | leukocytoclastic vasculitis is predominantly discussed on this page (310) but is only listed in the updated index as being on page 173. This should be corrected. Thank you. | Clarification to current text | Agree we should correct the index list/pages regarding leukocytoclastic vasculitis. -Victor Martinez | Verified | This is an index issue. -Lilit | Index is already being fixed. | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 02/15/19 3:13 PM | Claire | Donnelley | clairedonnelley@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
726 | 310 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Vasculitides | ![]() | UWorld, Pathoma | for polyarteritis Nodosa; due to different stages of lumpy fibrosis (Nodosa) it gives the appearance of "String of Pearls". This appearance also found in renal FibroMuscular Dysplasia. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Can consider adding the phrase next to what's already written. -Lilit | Agree with student. We could add after "Transmural inflammation of the arterial wall with fibrinoid necrosis" and include that this eventually heals with fibrosis, creating a "string of pearls" appearance. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:29 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
727 | 310 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Vasculitides | ![]() | Pathoma | for Kawasaki disease: since Cardiac compication is such unique to know (kids with MI like pictures), suggest thinking of "kid on Kawasaki motorcycle"; their hands and feets are red and their heart is excited or beating fast same with disease. | Mnemonic | Verified | I think the mnemonic in the book is excellent and sufficient by itself. Also don't think we can just use a "mnemonic" that's used in Pathoma. -Lilit | Recommend rejecting. The existing mnemonic is already excellent in its memory hook and completeness. Although tachycardia out of proportion to fever is a good association, it is not a diagnostic criterion. Source: "UpToDate: Kawasaki disease: Clinical features and diagnosis" - Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:30 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
728 | 310 | Index | ![]() | Pathology | Vasculitides | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | Vasculitis is listed as page 315, 316 in the index but it's covered on page 310, 311 | Major erratum | Verified | This is an index issue. -Lilit | Needs to be discussed with index team - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/03/19 1:19 PM | Priyanka | Lalwani | dr.priyankalalwani@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
729 | 311 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Heart failure | ![]() | N/A | On pg. 757 in the appendix, "heart failure" directs you to pg. 311. There is no mention of heart failure on pg 311. Additionally, under "heart failure - associations" on page 757, it directs you to page 690, which has no mention of heart failure. | Spelling/formatting | Agree, the index does not correlate appropriately with pages. -Victor Martinez | Verified | This is an index issue. -Lilit | Needs to be discussed with index team - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/09/19 2:37 PM | Douglas | Moss | douglas.moss@my.rfums.org | |||||||||||||
730 | 311 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Vasculitides | ![]() | Spelling error | Immunoglobulin A vasculitis is associated with BERGER disease (i.e. IgA nephropathy) not BUERGER disease (i.e. thromboangiitis obliterans) | Spelling/formatting | Duplicate | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 10:26 AM | Daniel | Pak | paksungjoon91@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
731 | 311 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Vasculitides | ![]() | N/A | Page 311 states that immunoglobulin A vasculitis is associated with IgA nephropathy (Buerger disease) when it should be *Berger* disease. Confusing because Buerger disease is another vasculidity. | Spelling/formatting | Agree with the student, I believe that this is a spelling issue. So, the next edition should be " Associated with IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)" -Victor Martinez | Verified | This issue has already been addressed in another comment. -Lilit | Agree with student. IgA nephropathy is also known as Berger's disease, not Buerger. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 10:16 PM | Halley | Alberts | halley8236@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
732 | 311 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Vasculitides | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/239927-overview | In Immunoglobulin A vasculitis, "Associated with IgA nephropathy (Buerger disease)" must be "Associated with IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)" | Minor erratum | Verified | Agree with student. IgA nephropathy is also known as Berger's disease, not Buerger. - MK | Nice catch. Change in the third column of vasculitides: FROM "IgA nephropathy (Buerger disease)" TO "IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)" - Vivek | Agree, change to "IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)" | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | john.r.butterly@dartmouth.edu | OK | *CARDIO Anish Bhatt | good find | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 01/09/19 9:35 AM | Najat | Fadlallah | najat.fadlallah@lau.edu | |||||||
733 | 311 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Vasculitides | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329255-overview | Mixed cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis due to mixed IgG and IgA immune complex deposition. This is incorrect, mixed cryoglobulinemia contain rheumatoid factors (RFs), which are usually IgM and, rarely, IgG or IgA | Major erratum | The student seems to be correct about this since mixed cryoglobulinemia (Type II and type III) is the result of a monoclonal immunoglobulin, usually immunoglobulin M (IgM) or, less frequently, IgG and IgA. However, I think we need faculty input because it is not clear if the vascular symptoms are primarily produced by IgM or by IgA-IgG. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Agree with getting faculty input. Not an expert in this. | Disagreement/need expert | john.r.butterly@dartmouth.edu | I can not comment - no expertise | Maria Antonelli | vasculitis is usually seen with type II and III (which are IgG and IgM). IgA rarely involved. Would remove IgA and replace with IgM - leave IgG as it usually does play an important role. I realize the Medscape article states that IgM is the sole common Ig involved but I checked with several rheumatology sources which suggest both are commonly involved in the mixed cryos. | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 01/15/19 10:49 AM | Omid | Shafaat | omid.shafaat@yahoo.com | ||||||||
734 | 311 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Vasculitides | ![]() | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iga-nephropathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352268 | On page 311 under Vasculitides (continued) and in reference to Immunoglobulin A vasculitis under the PATHOLOGY/LABS section it states that Immunoglobulin A vasculitis is associated with IgA nephropathy (Buerger disease). I believe this to be a mistake and should be corrected to its “ Associated with IgA nephropathy (Berger Disease)”. Page 583, 585, and 690 all make reference to Berger disease as being IgA Nephropathy. Buerger Disease is a Medium-vessel vasculitis associated with Gangrene and Amputation of extremities. | Minor erratum | I believe this is already addressed in another comment that was migrated to annotate. -Lilit | Agree with student. IgA nephropathy is also known as Berger's disease, not Buerger. - MK | Agree! Sarah | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/27/19 11:35 AM | Gabriel | Graham | GabrielGraham1994@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
735 | 311 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Vasculitides | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/239927-overview | Immunoglobulin A vasculitis associated wit Ig A nephropathy is "berger's" disease and the book says its "buerger's" disease which is TOA | Spelling/formatting | Already addressed. -Lilit | Has been addressed. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 07/01/19 2:47 PM | guneet | gill | gillguneet94@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
736 | 311 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Vasculitides | ![]() | n/a | W-egner Granulomatosis M-icroscopic Polyangiitis Take these diseases like an image in the mirror. | Mnemonic | Verified | Besides the W and M, I don't see how this is gonna helpful for memorization. -Lilit | Unhelpful. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 5:41 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
737 | 311 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Vasculitides | ![]() | Your own text verifies this. A simple typo. | For IgA vasculitis, in the pathology/labs column it says “Associated with IgA nephropathy (Buerger disease).” It should say “Associated with IgA nephropathy (Berger) disease.” Buerger disease is thromboangitis obliterans. Berger disease is IgA nephropathy. | Minor erratum | Already addressed. -Lilit | Has been addressed. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 07/12/19 3:59 PM | Medical | Student | Justwanttohelp@dontemailme | |||||||||||||||
738 | 311 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Vasculitides | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/239927-overview | For Immunoglobulin A vasculitis, it currently says it is "associated with IgA nephropathy (Buerger disease)", but it should be Berger's disease | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/12/19 9:21 PM | Daniel | Zhu | Dzhu5@pride.hofstra.edu | |||||||||||||||||
739 | 311 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Vasculitides | ![]() | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iga-nephropathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352268 | Under small-vessel vasculitis (p.311) when describing the pathology/labs of Immunoglobulin A vasculitis (HSP) there is a mention of the association with IgA nephropathy and in brackets it's referred to as Buerger disease. The actually spelling is Berger's disease. This is not simply a spelling error. There is a Buerger disease on the previous page (p.310) under medium-vessel vasculitis and since this is on the page right before the error in the text, it is safe to assume that some people will make an incorrect connection between the association of Buerger disease and HSP when in actuality the connection lies between HSP and Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy). | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/13/19 2:34 PM | Amir | Guirguis | amir.guir123@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
740 | 312 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Cardiac tumors | ![]() | FA2019 lists Myxomas as the most common primary cardiac adult tumor | "Adults make myxed drinks" to remember that myxomas are the most common primary cardiac tumors in adults, vs. rhabdomyomas in children. | Mnemonic | It is a good suggestion. We could consider adding this mnemonic to the next edition. -Victor Martinez | Verified | It's catchy. I think it's a good idea to add this. -Lilit | Recommend accepting. Good memory hook and high yield for Step 1. | ![]() | ![]() | 01/03/19 10:19 PM | Georgeanna | Tsoumas | g_tsoumas0412@email.campbell.edu | |||||||||||||
741 | 312 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia | ![]() | Mnemonic, FA19 p. 312 | *Schnoz*ler-Weber-Rendu has *nose*bleeds | Mnemonic | Verified | Not a very comprehensive mnemonic. It only associates the syndrome with nose bleeds. OWR syndrome is much more complex. There's potential for a much better mnemonic. Reject. -Lilit | Leaning towards rejecting. Epistaxis is not sensitive or specific for HHT/OWR, so it is unlikely this mnemonic alone would be enough to help a student on a Step 1 question. -Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 04/24/19 3:15 PM | Elan | Baskir | ebask003@fiu.edu | ||||||||||||||
742 | 312 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia | ![]() | wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer | Rudolph the red nose "REiNDeer", "osler weber RENDu" red nose=recurrent epistaxis | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/25/19 12:23 PM | Esat | Gunay | md.esatgunay@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
743 | 312 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Hypertension treatment | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5270217/ | In discussion of "hypertension in asthma" it should be clarified that beta-2-receptor BLOCKADE can lead to bronchoconstriction which is why non-selective beta-blockers should be used in asthma. Currently it reads as if beta-two receptor agonism can lead to bronchoconstriction, but it means to say that beta-2 blockade leads to bronchconstriction and exacerbation of asthma. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 11/25/19 11:06 PM | Abhishek | Gami | agami@jhu.edu | |||||||||||||||||
744 | 312 | Index | ![]() | Pharmacology | Kussmaul sign | ![]() | N/A | The index incorrectly lists this fact to be on page 319. | Spelling/formatting | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 12:30 PM | Halley | Alberts | halley8236@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||||
745 | 312 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Thiazide diuretics | ![]() | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jch.12679 | Thiazide-type diuretics are associated with significant but small adverse glycemic effects in hypertensive patients. Treatment with a lower dose might reduce or avoid glycemic changes. | Clarification to current text | Reject. Don't think it's high yield to mention this here. Renal chapter discusses the adverse effects of thiazides and a mention here is for consistency. -Lilit | Reject. Agree with Lilit, renal chapter discusses thiazide adverse effects. - Huzaifa | Agree with the authors. This is covered elsewhere in the book in sufficient detail. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/19/19 8:46 PM | Leshlie | De la Torre Mendoza | ldelatorre28@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
746 | 312 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Ulcer complications | ![]() | https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/varicose-veins | Varicose veins: dilated tortuous veins most commonly found on the superficial system. cussed by chronic elevation of venous pressure or loss of the strength in vessel wall leading to incompetent of the venous valves. common complication includes. edema,infection, dermatitis, ski ulcer and poor wound healing. | High-yield addition to next year | We could consider adding this to the next edition. It is an important concept. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Even though I think this is important knowledge, I don't think it should be added to the text. This will open up a whole new door to peripheral vascular disease progression, which I think is more applicable to step 2 and lower yield for step 1. -Lilit | Recommend accepting. Agreed that this is an important concept. Would be well-served as a brief, stand-alone fact in new edition +/- image(s). Would recommend brief description of appearance, typical anatomy, pathophysiology, and complications. Student's comment is sufficient in breadth and could simply be refined. Would use UpToDate: "Overview and management of lower extremity chronic venous disease", section "Varicose veins" - Mitchell Kaona | ![]() | ![]() | 02/10/19 3:48 AM | ahamd | Obeidat | obeidat.amd@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
747 | 313 | Index | ![]() | Pathology | Bacterial endocarditis | ![]() | Index error | in the index,under Staph Aureus, bacterial endocarditis is said to be on pg 313 but it is on pg 307 | Minor erratum | This is an index issue, not part of the CV chapter. -Lilit | This should be addressed with the index team. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/14/19 10:17 AM | Ifrah | Zaki | ifrahdeccan@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||||
748 | 313 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Calcium channel blockers | ![]() | . | Concerning dihydropyridines : MALO and NIMO are CLEaVIng and kNIFing each other in a CAR .All of them end with -dipine. | Mnemonic | I am not inclined to accept or reject this mnemonic. It could help to remember these Ca channel blockers. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject. Not a great suggestion. -Lilit | Recommend rejecting. In my view, this is a weak memory hook. -Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 01/02/19 3:57 PM | Bahaa' eddine | Succar | bahaasuccar@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
749 | 313 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Calcium channel blockers | ![]() | Not applicable | types of Ca channels: Think with your brain (T-type found mainly in the brain), Love with your heart (L-type found mainly in the heart) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. This mnemonic would only work for pharmacology, as suggested by the second author, and it would send a wrong message about cardiac physiology. -Lilit | Recommend rejecting. Only utility of this would be knowing that CCBs act on L-type, while ethosuximide works on T-type. Otherwise, this mnemonic is not helpful as it may incorrectly imply to a student that T-type channels are not present/physiologically important to pacemaker cells. -Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 04/05/19 4:51 PM | Awab | Elnaeem | awab.kamal@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
750 | 313 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Calcium channel blockers | ![]() | self made | for remembering vasulcar smooth mucle drugs and heart muscle drugs. remember with andVdna. (for vasular smooth muscle go from Vascular smooth muscle—amlodipine = nifedipine > diltiazem > verapamil. Heart—verapamil > diltiazem > amlodipine = nifedipine | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/04/19 4:29 PM | Shreya | Gulati | gulatishreya23@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
751 | 313 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Hypertensive emergency | ![]() | http://www.jbc.org/content/276/37/34681.long | Nitroprusside increases myosin light-chain phosphatase activity due to increase cGMP via direct release of NO | High-yield addition to next year | The role of cGMP in vascular smooth muscle relaxation is already described in MSK physiology, pg 449 in FA 2019. Don't think we need to repeat it for the mechanism of action of the drug. -Lilit | Agree with the student. Sodium nitroprusside breaks down to release NO which increases cGMP which then activates myosin light-chain phosphatases. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 04/09/19 11:37 AM | Maria | Meana | mameana91@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
752 | 313 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Lipid-lowering agents | ![]() | mnemonic | HMG -coa reductase : H: Hepatotoxicity - M: Myopathy - G: Git upset | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 12/07/19 7:19 AM | Obaida | Safi | ooobbbooo@outlook.sa | |||||||||||||||||
753 | 313 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Nitrates | ![]() | Not needed | Add methemoglobinemia to the side effects of nitrates. Already mentioned on page 648 of FA2018. Knowledge of this fact is HY (seen on NBMEs). | High-yield addition to next year | We could consider adding methemoglobinemia as a side effect of nitrates to be consistent with our formatting without being redundant about this fact. -Victor Martinez | Verified | High concentrations of nitrates can lead to methemoglobinemia, so we should add this for consistency. -Lilit | Recommend accepting. Agree with student and VM. Would simply add "methemoglobinemia" to list of AEs as is done, for example, with the "Local anesthetics" fact in the Neurology chapter. Nitrates are a high yield example of iatrogenic methemoglobinemia. Source: UpToDate: "Nitrates in the management of acute coronary syndrome", section on "Side Effects and Caution" -Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 4:07 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
754 | 314 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Antianginal therapy | ![]() | Wong GWK, Boyda HN, Wright JM. Blood pressure lowering efficacy of partial agonist beta blocker monotherapy for primary hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD007450. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007450.pub2 | ACE card and Pi(e)NDulum cause anxiety .. ACE stands for acebutolol and Pi(e)NDulum stands for pindolol. | Mnemonic | Verified | I don't think this is a high yield fact to have a mnemonic for. Reject. -Lilit | Difficult mnemonic for something not that high yield. Reject. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 10:21 AM | iyad | s.albustami | isalbustami15@med.just.edu.jo | ||||||||||||||
755 | 314 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Sacubitril | ![]() | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00886 | captoPRIL- ACE inhibitor, sacubiTRIL- neprilyson inhibitor, omaPaTRILat- both ACE and NEP inhibitor. (Name contaim both PRIL and TRIL- PaTRIL. ) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Omapatrilat is an experimental antihypertensive agent. -Lilit | Omapatrilat is not included in the text so I'm not sure what the student is suggesting for the mnemonic. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/25/19 7:07 PM | Lokesh | goyal | lkh.lokesh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
756 | 314 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Sacubitril | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/use-of-angiotensin-receptor-neprilysin-inhibitor-in-heart-failure-with-reduced-ejection-fraction https://reference.medscape.com/drug/entresto-sacubitril-valsartan-1000010 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/30508581/ | Neprilysin is responsible for degradation of Natriuretic peptides , substance P, endothelins and other vasoactive peptide such as Atrial Natriuretic Peptide. It does not degrade ANGIOTENSIN II. So, sacubitril as such does not prevent degradation of Angiotension II. Angiotensinase degrades Angiotensin II. The slight increases level of angiotensin II is due to combination of Sacubitril with Valsartan, as Valsartan is ARB. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/08/19 3:45 PM | Ruchir | Paladiya | Pruchir137@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
757 | 315 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Lipid-lowering agents | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pcsk9-inhibitors-pharmacology-adverse-effects-and-use?search=pcsk9&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~31&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1063920136 | In the figure at the bottom of the page, an arrow going from PCSK9 to LDL receptor is marked with a ‘+’ which is misleading because PCSK9 works by reducing LDLR levels on the plasma membrane. Hence if PCSK9 is blocked, more LDLRs are recycled and are present on the surface of cells. | Clarification to current text | Blocking PCSK9 reduces the degradation of LDL receptors and increases the clearance of LDL cholesterol, that is the reason why it has an arrow with a green + sign. I would leave as is. -Victor Martinez | Agree, leave as is. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 12/31/18 7:46 AM | Muhammad Faizan | Ali | faizanali.93@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
758 | 315 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Lipid-lowering agents | ![]() | https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/861024 | Figure indicates that PCSK9 stimulated LDL-R. While in fact PCSK9 stimulated degradation of LDL-R. Text after arrow should read "LDL-R Degradation" to avoid confusion | Minor erratum | Verified | PCSK9 itself stimulates degradation of LDL-R which increases circulating LDL levels. PCSK9 inhibitors reverse this process by inhibiting degradation of LDL-Rs. The (+) arrow in the illustration indicates the higher levels of LDL receptors, not a stimulatory effect. -Lilit | This student is incorrect. PCSK9 inactivates the degradation of LDL-R. - MK | The student likely got PCSK9 and PCSK9 inhibitors confused. PCSK9 indeed stimulates the degradation of LDL-R which is why PCSK9 inhibitors have been developed to interfere with this process. The below excerpt is from the medscape article cited by the student: "PCSK9 functions as a binding protein; it is expressed primarily in hepatocytes and after secretion binds to the LDL-R and promotes their degradation. By blocking PCSK9, these drugs result in increased availability of LDL-R to remove LDL-C from the circulation. The table refers to PCSK9 inhibitors which inactivate the degradation of LDL-R as Mitchell stated. Therefore no change needed. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/05/19 10:47 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
759 | 315 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Lipid-lowering agents | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gemfibrozil-drug-information?search=gemfibrozil&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1~73&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1 | Gemfibrozil is spelled incorrectly. It is "Gemfi rozil" on the book. | Spelling/formatting | Appears correct on my PDF version of FA 2019. Perhaps this was from an older version of FA? -Lilit | It appears to be spelled correctly in the annotate version. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/18/19 6:34 PM | Henry | Chan | henwyc@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
760 | 315 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Lipid-lowering agents | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3489608/ | Fibrates are one of the main VLDL lowering agents. | High-yield addition to next year | Agree with second author. High yield topics are drug effects of LDL, TG and HDL, not VLDL. Reject. -Lilit | Recommend rejecting. Lowering VLDL is implied in the description of MOA: "LPL upregulation". It is also depicted in the illustration. Further, agents' effects on LDL, HDL, and TG are more relevant both to Step 1 and in general than their effects on VLDL. -Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 12:40 PM | Jose Carlos | Fernandez | josecarlos1593@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||||
761 | 315 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Lipid-lowering agents | ![]() | n/a | Gemfibrozil = Gall stones PPAR α = 7-α hydroxylase inhibitor | Mnemonic | Verified | I'm not the biggest fan of this one. We also don't have a lot of room on this page for additional mnemonics. -Lilit | I'm not sure what the mnemonic here is. Reject. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 5:42 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
762 | 316 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Cardiac glycosides | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3693787/ | The text suggests that van Gogh suffered the side effects of digoxin. However, medical historians now largely agree that Van Gogh's yellow period was likely not due to digitalis-induced xanthopsia (see reference). | Minor erratum | This is just for a mnemonic to make things easier to remember. I don't think historical speculations are against the rules. Leave the text as is. -Lilit | Yeah, I think the text is fine as is. It's meant to be a memory hook. - Huzaifa | I agree with the authors. It is a decent mnemonic and I think most students still find it helpful. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/30/19 5:53 PM | Hannah | Abrams | hannahrabrams@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
763 | 316 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Cardiac glycosides | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30529380 | In the mechanism of action of Digoxin, the indirect inhibition of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger should not increase the Calcium influx- but rather, decrease the Calcium efflux. Same result, but minor difference. Based on the diagram shown as well as general directionality/mechanism of these pumps. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 09/06/19 2:43 PM | Michael | Markel | mmarkel18@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
764 | 317 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Antiarrhythmics—sodium channel blockers (class I) | ![]() | https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/punctuation/quotation_marks/more_quotation_mark_rules.html | The mnemonic for Class IC is "'Can I have Fries, Please." It is a question, so it should end with a "?" instead of a "." | Spelling/formatting | Mnemonics are allowed to be grammatically flexible. However, we could add "?" to the next edition. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Very picky with this suggestion, but we could add the "?" sign. -Lilit | Minor suggestion but technically correct. Could change "." to "?" - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/03/19 9:31 PM | Collin | Gilmore | nilloc33@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
765 | 317 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Antiarrhythmics—sodium channel blockers (class I) | ![]() | https://www.cvpharmacology.com/antiarrhy/sodium-blockers | sodium channel binding strength is a CAB to fastest dissociation. IC>IA>IB. | Mnemonic | We could consider this mnemonic for the next edition. However, we would have to reorganize the order of the Class I Na channel blockers in the current entry. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Don't think this is needed. I'm not sure this is a high yield concept, but would love to hear some editor/expert input. -Lilit | Not sure that this is something that requires mnemonic. -Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 4:43 PM | alaa | mohamed | dr.alaakhaled93@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
766 | 317 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Antiarrhythmics—sodium channel blockers (class I) | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-treatment | It should be added to the Clinical Use section within Class 1A that such antiarrhythmics, like procainamide, are used to treat Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. I have had many questions inquire about this concept, including the USMLE-Rx question bank. No where in first aid 2019 is the treatment for this syndrome included. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Agree. I think the best way to incorporate this is by including treatment with WPW syndrome. -Lilit | I agree this should be added. Procainamide can be used to treat Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/23/19 3:10 PM | Lee | Seifer | lseif002@fiu.edu | ||||||||||||||
767 | 317 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Antiarrhythmics—sodium channel blockers (class I) | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Bae | Salt Bae Kills Cows - Na block, B block, K block, Ca block | Mnemonic | Verified | Not sure this is absolutely needed. Don't think everyone using this book will know who salt bae is (especially IMGs). There's definitely potential for a better mnemonic. -Lilit | Agree this mnemonic is helpful for remembering the classes of antiarrhythmics. I learned "So Be Po Ca". Either one could be helpful. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/13/19 7:27 PM | Kristen Taylor | Ashourian | ktaylorashourian@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
768 | 317 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Antiarrhythmics—sodium channel blockers (class I) | ![]() | Error in book | For Class 1B sodium channel blockers the book forgets to list Tocainide. However the mnemonic still highlights the “T” in “I’d Buy Liddys Mexican Tacos” | Clarification to current text | Reject. The T is capitalized in MexileTine. - MK | Agree with Mitchell. Mnemonic is correct. Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/25/19 10:23 PM | Shivani | Desai | sdesai1701@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
769 | 317 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Antiarrhythmics—sodium channel blockers (class I) | ![]() | n/a | Class I”B” = Broken (Post MI) and Weak (Na channel blockade) Heart Class I”C” = Correct (Structurally normal without IHD) and Strong (Na channel blockade) Heart Class III = AmIODarone: “Check ALL before Treatment” = Amiodarone, Liver, Lungs, Thyroid Class IV = “It takes LONGER to get a Canadian PR” = CCB proLONGs PR interval. | Mnemonic | Verified | Too many mnemonics involved here. I don't think each one needs its own. All of this information is in the book already and I'm not even sure these provide a good memory hook for the facts. Leaning towards rejecting. -Lilit | Agree, mnemonic overload. Reject. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 5:44 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
770 | 318 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Drug names | ![]() | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/194661 | B-Blockers that lower (benefit) cardiac mortality.: Carvedilol, Bisoprolol, Metoprolol. • Mnemonic: B-Blocker that Benefit Cardiac Mortality (B= Benefit/Bisoprolol) (C= Cardiac/Carvedilol) (M= Mortality/ Metoprolol) | Mnemonic | Verified | There's already a mnemonic on this in the pharmacology section on pg 245, FA 2019. No need to be repetitive in this chapter. -Lilit | Agree with Lilit. -Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 04/30/19 9:55 AM | Demetrio | Sharp Dimitri | demetriosharpd@icloud.com | ||||||||||||||
771 | 319 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Ivabradine | ![]() | n/a | iVaBrAdiNe is a Funny drug that blocks Funny Na channels at phase Four. HEMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY Pathological RBC forms, pg 406 In the END, you are either BURRied or, burnt in a PYRE. So LIVE as you can! BURR cells – END stage renal disease, PYRuvate Kinase Deficiency, LIVEr disease. Heme synthesis, porphyrias and lead poisoning, pg 417 Porphyria cutanea tarda = affected UROporphyrinogen decarboxylase “URO – enzyme down towards URINE” = Accumulated substance = UROporphyrin (tea colored urine) Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, pg 419 ROBOTIC ADAM’s Increased WILL to AGGREGATE in the human society! ROBOTIC – THROMBOTIC ADAMTS13 – Deficient or inhibited Increased large von WILLebrand Factor multimers Increased platelet AGGREGATION Factor V Leiden, pg 420 Lady GAGA will tour from ARGentina Guatemala but not in the People’s Republic Of China. Lady = Leiden Guanine to Adenine DNA point mutation Amino acid change from ARGenine Guanine Resistance of | Mnemonic | Verified | Unsure why there are so many mnemonics suggested for different chapters here. But rejecting the suggestion for Ivabradine, the mnemonic we have is good. -Lilit | Went through each mnemonic anyways, they were not good. Too complicated. Reject. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 5:53 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
772 | 321 | Endocrine | ![]() | Anatomy | Eosinophils | ![]() | Not Needed | "pink PiG" -- Anterior Pituitary Acidophils are GH and PRL, the PiG in FLAT PiG. Pigs are Pink, Acidophils stain pink on H&E. | Mnemonic | Verified | Fairly low yield, would reject - FQ | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 05/08/19 10:07 AM | Seth | Owitz | mowitz@buffalo.edu | ||||||||||||||
773 | 321 | Endocrine | ![]() | Anatomy | Pituitary gland | ![]() | https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/glandular/pituitary.php | "pink PiG" -- Anterior Pituitary Acidophils release GH and PRL, the PiG in FLAT PiG. Pigs are Pink, Acidophils stain pink on H&E. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject - FQ | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 05/19/19 1:58 PM | Michael Seth | Owitz | mowitz@buffalo.edu | ||||||||||||||
774 | 322 | Endocrine | ![]() | Anatomy | Adrenal cortex and medulla | ![]() | Mnemonic | "CorticOL" hormones are derived from "CholesterOL" (may also be placed on page 328) | Mnemonic | It could be misleading since the mnemonic does not include androgens which also come from the breakdown or transformation of cholesterol. - Victor Martinez | Verified | I don't know how HY this fact is. I teach it to my students, but it seems that this is pretty easy to remember, are we making something easy to learn into something more complicated? Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 02/13/19 3:07 PM | Nathaniel | Borochov | nateboro8@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
775 | 322 | Endocrine | ![]() | Anatomy | Adrenal cortex and medulla | ![]() | It's a mnemonic | “The deeper you go, the sweeter it gets, and out comes the 1^o hormones in alphabetical order; Aldosterone, Cortisol, DHEA, Epi, Ne”. (A, C, D, E, N marked in bold/red) | Mnemonic | Verified | Low Yield -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 02/25/19 12:09 PM | Eirik | Krager | eirik.krager@outlook.com | |||||||||||||||
776 | 322 | Endocrine | ![]() | Embryology | Thyroid development | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/845125-overview | Parafollicular cells are neural crest (ectoderm derived), not endoderm derived | Minor erratum | Verified | As per the medscape reference which states "The C cells of the thyroid, therefore, are of neural crest origin", the student is correct. UpToDate also states "The C cells originate from the embryonic neural crest; as a result, medullary carcinomas often have the clinical and histologic features of other neuroendocrine tumors such as carcinoid and islet cell tumors." We had faculty input for the current statement in the FAS1 2019. However, it looks like we need to take faculty input again. Going by the references (Medscape and UpToDate), we may need to correct that C-cells originate from the embryonic neural crest. Reference: 1. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/845125-overview#a3 2. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/medullary-thyroid-cancer-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-staging?search=parafollicular&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 - Vivek | Without fail this erratum is submitted every single year. Last year with expert input and extensive review we opted to state with confidence that the parafollicular cells are of endodermal origin as is currently stated within the book. Neural crest origin used to be cited, however, recent evidence led to this being changed. I wonder if these references are outdated. As with all years, will automatically refer this to expert input, but with the hopes that no changes are needed for 2020 given our extensive history with this particular erratum. -Matt UPDATE: Dr. Schorr has a great proposal. I suspect that link is why this is an errata submission every single year. Let's publish her clarification in the official errata, then delete the information from the 2020 book. -Matt | Disagreement/need expert | Melanie Schorr | Would it be possible to just remove the embryologic origin of the parafollicular C cells from future editions of the book since it is controversial? This article from the journal Development in 2015 states that although it was believed that the parafollicular C cells were from neural crest cells, they provide evidence that they are of endodermal origin. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4631767/ I think there will be people who challenge either side. So perhaps state in the errata that is is controversial (neural crest vs endoderm) and then remove it from future editions. | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 12/28/18 7:57 PM | Elizabeth | Tsui | elizabeth.tsui21@gmail.com | ||||||||||
777 | 322 | Endocrine | ![]() | Embryology | Thyroid development | ![]() | Last updated Mar 22, 2019: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/845125-overview | Error in errata: Newest errata (March '19) says: "Delete the last sentence “Thyroid follicular cells and parafollicular cells (aka, C cells, produce calcitonin) are derived from endoderm”. However, the parafollicular cells ARE derived from endoderm so the line doesn't need to be deleted. | Minor erratum | Verified | They are derived from endoderm. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 04/09/19 11:15 AM | Dhruv | Sarwal | dhruvsarwal@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
778 | 323 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Adrenal insufficiency | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/116467-clinical | In the hyperpigmentation induced by primary adrenal insufficiency (Addisons Disease), First Aid states that a-MSH is released by corticotrophs which is responsible for stimulating peripheral melanocytes and stimulating melanin production. However after consultation with multiple texts and Dr. Kathleen Giangiacomo (whom I would like acknowledged should this erratus submission be accepted), I have come to understand that while aMSH is cleaved from POMC along with ATCH, that process occurs peripherally as adrenal corticotrophs lack the protease necessary. Furthermore in the pathology of adrenal insufficiency it is ACTH binding to MC1R receptors in the dermis causing hyperpigmentation. I have provided some textbook references in the images attached. | Minor erratum | Verified | This may be true, but I think the fact is rather LY for this test. We can remove "Melanotropin (MSH) secreted from intermediate lobe of pituitary." It's not as important where it gets made as it is that it's associated with hyperpigmentation. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 03/08/19 8:39 AM | Kevin | Hendrickson | Kevin.hendrickson@temple.edu | |||||||||||||||
779 | 323 | Endocrine | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | B cells | ![]() | Lutz, T.A., 2016. Gut hormones such as amylin and GLP-1 in the control of eating and energy expenditure. International Journal of Obesity 6, S15–S21. 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-54852-6.00013-6 | Amylin, also known as islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), is a 37-amino-acid hormone that is co secreted with insulin from the pancreatic β-cells. Like insulin, amylin is to a certain extent tonically secreted into the circulation and its plasma concentration increases in proportion to body fat. In the pancreas, amylin inhibits the release of glucagon and thus decreases blood glucose via inhibition of hepatic glucose production. Beyond its paracrine action in the pancreas, amylin decreases GI motility and peripheral or central administration of amylin decreases body weight through inhibition of food intake. In the 2019 edition of first aid its not mentionated anything about the release of amylin from B pancreatic cells. The physiology is also relevant cause, nowdays has been a recently option of treatment for diabetes. | High-yield addition to next year | Amylin seems to me to be a LY product of pancreatic B cells. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 07/30/19 9:28 PM | Laura Patricia | Aguilar Franco | laura.aguilarfranco@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
780 | 323 | Endocrine | ![]() | Anatomy | Endocrine pancreas cell types | ![]() | mnemonic | structure of pancreatic islets - ALPHA men at periphery guarding BETAful (beautiful) women in centre. Delta are dogs which are just everywhere. | Mnemonic | Verified | Not particularly helpful, would reject - FQ | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 05/01/19 12:21 PM | Viraj | Shah | mbbs160147@kem.edu | ||||||||||||||
781 | 323 | Endocrine | ![]() | Anatomy | Endocrine pancreas cell types | ![]() | https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789400766853 | The photo and text of the islet of langerhans needs to be clarified, that distribution of alpha cells in the periphery and beta cell in the center of the islet is for murine species, in humans it is aleatorized | Clarification to current text | Unfortunately, I was not able to access the reference link uploaded by the submitter. Also I did not know what "aleatorized" means. (calling it "unique" may be less descriptive, but more appropriate?) The current data for human islet cell distribution state that it is very different from murine species as the submitter said. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2908252/ https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/diabetes/early/2010/02/23/db09-1177.full.pdf But this can be deferred. Definitely not something that needs an errata. | Reject. -Scott | I don't think this is a particularly HY clarification but it appears the user is correct in that the location of alpha and beta cells in the human islets of Langerhans are less well known or understood. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5867580/ It would be worthwhile getting faculty input on this for clarification. - Sarah | Disagreement/need expert | ![]() | ![]() | 07/28/19 6:34 PM | Helio Manuel | Grullón Rodríguez | heliomanuel@icloud.com | |||||||||||||
782 | 323 | Endocrine | ![]() | Anatomy | Pituitary gland | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophysins | Neurophysin 1 is a carrier protein for Oxytocin and Neurophysin 2 is a carrier protein for ADH. | Clarification to current text | Reject - FQ | Reject. -Scott | Appears rather LY. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/13/19 8:23 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
783 | 324 | Endocrine | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Insulin | ![]() | N/A | GLUT1= remember "RBC" -- R=RBC, B=baby (placenta), brain, C=cornea; GLUT3=the 2Bs of GLUT1 (=baby (placenta) and brain)-- remember this since 2+1=3 | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. LY. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 02/18/19 3:40 AM | Opal | Sekler | opalsekler@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
784 | 324 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Insulin | ![]() | n/a | ADdicts are DEPENDENT 4 Substance Insulin DEPENDENT Glucose Transposters: GLUT 4 – ADipose tissue, Striated muscles. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 6:52 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
785 | 324 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Insulin | ![]() | uworld+my mnemonic | INsulin - INtrinsic tyrosine kinase pathway (PI3K-MAPK), while Glucagon - Gs (cAMP-PKA) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/10/19 6:29 AM | Dmytro | Pavlenko | pavlenko.md@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
786 | 324 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Insulin | ![]() | uworld question 1926 | In the figure at the bottom left please add Serine phosphorylation (glucagon, epi) that inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation and insulin receptor autophosphorylation | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 09/10/19 6:33 AM | Dmytro | Pavlenko | pavlenko.md@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
787 | 324 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Insulin | ![]() | Not needed | In the diagram on the bottom of the page about insulin dependent glucose uptake, Insulin and insulin receptor can be labelled separately just like other labelled receptors. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 09/29/19 8:46 AM | Ahmed Ali | Khan | ahmedalikhanjr@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
788 | 325 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-of-adrenal-insufficiency-in-adults?search=addisons%20disease%20adult&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H3195785943 | Under MSH. It is stated that MSH causes hyperpigmentation in Cushing's disease. This is only correct if it is ACTH hypersectretion is causing the excessive cortisol. The ACTH and MSH pathway is classically suppressed in Cushing's. Addison's Disease is classically associated with hyperpigmentation. | Major erratum | Reject, the current wording is appropriate since "Hyperpigmentation or abnormal darkening of the skin is found in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease). In Addison's disease, the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones (including cortisol). As a consequence, the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to release more adrenocorticotropic hormone to try and stimulate the adrenal glands to produce more cortisol. Adrenocorticotropic hormone can be broken down to produce melanocyte-stimulating hormone, leading to hyperpigmentation of the skin. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone levels are also raised during pregnancy and in women using birth control pills, which can cause hyperpigmentation of the skin. Cushing's syndrome, due to an excess production of adrenocorticotropic hormone, can also lead to hyperpigmentation." http://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/melanocyte-stimulating-hormone/ Therefore, diseases that course with an excess of ACTH display hyperpigmentation since ACTH and MSH have a common or shared precursor. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Appreciate feedback, and agree that this erratum may be rejected for the reasons stated. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/31/19 3:58 PM | Tayler Declan | Ross | taylerdeclanross@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
789 | 325 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones | ![]() | mnemonic for information already in text | "S-eye-ADH" - ADH (elevated in SIADH) is produced in the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus | Mnemonic | I agree with Prashank, the mnemonic neglects the paraventricular nuclei. So, I wouldn't consider it. -Victor Martinez | Verified | The production of ADH is mentioned in page 323 ( not 325) and we have not focused on the single hypothalamic nucleus ( mentioned both supraoptic and paraventricular). So, i think this mnemonic won't be appropriate -Prashank | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 02/07/19 9:30 AM | Joshua | Moran | moranjosh@live.com | |||||||||||||
790 | 325 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones | ![]() | First Aid 2019, pg. 323 (under "Pituitary Gland", there's a list of all the hormones for anterior vs. pituitary glands), 325 (shows how somatostatin inhibits GH) | Instead of alphabetical order, it would be helpful to reorganize the "hypothalmic-pituitary hormones" table into sections depending on which part of the pituitary gland the hormone affects: 1. anterior pituitary (CRH/TRH/GnRH/GHRH/somatostatin (which inhibits GH release)), 2. intermediate lobe of pituitary (MSH) 3. posterior pituitary secretions (ADH and oxytocin) | Clarification to current text | This is not really necessary as it's likely more important to know the individual hormones and their functions rather than which particular part of the pituitary they originate from - FQ | Reject. -Scott | Agree with the authors. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/07/19 1:07 AM | Wenyu | Deng | wenyu.deng128@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
791 | 326 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias | ![]() | Costanzo | 17a-hydroxylase --> DHEA via 17,20-lyase (NOT 17a-hydroxylase). Similarly, 17-hydroxyprogesterone --> Androstenedione via 17,20-lyase (NOT 17a-hydroxylase). This is correct on the online Rx flaschards, but incorrect in the book. | Minor erratum | Verified | Client is correct. Suggest change as they have prescribed. -SM | ![]() | ![]() | 02/26/19 2:12 PM | Elana | Kleinman | elana.p.kleinman@vanderbilt.edu | |||||||||||||||
792 | 326 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Prolactin | ![]() | None needed | In the figure "Primary hypothyroidism" is misspelled as "Primary hypothroidism" | Spelling/formatting | Agree, minor spelling issue. -Victor Martinez. | Staff accepts | Agree, it is a spelling mistake. Should be "primary hypothyroidism" - Vivek | Agree. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 01/15/19 5:11 PM | Heewon | Choi | hxc326@case.edu | |||||||||||||
793 | 327 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Antidiuretic hormone | ![]() | N/A | Mnemonic for remembering that ADH is produced in the supraOPTIC nucleus: "S-eye-ADH" | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 03/12/19 3:19 PM | Joshua | Moran | moranjosh@live.com | |||||||||||||||
794 | 328 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117140-overview | Wrong enzyme mentioned when moving from zona fasciculata to zona reticularis, should say 17,20 lyase instead of 17 alpha hydroxylase | Major erratum | Verified | This is not a wrong enzyme.We have discussed this in our last revision cycle and they are same enzyme, so it is better to keep same names in both steps. Otherwise, student will further need to memorize new synonym. Moreover, word "hydroxylase" make more sense as to the process of the chemical reaction. My recommendations: 1. Fine as is for upcoming errata report. 2. Revisit during next revision cycle and change only if we receive significant numbers of errata for the change. - Vivek | They are synonyms, which I can only say off the top of my head because this same erratum was submitted last year (just in the opposite direction, we used to say lyase). No change needed, I think keeping as is will be fine, and agree with Vivek that "hydroxylase" is the better enzyme name given it confers the function. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/03/19 7:44 AM | Ali | Jilani | a.jilani.77@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
795 | 328 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117140-overview | I submitted for the 2018 and it was ignored | High-yield addition to next year | I agree with the student. The reaction from 17-hydroxypregnenolone to DHEA and 17-hydroxyprogesterone to Androstenedione should be catalyzed by 17,20 lyase and not by 17 alpha-hydroxylase. The 2015 edition and 2016 edition had it correctly. - Victor Martinez | Verified | Not sure what this comment is referring to, but either way I think this is something that could be addressed next year -Roshun S | "CYP17 is a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes both hydroxylation at C17 of progesterone or pregnenolone (17-alpha-hydroxylase activity) and cleavage of the residual 2-carbon side-chain at C17 (17,20-lyase activity)." From UTD The commenter wants us to replace "17-alpha-hydroxylase" with "17,20 lyase" in the conversion of 17-hydroxypregnenolone to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) & 17- hydroxyprogesterone to androstenedione. I think , this is reasonable as per the references provided. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/adrenal-steroid-biosynthesis#H7 -Prashank | ![]() | ![]() | 02/02/19 11:32 AM | Anna | Garcia Bernal | atgarciabernal@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
796 | 328 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias | ![]() | n/a | "Girls read Seventeen Magazine" i.e. individuals with 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency will be phenotypically female due to sex hormone deficiency | Mnemonic | Verified | I actually like this, and I don't like many mnemonics. Suggest consideration for addition into next year's edition. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 02/17/19 4:23 PM | Elizabeth | Murray | elizabeth.murray@downstate.edu | |||||||||||||||
797 | 328 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/920532-overview | 17,20 lyase instead of 17 alpha hydroxylase for 17 hydroxypregnenolone to DHEA and 17- hydroxyprogesterone to Androstenedione | Major erratum | Verified | Mentioned previously -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 03/06/19 2:14 PM | Akhand | Singh | Mahalwar.akhand@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
798 | 328 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias | ![]() | https://www-uptodate-com.proxy.kumc.edu/contents/adrenal-steroid-biosynthesis?search=adrenal%20steroid%20synthesis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Two instances of "17alpha-hydroxylase" are incorrect and must be changed to "17, 20-lyase". Need to change reaction to say 17-OHP —> DHEA using 17,20-LYASE enzyme Need to change reaction to say 17-OHP—>Androstenedione using 17,20-LYASE enzyme. The enzyme is currently listed incorrectly as 17alpha-hydoxylase for both reactions. See screenshot for error. | Major erratum | True. The enzyme on the right is 17,20-lyase https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5355729/ We are already working this up though and it will likely be implemented this year-Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 05/06/19 9:49 PM | Shadia | Saleh | sal.shadia@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
799 | 328 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias | ![]() | This suggestion does not require a reference. | This is just a suggestion regarding how to organize the information. For the tip involving which enzyme deficiency (21-, 17a-, and 11b-hydroxylase) causes hypertension/virilization, it would be helpful to organize this into a table form (two columns, one BP, one testosterone; then for each major enzyme deficiency, change the "1" to an up arrow). Additionally, for clarity, it would be helpful to make the up/down arrows bigger/broader and assign colors for each direction. This would be helpful for other sections which contain these tables and up/down arrows (such as the iron interpretation table in the hematology section). I've attached images for clarity. | Spelling/formatting | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 05/11/19 9:52 PM | Wenyu | Deng | wenyu.deng128@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
800 | 328 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/adrenal-steroid-biosynthesis#H11 | Production of DHEA and Androstenedione from 17-hydroxypregnenolone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone is done via 17,20-lyase. The book has the 17alpha-hydroxylase as the enzyme performing those reactions. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 09/08/19 4:57 PM | Tyler | Austin | tragbt@health.missouri.edu | |||||||||||||||||
801 | 329 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/920532-overview | The reactions of 17-hydroxypregnenolone to DHEA and 17-hydroxyprogresterone to Androstenedione are catalyzed by 17,20 Lyase not by 17a-hydroxylase. They are both catalyzed by the same enzyme complex (P450c17). 17,20 Lyase deficiency presents similar to 17a-hydroxylase deficiency | Clarification to current text | I agree with the student. The reaction from 17-hydroxypregnenolone to DHEA and 17-hydroxyprogesterone to Androstenedione should be catalyzed by 17,20 lyase and not by 17 alpha-hydroxylase. The 2015 edition and 2016 edition had it correctly. - Victor Martinez | Verified | Mentioned previously -Scott | They are synonyms. Thus, changing from one to the other isn't really an erratum. For 2020 we can debate which of the two is better, but definitely not errata-worthy. Going to reflag as a clarification given these details. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 02/14/19 7:02 AM | Nathaniel | Borochov | nateboro8@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
802 | 329 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Cortisol | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/glucocorticoids https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/national-hormone-pituitary-program/health-alert-adrenal-crisis-causes-death-people-treated-hgh | Glucocorticoids are essential to maintain life. | High-yield addition to next year | Yes, most hormones are. I think this is not a very testable fact about glucocorticoids. Reject. -Scott | Agreed, not useful - FQ | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 9:19 AM | Dmytro | Pavlenko | pavlenko.md@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
803 | 329 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Cortisol | ![]() | https://emcrit.org/pulmcrit/nlr/ | for cortisol's role in immune function one of the mneumonics I use is: INDE which stands for Increase neutrophils, Decrease Eosinophils. I found this helpful in my studies and thought maybe other students may benefit from this as well. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/29/19 2:23 PM | Jay | Shah | jayshah0425@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
804 | 330 | Endocrine | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Parathyroid hormone | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10824426 | Under function for Parathyroid Hormone, it should be PTH binds RANK (Receptor) on osteoblasts, not osteoclasts as it is currently written. | Major erratum | RANK is located on osteoclasts, the current content is correct - FQ | Reject. -Scott | Agree with the authors. No change required. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 12:06 PM | Bright | Zhou | brightz@stanford.edu | |||||||||||||
805 | 330 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Thyroid cancer | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/papillary-thyroid-cancer?search=Papillary%20thyroid%20cancer&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~47&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Tall cell variant: folicular hiperplasia lined by tall epithelial cells, seen in adults with poor prognosis. | High-yield addition to next year | Tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma this subtype involves controversy regarding its definition. After some research "most of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) are indolent with excellent long-term survival, several histological variants of PTC have been found to be associated with more aggressive biologic behavior and poorer prognosis." "Tall cell variant (TCV) of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has been recognized for the past few decades as an entity showing aggressive biological behavior; however, there is considerable controversy regarding the definition, clinical and pathological features of TCV because of its rarity and difficult diagnosis. No clinical features can accurately diagnose TCV. Thus, the results of histocytology, immunohistochemistry and molecular genetics tests have important clinical implications for diagnosis." "Tall cell variant (TCV), the most common aggressive variant of PTC, frequently has vascular invasion, extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastases [3–9], and its 10-year overall and disease-free survival has been reported to be approximately 10% lower than that of classic PTC (cPTC)." We could add this Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) variant to the next edition since it contrast the excellent prognosis of the vast majority of PTCs. -Victor Martinez | Verified | I think that this could provide the excellent contrast which Victor was mentioning, but I think that this subtype of Follicular carcinoma is relatively LY. -Scott | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5682248/ Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 01/06/19 7:46 PM | NeryMara | Lamothe | maralamothe@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
806 | 331 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pharmacology | Thionamides | ![]() | Self-written | Propylthiouracil - can be written as 'POLYthiouracil' as its used in multiple/poly areas. Both inside on organification + periphery on de-iodinase. Methimazole - can be written "methINazole" as it only works INside on organification in follicle. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/27/19 8:56 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
807 | 331 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Thyroid hormones (T3/T4) | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/thyroid-hormone-synthesis-and-physiology?search=iodine%20thyroid§ionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H3&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=4~150&display_rank=4#H3 | It was stated in the first paragraph of this section, "organification of iodide...". However, the organification is with iodine (I2) not iodide. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Technically, I agree with the comment. I2 is elemental iodine. It is shown similarly in the diagram of the same page. I suggest the following: " Functions of thyroid peroxidase include oxidation of iodide, organification and coupling of monoiodotyrosine ( MIT) and diiodotyrsoine (DIT)" -Prashank | Agree with Prashank. -Scott | Reasonable, non-urgent changes. Accept for incorporation this year to make this fact clearer. No need to publish in official errata. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 02/07/19 5:20 PM | Monica | Nemat | monicanemat@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
808 | 331 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Thyroid hormones (T3/T4) | ![]() | eMedicine: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089554-overview#a2 | The text says "decreased TBG in hepatic failure", however there is actually generally an increased TBG in chronic liver disease. (studies show increased TBG in all cases studied of liver disease, though eMedicine states it may be increased or decreased). | Minor erratum | Verified | I think that this would be a great step 3 question, but I doubt it's going to show up on Step 1. Reject. -Scott | On looking into this a little further, it appears the user is partially correct. However, I would not go as far as saying "in all cases studied". It seems the effects of liver disease/failure (acute and chronic) on TBG levels is more complex and controversial. Here is an excerpt from one review article (https://scialert.net/fulltextmobile/?doi=pjbs.2013.1641.1652): It seems the biosynthesizing of TBG is increased during the acute liver diseases. TBG production is simultaneously elevated as result of the acute onset of disease along side of proteins which are produced due to liver acute illness. Therefore following enhanced concentration of TBG the level of total T4 is increased, which is the manifestation of early acute liver abnormality. On condition of more TBG reduction as result of progressed liver disease the T4 level is also reduced. In other word it can be stated that in the initial state of acute liver diseases the total T4 production increases and subsequently as liver function is worsen it will reduced due the higher and lower concentration of TBG respectively. But there does appear to be some evidence that TBG is increased in hepatic disease despite the fact that it is synthesised in the liver e.g. Schussler GC, Schaffner F, Korn F. Increased serum thyroid hormone binding and decreased free hormone in chronic active liver disease. N Engl J Med (1978) 299:510–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM197809072991003 Shigemasa C, Tanaka T, Mitani Y, Ueta Y, Taniguchi S, Urabe K, et al. Are increases in thyroxin-binding globulin in patients with acute hepatitis ascribable to synthesis by regenerating hepatocytes? Clin Chem (1988) 34:776–80. Huang MJ, Liaw YF. Thyroxine-binding globulin in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection: different implications in hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol (1990) 85:281–4. Danilovic DL, Mendes-Correa MC, Chammas MC, Zambrini H, Barros RK, Marui S. Thyroid disturbance related to chronic hepatitis C infection: role of CXCL10. Endocr J (2013) 60:583–90. doi:10.1507/endocrj.EJ12-0321 Shimada T, Higashi K, Umeda T, Sato T. Thyroid functions in patients with various chronic liver diseases. Endocrinol Jpn (1988) 35:357–69. doi:10.1507/endocrj1954.35.357 Nagasue N, Ohmori H, Hashimoto N, Tachibana M, Kubota H, Uchida M, et al. Thyroxine-binding globulin and thyroid hormones after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol (1997) 92:1187–9. Most of these articles are 20-30 years old but regardless I think it is probably best to delete "hepatic failure" from this page. As Scott pointed out it is generally LY for Step1 and it is better to remove it than risking an erratum or controversy. | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 02/27/19 10:39 PM | Brian | Tanksley | tanksley@usc.edu | |||||||||||||
809 | 331 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Thyroid hormones (T3/T4) | ![]() | https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/452667_5 | Add dopamine (alongside somatostatin) as an inhibitor of TSH release. Dopamine is acknowledged as an inhibitor of TSH release in the schematic on page 325. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Yes it is, I don't think it's important to make this change -Scott | I agree with Scott that it is not essential and it is too late in the revision process to amend illustrations. However, for completeness it would make sense to add dopamine to the illustration in 2021 considering that we are mentioning it in the table on p. 326. - Sarah | ![]() | ![]() | 03/07/19 5:44 PM | Lisa-Qiao | MacDonald | llm012@jefferson.edu | ||||||||||||||
810 | 331 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Thyroid hormones (T3/T4) | ![]() | Uworld | Reverse T3 is a byproduct generated almost entirely from the peripheral conversion of T4. Exogenous T3 supplementation will decrease TSH, T4, and reverse T3 (rT3) due to less T4 available for conversion. | High-yield addition to next year | I agree that rT3 is a testable fact. This is not an erratum, but think that it should be considered for addition in 2020. -Scott | Good addition, may be tested. - FQ | ![]() | ![]() | 03/28/19 8:54 AM | Catherine T. | Ricart Garcia | catherinericartg@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
811 | 331 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Thyroid hormones (T3/T4) | ![]() | https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/459924_4 | Wolff-Chaikoff Effect - Excess Iodide temporary inhibits iodide organification as a defense mechanism of thyroid gland use to prevent synthesis of large quantities of hormones. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. LY -Scott | I agree. This is covered in sufficient detail on p. 331 and further referenced throughout the chapter. More detail is unnecessary and LY. Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/28/19 9:11 AM | Catherine T. | Ricart Garcia | catherinericartg@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
812 | 331 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Thyroid hormones (T3/T4) | ![]() | First Aid Step 1 2019 p.331, Table "Thyroid hormones" | I suggest to add "β-blockers, glucocorticoids" after PTU, as 5'-deiodinase inhibitors to the picture located at the bottom of the page. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 09/04/19 1:35 PM | Alsu | Zagorulko | alsu.zagorulko@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
813 | 331 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Thyroid hormones (T3/T4) | ![]() | First Aid Usmle Step 1 2019, page 331 | to remember 5'deiodinase inhibitors, use mnemonic ' 3 P's " PTU, Propranolol (beta-blockers), Prednisone (glucocorticoids) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/04/19 1:47 PM | Alsu | Zagorulko | alsu.zagorulko@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
814 | 332 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Signaling pathway of steroid hormones | ![]() | Mnemonic | V1 receptor and H1 receptor use the 1P3 (IP3) signaling pathway. Bold the 1s and I in IP3 | Mnemonic | I think the current text mnemonic is better. I would leave as is. - Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 02/14/19 1:24 PM | Nathaniel | Borochov | nateboro8@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
815 | 332 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Signaling pathways of endocrine hormones | ![]() | not needed | I think it is better to delete "Think Growth Factor" ,we don't need it because the new mnemonic "Get Found In the MAP" is clear | Clarification to current text | I think that we should leave the mnemonic as is since it reinforces the name of these hormones. This fact is HY for the step 1. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Agree, not a compelling reason to delete it. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 12/30/18 2:19 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
816 | 332 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Signaling pathways of endocrine hormones | ![]() | BRS, Linda Constanzo 6th edition; Physiology, Linda S. Constanzo fith edition | Both "BRS" and "Physiology" have the GHRH as with a signaling pathway of "Phospholipase C Mechanism (IP3/Ca)" | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 07/31/19 7:27 PM | Priscila | Mohammed | priscilamohammed@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
817 | 332 | Endocrine | ![]() | Physiology | Signaling pathways of endocrine hormones | ![]() | Linda Constanzo Physiology 5th edition | GHRH has both (cAMP and IP3/Ca) signaling pathways. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/05/19 8:03 PM | Priscila | Mohammed | priscilamohammed@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
818 | 333 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Cushing syndrome | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5340771/ | The text indicates that Cushing Syndrome may have a finding of pseudohyperaldosteronism. That is true. But it will be good to specify that it is an transient increase in aldosterone level. As the disease progress, the aldosterone level decreases. Hypothetically, the pseudohyperaldosteronism is due to acute rise in ACTH wherease decreased aldosterone later will be due to direct actions of increased Cortisol. | Clarification to current text | Verified | This doesn't sound important to me, and I've never seen a question on this before. -Scott | I agree this sounds rather LY and is likely that adding additional information would cause more confusion for students (plus add unnecessary text to the page). - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/25/19 8:08 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
819 | 333 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Cushing syndrome | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acquired-hyperpigmentation-disorders | In the "Findings" subsection of Cushing Syndrome, the skin changes include thinning and striae; however, it is also important to remember that Cushing Syndrome caused by an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing Disease) can also cause hyperpigmentation due to the increased production of ACTH. Although it was mentioned in the physiology section, it is important to include "hyperpigmentation" in the skin findings of Cushing Syndrome, as this is a VERY high-yield point that students should be reminded of in the context of Cushing Syndrome and Cushing Disease. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/12/19 1:21 AM | Ryan | Lee | ryanlee@gwu.edu | |||||||||||||||||
820 | 334 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Adrenal insufficiency | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/216821 | Adrenal insuffuciency metyrapone test-it says "In 1* adrenal insufficiency, ACTH is (arrow pointing up) but 11 deoxycortisol remains (arrow pointing down)" which I think should clarify that the ACTH is high before test even (not increased by metyrapone) and that after test it stays high too and the 11-deoxycortisol remains low after test. | Clarification to current text | Verified | As per the reference, I feel the student is correct that the algorithm can be further clarified. I suggest revisiting this algorithm for next edition. Since, we are not reflecting baseline levels of ACTH and deoxycortisol, we can mention under metyrapone stimulation test*- - "No change from baseline levels" in the third box and - extra "up arrow and down" arrow" in the first and second box (these would clarify that the change is more pronounced from baseline after administering metyrapone). * I would also suggest to take faculty input on it. - Vivek | I like Vivek's suggestion -Scott | I am open to clarifying this part of the fact further. Agree that, on further analysis, it is not as succinctly stated as it could be. In primary adrenal insufficiency, what is technically seen is an already elevated ACTH (independent of metyrapone) and an 11-deoxycortisol level that does not rise at all from its low baseline, given that lack of adrenal cortisol production in primary disease. Cortisol is unlikely to drop further and, thus, ACTH is unlikely to rise further. Thus, Vivek's proposal is reasonable. In a normal HPA axis, metyrapone will decrease cortisol levels, raise ACTH levels, and increase 11-deoxycortisol levels, all from their pre-treatment baselines. In secondary/tertiary, the ACTH baseline is already low and does not rise in response to metyrapone. The lack of ACTH stimulation means that 11-deoxycortisol does not rise beyond baseline with metyrapone, and cortisol does not decrease beyond baseline. In summary, I am amenable to clarifying this fact this year. Nothing here is published errata worthy, but can be non urgently addressed by the chapter team. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/03/19 12:17 PM | Gull Shahmir | Hasnat | gull.hasnat@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
821 | 334 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Adrenal insufficiency | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/metyrapone-stimulation-tests?source=autocomplete&index=0~1&search=metyrapone#H3541141777 | Under the metyrapone stimulation test, the text states that you would observe decreased ACTH if 2º/3º adrenal insufficiency. This is misleading; the ACTH response would still be elevated but just not as elevated as expected. It might also be useful to include a note that metyrapone stimulation test is most sensitive for detecting defects in ACTH secretion, whereas random serum ACTH is a better tool for differentiating between 1º and 2º/3º adrenal insufficiency. | Clarification to current text | The reviewer is technically correct in referencing Uptodate's interpretation of Metyrapone test. In "partial" secondary or tertiary adrenal insufficiency ACTH will increase, though not as much as expected VS the decrement shown in the chart. However, the chart does not distinguish whether the 2/3 adrenal deficiency is partial or complete. I think we are referring to complete 2/3 adrenal deficiency, in which case the current interpretation would be correct. Need faculty advice for clarification. -Priyesh | Verified | There is a pedagogical conundrum here. Yes, the client is correct in that it is misleading, however in teaching, we need to make things as simple as possible so that the maximum amount of information will be retained. I think that we have done that in this example, even though it's not entirely true, it is mostly true, and my remembering this, it will allow the student to get the question right on their boards. -Scott | Melanie Schorr | I think the way to resolve this is to put 2 "up" arrows to the left of ACTH for the boxes that correspond to "normal response" and "primary adrenal insufficiency" (meaning that there should be a robust increase to ACTH in these two cases) and then to change the arrow next to ACTH for the box that corresponds to "secondary/tertiary adrenal insufficiency" to "low, no change or mildly increased ACTH." The "low or no change" would signify a case of COMPLETE secondary or tertiary adrenal insufficiency, and the mildly increased ACTH would signify a case of PARTIAL secondary or tertiary adrenal insufficiency. | ![]() | ![]() | 01/16/19 11:31 AM | Nicholas | Yeisley | nwygz4@mail.umkc.edu | ||||||||||||
822 | 334 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Adrenal insufficiency | ![]() | n/a | Black ADDidas shoes at low COst! ADDison disease Black - Hyper pigmentation Low COrtisol/aldosterone | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 6:56 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
823 | 334 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Adrenal insufficiency | ![]() | uworld has the whole question considering this concept. Q.id 608 | Add changes of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid under metyrapone test | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 09/11/19 5:38 AM | Dmytro | Pavlenko | pavlenko.md@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
824 | 334 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Adrenal insufficiency | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-secondary-and-tertiary-adrenal-insufficiency-in-adults?search=tertiary%20adrenal%20insufficiency&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~41&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | The description for secondary and tertiary adrenal insufficiency is misleading. Secondary adrenal insufficiency can also be caused by glucocorticoid therapy. It should also explain that tertiary adrenal insufficiency is the interference with corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 12/05/19 11:46 AM | Nisha | Reddy | nishagetsreddy@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
825 | 334 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Hyperaldosteronism | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | Normal K (potassium) = No Konn’s (Conn’s) syndrome . | Mnemonic | I am not inclined to reject or accept. The mnemonic only states that normal potassium cannot be Conn's. But, I don't feel it adds an extra value since the mnemonic does not mention the three most important consequences of hyperaldosteronism: hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and alkalosis. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 01/22/19 1:47 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
826 | 334 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Hyperaldosteronism | ![]() | https://casereports.bmj.com/content/2016/bcr-2016-216209 | Current text states that primary hyperaldosteronism is seen with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. I believe this is incorrect. According to various research online, it is seen with unilateral adrenal hyperplasia. | Major erratum | A quick scholar search brought up multiple papers with both unilateral and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia causing aldosteronism. Reject. -Scott | I agree with Scott. Primary hyperaldosteronism can be caused by both unilateral and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. The current text states as much and therefore does not need to be changed. Here is a small Swedish study for reference https://bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6823-12-17 - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/30/19 6:04 PM | Sarah | Zubair | s.zubair@mua.edu | ||||||||||||||
827 | 335 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Carcinoid syndrome | ![]() | my brain | CARCINOID 5yndrome mnemonic | Mnemonic | I don't understand the purpose of this mnemonic. I guess "5yndrome" has something to do with serotonin being 5-HT. I wouldn't add this one to the next edition. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 01/12/19 12:45 PM | Levi | Marshall | LSMmt4@health.Missouri.edu | ||||||||||||||
828 | 335 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Hypothyroidism vs hyperthyroidism | ![]() | https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/91/3/1159/2843609 Radiology. 1993 Jul;188(1):115-8. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-graves-orbitopathy-ophthalmopathy?search=graves%20ophthalmopathy&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2 | In ocular findings of Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease), lid lag/ retraction is due to either thickening of the Levator Palpebrae Superioris or fibrosis of the Superior Tarsal muscle. However, the innervation of the levator palpebrae is totally by oculomotor nerve instead of sympathetic nerve. And the Superior Tarsal is innervated by sympathetic nerve. Pathologic changes of the Levator Palpebrae is for sure, (Radiology. 1993 Jul;188(1):115-8.), however it's mechanism is still under debate. According to Uptodate, this is due to thyroid hormone excess. (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-graves-orbitopathy-ophthalmopathy?search=graves%20ophthalmopathy&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2) And the pathologic change of the Superior Tarsal is also proved in this article. https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/91/3/1159/2843609 I think FA2019 page337 fail to demonstrate the exact neurological innervation of these two closely related eyelid muscle :-). | Major erratum | Verified | Yes, we fail to demonstrate the exact innervation, because it's a LY fact for this exam. -Scott | Additional detail was added to the fact this year. No need for further changes. - Sarah | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/09/19 9:54 PM | SHICHENG | SONG | nicksong66@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
829 | 336 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Physiology | Gastrointestinal secretory products | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/stomach-chief-cell | the CHIEFs drinks PEPSIn | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject, it doesn't appear easy to remember to me. -Connie | Reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 11:38 PM | Steffanie | Camilo Tertulien | steffkmilo@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
830 | 336 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Pheochromocytoma | ![]() | N/A | "Rule of 10's:" 10% of MEdullary, Chromaffin cells, Be, Kids (10% Malignant, 10% Extra-adrenal, 10% Calcify, 10% Bilateral, 10% Kids | Mnemonic | The mnemonic is not bad. However, it is not complete since it does not include that 10% calcify. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 01/11/19 3:04 PM | Jason | Tegethoff | tegethoffjason@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
831 | 336 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Pheochromocytoma | ![]() | this is just a mnemonic revision suggestion, not a citable content revision. | Please change the Rule of 10's to the Rule of 90's: 90% are benign, 90% are unilateral, 90% are adrenal only, 90% are uncalcified, 90% occur in adults. It seems much more intuitive to describe the rule as that of the primary presentation the vast majority of the time (90%), and the exceptions to those rules are easy to remember as the 10% occurrences. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 6:45 PM | Adam | Rippetoe | adam.rippetoe@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||||
832 | 336 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Somatostatinoma | ![]() | https://www-uptodate-com.webproxy2.ouhsc.edu/contents/pathology-classification-and-grading-of-neuroendocrine-neoplasms-arising-in-the-digestive-system?search=somatostatinoma&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~21&usage_type=default&display_rank=2 | Also known to have psammoma bodies | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | It is the psammomatous variant that has psammoma bodies. Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 03/02/19 10:56 AM | Raul | Orozco Villalobos | raulcollege@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
833 | 336 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Somatostatinoma | ![]() | self explanatory | clarify that Somatostatin is needed supplemented after the surgery (I think that's how its meant?) but it really doesn't help for "symptom control" acutely! | Clarification to current text | Reject. LY -Scott | Agree with Scott. I don't think additional clarification is required. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/07/19 10:33 AM | Noam | Degner | noam.degner@me.com | ||||||||||||||
834 | 336 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Zollinger-Ellison syndrome | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2565843 + also had a World Question which brought this to my attention | After administration of secretin, gastrin does not only *remain elevated* but it even rises! I think this is a key difference between a just autonomous gastrin secreting tumor and the special "inversion" of endocrine mechanism in ZES! | Minor erratum | Reject. https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/0016-5085(89)90510-6/pdf I think all they need to know is that the levels remain elevated. It doesn't matter if they go higher, they're still elevated and abnormal. -Scott | I agree with Scott. The additional information seems LY. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/26/19 5:22 AM | Noam Leander | Degner | noam.degner@me.com | ||||||||||||||
835 | 337 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Hypothyroidism vs hyperthyroidism | ![]() | None | No blue brackets present in image to indicate onycholysis | Spelling/formatting | Agree we should be consistent with our formatting. We need to include the blue racket regions. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Agree - Vivek | Agree. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 01/02/19 9:47 PM | Elizabeth | Tsui | elizabeth.tsui21@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
836 | 337 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Hypothyroidism vs hyperthyroidism | ![]() | wiki | in Hyperthyroidism, lid lag is due to sympathetic stimulation of superior tarsal muscle or muller muscle, not levator palpebrae superiors, which is innervated by cranial nerve III | Major erratum | Verified | Would reject, as this has been discussed and brought up numerous times and while the literature is not definitive, most source indicate that it is in fact the levator palpebrae superioris that is affected https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1042179/ -Roshun S | Agree, this was an erratum last year and with expert input we left it as is. No change for 2020 given that same extensive review. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/19/19 3:23 AM | Hang | Song | hwh1991@163.com | |||||||||||||
837 | 337 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Hypothyroidism vs hyperthyroidism | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5384127/ | Lid retraction is due to increased sympathetic stimulation of the SUPERIOR TARSAL MUSCLE (muller's muscle) | Clarification to current text | We need faculty input. The sources state different things regarding the sympathetic tone acting on Müller's or levator palpebrae superioris. "...Sagittal MR imaging demonstrated thickening of the levator muscles in patients with persistent upper eyelid retraction. The authors conclude that a thickened levator muscle probably causes upper eyelid retraction in patients with GO (Graves ophthalmopathy)." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8511284 "Upper eyelid retraction – the most common presenting sign of TED (Thyroid eye disease) Up to 90% of patients affected (bilateral or unilateral) [2] Multifactorial cause [2] Increased sympathetic tone acting on Müller's muscle Contraction of the levator palpebrae superioris Proptosis Scarring between the lacrimal gland and the levator palpebrae superioris." https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/tutorials/thyroid-eye-disease/2-clinical-presentation.htm -Victor Martinez | Verified | Plenty of papers showing that it is the levator palpebrae superioris. Reject. -Scott | Excellent commentary by Victor. I will agree that this appears controversial and I am not able to personally find support in favor of one or the other. We can have expert input here to help us with the final say. -Matt UPDATE: Per expert feedback, update official errata to mention that both muscles are involved. -Matt | Disagreement/need expert | Melanie Schorr | The eyelid retractors are BOTH the levator muscle AND Müller's muscle in the upper eyelid according to this website: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/eyelid-retraction So you could therefore include both the levator palpebrae superioris and Müllers muscle. | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 01/30/19 9:36 AM | Hasan | Alarouri | hassan.arouri@hotmail.com | |||||||||
838 | 337 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | VIPoma | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | V*1*poma --> associated with MEN *1*. | Mnemonic | The mnemonic seems appropriate. We should consider adding this one to the next edition. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 12/30/18 8:36 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
839 | 338 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Hypothyroidism | ![]() | N/A | In the description of Postpartum thyroiditis, the second sentence mistakenly lists transient hyperthyroidism twice. "Presents as transient hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, or hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism." | Minor erratum | That's not a mistake, these are two different presentations of Postpartum thyroiditis. Reject. -Scott | Agree with Scott. Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/23/19 2:49 PM | Ahmed | Baghdady | abaghdady786@marian.edu | ||||||||||||||
840 | 339 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Hyperthyroidism | ![]() | high fibroblast secretion of hydrophilic GAGs leads to high adipocyte count which leads to exophthalmos | adipocyte count ? | Clarification to current text | Reject. -Scott | Already mentioned in the Graves disease fact. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/21/19 6:54 PM | Gevorg | Grigoryan | gevorgrigoryan@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
841 | 340 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pharmacology | Insulin | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/general-principles-of-insulin-therapy-in-diabetes-mellitus?search=General%20principles%20of%20insulin%20therapy%20in%20diabetes%20mellitus&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | regular insulin start its effect at 30 minutes and peek 4=6 hr andaréis acting insulin star at 15 minutes and peek at 2=4 hr. | High-yield addition to next year | We already mentioned this fact under Diabetes mellitus management fact, injectables entry. There, we have a graph showing the plasma insulin level vs. hours. -Victor Martinez | Verified | This is all present in the graph on page 348. Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 01/08/19 9:33 PM | NeryMara | Lamothe | maralamothe@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
842 | 340 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Thyroid adenoma | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnostic-approach-to-and-treatment-of-thyroid-nodules | "Cold" or nonfunctional thyroid adenomas are more often cancerous than "hot" or "toxic" thyroid adenomas. "Cold" adenomas may require biopsy by fine needle aspiration. | Clarification to current text | Verified | I haven't been able to find anything stating that cold nodules are more likely to be cancerous. However, I did find some papers that related the cancer risk back to Iodine Deficiency. -Scott | I believe there is some evidence that cold nodules, on average, are more likely to be cancerous than hot nodules. See below: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-nodules/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355266 | ![]() | ![]() | 04/23/19 1:05 PM | Yurina | Miyamoto | miyamoty@upstate.edu | ||||||||||||||
843 | 340 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Thyroid cancer | ![]() | not needed | New table to more deep understanding of the topic | High-yield addition to next year | I believe current information regarding thyroid cancer is appropriate. The student doesn't specify what fact should be added. -Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 01/22/19 7:14 AM | Mohamed Ashraf | Mokhtar | Mohamed94Mokhtar@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
844 | 340 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Thyroid cancer | ![]() | none needed | Remember that Medullary Carcinoma is associated with MEN2A and MEN2B by writing it as "MENdullary" (with the two Ls highlighted to remember its association with type 2) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 03/11/19 5:14 PM | Natalie | Jansen | jansen7@uic.edu | |||||||||||||||
845 | 341 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Diagnosing parathyroid disease | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089334-overview#a1 , First Aid Usmle Step 1 2019 page XX | I suggest to add normal range values of calcium(8.4 - 10.2 mg/dL) and parathyroid hormone (10-65 pg/mL) near graphic for better visualization. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 09/04/19 2:10 PM | Alsu | Zagorulko | alsu.zagorulko@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
846 | 341 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Hypoparathyroidism | ![]() | n/a | Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type 1A: Mother: There won’t be PEACE until there’s resistance. Inherited from Mother PEACE – Shortened 3rd and 4th digits (Albright Syndrome) Resistance to PTH. Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism: Father: Yes! When there’s NO Resistance, there will be PEACE. Inherited from Father PEACE – Features of Albright Syndrome seen But, NO resistance to PTH. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 6:58 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
847 | 341 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Parathyroid hormone | ![]() | Made up | Pseudohypoparathyroidism (alliteration/Stress the S)---> G"S" protein defect resulting in "S"hortened stature, "S"hortened 3/4th digits & Subnormal PTH response | Mnemonic | We could make the "S" red bold to highlight this constellation of clinical manifestations. It is a good suggestion. - Victor Martinez | Verified | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 02/15/19 1:38 PM | Alec | Hasty | alechasty2017@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
848 | 343 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Hyperparathyroidism | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/127351-overview | Add that bone resorption in osteitis fibrosa cystica occurs in the SUBPERIOSTEAL layer of bone | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. Of course it would occur below the periosteum. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 03/07/19 7:16 PM | Lisa-Qiao | MacDonald | llm012@jefferson.edu | |||||||||||||||
849 | 344 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Diabetes insipidus | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | *N*ephrogenic DI --->* N*ormal ADH levels. | Mnemonic | I am not inclined to accept or reject this mnemonic. -Victor Martinez. | Verified | I don't think adding mnemonic would be helpful in this case. -Prashank | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 01/05/19 9:42 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
850 | 345 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Diabetes mellitus | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-and-prevention-of-diabetic-polyneuropathy?search=cause%20of%20diabetic%20polyneuropathy&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1 | Osmotic damage as a cause of diabetic peripheral neuropathy has been shown to be a less likely etiology after failure of aldose reductase inhibitors in clinical trials. There is evidence that abnormalities of the vaso nervorum parallel the severity of nerve fiber loss. Thus, diabetic neuropathy is now thought to be caused by vascular or metabolic etiologies. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/28/19 6:49 PM | Jamie | Simpson | jsimpson@oakland.edu | |||||||||||||||||
851 | 346 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Diabetes mellitus | ![]() | Pathoma page 166: "Due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells by T lymphocytes." Other authoritative sources include Robbins. Also research articles: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16280652; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119381/; and many, many other reviews and research articles. | The autoimmune destruction of of beta cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus from T cells and macrophages, not the autoantibodies. The autoantibodies are present but they are not what causes the destruction. The text implies the antibodies cause the destruction. | Major erratum | Verified | Agree, Suggest autoimmune T-cell destruction of B cells(e.g. due to presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies. -Scott | There is major role of cellular immunity in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Current text appears as if the antibodies itself is causing autoimmune destruction of islets. I think we need to tweak the text in 2020 revision to reflect the exact pathogenesis. Final comment: - No errata for now. - Revisit in 2020. - Vivek | I agree. This fact needs to be slightly revised to be more accurate and avoid confusion. Scott's suggestion is good. Let's migrate this to Annotate for further discussion and work up. Here is a reference https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5723426/ Sarah | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/16/19 11:35 AM | Evan | Dishion | evandishion@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||
852 | 346 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Diabetic ketoacidosis | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diabetic-ketoacidosis-and-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-state-in-adults-clinical-features-evaluation-and-diagnosis?topicRef=1795&source=see_link#H10 | Please consider adding the value of hyperglycemia in diabetic ketoacidosis is often >250 mg/dl | Clarification to current text | I hesitate adding a value because HHS and DKA can have similar values, and patients who aren't in DKA may have values that high. Reject. -Scott | I don't think this value is particularly HY for Step 1. It is more relevant for Step 2 +/- 3. Reject. Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/23/19 2:15 PM | Leshlie | De la Torre Mendoza | ldelatorre28@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
853 | 346 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Diabetic ketoacidosis | ![]() | not needed | I have created a helping mnemonic for DKA. D for DKA (Diabetic ketoacidosis), K for Ketones / Kussmaul respirations and A for metabolic Acidosis are important criteria for diagnostic. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 07/23/19 2:25 PM | Luis | Apolinario Rojas | luisapolinario90@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
854 | 346 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1914705-overview | In this section, near the end where the "Labs" are reported. It says there is "ketone production inhibited by presence of insulin". However, there is no ketone production in hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. It should state "NO ketone production". This is an important fact. | Major erratum | Verified | I think that we should bring it out to the forefront. Suggest bolding "ketone production inhibited" -Scott | Agreed, we could also just emphasize that no ketones are produced (due to inhibition by insulin) - FQ | I agree with the authors. This is being addressed this year. Accepting for credit. - Sarah | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/04/19 4:28 PM | Andrew | Trinh | andy.d.trinh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
855 | 346 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1914705-overview | In the "Labs," there is an extra parentheses after the word "normal," as it should read "no acidosis (pH normal, ketone production inhibited by presence of insulin" or "no acidosis (pH normal), ketone production inhibited by presence of insulin." | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 08/12/19 1:25 AM | Ryan | Lee | ryanlee@gwu.edu | |||||||||||||||||
856 | 346 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Negative-stranded viruses | ![]() | https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/book/3-s2.0-B9780323482554001661?scrollTo=%23top | Rift Valley Fever is transmitted by mosquito or blood-feeding fly not Ticks | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/26/19 6:08 PM | Daniel | Atchley | daniel.atchley@arcomedu.org | |||||||||||||||||
857 | 346 | Endocrine | ![]() | Embryology | Thyroid development | ![]() | https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Neural_Crest_Development | The text says "Thyroid follicular cells and parafollicular cells (aka, C cells, produce Calcitonin) are derived from endoderm." This is false, because C cells or parafollicular cells are derivates of the Neural Crest and therefor of Ectoderm. | Major erratum | See annotate for latest updates. I think further discussion should go there. -weelic | Reject. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4631767/ In summary, we show here that neuroendocrine cells of the mammalian thyroid gland are derived from foregut endoderm, indicating that the current view referred to in major medical textbooks (that those thyroid C cells are neuroectodermal and of neural crest origin) is fallacious. -Scott | This has been addressed (and resolved) with Dr. Schorr's input. -Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/27/19 4:58 PM | Judith | Vásquez | judith.vasquez.11@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
858 | 346 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Type 1 vs type 2 diabetes mellitus | ![]() | Self-written | Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus = 2 much fat (strong link with obesity). Obesity has a genetic component (hence type 2 DM has a very strong genetic predisposition). Your fat starts to accumulate the more you age so it tends to occur in adulthood (>40yrs). More fat means more resistance to insulin | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/27/19 9:04 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
859 | 347 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Multiple endocrine neoplasias | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123447-overview | MEN 1(1 Person): Pituatry,Pancreas,Parathyroid. MEN 2(2 people=Male & Female): Feochromocytoma+Medullary thyroid. Male/Boy(2B) :(Mucosal neuromas/Marfanoid) | Mnemonic | The 3 P's, 2 P's and 1P mnemonics are painless. I would leave as is. - Victor Martinez | Verified | Looks more confusing. The current mnemonic is fine. -Prashank | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 01/09/19 5:05 AM | alaa | mohamed | dr.alaakhaled93@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
860 | 347 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Multiple endocrine neoplasias | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | MEN 1: there is 1 pituitary gland (pituitary tumor), and 1 pancreas (pancreatic tumor). MEN 2: there are 2 adrenal glands (pheochromocytoma) and 2 thyroid lobes (medullary carcinoma of thyroid) | Mnemonic | The 3 P's, 2 P's and 1P mnemonics are painless. I would leave as is. - Victor Martinez | Verified | I think , this mnemonic would be more confusing. The current one is fine. -Prashank | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 11:44 AM | Prarthana Patel | Patel | oprarthana@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
861 | 347 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Multiple endocrine neoplasias | ![]() | https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia-type-2 | Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid can be remembered in MEN2(A/B) by reading it as "MEN-two-llary carcinoma" | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/13/19 3:25 AM | Justyna | Kacarow | justynakacarow@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
862 | 348 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pharmacology | Diabetes mellitus management | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/119020-medication#2 | Glimepiride is a 3rd generation sulfonylurea (Tex classifies it as 2nd) | Clarification to current text | Verified | It appears that it is in fact a second generation, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3448454/ -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 03/30/19 1:10 PM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
863 | 348 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pharmacology | Diabetes mellitus management | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK409379/ | Metformin - lactic acidosis occurs because metformin increases anaerobic glycolysis and decrease uptake by liver so less glucose is made. Most importantly, In addition to patients with renal insufficiency, caution with HEART FAILURE and ALCOHOLIC patients should be taken as they also have high lactate levels. These types of patient scenarios are highly tested with the drug. I believe they should be mentioned | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 10/27/19 9:19 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
864 | 349 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pharmacology | Diabetes mellitus | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4801817/ https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sodium-glucose-co-transporter-2-inhibitors-for-the-treatment-of-hyperglycemia-in-type-2-diabetes-mellitus?search=sglt2%20inhibitors&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~67&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | SGLT2 inhibitors were not found to cause hyperkalemia in large clinical trials, risk of Euglycemic DKA, necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum (Fournier's gangrene) and amputations should be added | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/02/19 12:33 PM | Ahmad | Naser | ahmad.mn@live.com | |||||||||||||||||
865 | 349 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pharmacology | Diabetes mellitus management | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4620230/#!po=0.375940 | In the 4th row, the adverse effects column reads ‘Not recommended if kidney function is impaired.’ This text should be deleted or modified as acarbose is considered an ideal candidate for patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Thanks for raising this point. I have reviewed the current evidence-base for Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in CKD and as per UpTodate: "Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, such as acarbose or miglitol, are not recommended in patients with renal dysfunction [33]. With acarbose, increased levels of the parent drug and metabolites are observed with CKD, although an increased risk of hypoglycemia has not been documented. Miglitol is absorbed to a greater extent than acarbose and is largely renally excreted, with increased accumulation in patients with decreased kidney function." Though with acarbose, increased risk of hypoglycemia is not observed with CKD, but this is still not an ideal drug of choice and not recommended in CKD given its increased levels of the parent drug and metabolites observed. Recommendation: 1. No errata for upcoming errata report as we are correct; however, we may take faculty inputs. - Vivek Reference: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-hyperglycemia-in-patients-with-type-2-diabetes-and-pre-dialysis-chronic-kidney-disease-or-end-stage-renal-disease?source=autocomplete&index=0~2&search=management%20of%20hyperglyce#H6 | Agree with Vivek -Prashank | Agree with Vivek, that this does not appear to be a valid erratum. These drugs do appear to have significant renal excretion and should thus be used cautiously in patients with renal impairment. The easiest solution is to probably say something along the lines of "Use with caution in patients with renal impairment" such that it is implied that there is a renal component to watch out for, but that some practitioners may decide to use these drugs anyway. We have done similar things with other drugs (eg, beta blockers in diabetics) where the decision to use the drug may be more controversial in the context of some comorbidity. Accepting for consideration of rewording, but this is most definitely a clarification, not an erratum, and this need not be published in the official errata. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 12/25/18 12:51 AM | Muhammad Faizan | Ali | faizanali.93@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
866 | 349 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pharmacology | Diabetes mellitus management | ![]() | N/A | DPP-4 inhibitors: "GLIPTIN suffix= GLP-1 LifTIN" | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 02/18/19 10:20 AM | Opal | Sekler | opalsekler@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
867 | 349 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pharmacology | Diabetes mellitus management | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/thiazolidinediones-in-the-treatment-of-diabetes-mellitus?search=thiazolidinediones&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~124&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H8 | Addition of "cardiotoxicity" as a side effect of Glitazones/Thiazolidinediones -- encountered in QBank in which the deciding factor was knowing which DM drug class has noted cardiotoxicity | High-yield addition to next year | Accept. -Scott | We seem to already have HF listed as a side effect. The "cardiotoxicity" he's referring to, as in cardiac ischemic events seem to mostly apply to rosiglitazone and does not seem to be a class-wide effect. - FQ | ![]() | ![]() | 04/24/19 11:53 AM | Malcolm | Kates | malcolmkates@ufl.edu | |||||||||||||||
868 | 349 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pharmacology | Diabetes mellitus management | ![]() | N/A | The -FLOZIN drugs keep the glucose flowin through the kidney | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject - FQ | ![]() | ![]() | 05/08/19 6:26 PM | Dillon | Yaldo | yaldodil@msu.edu | |||||||||||||||
869 | 349 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pharmacology | Diabetes mellitus management | ![]() | https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/916131, https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/1/e022577, https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/915452, https://www.healio.com/endocrinology/diabetes/news/online/%7Ba134e981-50a6-4b25-92f1-5ac2cc47e466%7D/no-urinary-tract-infection-risk-with-most-sglt2-inhibitors | Common misconception that SGLT2 inhibitors are associated with "urinary tract infections." However, SGLT2 inhibitors are actually associated with "genital infections" (e.g. Fournier's gangrene). Only dapagliflozin is associated with increased risk of UTI. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 09/29/19 6:59 AM | Anthony Martin | Lim | anthony.m.lim@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
870 | 349 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics | Thionamides | ![]() | n/a | “γ–zone is a nexus working to INCREASE sensitivity towards patients with HEART FAILURE” Activate PPAR-γ Zone – ThiaZOlidinedioNEs Nexus – Increase level of adipoNECTIN Increase Insulin SENSITIVITY Adverse drug reaction: HEART FAILURE | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. -Weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 7:00 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
871 | 350 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pharmacology | Cinacalcet | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-secondary-hyperparathyroidism-in-adult-nondialysis-patients-with-chronic-kidney-disease?search=cinacalcet&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3~31&usage_type=default&display_rank=2 | Under secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD should include the specification that it’s approved for dialysis patients only, as it’s not recommended, according to UpToDate, for nondialysis patients. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Agreed. It is only for patients on dialysis. -Scott | Yes, agree. The calcimimetic, cinacalcet, to suppress PTH is recommended for nondialysis CKD patients. It is associated with hypocalcemia and increased urinary calcium excretion and require a close monitoring which is difficult in outpatient settings. Also, the KDIGO 2017 guideline does not provide recommendations on the use of cinacalcet. Final comment: - no errata for now - defer to 2020, perhaps we may need to specifically add "in dialysis CKD." (though we can argue if this is HY for step 1 or not). - Vivek | Great discussion! I agree we should migrate this potential clarification to Annotate to discuss further and implement the change this year if deemed HY. Addendum: The literature is pretty consistent on the benefit of cinacalcet in patients with CKD 5 (dialysis) only. So it would be worthwhile clarifying this particularly as we have some space on the page. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta117 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3640084/ https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2672941/diagnosis-evaluation-prevention-treatment-chronic-kidney-disease-mineral-bone-disorder https://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/4/9/1405 - Sarah | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 02/19/19 8:11 PM | Andrea | Leal-Lopez | andrea.leall11@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
872 | 350 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pharmacology | Cinacalcet | ![]() | Mnemonic | Someone could remember that Cinacalcet is used to sensitize Ca2+-sensing receptors in the parathyroid gland to circulating Ca2+, which decreases PTH by remembering, "'SEN'acalcet (Cinacalcet) 'SEN'sitizes Ca2+-'SEN'sing receptor..." | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 03/20/19 11:12 AM | Amer | Mohiuddin | amemohiu@iu.edu | |||||||||||||||
873 | 350 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Hypothalamic/pituitary drugs | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | pronounce (Cinacalcet) like (Sena*Ca*lcet )= *Sen*sitizes *Ca*2+-sensing receptor.\highlight "sen" and "ca". | Mnemonic | I find this mnemonic difficult to remember. I wouldn't add it to the next edition. - Victor Martinez | Verified | I don't think this would be a good addition. Reject -Prashank | Reject. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 01/05/19 9:58 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
874 | 350 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pharmacology | Hypothalamic/pituitary drugs | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/947954-overview | In addition to treatment of GH deficiency and Turner syndrome, GH is also used in Prader-Willi Syndrome | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | True, however, I believe this to be a LY fact about Prader willi syndrome -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 02/17/19 3:08 PM | Nathaniel | Borochov | nateboro8@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
875 | 350 | Endocrine | ![]() | Pharmacology | Sevelamer | ![]() | n/a | “Pho @ $7” SEVElamer decrease absorption of PHOsphate in hyperPHOsphatemia. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 7:02 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
876 | 353 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Embryology | Tracheoesophageal anomalies | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-nausea-and-vomiting | In the book it says: "neonates drool, choke and vomit.." when it should say "neonates drool, choke and regurgitate..." as it is important to differentiate the two especially in such presentation. These babies (TEF w/ EA) have proximal blockage, therefore, they cannot vomit (i.e. evacuate gastric contents) | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/17/19 8:36 AM | Mohammed Khalifa | AlEnezi | m.khalifa2018@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
877 | 354 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Pancreas and spleen embryology | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | Pancreas and spleen embryology (that contains annular pancreas and pancreas divisum) is mistakenly placed in the first part of the anatomy section instead of the embryology section. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. The topic "pancreas and spleen embryology" is placed under embryology section in page 345. The anatomy section starts after this topic. - Humood | Reject. I see how it's potentially confusing because the page header does say "anatomy" but there's not really anything we can do about that. -Connie | Agree, reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/28/19 1:00 AM | Mohammad | Katato | mkatato@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||
878 | 354 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Pancreas and spleen embryology | ![]() | Boards and Beyond | Annular pancreas complications include duodenal obstruction, polyhydramnios, and pancreatitis. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Borderline reject. Duodenal obstruction is mentioned in the text (duodenal narrowing). I don't think the other two are HY enough to be mentioned in the book. If others believe otherwise, feel free to accept it. - Humood. | Reject, agree with humood here. 2/3 of annular pancreas pts are asymptomatic, manifestations depend on severity of obstruction, but it looks like pain and n/v are the most common. Pathogenesis of pancreatitis in pts with annular pancreas is unclear. Annular pancreas has been associated with maternal polyhydramnios but the association is pretty poorly documented. both too ly -Connie https://www.uptodate.com/contents/annular-pancreas?search=annular%20pancreas§ionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H4&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~16&display_rank=1#H4 | Duodenal obstruction is likely the most important to know of the three listed. Agree that other two complications are LY for step 1 purposes. Would not recommend addition. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/28/19 1:03 AM | Mohammad | Katato | mkatato@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||
879 | 354 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Embryology | Pancreas and spleen embryology | ![]() | https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Gastrointestinal_Tract_-_Pancreas_Development | "Ventral pancreatic bud contributes to uncinate process and main pancreatic duct. The dorsal pancreatic bud alone becomes the body, tail, isthmus, and accessory pancreatic duct" as well as the main pancreatic duct. | Minor erratum | According to the student's reference: "Main Pancreatic Duct (MPD or Wirsung's duct) forms within the dorsal pancreatic bud and is present in the body and tail of the pancreas. Discovered by Johann Georg Wirsung (1589 - 1643) a German physician who worked as a prosector in Padua." I don't think the current wording is wrong, we could consider adding this for the next edition. -Victor M. | Reject. That's exactly what we have drawn in the figure. -Scott | Reject, -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/29/19 3:57 PM | Xavier | De Pena | xavierdpp@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
880 | 355 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Important gastrointestinal ligaments | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/surgical-techniques-for-managing-hepatic-injury | It should be included under the pringle maneuvor fact that failure to stop bleeding upon completion of the maneuvor suggests bleeding from hepatic outflow source (the IVC, hepatic vein). This is the clinical relevance to the manuevor and this is how it is tested on board exams. | High-yield addition to next year | Borderline reject. Seems too advanced for the Step 1. I suppose the concept students should keep in mind is that if pringle maneuver succeeds, the bleeding vessel is inside the hepatoduodenal ligament. If the maneuver fails, the bleeder is somewhere else. - Humood | Agree with Humood that this seems out-of-scope for step 1. -Connie | Agree with Humood and Connie, no changes to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/25/19 11:43 AM | Lee | Seifer | lseif002@fiu.edu | |||||||||||||
881 | 355 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Important gastrointestinal ligaments | ![]() | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ligament-of-treitz & https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17653583 & Standring S. Gray's Anatomy. 41st ed. London: Elservier; 2016:1026. | Ligament of Treitz- Also known as suspensory ligament of the duodenum. Connects the right crus of the diaphragm and connective tissue around celiac trunk. Is avascular, does not contain any vessel. Clinically use to distinguish if a GI bleeding is considered to be an upper GI bleeding or a lower GI bleeding, also used radiologically to diagnose intestinal complete or partial rotation. | High-yield addition to next year | I don't know if this is commonly tested. -Victor M | LY for Step 1. Reject. -Scott | Reject, LY. This is more of a clinical rather than Step 1 concept. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/29/19 5:26 PM | Xavier | De Pena | xavierdpp@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
882 | 355 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Spleen | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948863-overview#a2 | The fact "splenorenal ligament" says that it connects the spleen to the posterior abdominal wall. However, as per the name, the splenorenal ligament is known to connect the spleen to the anterior surface of the left kidney. Per emedicine "The splenorenal ligament extends from the hilum of the spleen to the anterior surface of the left kidney; it contains the tail of the pancreas and splenic vessels." | Major erratum | Verified | Faculty input. Most of other exam review info says that the splenorenal ligament connects from the tail of the pancreas to the left kidney. But technically, the communication is between the pancreatic tail and the perirenal space, which contains the kidney. Despite apparent contiguity, there appears to be structures between the spleen and kidney besides the peritoneal layer (pararenal fat, prerenal fascia, perirenal fat), which one paper (cited below) states is the reason the "term splenorenal ligament is vague." I haven't worked on this chapter previously but I'm guessing this might be why we state that this ligament runs from the spleen to the posterior abdominal wall despite apparent contiguity with the left kidney For step 1, I think the contained structures and general location is important. I think it might be beneficial to change the entry to "spleen to left kidney" to avoid confusion, but I don't know if this is not technically correct enough. -Connie sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821589/ https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/rg.e34#R9 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3683035 | Yes, would certainly benefit from faculty input. Would it be appropriate to leave the wording for splenorenal ligament as "Spleen to posterior abdominal wall" or would it be better to change to "Spleen to left kidney"? Like Connie, I did not work on the chapter in previous years, so I am unsure whether this change was made in the past due to previous errata. -VV | Disagreement/need expert | ![]() | ![]() | 03/03/19 10:02 AM | Melissa | Schechter | mschech@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
883 | 356 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Digestive tract anatomy | ![]() | not needed | To help remember frequencies of basal electric rhythm, fast to slow: "digestion is slow (stomach), mixing is fast (duodenum), absorption is in between (ileum)" | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Not a big fan, sorry. - Humood | Reject, It's not more helpful to memorize than the actual fact itself? -Connie | Reject, not a fan. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/09/19 10:40 AM | Nicholas | Yeisley | nwygz4@mail.umkc.edu | ||||||||||||
884 | 356 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Digestive tract anatomy | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3603487/ and Dr. Jason Ryan of Boards & Beyond | Slow waves originate in the interstitial cells of Cajal | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Borderline reject. I don't believe this is super HY info. We're looking to cut down on text as well. If others feel otherwise, feel free to accept it. - Humood | Accept. I actually think this is HY info. The ICC is the "pacemaker" and we have to know it for both understanding the physiology of gut motor function as well as the pathophys behind gastroparesis. I definitely remember this being an important tested fact. -Connie https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-delayed-gastric-emptying?search=interstital%20cells%20of%20cajal&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~12&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | It's fair to add to the text. Please add as "Frequencies of basal electric rhythm (slow waves), which originate in the interstitial cells of Cajal:" -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/20/19 8:28 AM | Nathaniel | Borochov | nateboro8@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
885 | 356 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Digestive tract anatomy | ![]() | N/A | For Muscularis layers: Bold and color "i" in both inner and circular then bold and hi-light "o" for outer and longitudinal (for the different layers) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Not a big fan, sorry. - Humood | Reject, it doesn't quite make sense to me -Connie | Agree, reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/09/19 10:32 PM | Frederick | Burton III | falb409@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
886 | 357 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Abdominal aorta and branches | ![]() | N/A | Order of anterior-branching arteries of the abdominal aorta = CSI [Crime Scene Investigation], for Celiac, SMA, IMA. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Knowing the order is not that helpful. I would look for a mnemonic that links the vertebral levels at which these arteries branch. - Humood | Reject. While I agree with humood that this isn't super important, it's also already intuitive that superficial MA is going to be above the inferior MA. -Connie | Agree, reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/10/19 11:29 AM | Erica | Cohenmehr | ecohenmehr@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
887 | 357 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Abdominal aorta and branches | ![]() | was in a Question stem but also see here: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2878259/ | A Varicocele is symptom in the Nutcracker Syndrome because when the left renal vein becomes trapped under the SMA there is also distention of the left gonadal vein! Also this makes a kind of easy to remember Mnemonic since the Name of the Syndrome is "Nutcracker"... | High-yield addition to next year | Accept. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20660448 -scott | Can be deferred to next year -VV | ![]() | ![]() | 06/07/19 10:18 AM | Noam Leander | Degner | noam.degner@me.com | |||||||||||||||
888 | 357 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Gastrointestinal blood supply and innervation | ![]() | FA 2019 Page 360 | Hind gut is suppleid by IMA until upper portion of anal canal (not the rectom) | Minor erratum | Accept. Change "rectum" to "anal canal." IMA supplies entire rectum up until anal canal -Connie https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-intestinal-ischemia-in-adults?search=inferior%20mesenteric%20artery&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Accept, Please change "rectum" to "anal canal" -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/29/19 7:49 PM | Laith | Rahabneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
889 | 357 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Ischemia | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/366808-overview | Recto-sigmoid Water shed- IMA and hypogastric (Internal Iliac) artery | Minor erratum | Accept. The user seems to be correct. "The IMA ( Fig. 118-3 ) arises 3 to 4 cm above the aortic bifurcation close to the inferior border of the duodenum. It branches into the left colic artery, gives off multiple sigmoid branches, and terminates as the superior rectal artery. The IMA and its branches supply the large intestine from the distal transverse colon to the proximal rectum. The distal rectum is supplied by branches of the internal iliac (hypogastric) artery. " - Humood Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Chapter 118, 2076-2101.e5 | Reject. The text as we have it is correct. If the location of the IMA is of concern, we very clearly mark the lumbar vertebrae level. If the watershed areas that are more susceptible to ischemia is the concern, we have the areas correct. eMed is not always a good resource, there are so many typos/mistakes/outdated info. -Connie https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colonic-ischemia https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-intestinal-ischemia-in-adults?search=inferior%20mesenteric%20artery&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3577613/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13529513 | Based on my literature search, the text is correct as is. Would not recommend any changes -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/26/19 10:30 PM | Sherif | Guirguis | sherif.guirguis@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
890 | 358 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Celiac trunk | ![]() | Netter's Clinical Anatomy, 3rd Ed (p. 181); Essential Anatomy 5; https://www.imaios.com/en/e-Anatomy/Thorax-Abdomen-Pelvis/Digestive-system-Illustrations (slide 63) | In the figure of the celiac trunk, the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery appear to wrap around the duodenum. Instead, they should wrap around the pancreas: (1) the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery would fit more appropriately at the current location of the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, and (2) the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery could be depicted as faded behind the pancreas, branching from the gastroduodenal artery at the branchpoint of the current anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. | Minor erratum | Verified | Accept. The reader is totally correct. Anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal and posterior superior pancreaticoduduodenal arteries are shown wrapping around the duodenum, but should be wrapping around the head of the pancreas. Link they provide is fine, but I confirmed with Netter 5th ed plates 283 and 284. -Connie | Accept. Please add to annotate and flag the illustration team. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/09/19 2:53 PM | Jacqueline | Aredo | jaredo@stanford.edu | |||||||||||||
891 | 359 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Portosystemic anastomoses | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8873859 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3940321/ | Diagram suggests that the superior epigastric vein (which doesn't drain into iliac veins, but rather the internal thoracic) is not involved with caput medusae. "Small epigastric veins" may be vague to some readers and can be clarified to include inferior, superficial, and superior epigastric veins. | Minor erratum | Reject. The illustration shows the INFERIOR epigastric vein draining into the external iliac vein. - Victor M. | I think this is LY -Scott | Agree, LY -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/01/19 3:07 PM | Joseph | Yasmeh | jyasmeh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
892 | 360 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Pectinate line | ![]() | There was an erratun provided and approved for page 97 dated 2/14/18 for switching internal iliac to common iliac LN | Lymphatics for above the line drain into internal iliac LN; It should be Common iliac LNs based on newly approved erratum | Major erratum | Verified | Reject. I checked the FA errata from 2017 onward and can't find this, and the text right now is correct as is. -Connie | Reject, text is correct as is. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:51 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
893 | 360 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Pectinate line | ![]() | not applicable | under anal fissure: possible addition to mnemonic innervated by (P)udendal nerve | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. This is a nice, easy, and helpful addition. -Connie | Accept please migrate to annotate. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/23/19 11:41 PM | Awab | Elnaeem | awab.kamal@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
894 | 361 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Liver tissue architecture | ![]() | Mnemonic | Distinguishing which type of hepatitis (viral or alcoholic) affects which hepatic zone (Zone I or Zone III) = the # of single full downwards pen strokes made when writing the word “viral” or “alcoholic”, as if you are writing roman numerals of the affected Zone. Clarifying image attached. | Mnemonic | Verified | Borderline accept. It is reasonable.Not sure how he make mnemonic treatment for the letter "h" though. - Humood | On the fence. The idea is really cute initially! But once I thought about it more, it could be too confusing. Why would the downward stroke on "h" count towards the number count, but not the downward stroke on the letter "i?" -Connie | I'm inclined to reject. There is room for interpretation, which could make it confusing for the reader. Would not recommend. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 8:42 PM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
895 | 361 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Liver tissue architecture | ![]() | https://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/LIVEHTML/LIVER003.html | Addition of a histological picture illustrating the zones of the liver, with accompanying text illustrating which area is affected by what. For example- the picture would be as attached, with under "zone 1"; viral hepatitis, ingested toxins, and so on. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Accept, if illustration team is on board. Even if we just add dotted/colored lines to designate where in the current image the zones are, it could be really helpful to help illustrate where the zones are. The text is accurate but the visualization would be really helpful! I'm not sure the histological picture is HY to recognize, but understanding where the zones are is HY. -Connie another example: https://discovery.lifemapsc.com/library/images/liver-structure | Accept, please add a note to annotate with notification for illustration team. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/27/19 11:52 AM | Dylan | Erwin | derwin@smu.edu | |||||||||||||
896 | 362 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Femoral region | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482388/ & https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1923032-overview#a2 | "Femoral sheath: Fascial tube 3-4 cm below inguinal ligament. Contains femoral *V*ein, femoral *Artery* and *C*anal (deep inguinal lymph nodes) but no femoral *N*erve" Propose mnemonic *V*odka, *A*le or *A*bsinthe and *C*hampagne for the party, but no *N*ectar allow. | Mnemonic | Verified | It's easier to just remember NAVeL. Reject. -Scott | Reject. NAVeL is a much easier mnemonic to remember. It is also pretty common, so it is the better option. Ashten | NAVeL is better. No changes. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/29/19 6:29 PM | Xavier | De Pena | xavierdpp@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
897 | 362 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Femoral region | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | Femoral Sheath contains the femoral ARTERY, VEIN, and canal (deep inguinal lymph nodes. This minor switch of order would be nice because organization and "lateral to medial" orientation is mentioned 2 sentences above. Consistency is key, especially as this is in the anatomy section. Much appreciated. Thanks! | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/16/19 1:52 AM | Tasha | Phillips-Wilson | tphilli1@sgu.edu | |||||||||||||||||
898 | 363 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Inguinal canal | ![]() | n/a | Transversus abdominis muscle + Internal oblique muscle = Conjoint tendon TIC = T+I = C. | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. This is reasonable and looks like it would fit nicely on the page. Ashten | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 9:23 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
899 | 363 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Neuromuscular junction diseases | ![]() | I thought of this mnemonic myself | "L before M" for Lambert-Eaton vs Myasthenia Gravis autoantibodies that affect PRE-synaptic and POST-synaptic channels, respectively. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/05/19 9:16 PM | Sina | Moridzadeh | sinamorid91@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
900 | 364 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Hernias | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/classification-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-inguinal-and-femoral-hernias-in-adults?search=inguinal%20hernia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~119&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H4 | Move the most common in males to the top of the paragraph to read: "Most common in males. Goes through the...scrotum." Or, change the word scrotum to groin to reflect that it can occur in both sexes. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. I would leave it alone. I understand and agree with the commenter's point, but leaving scrotum in will probably remind readers about the higher incidence rates among males. Ashten | Defer to expert, if we change this would we have to change the other text? Since we mention testes etc. | Disagreement/need expert | Brooks Cash | AM assuming this is about indirect inguinal hernias, but is much more common in males. Then would simply say most common type of inguinal hernia. Would say that it goes into the groin to "de-gender" the statement and delete the last statement since it has been moved up | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 02/01/19 5:34 PM | Beth Anne | George | Elisabeth_George@brown.edu | ||||||||||
901 | 364 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Anatomy | Hernias | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/classification-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-inguinal-and-femoral-hernias-in-adults#H5 | Slide into the DMs: Direct = Medial to inferior epigastric vessels | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. The mnemonic that is already in the book is better. This one does not really add anything new. Ashten | Reject, -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/05/19 8:31 PM | Kevin | Kron | kevkron123@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
902 | 365 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Physiology | Gastrointestinal regulatory substances | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/physiology-of-gastrin , | Negative regulation of gastrin is by somatostatin which is missing from the list of regulators. It is especially worth adding here in the table because of its clinical utility as treatment in gastrinomas. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | On the fence. The reader is correct and this is important, but this page is so crowded that I don't think it will fit if we add an extra line to gastrin's regulation column. One option is to add something in the notes column saying that somatostatin inhibits gastrin release by G cells? -Connie | Inclined to reject, considering that there are multiple hormones that somatostatin inhibits, and it is not mentioned in any of the other entries. Additionally, the notes for somatostatin mention that it inhibits secretion of various hormones. Would not recommend changes to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/11/19 1:25 AM | Basim | Ali | basim.ajafri@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
903 | 365 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Physiology | Gastrointestinal regulatory substances | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/motilin https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=zZINAEddjA0C&pg=PA357&dq=mo+cell+motilin&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=mo%20cell%20motilin&f=false | The Motilin is secreted by Mo cells in small intestine, what if you write it between 2 brackets under Small intestine. | Clarification to current text | I don't think we should consider adding this since it is not HY. - Victor M. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7479330 Accept. Suggest (Mo cells) under Small Intestine. -Scott | LY, -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 6:05 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
904 | 365 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Physiology | Gastrointestinal regulatory substances | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/physiology-of-somatostatin-and-its-analogues?search=somatostatin%20cell%20type&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Somatostatin "D"isables hormone secretion. Secreted from "D" cells | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 09/27/19 5:26 PM | Jordan | O'Steen | josteen441@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
905 | 366 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Physiology | Gastrointestinal secretory products | ![]() | mnemonic | "CHIEF of PEPSI-Cola" Chief cells of stomach produce pepsin | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. -Scott | No changes recommended. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/30/19 2:31 PM | Paola | Del Cueto | paoladelcueto@outlook.com | |||||||||||||
906 | 366 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Physiology | Gastrointestinal secretory products | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | PepsinOGEN is secreted by the chief cells not pepsin. You have listed in the notes area an explanation of the conversion from the zymogen form to active enzyme which is nice. This is a matter of accuracy, which in the end is the goal. Please do consider. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/16/19 1:10 PM | Tasha | Phillips-Wilson | tphilli1@sgu.edu | |||||||||||||||||
907 | 366 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Physiology | Gastrointestinal secretory products | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/physiology-of-gastric-acid-secretion | PARIetal cell: Produce Acid Release Intrinic factor | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 11/07/19 12:21 AM | Hamza | Uddin | hamzauddin@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
908 | 367 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Physiology | Carbohydrate absorption | ![]() | not needed | All are t(2)ransported to blood by GLUT 2 .( Highlight "t" and "2") | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Not a big fan, sorry. - Humood | Reject, it feels a little forced and hard to remember. -Connie | Reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 12/30/18 8:24 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||
909 | 367 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Physiology | Carbohydrate absorption | ![]() | Not needed. | 'Fructose' is spelt as 'Frutose' in the diagram of the enterocyte. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | Accept. User is correct. Spelling error. - Humood | Accept. Change "frutose" to "fructose" in diagram of enterocyte on the bottom of the page. -Connie | Accept. Change "frutose" to "fructose" in diagram of enterocyte on the bottom of the page per authors. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/10/19 9:21 AM | Basim | Ali | basim.ajafri@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
910 | 367 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Physiology | Gastrointestinal secretory products | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10433005 | ECL cells are illustrated outside the stomach diagram and it gives the impression that they are not found in the stomach, when in fact, they are. | Minor erratum | Verified | Accept. This is confusing. ECL cells are in the gastric mucosa, so having them floating outside of the stomach is a little confusing. The diagram is pretty full so I do feel for the illustration team, but I think it might be worth trying to move the ECL cells into the stomach and not just floating outside. -Connie | Borderline accept. I do see the commenter's point. Looking at the current illustration, it seems like this organization of information was intentional given how much is already conveyed in the diagram. That being said, I do not feel that showing ECL cells this way is so distracting that it makes it hard to understand. I am not sure if this would be worth the illustration team's time. Alternative: include a short phrase in the text to make it clear that the ECL cells are within the gastric mucosa. - Ashten | Accept. Please add a note to annotate and tag the illustration team. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 12:05 PM | Olivia | Keller-Baruch | oliviakellerb@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
911 | 367 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Physiology | Pancreatic secretions | ![]() | Mnemonic | The only pancreatic enzyme that does not require cleavage/activation by trypsin is ɑ-amylase because “ɑ-amylase is ɑlways active” (or “ɑlready active”). Clarifying image attached. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject, This is REALLY cute but not completely accurate, because there are other pancreatic enzymes that don't require cleavage/activation, like lipase, amylase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, gelatinase, and elastase. -Connie | Yea, actually it's pretty cute. But like Connie says, not all-encompassing. Would not recommend -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 9:34 PM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
912 | 367 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Physiology | Pancreatic secretions | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54127/ | Pointing out just amylase as being secreted in its active form may mislead students into thinking it's unique; lipase is also secreted as a non-zymogen, and is unacknowledged as in in the notes right below amylase. (DNase and RNase are also active). | Clarification to current text | I say we just remove "secreted in active form", because that's not very important at all. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 07/30/19 8:51 PM | Joseph | Yasmeh | jyasmeh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
913 | 370 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Salivary gland tumors | ![]() | https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain,-spinal-cord,-and-nerve-disorders/cranial-nerve-disorders/trigeminal-neuralgia | It currently says "CN VII signs (ie, facial paralysis or pain) suggest malignant involvement". However, CN VII only innervates facial muscles and all sensation from the face is from CN V. | Minor erratum | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123851987000072 This is technically correct. The facial afferents usually don't have nociceptive fibers, but the signal can get rerouted and cause pain. Likewise the Trigeminal nerve is closely nearby and can receive the nociceptive impulses. I think we can just take out CNVII signs and change it to read: "facial paralysis and pain suggest malignant involvement." -Scott | I agree with Scott's point. There really is no need to get lost in the weeds about the afferent neurons involved in the sensation when the main point is that a space-occupying lesion in the glands can cause pain and paralysis. I support taking out "CN VII signs." Ashten | It's fair to change. Please replace "CV VII signs (ie, facial paralysis and pain)" with "Facial paralysis or pain" I will include a note in annotate to reflect this change. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/25/19 3:16 PM | Nicholas | Cook-Rostie | cookr002@umn.edu | |||||||||||||
914 | 371 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Esophageal pathologies | ![]() | None | The 'New image' annotation box was left in next to the picture of pseudomembrane, on the bottom of the page. It is a yellow box in the margin. Just a formatting error, I don't believe this was supposed to be left in. | Spelling/formatting | Verified | Hahaha accept. I checked my printed copy of FA2019 and the yellow "new image" box was in fact left in. -Connie | Funny. -Scott | Lol, add a note to delete -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 12/22/18 9:53 PM | Jerrin | Bawa | jerrin.bawa@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
915 | 371 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Esophageal pathologies | ![]() | First Aid | Plumber DIES instead of Plumbers DIE. The S for increase risk for "S"quamous cell carcinoma. | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept!! Yes yes this is fantastic, it is more accurate to the disease name (Plumber-Plummer, no "s") and it adds in a risk we already have listed. "Triad of Dysphagia, Iron deficiency anemia, and Esophageal webs. Increased risk of esophageal Squamous cell carcinoma ("Plumber DIES"). May be associated with glossitis. -Connie | Accept. This makes sense and ties in the increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma nicely. Ashten | Accept. Please add per Connie with appropriate red marking: "Triad of Dysphagia, Iron deficiency anemia, and Esophageal webs. Increased risk of esophageal Squamous cell carcinoma ("Plumber DIES"). May be associated with glossitis." -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/11/19 11:47 AM | Clara | Sze | csze@sgu.edu | ||||||||||||
916 | 371 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Esophageal pathologies | ![]() | First Aid 2018 | Boerhaave Syndrome along with its description is completely missing from the 2019 edition. It is indexed correctly but seems to be deleted. | Major erratum | On page 371 FA 2019, you see Boerhaave syndrome written under esophageal perforation main entry. So, not sure why reader is saying its deleted? It is indexed in pages 659 (under pneumomediastinum) and 371 (albeit not its own entry) -Aida | Verified | We decided to include in esophageal perforation, not missing. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/30/19 9:41 PM | Yousif | Makadsi | ymakadsi@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
917 | 371 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Esophageal pathologies | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2639970/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5387146/ | GERD does not show signs of dysphagia. Signs of dysphagia only appears when the patient has progressed to esophageal adenocarcinoma, as they also show signs of weight loss. I think this point should be stated clearly, as it can help students differentiate if a patient has GERD or cancer based on presentation | Major erratum | Verified | Agree with expert, leave as is. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | This is incorrect. GERD can present with dysphagia in the absence of adenocarcinoma, such as when patients have esophagitis or a peptic stricture. Dysphagia is an alarm feature and should prompt EGD to evaluate for advanced pathology. | ![]() | ![]() | 02/04/19 2:28 PM | Mohammed | Ismail | mismail987@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
918 | 371 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Esophageal pathologies | ![]() | Mnemonic | To remember that Boerhaave syndrome is a transmural esophageal rupture caused by excessive vomiting, think of it like all those episodes of vomiting have bored a hole through the esophagus and into the mediastinum; like miners drill boreholes into the wall of a cave or mine shaft. | Mnemonic | Verified | I like this, would be willing to add if another author agrees. Maybe something like, "Boerhaave bores-a-hole through the esophagus." -Connie | Agree with Connie's suggestion. The mnemonic needs to be simple and to the point. Ashten | I'm on the fence but we can transfer to annotate to vote on it. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/08/19 8:14 AM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
919 | 371 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Esophageal pathologies | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/eosinophilic-esophagitis-eoe-genetics-and-immunopathogenesis?search=eosinophilic%20esophagitis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=4 | For eosinophilic esophagitis, it is now known that many patients will respond to PPIs (it is not necessarily "typical"), From UpToDate: It is now appreciated that a substantial number of patients with esophageal eosinophilia can respond to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy, an entity that is now referred to as PPI-responsive esophageal eosinophilia (PPI-REE) | Minor erratum | Verified | Reject. True, but it seems too new of an entity to be tested on step 1. The UTD entry linked here say's it's a separate entity, but the UTD entry on EoE diagnosis says that, "PPI-responsive esophageal eosinophilia is therefore considered a subset of eosinophilic esophagitis rather than a distinct disease." Seems a little too poorly delineated to be tested for step 1. -Connie https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-eosinophilic-esophagitis?sectionName=Distinction%20from%20GERD&search=eosinophilic%20esophagitis&topicRef=90146&anchor=H7&source=see_link#H7 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/eosinophilic-esophagitis-eoe-genetics-and-immunopathogenesis?search=eosinophilic%20esophagitis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=4 | This is more a pediatric boards and/or allergy immunology boards kind of question. Additionally, this is a relatively new entity that is still being delineated. Therefore, it would be less likely to be tested on Step 1. Would not recommend addition. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/08/19 6:28 AM | Melissa | Schechter | mschech@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
920 | 372 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Esophageal cancer | ![]() | http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T114594/Plummer-Vinson-syndrome | Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma: add Plummer Vinson Syndrome (PVS is associated with an increased risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus) | High-yield addition to next year | Okay, we can add it. -Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 06/10/19 8:19 PM | Estefanía | Henríquez Luthje | ehenriquezluthje@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
921 | 373 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Gastric cancer | ![]() | Mnemonic | Krukenberg tumors are metastases to the ovaries from gastric adenocarcinoma. There are two more common metastases (Virschow- supraclavicular node, Sister Mary Joseph- periumbilical metastases) and the locations are difficult to remember along with the names. If you remember "Krack the Eggs" then it helps to remember that Krukenberg tumor is a metastasis to the ovaries as eggs are made in the ovaries. | Mnemonic | Verified | While I agree that it would be nice to have a mnemonic for these metastases locations, I'm a little lukewarm about this one. "Krack the Eggs Krukenberg" isn't bad, but it also doesn't strike me as particularly helpful? Very open to other opinions! -Connie | Borderline reject. I agree with Connie. The mnemonic does get the point about metastatic disease in the ovaries across, but it does not strike me as very memorable. I would be more inclined to keep the original text. - Ashten | Reject, not that memorable. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/07/19 11:20 AM | Daniel | Lubarsky | daniel.lubarsky@rockets.utoledo.edu | ||||||||||||
922 | 373 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Gastritis | ![]() | n/a | CURling ulcer = “BURNt by high CURrent” | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Not necessary. The current mnemonic is better; this really does not add anything particularly useful. Ashten | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 9:28 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
923 | 373 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Ménétrier disease | ![]() | Not needed | For -Men-etrier think mens (Latin for mind) —> brain —> brain-looking stomach | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject, I like it but I don't think most people (including myself) know that the Latin word for mind is mens. -Connie | Agree with Connie, reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/02/19 12:43 PM | Mario | Shammas | mshammas95@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
924 | 373 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Ménétrier disease | ![]() | menterier disease increase overproduction of TGF-a https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/0016-5085(92)91455-D/pdf | menterier disease increase overproduction of TGF-a | Clarification to current text | I don't think this is commonly tested. - Victor M. | This isn't a must, the pathophysiology hasn't been fully elucidated. -Scott https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4734964/ | Not inclined to include, LY -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 6:10 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
925 | 374 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Peptic ulcer disease | ![]() | http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/smallbowelbrunnersgland.html | Duodenal ulcers are associated with Brunner gland hyperPLASIA NOT hyperTROPHY. | Major erratum | Verified | This keeps coming up and we have had experts look at this. Leave as is. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/16/19 11:57 AM | Basim | Ali | basim.ajafri@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
926 | 374 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Ulcer complications | ![]() | mnemonic, FA 19 9. 374 | *a*nterior ulcer--> *a*ir in *a*bdomen... *p*osterior ulcer --> bleeding from *g*astro*d*uodenal artery *p*ray to *g*-*d* (** indicates highlight in red) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Too much for a mnemonic. I recall pathoma put it all in a single sentence. "Anterior perforate, posterior bleed." - Humood | Reject, feels excessive and forced -Connie | Reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/24/19 4:05 PM | Elan | Baskir | ebask003@fiu.edu | ||||||||||||
927 | 375 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Bugs causing diarrhea | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/whipples-disease?search=whipple%20disease&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~71&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H6 | Add "S" for steatorrhea to the current mnemonic "PAS the foamy Whipped cream in a CAN". So the revision will read "PAS the foamy Whipped cream in CANS". This change will help students remember another important symptom due to the pathophysiology of Whipple disease. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/24/19 3:36 PM | Erik | Alvarado | erik.a.alvarado@uth.tmc.edu | ||||||||||||||||
928 | 375 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Malabsorption syndromes | ![]() | Pathoma (Fundamentals of Pathology) 2016 | mucosal absorption affects the jejunum (duodenum is less commonly involved) | Minor erratum | Verified | This was reviewed by expert. Leave as is. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/01/19 10:23 PM | Eloho | Akpovi | eloho_akpovi@brown.edu | ||||||||||||||
929 | 375 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Malabsorption syndromes | ![]() | Mnemonic | ABCDE mnemonic for celiac disease: Ig”A” antibodies destroy intestinal “B”illi (villi) to cause “C”eliac disease. “D”uodenum is most commonly affected. May lead to “E”ATL. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. A little too forced for me, and not all encompassing. Those are the easiest to remember aspects of Celiac disease and there are a lot of other things that need to be memorized that are not included. -Connie | Reject. Too long, too forced, and not a lot of payoff for committing the mnemonic to memory. I do appreciate the emphasis on the Ab class and the pathophysiology, but this may not be very helpful while studying for Step. - Ashten | Reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/08/19 1:54 PM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
930 | 375 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Malabsorption syndromes | ![]() | Mnemonic | To remember what celiac disease is and that is it associated with HLA-DQ2/HLA-DQ8: "People with CELIAC disease H8 2 eat GLUTEN" | Mnemonic | Verified | Cute but on the fence because it doesn't seem super easy to remember due to it depending on a preposition in a random phrase. -Connie | Our current mnemonic is better. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/26/19 7:26 PM | Samantha | Abdallah | samantha.abdallah2@med.wayne.edu | |||||||||||||
931 | 375 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Malabsorption syndromes | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts-per_notation | PPM stand for parts per million. It should be added on the abbreviations at the end of the book. | Spelling/formatting | Agree! Victor M. | This is being added this year. -Scott | Yes, already added -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 6:17 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
932 | 375 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Malabsorption syndromes | ![]() | Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 9th Edition by Vinay Kumar (ISBN: 9781455726134) pg. 784 | Tropical sprue does NOT respond to antibiotics | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 2:34 PM | Katrina | Chuah | kchuah08546@med.lecom.edu | |||||||||||||||||
933 | 376 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Inflammatory bowel diseases | ![]() | https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.med.nyu.edu/contents/clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-prognosis-of-ulcerative-colitis-in-adults?search=ulcerative%20colitis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1844647392 | In comparing UC and Crohns, the text says aphthous ulcers are found in both diseases. But we were taught (and UptoDate seems to confirm) that aphthous ulcers are only seen in Crohn's disease. | Minor erratum | Verified | Reject. The reader is incorrect. UTD says that aphthous ulcers are deeper in Crohn's and only involve the mucsa in UC. Also citing a couple recent pubs on oral ulcers in UC. -Connie https://www.uptodate.com/contents/endoscopic-diagnosis-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease?search=ulcerative%20colitis%20aphthous%20ulcers&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3870502/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017478/ | Reject, agree with Connie. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/05/19 10:06 PM | Alison | Liss | alisonmliss@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
934 | 376 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Inflammatory bowel diseases | ![]() | N/A | Crohn (1 word)= Th1 mediated vs Ulcerative Colitis (2 words)= Th2 mediated | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject, Our Crohn's entry is "crohn disease" which is also 2 words...too easy to mix up. -Connie | Agree with Connie, reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/09/19 10:20 PM | Frederick | Burton III | falb409@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
935 | 376 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Inflammatory bowel diseases | ![]() | Content directly from FA 2019 (p. 376) | Extraintestinal manifestations of IBD: (ARE U IBD?) A - arthritis (ankylosing spondylitis, sacroilitis, migratory polyarthritis) R - rash (erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum) E - eye (uveitis, episcleritis) U - ulcers (aphthous) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. It's a little weak. -Connie | Reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/20/19 10:58 AM | Saieesh | Rao | imsa.projects@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
936 | 377 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Appendicitis | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=SURG%2F115333&topicKey=SURG%2F1383&search=appendicitis&source=outline_link&selectedTitle=1~150 | Treatment for appendicitis is only listed as appendectomy. However, treatment for appendicitis has now been shown to include either appednectomy OR | Major erratum | Verified | Reject, surgery is correct. Antibiotic only is controversial. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/11/19 11:15 AM | Peter | Noback | pn2245@cumc.columbia.edu | ||||||||||||||
937 | 377 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Appendicitis | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499946/ | add "Y.enterocolitica infection" in parentheses after "pseudoappendicitis" | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 09/04/19 4:42 PM | Alsu | Zagorulko | alsu.zagorulko@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
938 | 378 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Hirschsprung disease | ![]() | https://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/1015/p1319.html | rectal suction biopsy (Submucosa). writing submucosa between 2 brackes at the end ! | Clarification to current text | Rectal biopsy is enough. - Victor M. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26850196 The full thickness biopsy and the submucosal biopsy are seen as equivalent pathologically. -Scott | No changes recommended. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 6:22 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
939 | 379 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Embryology | Blood groups | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2270/ | If an AB positive patient receives blood from O negative then after that gets hemolytic transfusion reaction its due to Kell AB. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 09/26/19 4:00 PM | Jamil | Noman | Jamel.h2o.101@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
940 | 379 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Intussusception | ![]() | Uworld question, https://step1.medbullets.com/gastrointestinal/110050/intussusception, | Treatment should be added to Intussuseption- Barium enema is diagnostic/therapeutic and surgical intervention is mandated if intussusception does not resolve with enema | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | On the fence. Hearing this is a UW question makes me inclined to accept it and add treatment. However, looking at UTD, it looks like CT is the recommended diagnostic tool (as we have written) not barium enema. It is rare in adults, and the UTD entry doesn't include treatment. For children, UTD recommends nonoperative reduction and talks about that extensively, with surgery only recommended in specific situations where the pt is acutely ill. I don't remember tx of intussusception being HY (just cause and what it is), but if we can confirm it is a UW question, might be worth adding a sentence on treatment. -Connie https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-mechanical-small-bowel-obstruction-in-adults?sectionName=Intussusception&search=intussusception&topicRef=89300&anchor=H939842785&source=see_link#H939842785 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/intussusception-in-children?search=intussusception%20in%20children&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~112&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | This is more of a Step 2 type of topic. I remember clearly learning this for the first time when I was on peds wards. It is more important to recognize the presentation and diagnosis. The treatment for intussusception is not as HY for purposes of Step 1. Would not recommend addition -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/10/19 1:43 PM | Vyshnavy | Balendra | vyshe11@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
941 | 380 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Gastrointestinal blood supply and innervation | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-mesenteric-ischemia | Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia is defined as atherosclerosis of celiac artery, SMA, or IMA. Mesenteric ischemia has to do solely with the blood flow of the small intestine. The IMA-Inferior Mesenteric Artery has no blood flow directed towards the small bowel. As you can see in the UpToDate article under etiology "The majority of cases of chronic mesenteric ischemia are caused by atherosclerotic narrowing of the origins of the celiac or superior mesenteric arteries." | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/02/19 4:42 PM | Aamer | Naofal | aamer.naofal@utsouthwestern.edu | |||||||||||||||||
942 | 380 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Other intestinal disorders | ![]() | https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200209123471122 https://academic.oup.com/ageing/article/38/3/267/16387 | acquired type IIA von Willebrand's syndrome + Aortic Stenosis patients ⇒ Angiodysplasias bleed = Heyde's Syndrome. Stenotic/calcified valve makes vWF multimer uncoil and cleaved by ADAMTS13. Got a UW q from this mechanism. | High-yield addition to next year | On the fence, leaning towards reject. Once again, wanted to accept bc reader claims the mechanism is a UW question. But looking on UTD, they say "it has been called Heyde" and the UTD reference is from 1958. UTD says that aspects of the mechanism are controversial, but all of their sources are at least 15 years old here. Both citations by the reader are interesting but seem to be addressing commentary on the mechanism (the NEJM article is a letter reporting 2 cases). It seems just too...esoteric to be tested on step 1, but if we can confirm it is a UW question (maybe see what the question is asking), might be worth adding a sentence on proposed etiology. Need expert review, or experienced editor input. -Connie | The USMLE is moving away from naming Eponyms and just including the description of the disease process. I'm inclined to reject, this seems pretty esoteric to be included as part of Step 1. Would not recommend addition -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 3:02 AM | Nicolas | Curi Gawlinski | nicolascurii@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
943 | 380 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Volvulus | ![]() | First Aid versions 2018, 2019, and this NCBI article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2780196/. | Mnemonic suggestion: Midgut volvulus more common in infants/children (Midgut=Minors); Sigmoid volvulus more common in elderly (Sigmoid=Seniors) | Mnemonic | Verified | This is great, accept! The fact is already in there (midgut volvulus more common in children, sigmoid more common in the elderly. This mnemonic is helpful and easy to remember! We could easy fit this into the current text, suggest: Midgut volvulus more common in infants and children (Minors) Sigmoid volvulus (coffee bean sign on x-ray) more common in Seniors -Connie | Accept. -Scott | Accept. Please add to annotate per Connie with appropriate red font: "Midgut volvulus more common in infants and children (Minors) Sigmoid volvulus (coffee bean sign on x-ray) more common in Seniors" -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/16/19 7:52 PM | Christopher | Parrino | crp2013@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
944 | 381 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Colonic polyps | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175377-overview#a4 | Familial adenomatous polyps- should be 5q21 | Minor erratum | Reject, This is actually a typo in the source that they cite. We have it correct, 5q22, two reputable databases cited below: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/APC#location https://www.omim.org/entry/611731 -Connie | Agree, text is fine as is. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/08/19 11:35 AM | Urooj | Wasey | Uroojwasey@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
945 | 381 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Polyposis syndromes | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | *P*eutz-Jeghers syndrome ----> hyper*p*igmented .\highlight "P". | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject, mnemonics using a relatively random letter in the middle of a word are hard to remember. -Connie | Reject, agree with Connie. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/11/19 12:19 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
946 | 381 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Polyposis syndromes | ![]() | uworld, uptodate: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/peutz-jeghers-syndrome-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=peutz%20jeghers%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~47&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H2 | Gene mutations associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: STK11 | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject, there's also a second gene locus but all of this is too LY. We cover what is tested on Peutz-Jeghers. -Connie | Agree, LY for Step 1. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/16/19 9:33 PM | Prasanna | Patel | rinzal.jsn@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
947 | 381 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Polyposis syndromes | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/molecular-genetics-of-colorectal-cancer?search=apc%20mutation&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Autosomal dominant mutation of APC tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 5q21, NOT 5q22 | Major erratum | Reject. It is 5q22. http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/Genes/GC_APC.html - Victor M. | It can be both 5q21 or 5q22 https://academic.oup.com/jjco/article/44/12/1243/845784 Let's just leave it. It's probably LY anyway. -Scott | Reject. I agree that this is likely LY. Also, it looks like it is 5q21-q22: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4404874/. Ashten | Reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/04/19 10:33 PM | Mark | Winters | mark.winters@usuhs.edu | ||||||||||||
948 | 381 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Polyposis syndromes | ![]() | Self. | Gardner Syndrome = FAP + JAW Tumors = eat food from the GARDEN (Gardner) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject, not a fan. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 08/01/19 6:49 PM | Ivan | Kim | ivan.sangjin@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
949 | 381 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Polyposis syndromes | ![]() | no needed | Gardner syndrome, mnemonic: "GARDen in FOREST". GARDen for Gardner syndrome, FOREST for F: familial adenomatous polyposis O: osseous/soft tissue tumors RE: Retinal epithelium hypertrophy ST: supernumerary teeth | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/26/19 9:07 PM | Laura Patricia | Aguilar Franco | laura.aguilarfranco@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
950 | 382 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Neoplasia | Colorectal cancer | ![]() | Uworld | Clostridum septicum is associated with colonic malignancy and can lead to spontaneous gas gangrene, rapid-onset muscle pain, fever, hemorrhagic bull with dusky surrounding skin, and tissue crepitus | High-yield addition to next year | Accept. Having come across it often, I would vote to add C. septicum as a new entry. It'll have to be re-written. - Humood | Fair to add to the text this year. Please migrate to annotate with drafted entry to be worked up this year. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/24/19 10:45 AM | Nicholas | Miller | mil2434@msu.edu | ||||||||||||||
951 | 382 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Lynch syndrome | ![]() | uworld, uptodate: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/lynch-syndrome-hereditary-nonpolyposis-colorectal-cancer-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=lynch%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~99&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H345552210 | Gene mutations associated with Lynch syndrome: MSH2/6, MLH1 | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. See above, too LY. -Connie | Agree, LY for Step 1. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/16/19 9:25 PM | Prasanna | Patel | rinzal.jsn@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
952 | 382 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Lynch syndrome | ![]() | N/a (Just a mnemonic, not stating any new facts) | I think of this is as: you CLOSE the genes involved in DNA mismatch repair, where CLOSE is an acronym standing for: (C)olorectal, (L)ynch Syndrome, (O)varian, (S)kin, and (E)ndometrial cancer. | Mnemonic | Verified | Not bad, but on the fence because L for Lynch is the second letter of the mnemonic and may make this harder to recall? -Connie | Yea...I'm inclined to reject. It may just be easier to remember that Lynch is associated with the cancers rather than remembering the mnemonic. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/17/19 10:09 AM | Sanam | Solanki | solankism@vcu.edu | |||||||||||||
953 | 383 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Cirrhosis and portal hypertension | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/185856-overview | Cirrhosis increases estrogen effects (which is the cause of gynecomastia, palmar erythema, testicular atrophy and impotence) | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. True, but the mechanism seems multifactorial with a couple possible confounding variables (rate of gynecomastia is about the same in age-matched non-cirrhotic population, these pts also can be receiving high doses of spironolactone) Seems too poorly established to be something tested on step 1 -Connie https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-pathophysiology-and-causes-of-gynecomastia?search=gynecomastia%20cirrhosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H6318961 | Reject. Agree, this would be beyond the scope of Step 1. It is more important to know the presentation of someone with liver failure or cirrhosis. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/25/19 10:59 AM | Nathaniel | Borochov | nateboro8@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
954 | 383 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Colorectal cancer | ![]() | N/A | Text is written as: "Chromosomal instability pathway: mutations in APC cause FAP and most sporadic CRC (via adenoma-carcinoma sequence; (firing order of events is “AK-53”)." - there should be no start parenthesis before "via"! | Spelling/formatting | Accept! What a horrid typo. Remove open parenthesis before "via" -Connie | Accept. Good catch! - Ashten | Agree, please remove open parenthesis before the word "via" Also, please remove semicolon after the word "sequence" -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/20/19 3:45 PM | Andrew | Ko | andrewko@hawaii.edu | |||||||||||||
955 | 383 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer | ![]() | na | after CRC on the 1st line, there is open parentheses before via, but there os no closing of parentheses | Spelling/formatting | Already taken care of. - Victor M. | True. delete open parentheses -Scott | Implemented. No changes needed -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/12/19 7:33 PM | Omair | Chaudry | ochaudry19@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
956 | 384 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Cirrhosis and portal hypertension | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2697093/ | it states that spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is caused by AEROBIC organisms (such as E.COLI and KLEBSIELLA); however, these bacteria are ANAEROBIC | Minor erratum | Accept that we need to remove "aerobic" from the description. E. coli and klebsiella are both facultative anaerobic. UTD says that these two are the most common, followed by strep, which is what we say. Looking at other causative organisms, I don't think we can make an encompassing statement about aerobic vs anaerobic, and UTD doesn't either. Looking at treatment, they recommend broad spectrum bc of the variety. Suggest removing aerobic Gram-, and just say that e coli and kelbsiella are most common. -Connie Causative organisms of SPB: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=GAST%2F80188&topicKey=GAST%2F1249&search=spontaneous%20bacterial%20peritonitis%20klebsiella&rank=1~150&source=see_link More sources: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/spontaneous-bacterial-peritonitis-in-adults-treatment-and-prophylaxis?sectionName=TREATMENT&search=spontaneous%20bacterial%20peritonitis%20klebsiella&topicRef=1249&anchor=H2&source=see_link#H2 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/spontaneous-bacterial-peritonitis-in-adults-diagnosis?search=spontaneous%20bacterial%20peritonitis%20klebsiella&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Agree with Connie. Please remove "aerobic" from the description. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/31/19 4:27 PM | Nidaa | Rasheed | nidaa.rasheed@mail.utoronto.ca | ||||||||||||||
957 | 386 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Hepatocellular carcinoma/hepatoma | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7694895 | Polycythemia is just listed as a finding of HCC, while the other findings can be inferred based on the decreased function of the liver, polycythemia is not. It should be added that the proposed mechanism is increased EPO from the malignant cells (also referred to in PCV section in secondary causes). | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. We cover both the mechanism (EPO secretion, no longer "proposed" mechanism, the paper the reader cited is from 1993, this is now established) and the associations including HCC on page 425 of the heme/onc chapter with the pretty extensive polycythemia vera entry. I think that fits better there, because secondary polycythemia in the context of malignancy is not unique to HCC. We list it as a finding here, and I think that is enough. -Connie | Agree with Connie. No changes to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/27/19 2:44 PM | Dylan | Erwin | derwin@smu.edu | |||||||||||||
958 | 386 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Other liver tumors | ![]() | UWorld | Per UWorld, cavernous hemangiomas are described as "abnormally dilated capillaries separated by thin connective tissue septa" and can occur in both the liver and brain. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. It's another word for cavernous malformations in the brain. I can't find any association between liver cavernous hemangiomas and brain cavernous malformations, so I don't know think it is worth talking about nomenclature here. If someone can find the UW question, maybe we can get a better idea what it is testing? -Connie https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vascular-malformations-of-the-central-nervous-system?search=cavernous%20hemangioma&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H13 | Reject. While there is an association with AV malformations in the brain and liver, not so much with the association of cavernous malformations in the brain and cavernous hemangiomas in the liver. It would be nice to see the question. Would not recommend going into this nomenclature. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/05/19 6:21 PM | Esteban | Casasola | ecasasol@sgu.edu | |||||||||||||
959 | 386 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Other liver tumors | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24707153 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23689692 | Transcription factor ERG is a specific and sensitive diagnostic marker for hepatic angiosarcoma, but it can express CD 31 as well. | Clarification to current text | Reject. This is true, but is LY at the MS2 level. -Scott | Agree, LY -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 6:32 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
960 | 386 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Other liver tumors | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4728840/ https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=hepatoblastoma-90-P02728 | i think it would be better if you write something about Hematoblastoma. | Clarification to current text | I don't think it is HY. - Victor M. | LY -Scott | Reject. I never came across this during my time studying for Step 1, both in books and Q banks. I doubt this is HY. Ashten | Yes, LY. No changes. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 6:36 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
961 | 387 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Biliary atresia | ![]() | N/A | Alcoholic is misspelled as "acholic." | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 10/10/19 2:21 PM | Grayson | Mynatt | grayson.mynatt@lmunet.edu | |||||||||||||||||
962 | 387 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Jaundice | ![]() | mnemonic, FA 19 p. 387 | Indirect bilirubin elevated in *h*emolysis, *C*rigler-Najjar, *G*ilbert, *neonatal* jaundice // *hCG* elevated before having a "neonate* (everything in ** to be highlighted in red) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Not a big fan, sorry. - Humood | Reject -Connie | Reject -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/17/19 2:30 PM | Elan | Baskir | ebask003@fiu.edu | ||||||||||||
963 | 387 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Jaundice | ![]() | Self-written | For the Hereditary Hyperbillirubinemias, they are either issues 1) BEFORE/AT conjugation (indirect high) 2) AFTER billirubin conjugated (direct high). For AFTER (2) - we have DUBLIN + ROTOR (you use ROTOR/MOTOR boat to travel to FAR! country AFTER country till DUBLIN. Meaning this is LATER/AFTER conjugation defect). For 'Before/at' conjugation (1) we have crigler and Gilbert. "Craig/CRIG and GILBERT both want to STAY AT home and don't want to travel. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 9:16 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
964 | 388 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Hereditary hyperbilirubinemias | ![]() | n/a | DR = DiRect hyperbilirubinemia Dubin Johnson and Rotor syndrome. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Current content sufficiently summarizes key features of the disorders. I would leave the text alone. Ashten | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 9:29 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
965 | 389 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Biliary tract disease | ![]() | Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease ninth edition , page 858 , table 18 - 11 | - Most common autoimmune association with Primary biliary cholangitis is Sjogren syndrome | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | On the fence, True, PBC is associated with autoimmune diseases and of these pts most develop symptoms of Sjogren's. However, PBC is an uncommon development in people with primary Sjogren's. I think the association with autoimmune disease may be of significance and could be tested. If we want to add that after the association with middle-aged women, I think it would fit well because we already state that PBC is an autoimmune reaction. PBC>autoimmune reaction>associated with middle-aged women>pts also often diagnosed with other autoimmune diseases. It makes sense, but I'm on the fence about whether this is HY enough to spell out. -Connie https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-prognosis-of-primary-biliary-cholangitis-primary-biliary-cirrhosis?search=primary%20biliary%20cholangitis%20sjogren&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | I'm inclined to reject. It is more important to know the presentation of Sjogren's and PBC, rather than the direct association. Step 1 focuses more on recognizing the diseases rather than knowing that it is the most common association. Would not recommend addition -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/23/19 3:43 PM | Muhammad | Kamal Ismail | mqk0111@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
966 | 389 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Biliary tract disease | ![]() | brain | primary (S)clerosing cholangitis (= Sperm for Men) // primary (B)iliary cholangitis (= Breasts for Women) .|| only way I can differentiate the two | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Not a big fan, sorry. - Humood | Um this one makes sense and it's not a terrible way to differentiate two similarly named diseases that are pretty frequently tested. But the "sperm" for men and "breasts" for women seems a little boorish. If someone can come up with a related but slightly better mnemonic, it might be a nice addition to help differentiate these diseases. -Connie | Reject. I'm kind of not a fan. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/31/19 9:26 AM | Emanuel | Grant | ewg4bd@virginia.edu | ||||||||||||
967 | 389 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Biliary tract disease | ![]() | Robbins Basic Pathology 10th Page 664 https://books.google.jo/books?id=YYZMDgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA664&ots=YixrI4sZvu&dq=Interlobular%20bile%20ducts%20are%20actively%20destroyed%20by%20lymphoplasmacyticinflammation%20with%20or%20without%20granulomas(the%20florid%20duct%20lesion)&pg=PA665#v=onepage&q&f=false | Primary Biliary Cholangitis can be with or without granulomas so it should be ± instead of + | Minor erratum | According to UTD: "The pathognomonic florid bile duct lesion is uncommonly seen in percutaneous needle biopsies of the liver. However, the greater the number of portal triads in the specimen, the more likely it is that these lesions and granulomas will be present. The continuous assault on the bile duct epithelial cells leads to their gradual destruction and eventual disappearance. The hepatocyte injury is associated with foamy degeneration, which is thought to be due to the toxic effect of retained bile acids." https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-prognosis-of-primary-biliary-cholangitis-primary-biliary-cirrhosis?search=primary%20biliary%20cholangitis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~145&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H58140687 The first aid is a review textbook and this fact is highly tested. I would keep as is. - Victor M. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8609810 True, change to ±. -Scott | Agree. Please add to the text. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/08/19 7:37 PM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
968 | 389 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Biliary tract disease | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2087891-overview & https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/467020 & https://www.medscape.com/answers/187001-69452/what-ggt-levels-suggest-biliary-obstruction | "May present with pruritus, jaundice dark urine, light-colored stool, hepatosplenomegaly. Typically with cholestatic pattern of LFTs ( increase conjugate bilirrubin, increase cholesterol, increase ALP", increase GGT). | Minor erratum | Agreed. GGT is an important test to differentiate biliary from bone sources of elevated ALP, I don't know why it was left out. -Scott | Agree to add to the text. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/30/19 6:34 PM | Xavier | De Pena | xavierdpp@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
969 | 389 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Biliary tract disease | ![]() | I made this mnemonic up on my own | If it has a “P” it has INTRAhepatic involvement. If it has an “S” it has EXTRAhepatic involvement (“S for outSide”). Ex: Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Intra AND Extrahepatic involvement (has a "P" for Primary and a "S" for Sclerosing). Primary Biliary Cholangitis: Has a "P" for "Primary", so INTRAhepatic involvement. Secondary Biliary Cholangitis: Has an"S" for "Secondary", so EXTRAhepatic involvement | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/31/19 8:27 PM | sina | moridzadeh | sina.moridzadeh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
970 | 389 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Hemochromatosis | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177216-differential | Hemochromatosis is associated with increased susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio vulnificus and Yersinia enterolitica infections. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | So interesting but reject. The susceptibility to siderophilic bacteria appears only in those with iron overload but UTD says data is limited so I'm inclined to say this won't be tested. -Connie | Yea, that is pretty interesting. More of trivia fact that what would be tested on Step 1. Would not recommend addition -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/25/19 7:00 PM | Virginia | Ruiz Namis | virginia.ruizcs@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
971 | 389 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Hemochromatosis | ![]() | Mnemonic | To remember that Prussian blue stains iron deposits, imagine a Russian weightlifter turning blue while “pumping iron”. (Also may be applied to the “Sideroblastic Anemia” section on pg. 411). Colored image attached. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Clever. However, we don't use such graphics as mnemonics in the book. - Humood | Reject. This just doesn't feel like a very strong mnemonic for me. Also Prussia generally is used to constitute parts of east and central Europe when it was a German state, I'm not sure why we would want to use a Russian weightlifter but I hope it's a typo. -Connie | Reject -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/07/19 12:05 AM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
972 | 389 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Hemochromatosis | ![]() | not needed | currently H"FE" is highlighted in red to reflect "iron", but down the road this can be forgotten especially with too many genes to memorize as you study the book. I suggest changing it to; HFE stands for human “Ferrous Enterocytes” and by that you remember that the problem with intestinal enterocytes absorbing Fe! | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. It makes it more confusing that it is. The gene name HFE stands for "high Fe" which is exactly what hemochromatosis is, and adding this seems unnecessary. -Connie | Reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:13 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
973 | 389 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Hemochromatosis | ![]() | not needed | medications: deFERasirox, deFERoxamine, deFERiprone for ferrous, is for Fe | Mnemonic | Verified | reject. Great mnemonic which is probably why we already have it implemented. -Connie | Yup, already in the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:13 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
974 | 389 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Hemochromatosis | ![]() | none needed | HemochromatoSIX as a reminder that the mutation is located on chromosome 6. | Mnemonic | Verified | On the fence. Not bad, but also not sure this is HY enough for a mnemonic? -Connie | May be worth adding in, considering that two people suggested. Please add to Annotate. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/17/19 3:35 PM | Natalie | Jansen | jansen7@uic.edu | |||||||||||||
975 | 389 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Hemochromatosis | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | It is mentioned in the text that " C282Y mutation > H63D mutation on HFE gene" it is not clear that the both mutations occurs in HFE gene | Clarification to current text | Reject, I'm not sure how to make it more clear. -Connie | Reject. We could reorganize the line to put HFE before the specific mutations, but then the chromosome number would be out of place. I would leave this part alone. - Ashten | Reject, would not recommend changes to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/22/19 2:33 PM | Raed | Ababneh | raababneh153@med.just.edu.jo | |||||||||||||
976 | 389 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Hemochromatosis | ![]() | -- | HFE gene location mnemonic : hemochromatoSIX (chromosome 6) | Mnemonic | Verified | Mentioned above, on the fence bc of questionable HY value? -Connie | Reject. Questionable HY value. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/07/19 8:35 PM | anubhav | sood | anubhavsood89@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
977 | 389 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Hemochromatosis | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12547214 | Hemochromatosis increase dmt 1 expression | High-yield addition to next year | LY -Scott | LY -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 6:40 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
978 | 389 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Wilson disease | ![]() | Mnemonic | To remember Wilson Disease results from impaired copper transport/excessive deposition, picture 28th U.S. President Woodrow Wilson on the penny. Image attached. | Mnemonic | Verified | Very cute! But I don't think most people can recall the 28th president off the top of their heads. -Connie | Borderline reject. Agree with Connie on this one. To make this work, an illustration would definitely be needed. However, I am not sure if the payoff will be great enough to justify the effort and space required to pull this off. - Ashten | That's really really cute. However, I'm inclined to reject, considering that while it's a good association, most people will remember that it's associated with impaired copper transport, so this would not be as helpful as a mnemonic. No changes to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/07/19 12:33 AM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
979 | 390 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Cholelithiasis | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gallstones-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-prevention?search=tpn%20gallstone&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H2608614826 | TPN is mainly a risk factor for cholesterol stones not pigment stones | Minor erratum | Verified | Reject: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/gastroenterology_hepatology/_pdfs/pancreas_biliary_tract/gallstone_disease.pdf | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/09/19 9:57 AM | Hasan | Alarouri | hassan.arouri@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
980 | 390 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pathology | Cholelithiasis | ![]() | Harrison Principles of Internal Medicine 20th edition | Cholesterol stones account for >90% of stones indicated by Harrison. FA book has 80%. | Clarification to current text | Reputable sources say different things. UTD says 80 (which is what we say). AAFP says 90 NIH NIDDK says 75 I think we're okay (majority are cholesterol, we're in the range so students remembering this should be able to answer the question correctly) but I guess we can get expert review if we want to pick a specific percentage. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gallstones-beyond-the-basics https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0315/p1673.html https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/gallstones/definition-facts -Connie | Let's stick with 80%, considering that it's consistent with UTD. Honestly, I highly doubt that this would be tested on Step 1, and it should be the student's bigger concern to know the fact that cholesterol stones are the most common. Would not recommend any changes to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/30/19 11:55 AM | Daniela | Carralero Somoza | danielacarralero@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
981 | 392 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pharmacology | Histamine-2 blockers | ![]() | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00455 | The mnemonic currently is "table for 2" because H2 blockers have "dine" in it and block H2 receptors. The issue is that Loratadine and Terfenadine also have "dine" in it and are H1 blockers. I would suggest just changing it to include the "idine" to add accuracy. So the new mnemonic can be "I dine with H2o" because most of us do have water when we eat or "I dine at 2" which is a bit weird since 2 is a weird time to eat. Either way, you get the drift. | Mnemonic | Verified | Interesting point, inclined to reject. Terfenadine is no longer on the market and therefore a moot point. The mnemonic works because we don't include loratadine here. While the reader is correct, loratadine is mostly used for allergic rhinitis/urticaria so I'm not sure it would be relevant when thinking of acid blocking therapies. If other authors or editors think this could be really confusing, might be worth just taking out the mnemonic because the suggested one isn't fantastic? -Connie | Reject. Agree that there are other "dines" like loratadine, but the mnemonic currently in the text is really good so would be inclined to reject proposal and/or changing the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/17/19 12:38 PM | Lux | Shah | luxshah@utexas.edu | |||||||||||||
982 | 393 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pharmacology | Antacids | ![]() | N/A | I suggest changing Mg2+ = Must go to the bathroom -> Mg2+ Must go 2 the bathroom. It will help remember Mg2+ because the mnemonic now has a 2 in it correlating to the 2+ in Mg2+. Thank you for the consideration. | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. Makes so much sense. -Connie | Accept. I really like this one! - Ashten | Accept. Please migrate to annotate with appropriate red font changes. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/19/19 4:00 PM | Nirav | Shah | niravs@health.usf.edu | ||||||||||||
983 | 394 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pharmacology | Drug names | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/alosetron-drug-information?search=alosetron&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1~10&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1 | Alosetron, sold under the brand name Lotronex among others, is a 5-HT3 antagonist used for the management of severe diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | High-yield addition to next year | Reject. I do not think that this is HY for Step 1. Ashten | Reject, LY -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/31/19 9:17 PM | Pavel | Aksionav | pavlusha_aksenov@mail.ru | ||||||||||||||
984 | 394 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pharmacology | Laxatives | ![]() | N/A | Senna turns the colon black like Henna (melanosis coli). Colonoscopy pictures of melanosis coli actually look strangely like they are coated with Henna! | Mnemonic | Verified | I don't think this is HY enough to include a mnemonic for, but would accept if other authors/editors think this is HY. -Connie | Yea, agree it's not as HY on Step 1 than it is on wards. No changes to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/18/19 2:58 AM | Basim | Ali | basim.ajafri@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
985 | 394 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pharmacology | Laxatives | ![]() | None needed | SENNa - Stimulate ENteric Nerves | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. This is appropriate and makes it easier to remember the mechanism of action. Ashten | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 4:06 AM | Julian | Maamari | julian.maamari@lau.edu | |||||||||||||||
986 | 394 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pharmacology | Laxatives | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-irritable-bowel-syndrome-in-adults#H23037175 | 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 4 receptor agonists - Tegaserod | High-yield addition to next year | Reject. I do not think that this is HY for Step 1. Also, I do not believe there is enough space to add in this information. Ashten | Agree, LY. No changes recommended. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/31/19 8:59 PM | Pavel | Aksionav | pavlusha_aksenov@mail.ru | ||||||||||||||
987 | 394 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pharmacology | Laxatives | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-irritable-bowel-syndrome-in-adults#H23037175 | Guanylate cyclase agonists — Linaclotide and plecanatide are guanylate cyclase agonists that stimulates intestinal fluid secretion and transit | Clarification to current text | Reject. I do not think that this is HY for Step 1. Ashten | Reject, LY -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/31/19 9:01 PM | Pavel | Aksionav | pavlusha_aksenov@mail.ru | ||||||||||||||
988 | 394 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pharmacology | Laxatives | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-irritable-bowel-syndrome-in-adults#H23037175 | Lubiprostone — Lubiprostone is a locally acting chloride channel activator that enhances chloride-rich intestinal fluid secretion | Clarification to current text | Reject. I do not think that this is HY for Step 1. Ashten | Reject, LY -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/31/19 9:02 PM | Pavel | Aksionav | pavlusha_aksenov@mail.ru | ||||||||||||||
989 | 394 | Gastrointestinal | ![]() | Pharmacology | Proton pump inhibitors | ![]() | *Loren Laine. Gastrointestinal Bleeding. In: Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 19th edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2015. pp. 276 – 279. *Jeffery A. Baker. Gastrointestinal Bleeding. In: Clinical Emergency Medicine. McGraw-Hill Education, 2014. pp.128- 130. * C. Prakash Gyawali and Amit Patel. Gastrointestinal Bleeding. In: Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics 34th edition. Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 2014. Pp. 620-626. *NEJM 2016; 374: 2367 | Proton Pump Inhibitors are used for Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. It is an important clinical use and should be taken into account to be added to the next First Aid edition. | High-yield addition to next year | It sounds more like a step 2 CK fact to me. -Victor M. | PPIs are ised for upper GI bleeding, but that's more of a step 2 question. Reject. -Scott | Agree, this is more of a Step 2 and clinical concept. Would not recommend addition to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/20/19 8:14 PM | Stephanie | Del Rio | step.dt@outlook.es | |||||||||||||
990 | 395 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Index | Hematopoiesis | ![]() | N/A | Anatomy is said to be in page 400 when it starts in page 398 | Spelling/formatting | I don't see the error in FA2019. -Weelic | Yes I can see this error. However, in the new edition pages may be differently numbered. We should make sure that the first page of the chapter correctly displays the pages of the different sections. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 04/22/19 8:06 AM | Aser | Labib | Aserlabib@rcsi.ie | |||||||||||||||
991 | 396 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Embryology | Hemoglobin | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | Hemoglobin HbA2 (alpha2,Delta2), we can memorize Delta by the Decreased (D) number of this Hb (because it’s little in blood) | Mnemonic | Verified | Don't think this adds any value, not the best memory tool. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 05/09/19 11:02 AM | Faris | Binyousef | faris-v@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
992 | 396 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Anatomy | Neutrophils | ![]() | its mnemonic | important neutrophil chemotactic agents : 5 Children eat(8) Ice Kream and 4 Large Pizza. ( 5 Children means C5a - 8 Ice means IL8 - kream means kallikrein - 4 Large means LTB4 - Pizza means platelet activating factor) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 12/04/19 1:39 PM | Obaida | Safi | ooobbbooo@outlook.sa | |||||||||||||||||
993 | 397 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Blood groups | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/red-blood-cell-antigens-and-antibodies?search=Red%20blood%20cell%20antigens%20and%20antibodies&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | In the table , row “Antibodies in plasma” , column “Rh-“ , replace the image of the anti-D igG with None. In fact the Anti-D igG is an immune antibody and not a natural antibody like anti-ABO antibodies. It’s clearly stated in the paragraph “Rh antibodies” of the UpToDate article “Red blood cell antigens and antibodies”. | Major erratum | Verified | Faculty input? The reader is correct, in that anti-D IgG is not naturally occurring, in contrast to the ABO antibodies. Even with an inadvertent exposure to Rh(D)+ RBCs, the risk of alloimmunization is small. In a study of 130 Rh(D)- individuals who received Rh(D)+ platelets, nome formed antibodies (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23829356) Still, the use of Rh immune globulin in Rh(D)- women during pregnancy has greatly reduced the frequency of DFN due to maternal anti-D, and this is definitely the most HY concept that is tested. I think it's important that we cover that (and we do). I think the issue is that ABO antibodies are naturally occurring, while Rh antibodies arise when exposed to blood from another individual (pregnancy or transfusion). I don't think this is tested in great detail, but if we want to change anything, I suppose making it clear that ABO Abs are natural, Rh are required would be better than just removing it and replacing it with "none." -Connie | I guess I'm confused - I agree it's not naturally occurring, but I don't see mention of where we are making a distinction between naturally occurring and non-naturally occurring antibodies. The row is meant to show the antibody present that contributes to the pathophysiology. If we delete the antibody, then it's going to be trickier to understand why one would administer "anti-D IgG." I guess what is confusing is that we say things like "administer anti-D IgG to Rh negative mothers prevent formation of maternal anti-D IgG" - so I can see why it might be a bit confusing. Perhaps using a different name for the administered anti-D IgG from the naturally occurring maternal anti-D IgG would make this clearer. I would say we can improve this fact for 2020. I like Connie's suggestions and think they have great merit. Certainly nothing that needs to go into the published errata, however! -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/23/19 5:57 AM | Bahaa' eddine | Succar | bahaasuccar@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
994 | 397 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Embryology | Blood groups | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system | Anti-A and anti-B antidodies that RBC Type O are most likly IgG and not IgM as the text picture indicates | Minor erratum | Verified | Disagreed. Individuals who have type O blood type produce both IgG and IgM antibodies. During pregnancy, a type O mother produces IgM antibodies against a type A/B fetus. Type O individuals are also exposed to A and B antigens early in life, and produce IgG antibodies in response. (from UWorld) - Sarina | Per Sarina, this is not an erratum and no change needed. Appreciate the thorough response! -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/23/19 6:00 PM | Moshe | Nathan | nathanmoshe@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
995 | 397 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Embryology | Hemolytic disease of the newborn | ![]() | not needed | Type O mother; typer A or B fetus. To add Type AB fetus too | Major erratum | Verified | Adding "or AB" adds 4 letters, and that does add a new line. I think this does not fit into a major erratum, but can be added to 2020. -weelic | I don't think it is too necessary to add "or AB" since it is implied that a type AB fetus will have A and B antigens. - Sarina | Agree, this change is not needed here. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:19 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
996 | 398 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Anatomy | Hematopoiesis | ![]() | https://books.google.com/books?id=zolYg-SsVhQC&pg=PA358&lpg=PA358&dq=myeloblast+lineage&source=bl&ots=pLKZqP70bt&sig=ACfU3U3TlfSFnczw3ff4w0zIiK-MBtBrXg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwipmuHE-PzgAhUHP6wKHQ6LCAcQ6AEwFnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=myeloblast%20lineage&f=false | Most people use BEN (basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil) to remember myleoblast lineage - next year's book can list the cells in that order, and add the mnemonic! | Mnemonic | Verified | As I understand it, this comment says to swap basophil and eosinophil on page 398, and then format the three starting letters in red. If this mnemonic helps people, I think that can be done. There is, however, an image annotation by Peter Marks that says replacing this with "granulocyte and monocyte maturation". Is that a different image, or simply replacing the images as we have with those words? -weelic | I think this is in reference to the anatomy chart on 398. If we can somehow incorporate the mnemonic then it would be a good addition. This would be something perhaps the illustration team can work on incorporating? -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 03/12/19 11:45 AM | Trevaughn | Baptiste | tbapt001@fiu.edu | ||||||||||||||
997 | 399 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Anatomy | Macrophages | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19388527 | It mentions that Langerhans cells are macrophages derivatives. Whereas in old first aid (2016) and on uworld it says that Langerhans cells are dendritic cells. | Major erratum | Verified | We have hemmed and hawed over this for a very long time (and for good reason!). Although the idea of LCs have been around since the 1980s (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6993584), their superficial similarities with conventional DCs have led them to be classified as a specialized subset of such for years. But based on recent (2017 onward) literature with transcriptome analysis and talks at the last couple national immunology (AAI) meetings, it seems like in the basic science world, they are accepted to be more closely related to macrophages despite obvious functional similarities to DCs. Looking at UTD, however, LCs are still considered to be specialized DCs. Because of the disagreement, I really don't think that this will be tested on step 1 (I think LCs are most HY in the context of LCH and their birbeck granules). Even if it does become accepted that LCs are a specialized macrophage, it will take time to adopt completely. Maybe the best thing we can do is add a very small blurb for LCs alone. It looks like we have room for it on the bottom of page 399 after macrophages or 400 after dendritic cells. We can have a small blurb and maybe a picture of a birbeck granule, although I wouldn't want it to be too redundant of page 426. Can probably defer to 2020 with some faculty input. -Connie | Yes indeed, this is another one of our "chronic errata" that pops up every year without fail. It is controversial as Connie points out. But, in past years, we did review the literature with faculty input and firmly decide that Langerhans cells are specialized macrophages. For that reason, wold definitely not change this. Will flag once again for expert input. Overall, I suspect the best thing to do may be a clarification as Connie proposes to hopefully prevent further errata submissions about this from being made in the future. No need to publish in the official errata. -Matt UPDATE: Appreciate faculty input. Add to Annotate for implementation, but not published errata worthy. -Matt | Disagreement/need expert | Peter Marks | Agree with the discussion that there is fair amount of controversy here. Perhaps explaining that Langerhans cells appear to be derived from a dentritic cell precursor and have similarity to macrophages would represent the most recent state of the science (Blood 2015) | Reject | ![]() | ![]() | 01/14/19 7:37 PM | Kiran | Nizamani | nizamani.kiran1@gmail.com | ||||||||||
998 | 399 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Anatomy | Macrophages | ![]() | https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(03)14323-1/fulltext | Change Langerhans cells to Langhans cell. Langhans cells is a are large cells found in granulomatous conditions. They are formed by the fusion of epithelioid cells (macrophages), and this cells is different than langeRhans cells, which are mononuclear epidermal dendritic cells derived (like Langhans cells) from monocytes. | Major erratum | Duplicate | Addressed in above comment. This has been an ongoing topic of discussion :) -Connie | ![]() | ![]() | 01/30/19 1:10 PM | Dunya | Imad | dra.dunya.imad@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
999 | 399 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Anatomy | Macrophages | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16405098 | to add "Langhans cells" when describing granuloma formation, and to remind not to mix it with "Langerhans" dendritic cells in skin | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | I think it could be helpful to distinguish between the terms "Langerhans" vs. "Langhans". According to this article, Langhans cells play a role in TB granuloma formation. https://www.resmedjournal.com/article/S0954-6111(06)00179-X/abstract - Sarina | Yes I think Langhans cells can be added to the section with macrophages, since they are multinucleate giant cells formed from the fusion of epithelioid macrophages in granulomas. I can see this being high yield in histology and heme/immune. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 6:57 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1000 | 399 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Anatomy | Thrombocytes (platelets) | ![]() | not needed | platelet factor *f*our (4) \suggest writing "four" and highlight *f* or highlight *4* to match mnemonic. | Mnemonic | Verified | It appears that this change has already been added. -weelic | Yes this has already been implemented. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 12/31/18 3:30 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
1001 | 399 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Anatomy | Thrombocytes (platelets) | ![]() | N/A | Think DenCe granules ( aDp, Ca ) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject? Having to capitalize D in aDp makes it look like a different thing from the ADP (adenosine diphosphate) that we are familiar with. However, it is still a helpful (but not great) mnemonic. -weelic | Reject. I do not think a mnemonic is necessary in this situation. - Sarina | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 4:31 AM | Feras | Al-Moussally | feras226@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1002 | 399 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Anatomy | Thrombocytes (platelets) | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | Dense granules (delta in some books) => (these dense granules are in the SAC) => (Serotonin, ADP, Calcium),,, the delta symbol is already a sac shape | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. I notice we have already added serotonin and histamine to the contents of dense granules with the mnemonic CASH. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 05/10/19 11:04 PM | Faris | Binyousef | faris-v@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1003 | 400 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Anatomy | Eosinophils | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/embolism-from-atherosclerotic-plaque-atheroembolism-cholesterol-crystal-embolism PS* photo attached is from Pocket Medicine, 6th | Cholesterol emboli syndrome is a cause of eosinophilia. Add to one of the causes and add to the mnemonic: PACCCMAN | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Verified by UTD. I think it is possible to add cholesterol embolism syndrome to this mnemonic but I am not sure how high yield this information is. - Sarina | I don't think cholesterol emboli are a high yield concept for step 1. Recommend rejecting. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 02/09/19 12:59 AM | Nicolas | Curi Gawlinski | nicolascurii@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1004 | 402 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Physiology | Hemoglobin electrophoresis | ![]() | my brain | Can Santa Fly Around the world ? | Mnemonic | Verified | Defer to 2020 ? This mnemonic goes in the CSFA direction, which reflects how the bands travel from the cathode to the anode, and thus is arguably better than the existing one that goes AFSC. I would need more input to see if people like this. On annotate, there is one that tries to add CA to "A fat Santa Claus can't go far", but that direction is reversed, I think that one might be more confusing so I would reject that. -weelic | I'm not a big fan of this one. The one that's already in FA 2019 looks pretty good to me. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 02/03/19 3:33 PM | Bahaa' Eddine | Succar | bahaasuccar@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1005 | 402 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Physiology | Hemoglobin electrophoresis | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | We can memorize the sequence of the electrophoresis (A-F-S-C) by the first litters of the phrase: (Abnormally Folded Sickle Cell) | Mnemonic | Verified | I see we have already edited the current mnemonic. No need for a new one. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 05/09/19 11:15 AM | Faris | Binyousef | faris-v@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1006 | 402 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Physiology | Hemoglobin electrophoresis | ![]() | just a clarification | under the Diagram the label should state something like "normal HbA consisting of alpha2beta2" oder similar. because like this there could be a lot of confusion (at least for me) if Point A is just labeled with "normal beta chain"... | Clarification to current text | I don't think further clarification would make this diagram easier to understand. Fine as is. -Lilit | Agree. Current text is clear and concise and I am not sure how this change would help. Hemoglobin is already discussed elsewhere where one can look up what HbA means. Reject clarification. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/07/19 10:24 AM | Noam Leander | Degner | noam.degner@me.com | ||||||||||||||
1007 | 403 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Physiology | Thrombogenesis | ![]() | uptodate.com, UWorld | add Desmopressin activate release of vWF from endothelial cells | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Agreed! I think this is very high yield. Always shows up in question banks. - Sarina | Agreed. Would like some input from the illustration authors on adding this to the diagram. -weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:01 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1008 | 404 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Physiology | Coagulation and kinin pathways | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-hemostasis?search=hmwk&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~17&usage_type=default&display_rank=2 | Add HMWK = High-molecular-weight kininogen to the image caption | Clarification to current text | Verified | Yes, but can be deferred. We do use the abbreviation HMWK in this chapter without writing it out. It would be helpful to have "HMWK = high-molecular-weight kininogen" right under the LMWH abbreviation explanation in the lower left corner of the diagram. Can probably be deferred since HMWK is explained on page 704 in the abbreviations index, but would be nice to have in the chapter/diagram. -Connie | Agree with Connie, this can be added with next publication. John | I am okay adding this. Non-urgent addition to 2020, this need not be published in the official errata. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/02/19 1:29 PM | Bahaa' eddine | Succar | bahaasuccar@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1009 | 404 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Physiology | Coagulation and kinin pathways | ![]() | http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/bloodjournal/100/3/743.full.pdf?sso-checked=true | Factor XIII requires calcium to convert to XIIIa. | Minor erratum | Verified | Yes, it appears this is correct. For consideration, does anyone even feel knowing which factors require calcium is important? I don't remember that being useful. -John | Reject. Agree with John and reader that this fact is technically correct. Do not recall memorizing which factors require Ca2+ as being a tested point. Vit K requirement was definitely tested. Several other factors also require Ca2+ (clotting in general requires Ca2+), so I don't think it's necessary to point out factors that need Ca2+. -Connie | I suspect this is because we show which steps require calcium for other reactions in the cascade, and omitting this one makes us appear inconsistent. Also agree that the value of knowing which reactions require calcium is unclear. I do not recall this ever being tested. Would be helpful to get input from recent test takers on if this information is even worth learning. Let's visit in 2020. If we keep the calcium requirements, I would be in favor of adding this. Alternatively, if we determine that these calcium requirements are lower yield, I would be in favor of deleting all of them to make this diagram cleaner. Nothing here needs to be put into the published errata. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | Peter Marks | Knowing that calcium is necessary for coagulation to take place in general is useful knowledge, as it explains why chelation of calcium with citrate works as an anticoagulant. Knowing which factors/reactions require calcium, however, is not something that would be expected to be tested at this level. That said, would try to be consistent showing all reactions that require calcium, if possible, though calcium plays a different role in factor XIII activation than it does in the tenase and prothrombinase complexes. | ![]() | ![]() | 01/11/19 8:13 AM | Jaqueline | Padlipsky | lynn.padlipsky@gmail.com | ||||||||||
1010 | 404 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Physiology | Coagulation and kinin pathways | ![]() | UWORLD question banks | For Fibrinolytic system: to add the following thrombolytics (Urokinase, Kallikerin, Hageman faxtor XII), also both tPA and Urokinase are inhibited by PAI( Plasminogen activator inhibitor). Also the following are direct PLASMIN inhibitors (Tranexamic Acid, Aprotinin, alpha 2 microglobulin, alpha 2 atitrypsin) | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | I am not sure how high yield it is to add these drug names to the current image, especially since Urokinase and Streptokinase are in the same family. I think purpose of the image is to give a few examples of drugs that work at each step of the coagulation pathway. According to UTD, Tranexamic acid "forms a reversible complex that displaces plasminogen from fibrin resulting in inhibition of fibrinolysis; it also inhibits the proteolytic activity of plasmin" Maybe we can discuss with the illustration authors to see if they want to add an extra inhibitory arrow pointing towards plasmin. - Sarina | Came across all of this information on the wikipedia page for "kallikrein." Not sure how reliable this resource is and exactly which UW item this reviewer is referring to. I'm inclined to reject. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 6:59 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1011 | 404 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Physiology | Coagulation and kinin pathways | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27906870 | under anti IIa (tmrombin) meds box: it say heparin (greatest efficacy). Actually there is obvious conflict in literature regarding the effictivness of H vs LMWH and the general sense is that there is no superiority in effectivness of one over the other although many practitioners claim that LMWH is more effective than Heparin. LMWH is associated with less HIT. I recommend removing "Greatest Efficay" | Major erratum | Verified | I think this person is referring to the 2018 edition. The 2019 edition does not have "greatest efficacy" written next to heparin. - Sarina | Agree, cannot find this submission. Must be earlier version. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:10 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
1012 | 404 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Physiology | Coagulation and kinin pathways | ![]() | n/a | I remember that Hemophilia B is aka as Christmas disease and is due to factor IX deficiency, by the mnemonic "NINE Before CHRISTMAS" = factor NINE, hemophilia B, CHRISTMAS disease | Mnemonic | Verified | It would be better if there was a more comprehensive mnemonic for all 3 hemophilias listed. This is just for one of them. Plus I don't think board style questions would refer to hemophilia B as christmas disease. Thoughts? -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 03/04/19 2:08 PM | Justin | Winkler | jmwink04@louisville.edu | |||||||||||||||
1013 | 404 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Coagulation and kinin pathways | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123822192006384 | activated Factor XII converts prekallikrein to kallikrein. this should be included on the graphic since elevated PTT implies Kallikrein could be affected and the bradykinin activation thus might be impaired. | High-yield addition to next year | The described mechanism is similar to the action of activated factor XII in the activation of factor XI. However, I don't think this amount of detail is necessarily high yield and the diagram itself is already very crowded and detailed. Thoughts? -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 04/20/19 12:31 AM | Adam | Rippetoe | adam.rippetoe@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||||
1014 | 405 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Physiology | Vitamin K–dependent coagulation components | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19141161 | The inactive vitamin K dependent coagulation factors are listed as II, VII, IX, C, S. Factor X was neglected. It is, however, listed as a mature, carboxylated factor. | Minor erratum | Verified | Yes, accept, we did forget to add factor X to the list of inactive factors being converted to active with vit K. Right now it is: "Inactive II, VII, IX, C, S --> Mature, carboxylated II, VII, IX, X, C, S" Just add X to read: "Inactive II, VII, IX, X, C, S --> Mature, carboxylated II, VII, IX, X, C, S" -Connie | Agree, important catch. - John | I'm looking at the diagram and I see factor X there listed under inactive factors. The whole page seems to always list X appropriately. Confirm with the copyeditors that final print version lacks X. If that is the case, then agree with adding it back in, and would publish in the official errata. -Matt UPDATE: Still awaiting copyeditor confirmation on if this was truly deleted or not! | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Peter Marks | Agree that factor X should be added back in. | Reject | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 12:15 PM | Eduardo | Hernandez | eduardo.hernandez@utsouthwestern.edu | |||||||||
1015 | 405 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Physiology | Vitamin K–dependent coagulation components | ![]() | Fa 2017 | Factor 10 should be included for the inactive state | Minor erratum | Verified | If the submitter is referring to the figure, then Factor X is already included in the latest version of annotate. -weelic | Agree w/ Weelic. - Sarina | Agree, already on Annotate, duplicate submission. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/22/19 11:15 AM | Rio | Varghese | rvarghese@mail.sjsm.org | ||||||||||||
1016 | 406 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Pathologic RBC forms | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/acanthocyte | in Acanthocytes can you add in Notes section Spikes are irregular, | Clarification to current text | I don't think this is necessary as the table is in the works to be rearranged. In this case acanthocytes and echinocytes will follow and the distinction will be clear. -Lilit | Per Lilit, we are organizing this table differently and that should address this. And even if we were not, I would not see a critical need for this change. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 6:46 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1017 | 406 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Pathologic RBC forms | ![]() | n/a | In the END, you are either BURRied or, burnt in a PYRE. So LIVE as you can! BURR cells – END stage renal disease, PYRuvate Kinase Deficiency, LIVEr disease. | Mnemonic | Verified | I don't think this is a good mnemonic. It's too long and not a very valuable memory tool. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 5:55 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1018 | 407 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Pathologic RBC forms | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18285271 https://www.labce.com/spg28881_target_cells_continued.aspx | in Iron deficiency anemia you can see Target cells as well. | Minor erratum | "Target cells were present in most IDAs and thalassemia and in similar numbers." Sentence from abstract of first paper. I don't think this is necessarily high yield and wouldn't consider this a minor erratum either. I wouldn't add this on without consulting experts. -Lilit | A quick search shows that, yes, IDA can be associated with target cells. Target cells essentially arise any time there is a size-surface area mismatch (eg, your surface area exceeds the volume greatly, as can happen with synthesis of red blood cells is hemoglobin-limited owing to iron deficiency). While true, my strong suspicion is that this is extremely low yield, and would probably just be confusing at the Step 1 level. I would therefore say that this should be rejected. Moreover, it is more of an addition or clarification, not an erratum, as we are certainly not wrong to include this condition under causes of target cells. See: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK263/ Reject submission, no need for expert review as this is very low yield. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 6:53 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1019 | 408 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | ![]() | Information taken from First Aid | Burkitt Lymphoma, a t(8:14) of C-myc with a starry sky appearance. "At 8:14pm look up and SEE(c-myc) the STARRY SKY" | Mnemonic | Verified | I think this mnemonic is good. This fact belongs in page 422 now. Currently the column is quite busy. So, this mnemonic may add a line. Thoughts/comments? - weelic | Agree with Weelic on this one. It's a nice sentence and easy to remember. However, space may be an issue. This is the only reason why I'd vote against this. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 02/07/19 4:45 PM | Haley | Basinger | haley.basinger@my.rfums.org | ||||||||||||||
1020 | 409 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Anemias | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/780334-overview ; https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2086146-overview | Consider adding "acute blood loss" to the graphic depicting the differential diagnosis of anemia. Acute blood loss typically presents as a normocytic anemia with an elevated reticulocyte index. This addition should be considered since acute blood loss is stated as "the most common cause of acute anemia seen in the emergency department (ED)" in Medscape. Links provided in the "supporting references" section. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | I agree! I think acute blood loss can be added under the normocytic anemia section. - Sarina | -Note that currently in the diagram, the normocytic is subcategorized into hemolytic(reticulocyte <2%) and non-hemolytic (reticulocyte >2%). My question is: where would acute blood loss be? If it is very acute e.g. after car accident trauma, then reticulocyte is not elevated since it takes a few days to elevate. -weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 7:42 PM | Matthew | Neale | matthew_neale@brown.edu | ||||||||||||||
1021 | 409 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Anemias | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-anemia?search=Approach%20to%20the%20adult%20with%20anemia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | In normocytic hemolytic anemia, the bone marrow response is usually normal so the reticulocyte index is > 3% and not > 2% according to the UpToDate article “Approach to the adult with anemia”, paragraph “decrease in effective red cell production”, line 4. So In the diagram, under “hemolytic”, replace reticulocyte index > 2% with > 3%. | Minor erratum | Verified | I think the current text is probably fine, deferring to editor to decide whether it's worth the change. I'm leaning towards yes, change it, but it's not an urgent change and can be deferred. Merck's calculator says that a RPI of <2 is inadequate, >3 is adequate (https://www.merckmanuals.com/medical-calculators/ReticProdIndex.htm). The Manual of Pediatric Heme/Onc 5th ed says >3 adequate, < 3 is inadequate. Original article from 1996 about the RPI just states that 2 or less is inadequate. I guess that technically makes >2 accurate? https://watermark.silverchair.com/ajcpath108-0069.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAlswggJXBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggJIMIICRAIBADCCAj0GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMqR1suANHVMXrwI7JAgEQgIICDsE0MP0NcbYIyI297IlDUyq31uf-LSk5tRn8GcbDOh3SFxH33wUZI9spp8X-4XDzYSla_ZVu-tuaNj6bOaa1-A2KXvwI8v-eJ86vJkS4bp1X4fzAIYfVUt7OkuWFdNNfL7Dgw0j5B0TjVKUE-rt2TKAtssYLk_Im6c4esCjPpgnf5QhJXBaJ8jSIpWZUVMy2A1P2dv4py5G1A7aNEnrjl3g37vvQ-9dA3dRomFni9ZDvpDZpSeNwj8k8JPkUbcWq-jFmlKMT7Ir7SK5se8yqV8qdtZJ_cQ8nnUfMfLhCV8zMPT_MqbOr-Fh9AiVPQqnFSPdWMeZyXS9ccor-HlQJrPH71PVEdUNcfbAehopi3KFgN0VFvcjDMRRPHNfzj9MxhyxZZ-DkFKVHClSwGJ-u7UtXWSWTDSmxOfwun_Gdxblx2lVkLD-apADKAT4cJEDh_j-ul-qvYQbnk3tcZvxTEQn938zQftrsXRQ6Q-www0P3YAmWhqCbMhfOjIZuthNbE0-oLWsDv49vxMAISiBkULpYtXggLdrqFutBNIOWayJqacceQzdna7Ii7aWrJiZJgcTI_QSX1tzHLOCvniDrZDipjcUvsWtKuBfERvJ_dXN-p6mz1JEhBWNqSIdLH-BLrLpb_8EljkBpndHlXj66U7uAT7hT3aE54LTBYoproa0544igofh9x1uRWbtOT78 -Connie | According to UTD "An RPI >3 shows a normal marrow response to anemia. An RPI <2 is an inadequate response to anemia" I think the current text is accurate because it reads "> 2%", not including 2. So it means that anything 3% and above is a normal response. Perhaps it can be changed to " ≥ 3%" to make it more clear. - Sarina | I suspect that a very specific cutoff is probably unnecessary here. The important thing to take home is that nonhemolytic anemias generally have a low reticulocyte index, and hemolytic anemias generally have a high reticulocyte index. Thus, I would favor changing "<2%" to "low" and ">2%" to "high" which would keep it correct, but not have students obsess over specific numbers. Let's consider this for 2020, but no need to publish anything in the official errata. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/23/19 5:28 AM | Bahaa' eddine | Succar | bahaasuccar@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1022 | 409 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Anemias | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hereditary-spherocytosis?search=hereditary%20spherocytosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~87&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1623571274 | 'Hereditary Spherocytosis' is listed as an Intrinsic (Intravascular) Hemolytic, Normocytic Anemia. I believe it is more properly categorized as an 'Extrinsic' (Extravascular) Hemolytic, Normocytic Anemia. While progressive cell membrane loss does impair RBC ability to traverse microcirculation, the spleen is where the ultimate destruction (phagocytosis) of the Spherocytes takes place. | Minor erratum | Verified | Agree w/ Vivek. - Sarina | Reject. Intrinsic HA — the destruction of the red blood cells due to a defect within the red blood cells themselves. In case of HS, the defect is within the RBCs. The UTD link itself exemplify HS as intrinsic, which is not synonymous with intravascular. - Vivek | Agree, no change needed. This is an intrinsic RBC defect leading to extravascular hemolysis. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | Peter Marks | Hereditary spherocytosis represents an intrinsic red blood defect associated with extravascular hemolysis as cells pass through the sinusoids of the spleen. It is indeed generally a normocytic anemia. | ![]() | ![]() | 02/19/19 4:27 PM | Sai | Polineni | spp50@med.miami.edu | ||||||||||
1023 | 409 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Anemias | ![]() | FA 2017 | Sideroblastic Anemia is not included among Microcytic Anemias in the chart | Minor erratum | Verified | Agree. I think we can add sideroblastic anemia under microcytic anemias since it is included in the text. I also agree w/ Vivek. I think the "(late)" should be added next to microcytic iron deficiency to clarify that late stages of Fe deficiency result in microcytic anemia while early stages of Fe deficiency result in normocytic anemia. - Sarina | Agree. This is detailed in the text but deleted from the chart. Also, "late" is deleted from the parenthesis of iron deficiency. This was helpful because early stages of IDA would show normocytic anemia. Final comment: - No errata. - revisit in 2020 revision. - Vivek | Agree, not an errata but merits review of the text and possible edits. Propose migrating over for consideration in 2020. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 02/22/19 1:12 PM | Rio | Varghese | rvarghese@mail.sjsm.org | ||||||||||||
1024 | 409 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Anemias | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sideroblastic-anemias-diagnosis-and-management?search=sideroblastic%20anemia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~102&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1524133059 | In the "Anemias" flow chart, under "Microcytic (MCV<80 fL), Hemoglobin-affected (TAIL)" section, sideroblastic anemia should be included under "Defective Heme Synthesis". The mnemonic, "TAIL," should subsequently be changed to "TAILS". | Minor erratum | This is essentially the same suggestion as #16 on smartsheet. However, this submitter added a useful uptodate reference (which does not support the submitter's claim). Quote: "In adults, an acquired sideroblastic anemia is much more common than an inherited form, although the diagnosis of a congenital type has not infrequently been delayed until adulthood. The two typical presentations in adults are those in which the clinical history gives a clue to a reversible cause, and those for whom the bone marrow aspirate performed for unexplained anemia reveals ring sideroblasts. Almost all of the acquired sideroblastic anemias are associated with normocytic or macrocytic RBCs rather than microcytosis." Thus, it is unfortunate that we have placed "Defective Heme synthesis" under microcytic. It is accepted that sideroblastic anemia is under "defective heme synthesis", and it is accepted in preclinical dogma that "defective heme synthesis is generally microcytic", but it is also written in UptoDate that most acquired sideroblastic anemia is not microcytic. I think this suggests that some defective heme synthesis is not microcytic, which may be controversial. I think this requires expert review. -weelic | While this UpToDate link does state that nearly all acquired forms of sideroblastic anemia are either normocytic or macrocytic, it does also mention other forms that are usually microcytic and hypochromic in nature. I also think that if we do add sideroblastic anemia to the "defective heme synthesis" list, it will generate more errata. But I do agree that expert review is needed here. -Lilit | We have actually discussed this before. Sideroblastic anemias were initially included on the list and in fact TAILS was the mnemonic proposed if I am not mistaken. However, our research showed that the causes of sideroblastic anemias were quite diverse and not well-associated with size (eg, many are normocytic or macrocytic) and more determined by the underlying cause as opposed to general sideroblastic anemia. Thus, we kept it out. Owing to this controversy, I will confidently state that adding this back in would subject us to many more errata from people finding exceptions (eg, macrocytic or normocytic variants) and is unlikely to be high-yield at all compared to the other causes listed such as iron deficiency. We thus do not require expert review and can safely reject this erratum. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/06/19 12:57 AM | Wenyu | Deng | wenyu.deng128@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1025 | 409 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Microcytic, hypochromic anemias | ![]() | None needed. | Consider adding "S" to the mnemonic TAIL (TAILS), under microcytic anemia, and include Sideroblastic anemia. | Mnemonic | Verified | Same comment as above. Expert review may be required, but I'm leaning towards not accepting, as errata may be generated. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 06/26/19 4:22 PM | Danielle | Kacen | dkacen@aol.com | |||||||||||||||
1026 | 410 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Microcytic, hypochromic anemias | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22200/ | Alpha thalassemia is more commonly due to defect on chromosome 16 | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | I think it is important to add c. 16. So it would read "a-globin gene deletions on C. 16" - Sarina | Already implemented during 1st pass for 2020 edition. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 12/30/18 3:31 AM | Kamleshun | Ramphul | adramphul@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1027 | 410 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Microcytic, hypochromic anemias | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22200/ | Beta thalassemia is more commonly due to defect on chromosome 11 | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | I think it is important to add c. 11. So it would read "point mutations in splice sites and promoter sequences on c. 11" - Sarina | Already implemented during 1st pass for 2020 edition. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 12/30/18 3:32 AM | Kamleshun | Ramphul | adramphul@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1028 | 410 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Microcytic, hypochromic anemias | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-overview#showall (as well as Pathoma [2018] pg. 42 . Dr. Husain Sattar) | Hookworms (namely Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator Americanus) cause Iron Deficiency Anemia | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | I guess we can add hookworms as a cause of Fe deficiency anemia but on p. 159 it already says that they cause microcytic anemia by sucking blood from intestinal wall. Maybe it can be added to the chronic bleeding section, so it would read "chronic bleeding (eg, GI loss, menorrhagia, hookworms)". But I am not sure if this is completely necessary as it may disrupt the text,which already seems crowded. - Sarina | If adding one word will add a line, then I suggest not doing it.hookworms is a part of GI blood loss after all. But if it doesn't add a line, I think it should be considered. -weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 01/06/19 1:41 PM | Nathaniel | Borochov | nateboro8@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1029 | 410 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Microcytic, hypochromic anemias | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | We can corrlate (CiS with aSian) & (tRaNs with afRicaN) | Mnemonic | Verified | Don't think this is absolutely necessary here. Plus I don't find this to be a great memory tool anyway. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 05/09/19 11:21 AM | Faris | Binyousef | faris-v@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1030 | 411 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Intrinsic hemolytic anemias | ![]() | https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/hereditary-spherocytosis | Hereditary Spherocytosis has increased risk for pigmented gallstones | High-yield addition to next year | Agreed. This is something that we should consider adding, as pigment gallstones are common presenting symptoms in adults with HS. -Lilit https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hereditary-spherocytosis?search=hereditary%20spherocytosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~89&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H2041475988 | ![]() | ![]() | 05/22/19 11:27 AM | Cameron | Hanson | cameronglennhanson@kcumb.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1031 | 411 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Microcytic, hypochromic anemias | ![]() | N/A | Exposure risk in Lead Poisoning should include exposure to batteries (like workers in a factory), or exposure to ammunition. Both of these exposure risks are included in the Lead Poisoning section on page 417. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Hmm, I am not sure if we need to add exposure to batteries as RF for lead poisoning on p. 411 if it is already listed on p. 417. But I guess it can be added for clarification. - Sarina | - I suggest not adding these because having lead being featured on both 411 and 417 is already a lot. -weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 01/06/19 1:38 PM | Adam | Kurnick | adam@kurnick.net | ||||||||||||||
1032 | 411 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Microcytic, hypochromic anemias | ![]() | Dr. Sattar's Pathoma | Clarify the increase in RBC protoporphyrin for lead poisoning as inhibited ALAD should lead to a decrease (hence why lead poisoning can lead to a sideroblastic anemia | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. Text is clear, directly says that lead inhibits ALA dehydratase (=ALAD). -Connie | Agree with Connie that this can be rejected. - John | Agree with authors, reject erratum. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/06/19 6:57 PM | Joanna | Georgakas | Joanna_Georgakas@brown.edu | ||||||||||||
1033 | 412 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Macrocytic anemias | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459295/ | some drugs that causes Nonmegaloblastic anemia: 5-Fluorouracil, Zidovudine , Hydroxyuria | High-yield addition to next year | The list is much more extensive according to the article provided. However, I don't think this is a high yield suggestion. Leaning towards rejecting. -Lilit | Reclassifying as a high-yield addition to consider in 2021. -Matt | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 7:11 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1034 | 412 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Macrocytic anemias | ![]() | NA | Diamond Blackfan anemia: a fan has three wings triphalangeal thumb | Mnemonic | Verified | Clever, but I'm a bit torn. There have been quite a few times where diamond-blackfan anemia and fanconi anemia have been mixed up because both present with thumb defects. Perhaps we can consider using this mnemonic? -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 05/26/19 7:57 AM | Awab | Elnaeem | awab.kamal@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1035 | 413 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Heme synthesis, porphyrias, and lead poisoning | ![]() | mnemonic | To remember intermediates in heme synthesis and porphyrias: Pour Hot Ugandan Coffee Pronto (Porphobilinogen, Hydroxymethylbilane, uroporphyrinogen III, Coproporphyrinogen III, Protoporphyran) | Mnemonic | Verified | I welcome anything which can help, especially since it is HY and appeared in my exam. Currently we do not have a mnemonic for this fact. -weelic | I don't think I was ever able to memorize these intermediates while I studied for step 1. Can definitely be useful. My only concern is do we have room to include this? Also, what about aminolevulinic acid? I would want a more comprehensive mnemonic. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 12/22/18 2:31 PM | Amber | Young | aby4zp@virginia.edu | ||||||||||||||
1036 | 414 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Intrinsic hemolytic anemias | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206107-overview | Under Intrinsic hemolytic anemias there is hereditary spherocytosis listed. Hereditary spherocytosis is an intrinsic defect in the RBC but it is an extravascular hemolytic anemia. I suggest moving hereditary spherocytosis to page 415 under extrinsic anemia. | Minor erratum | Verified | Disagree. Although hereditary spherocytosis has features of extrinsic hemolytic anemia (eg, splenic consumption), it is listed as an intrinsic hemolytic anemia due to instrinsic defects in RBC membrane proteins. - Sarina | Agree, no change needed. This is an intrinsic RBC defect leading to extravascular hemolysis. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/20/19 2:48 PM | Connor | Barry | connorbarry3@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1037 | 415 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Extrinsic hemolytic anemias | ![]() | https://coldagglutinindisease.org/cold-agglutinin-disease/ | In cold agglutinin if you can add to RBC agglutinates (Clumping agglutination) , so that can be easy differentiated from anything that causes stacked coin agglutination. | Clarification to current text | Reject. I don't think this needs to be clarified. Rouleaux formation is mentioned in multiple myeloma, where its meaning is explained. Agglutination, on the other hand, is pretty self explanatory. -Lilit | Agree with Lilit. I think the distinction is clear enough and is discussed in detail for each respective pathology. Adding this clarification would not improve the text or students' ability to learn the material. Reject. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 6:59 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1038 | 416 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Interpretation of iron studies | ![]() | Goljan 4th edition page 295, Pathoma 2018 edition page 43 | For anemia of chronic disease the % transferrin saturation is decreased. | Major erratum | Verified | I reviewed the UpToDate article as well and I agree with Vivek that the submission is accurate. I suggest we put entry as "-- / down-arrow" to indicate that it could be normal or low - John | Need faculty input. After reviewing the provided references and UTD, I feel the student is correct. In UTD, it is mentioned that in anemia of chronic disease (ACD)- "the transferrin saturation (TSAT) is usually normal or low-normal." However, in the same chapter, they mentioned and tabulated that low TSAT is one of the diagnostic clue in ACD. However, approximately 20 percent of patients with ACD have a TSAT in the iron deficiency range. UTD: Anemia of chronic disease/inflammation - Vivek | I think it is reasonable to list it as normal to low. Saturation will generally be on the lower end due to the lack of available iron, but can also be normal depending on the relative decreases in iron and iron binding proteins. Concomitant iron deficiency can be diagnosed with an unusually low saturation (eg, below 15%). Not published errata worthy, but reasonable as a clarification/HY addition for 2020. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/12/19 11:48 PM | Kamleshun | Ramphul | adramphul@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
1039 | 416 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Interpretation of iron studies | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-and-diagnosis-of-iron-deficiency-and-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-adults?search=iron%20deficiency%20stages&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | In the table it’s indicated that the first disturbance of iron deficiency is decreased serum iron. In fact, the first disturbance of iron deficiency is low ferritin (iron stores) , so the down arrow next to ferritin should be in red and the one next to serum iron should be in black. It is clearly specified in the UpToDate article (Causes and diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in adults) in “Progressive Iron depletion” and illustrated in table 4. | Minor erratum | Verified | YES accept we definitely need to change this. The depletion of iron stores is the first defined stage of iron depletion. Iron stores can be completely depleted without causing anemia, because serum iron levels from daily turnover of RBCs is available. Further loss of iron results in anemia. Suggest implementing the reader's change as is, down arrow next to ferritin should be red, down arrow next to serum iron should be black. Source provided is fine, here is a link to the table: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=HEME%2F76236&topicKey=HEME%2F7150&search=iron%20deficiency%20stages&rank=1~150&source=see_link -Connie | I agree it is more accurate to list the depletion of ferritin as the major finding, over serum iron. It is a much more accurate indicator of iron stores, and agree that other factors (eg, diet, RBC turnover) can maintain the serum iron levels even when the ferritin stores are depleted. Overkill to call this a "major" erratum, however, it is better classified as a minor one. We're emphasizing the wrong lab, but we did not write something overly incorrect. I have reflagged it as such. I agree with making this change and support including it in the published errata. -Matt UPDATE: We can include this as a minor erratum addition to the published errata, | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Peter Marks | Agree that ferritin is the first thing that is depleted in iron deficiency. Also agree that this is a minor erratum, as the order of depletion is not what is really relevant in clinical practice (and the exam) - it is the pattern of low or absent ferritin, low iron and high transferrin or TIBC. | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 01/23/19 4:56 AM | Bahaa' eddine | Succar | bahaasuccar@gmail.com | ||||||||||
1040 | 416 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Interpretation of iron studies | ![]() | Mnemonic | To remember which iron storage molecule is exclusively intracellular and which is found in serum, remember that HemoSIDErin “Hides inSIDE” the cell, while FERRitin is FREE to Float in the serum. Color coded image attached. | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. But, in the context of the page, this is a mnemonic for a HY entry that we do not have. So, we start by considering this as a HY fact addition. I currently do not see a good place to add this HY fact. Best place so far is to squeeze it in the text below the table. Also we can debate if this is actually HY. -weelic | I personally don't think this is high yield. Explaining where hemosiderin or ferritin can be found isn't necessary. This should be intuitive for the students. And why are we necessarily trying to compare hemosiderin with ferritin, when the table is titled "interpretation of iron studies?" I would reject. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 11:51 PM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1041 | 416 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Interpretation of iron studies | ![]() | https://www.boardsbeyond.com/members/video.cfm?ID=D296C101DAA88A51F6CA8CFC1AC79B50&moduleID=75 | On the Boards and Beyond "Microcytic Anemias" video on 12:00, it says that in Pregnancy and OCP usage, there is Low Ferritin and it is used for diagnosis. On the First Aid 2019 pg416, it says Ferritin doesn't change in Pregnancy/OCP use.. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/18/19 7:44 PM | Esat | Gunay | md.esatgunay@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1042 | 417 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Heme synthesis, porphyrias, and lead poisoning | ![]() | UpToDate: Porphyria cutanea tarda and hepatoerythropoietic porphyria: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis; https://www-uptodate-com.proxy1.lib.tju.edu/contents/porphyria-cutanea-tarda-and-hepatoerythropoietic-porphyria-pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=porphyria%20cutanea%20tarda&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~58&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | acquired not autosomal dominant | Minor erratum | Verified | Accept. PCT is caused by an acquired inhibition of hepatic UROD which can occur due to a variable combination of acquired factors (etoh, smoking, hepC, hiv, etc). But genetic factors are present in some, PCT type 1 is sporadic, accounting for 80% of cases, PCT type 2 is the autosomal dominant form (but low penetrance). Seems like the autosomal dominant form is not the MCC and probably isn't HY. Suggesting changing to (acquired deficient activity, some familial forms with UROD mutation), or just deleted "autosomal dominant mutation." -Connie | Accept. Most cases of PCT are acquired, although as Connie points out, there are likely contributory genetic factors. Suspect this genetic variability is way beyond scope of the Step 1, however. Looking up the condition seems to support the majority of cases being sporadic in the context of insults such as HCV infection. I favor deleting "autosomal dominant mutation" just to keep things simple, as Connie has proposed. OK to include in the published errata. For 2020 we can consider the addition of text that highlights that most cases are sporadic. -Matt | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Peter Marks | Indeed, there are both acquired (type 1) and familiar (type 2) forms of porphyria cutanea tarda. Indeed, type 2 is autosomal dominant, but it is incompletely penetrant. Please see the review in BLOOD by Balwani and Desnick from 2012 (excerpt pasted below): PCT, the most common of the porphyrias, may be either sporadic (type 1) or familial (type 2). For clinical symptoms to manifest in either type, the hepatic URO-decarboxylase activity must be 20% of normal or less. Type 1 (or sporadic) PCT patients have no URO-decarboxylase (UROD) mutations and, when asymptomatic, have normal URO-decarboxylase activity systemically. Type 2 (or familial) PCT patients are heterozygous for UROD mutations, and asymptomatic patients have approximately half-normal enzyme activity systemically. Of note, although type 2 PCT is an autosomal dominant disease, it is incompletely penetrant; the half-normal enzyme activity in type 2 patients is a significant predisposing factor but is insufficient by itself to cause symptomatic PCT. Other genetic and environmental factors contribute to susceptibility in both types 1 and 2 PCT. For this reason, penetrance of this genetic trait is low, and many patients who present with type 2 PCT have no family history of the disease and may appear to have sporadic disease. Although a diagnosis of PCT is usually made by a family physician, internist, and/or dermatologist the most common treatment for this disease is repetitive phlebotomies, so these patients are typically referred to hematologists. Phlebotomies are thought to decrease the hepatic iron load. An alternative oral treatment for PCT is low dose chloroquine treatment (see “Treatment”). | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 01/17/19 8:56 AM | Dina | Zaret | dsz002@jefferson.edu | ||||||||||
1043 | 417 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Heme synthesis, porphyrias, and lead poisoning | ![]() | https://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/heme-porphyrin.php#synthesis | leaD poisoning= ALA(D) deficiency. Vitamin B Six deficiency= ALA(S) deficiency | Mnemonic | Verified | This is not a correct assumption. Vitamin B6 deficiency has no effect on ALA synthase levels, rather the absence of B6 cofactor essentially inactivates enzyme activity. Reject this mnemonic. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 02/07/19 3:26 AM | alaa | mohamed | dr.alaakhaled93@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1044 | 417 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Heme synthesis, porphyrias, and lead poisoning | ![]() | n/a | To remember the enzymes related to the two main porphyrias (PBG for AIP and UROD for PCT): It is INTERMITTENTLY necessary to Pull out the Big Guns. U were TARDy (tarda) becase U ROD the bus to stay out of the sun. | Mnemonic | Verified | Mnemonic is too long and not a great memory tool. I would reject. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 02/22/19 3:12 PM | Elizabeth | Murray | elizabeth.murray@downstate.edu | |||||||||||||||
1045 | 417 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Heme synthesis, porphyrias, and lead poisoning | ![]() | n/a | Porphyria cutanea tarda = affected UROporphyrinogen decarboxylase “URO – enzyme down towards URINE” = Accumulated substance = UROporphyrin (tea colored urine) | Mnemonic | Verified | I don't find this mnemonic particularly effective. Only the phrases URO are highlighted, which doesn't really add too much substance. Reject. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 5:58 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1046 | 417 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Heme synthesis, porphyrias, and lead poisoning | ![]() | Self-written | For illustration showing pathway - In order, "hockey PHUC/PHUCk" (like a hockey puck, only emphasize letters PHUC that are involved) are the cytoplasmic intermediates between first and last mitochondrial reactions. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 8:46 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1047 | 418 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Coagulation disorders | ![]() | N/A | Hemophilia A is deficient in factor Aight ( 8 ) | Mnemonic | Verified | I like this, it is easy to remember. -weelic | This is easy to remember, but if we added a mnemonic, I'd prefer one that includes all three hemophilias discussed. Just thinking that maybe a short sentence mnemonic could put all three together much better than a single phrase for hemophilia A. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 4:29 AM | Feras | Al-Moussally | feras226@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1048 | 418 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Coagulation disorders | ![]() | None | It helped me establish a bond for memorizing these concepts more easily due to it's short and very practical: PTT (3 letters): IntrInsIc (3 I's) , PT (2 letters): extrInsIc (2 I's). | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/24/19 12:16 PM | Jose Giojan | Pelaez | rural18@outlook.es | ||||||||||||||||
1049 | 418 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Iron poisoning | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6215844/ | Replace "Seen in patients with 1 (hereditary ) " to "Seen in patients with 1 (hereditary hemochromatosis)". | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. Hemochromatosis is at the end of the sentence, adding it into the parenthesis too would make it redundant. The sentence is trying to specify 2 types of hemochromatosis, either primary (1, hereditary) or secondary (2). -Connie | Reject. - John | Agree with authors, reject change. It is not needed here. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 2:45 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||
1050 | 418 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Iron poisoning | ![]() | not needed | Iron (Ferrous) chalting agents: IV deFERoxamine, oral deFERasirox | Mnemonic | Verified | Don't think this is necessary at all. Chelating agent names are easy to remember without a mnemonic. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:20 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1051 | 418 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Iron poisoning | ![]() | https://www-uptodate-com.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/contents/approach-to-the-patient-with-suspected-iron-overload?search=iron%20overload&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Under chronic causes of Iron poisoning, it lists "(eg, chronic blood transfusions for thalassemia or sickle cell disease) hemochromatosis." The close parenthesis should be removed, and a comma "and" should be added before hemochromatosis. Could also mention that "Chronic Iron Poisoning" is know as "Iron Overload" as well. | Spelling/formatting | Reject. It wasn't completely clear in our text that there are two forms of hemochromatosis: primary and secondary. Primary is hereditary hemochromatosis (usually HFE mutations). Secondary is due to other causes. As such the paranthesis lists the various causes of secondary hemochromatosis. Thus the proposed changes did not make sense. -weelic | Agreed with Weelic. Reader didn't carefully read the text. We have no errors here. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 03/20/19 8:37 PM | Nanki | Hura | nanki.hura@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1052 | 418 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | ![]() | https://www-uptodate-com.proxy.medlib.uits.iu.edu/contents/epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-pathologic-features-and-diagnosis-of-burkitt-lymphoma?search=burkitt%20lymphoma&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~74&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Burkitt Lymphoma - t(8;14) - translocation of c-myc (8) and heavy-chain Ig (14). "C-my-crush? We had our first kiss (EBV) when we were in 8th grade, at age 14." | Mnemonic | Verified | We have another mnemonic suggestion for Burkitt Lymphoma above, which I thought was better than this one. However, we are tight for space on this page, so I'm not sure a sentence mnemonic can be incorporated. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 03/08/19 3:35 PM | Grant | Adams | grtadams7@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1053 | 419 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Platelet disorders | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4989643/ as well as Dr. Hussien Satar (Pathoma) | IgG against the platelet antigens (GpIIb/IIIa) can cross the placenta and cause a short-lived thrombocytopenia in the newborn | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Inclined to reject this addition. Here we are discussing the pathophysiology of the condition, so I don't think we should add this on to the text. Just my opinion though, what do you guys think? -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 01/03/19 5:59 AM | Nathaniel | Borochov | nateboro8@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1054 | 419 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Platelet disorders | ![]() | UWORLD, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/platelet-dysfunction-in-uremia | Uremic Platelet Dysfunction: Excessive bleeding in patients with renal dysfunction due to accumulation of uremic toxins that impair platelet aggregation and adhesion. Increase BT with normal PC. Patients improve with dialysis | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | I think this is a very high yield concept. Uremic platelet dysfunction is mentioned in the renal chapter (pg 590), however not discussed in a lot of detail. Perhaps it would be better to include further clarification in the renal chapter, instead of adding a new fact to this one. Thoughts? -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 4:42 AM | Feras | Al-Moussally | feras226@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1055 | 419 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Platelet disorders | ![]() | Uptodate and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3136592/ | Add in: "Treatment dependent on severity of thrombocytopenia; observation only for those with mild cases." Also note that ITP is most commonly caused by IgG against GPIIb/IIIa (there are other platelet glycoproteins that can be targeted resulting in ITP as well as T-cell/cell-mediated route opposed to just antibody mediated). | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. This is true but many of the first aid entries, the details of management are excluded as students are not usually tested on these aspects in Step 1 and it is more important to know what treatment options exist. For the mechanism of ITP, I would also reject. This is the most common mechanism and what I remember being tested. I don't think we need to go further than that. -John | Agree with John to reject. -Connie | I agree with John. I think this proposed addition takes this disorder into detail that is beyond the scope of the Step 1. ITP treatment is somewhat nuanced and patient-dependent, and getting into such detail could serve students poorly. No change needed. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/11/19 7:23 PM | Joanna | Georgakas | joanna_georgakas@brown.edu | ||||||||||||
1056 | 419 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Platelet disorders | ![]() | N/A | Symptoms of TTP mnemonic: FAT RN (Fever, microangiopathic hemolytic Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Renal Failure, Neurologic symptoms) | Mnemonic | Verified | If we wanna add a mnemonic for the symptoms, we should probably steer clear of possibly offensive phrases. Of the top of my head... something like Full TANK. F for fever, T thrombocytopenia, A anemia, N neurologic symptoms, K kidney failure. What do you guys think? -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 01/12/19 11:53 AM | Adam | Kurnick | adam@kurnick.net | |||||||||||||||
1057 | 419 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Platelet disorders | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acquired-ttp-initial-treatment | A new drug has been approved in Europe for acquired TTP (US FDA most likely to approve on Feb 6th, 2019 - currently on fastrack) - Anti-von Willebrand factor Caplacizumab (Cablivi™) is set to become the first line treatment for acquired TTP (vs existing plasmapheresis). *The target action date for the FDA decision is February 6, 2019.* | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | This drug was actually FDA approved in February for TTP treatment. Provided UpToDate link confirms this. However, I'm not sure if this information will be incorporated into board exams so soon. Should we wait and see how high yield this will be? Currently I don't think this addition is necessary. Thoughts? -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 01/19/19 3:53 PM | Anil | A Kumar | anil_kumarans@yahoo.co.in | |||||||||||||||
1058 | 419 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Platelet disorders | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202158-clinical | ITP can also be drug induced mainly by drugs that target GpIIb/IIIA e.g. Abciximab, eptifibatide | High-yield addition to next year | Defer? At first I thought of it as just another drug class that cause ITP, and perhaps not HY. But, ITP mechanism involves the production of anti-GpIIb/IIIa antibodies from idiopathic or autoimmune processes... And thus ITP from therapeutic antibodies targeting GpIIb/IIIA actually reinforces the concept. But, why would eptifibatide, a small peptide inhibitor, cause ITP? -weelic | I'm leaning towards rejecting this, as drug induced ITP is relatively low yield. Besides, UpToDate lists infections and alterations to the immune system as the most probable inciting events. I wouldn't add any drugs as the cause. -Lilit https://www.uptodate.com/contents/immune-thrombocytopenia-itp-in-adults-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=itp&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H2 | ![]() | ![]() | 03/24/19 1:59 PM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1059 | 419 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Platelet disorders | ![]() | this is just wording change from the text | under TTP/HUS section should state presentation: Laboratory triad of thrombocytopenia(quantitative platelet disorder),microangiopathic hemolytic anemia(low H/H,elevated LDH,schistocytes) and acute renal injury(elevated creatinine). It seems presentation should be referrable to clinical presentation or physical findings | Clarification to current text | Agree with Matt. Separately, looking at page 419, it seems to me that TTP/HUS may require a overhaul that requires illustrator's input. -weelic | Most labs are already listed at the bottom of the section. Perhaps we can add "elevated creatinine (TTP)". Other than that, I don't think were missing anything. -Lilit | OK to consider this text layout change for 2020. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 04/11/19 3:39 PM | Daryl | Turner | dturner2@cfl.rr.com | |||||||||||||
1060 | 419 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Platelet disorders | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | Platelet disorders is the one that affect the Bleeding time (Coagulation disorders doesn’t) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Not really a mnemonic. This is basically written at the top of the page. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 05/10/19 11:09 PM | Faris | Binyousef | faris-v@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1061 | 419 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Inflammation | Platelet disorders | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/platelet-dysfunction-in-uremia | we should remind students about UREMIC changes in platlets , add the following ( platlets disorders are divided into acquired and familial) uremic is acquired , also remind them about effect of Aspirin on platlets | High-yield addition to next year | Don't think aspirin really fits here. We are discussing actual conditions here, not just drug effects or metabolic changes. Uremic platelet dysfunction can either be addressed with more detail in the renal chapter OR we can add a small new fact here? I'm not sure what the best move would be here. What do you guys think? -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 05/30/19 6:00 PM | Abdelrahman | Altarazi | abodtaraze@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1062 | 419 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Platelet disorders | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202158-overview | splenomegaly is not assoicated with ITP, in fact it exculdes ITP | High-yield addition to next year | No changes needed. First, out text does not mention splenomegaly as a physical exam finding in ITP. Second, hepatosplenomegaly may or may not be seen in ITP. Presence of this would suggest an underlying condition responsible the thrombocytopenia. -Lilit https://www.uptodate.com/contents/immune-thrombocytopenia-itp-in-adults-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=itp&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H110530123 | ![]() | ![]() | 05/30/19 6:46 PM | Abdelrahman | Altarazi | abodtaraze@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1063 | 419 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Platelet disorders | ![]() | n/a | ROBOTIC ADAM’s Increased WILL to AGGREGATE in the human society! ROBOTIC – THROMBOTIC ADAMTS13 – Deficient or inhibited Increased large von WILLebrand Factor multimers Increased platelet AGGREGATION | Mnemonic | Verified | I don't think this is good at all. Reject. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 6:31 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1064 | 420 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Hereditary thrombosis syndromes leading to hypercoagulability | ![]() | n/a | Lady GAGA will tour from ARGentina Guatemala but not in the People’s Republic Of China. Lady = Leiden Guanine to Adenine DNA point mutation Amino acid change from ARGenine Guanine Resistance of Factor V to degradation by PROtein C | Mnemonic | Verified | I like this, but not the whole thing. "Lady Gaga will tour from Argentina to Guatemala" is enough. I don't think that resistance to protein C needs to be incorporated. Do you guys like this? -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 6:34 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1065 | 420 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-in-adults?search=DIC%20causes§ionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H255175&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#H255175 | Transfusion is too generic. DIC often occurs in the setting of intravascular hemolysis, often due to an Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (AHTR). | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. We cover acute hemolytic transfusion reaction in detail earlier in this chapter. In this mnemonic, "transfusion" should be fine. -Connie | Agree, no change needed, "transfusion" is fine here, since in rare cases that can cause DIC. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/16/19 3:31 PM | Nicolas | Curi Gawlinski | nicolascurii@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1066 | 420 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-in-adults?search=DIC%20causes§ionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H255175&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#H255175 | Intravascular hemolysis is one of the causes of DIC (e.g., AHTR and malaria). | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 01/16/19 3:32 PM | Nicolas | Curi Gawlinski | nicolascurii@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1067 | 421 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Blood transfusion therapy | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/red-blood-cell-transfusion-in-infants-and-children-selection-of-blood-products?search=irradiated%20blood%20SCID&usage_type=default&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~145&display_rank=2 | Irradiated packed RBCs: Preserve RBCs, platelets, but remove any inmune cells which may cause a reaction. CLINICAL USE: SCID | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 02/19/19 12:15 AM | Lissette | Orozco | lissetteorozco_004@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1068 | 421 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Blood transfusion therapy | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?rank=1~17&source=graphics_search&imageKey=HEME%2F102695&search=cryoprecipitate&sp=4 and https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-use-of-plasma-components | I've made this table for a better differentiation of either clinical use or contents of cryoprecipitate vs fresh frozen plasma. This was a very confusing topic, and I used only UpToDate to assembly this table. | High-yield addition to next year | Reject. While I agree with the submitter that this is a confusing topic, and I do think it will be useful in the wards or Step 2...But strangely for Step 1 this does not seem HY in my personal experience (uworld etc). -weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 3:34 AM | Nicolas | Curi Gawlinski | nicolascurii@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1069 | 421 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Blood transfusion therapy | ![]() | n/a | Mr and Mrs Hodgkin are 30 and 15 years old (CD 30 + and CD 15+). They live together in their cell with 4 children: Nodular (Nadia) is a female child (Common in female) Lympho are twins; one of them is RICH and BEST while the other is DEPLETED Last one is MIXED, a simple guy who LOVES surfing in the OCEAN (Eosinophilia) Non Hodgkin Lymphoma: Burkitt Lymphoma, pg 422 Alphabetically, B C-myc B looks like 8 = t(8;14) Starry sky at 8 PM 8 = ATE = Jaw lesion Associated with E8V | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 6:40 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1070 | 421 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Hodgkin lymphoma | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | In Hodgkin, Reed-Sternberg cells are binucleate & bilobed, (we READ by glasses [2 lobes] while eating HODog) (READ-Srnb+ HODgkin) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/09/19 12:12 PM | Faris | Binyousef | faris-v@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1071 | 421 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Leukemia vs lymphoma | ![]() | FIRST AID-RX Videos (Video 8- Heme and Oncology Pathology) | Please introduce LEUKMOID Pathology (esp: Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase levels) in comparison to Leukemia here along with Lymphoma. You could show how they (Leukmoid and Leukemia) are similar with regards to elevated WBCs, elevated Neutrophils, and a Left Shift w/ Band Cells. This could be followed by how they are different with respect to LAP levels (ex: Elevated LAP in Leukmoid- WBCs are attempting to fight the pathogen) vs (DECREASED LAP in Leukemia-just an elevation in WBCs, but not actively fighting). This will clear up the three statement sentence included under CML- Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia) on pg 424- which with respect, isn't clearly written and could in the future could simply be replaced with a "DECREASE in LAP" mention). This would also give students a better understanding regarding the lab value and how to interpret its findings when reading a CBC. Please and Thanks! | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 10/13/19 5:26 PM | Tasha | Phillips-Wilson | tphilli1@sgu.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1072 | 422 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Hodgkin vs non-Hodgkin lymphoma | ![]() | n/a | Alphabetically, B C-myc B looks like 8 = t(8;14) Starry sky at 8 PM 8 = ATE = Jaw lesion Associated with E8V Non Hodgkin Lymphoma: Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, pg 422 Large = Older adults Non Hodgkin Lymphoma: Follicular Lymphoma, pg 422 “Waxing and waning” course = Waxing your hair follicles at Folliderm clinic. Mantle Cell Lymphoma, pg 422 Mantle = Mental = 11 (odd number) = t(11;14); CD 5+ (odd number) Cyclin D1 = D1 (Dopamine in Psychics); Aggressive mental Marginal Zone Lymphoma, pg 422 People were MARGINALized during WW II = t(11;14) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 6:45 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1073 | 422 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCL6 | for the Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma please include that "BCl-6 is on chromosome 3" | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 12/31/18 12:48 AM | Kamleshun | Ramphul | adramphul@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1074 | 422 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | ![]() | 1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-pathologic-features-and-diagnosis-of-adult-t-cell-leukemia-lymphoma 2. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/human-t-lymphotropic-virus-type-i-virology-pathogenesis-and-epidemiology | 1. Only approximately 25% of the adult T-cell lymphoma patients will have skin lesions at diagnosis. So the text should be corrected as "Adults may present with cutaneous lesions", as 75% of the patients do not experience this symptom. 2. HTLV-I is primarily transmitted by breastfeeding, although spread via blood transfusion, sharing of needles, and sexual intercourse also occurs. So authors should add "breastfeeding" to the "associated with IV drug abuse" sentence, as it is the most common method of transmission. | Clarification to current text | Verified | 1. Reject, I think it's okay to leave the text as is, because while it's true only 25% present with skin lesions, it's still listed as a common clinical finding, and the presentation of the disease is variable. Also I feel like step 1 tests this in connection with mycosis fungoides most commonly. 2. Accept, this I think should be changed because it is very clear from the source that breast feeding is the most common mode of transmission. suggest changing the text in parenthesis to, "primarily transmitted by breastfeeding, associated with IV drug abuse) -Connie | For #1, I am OK adding "may" so that it reads as "adults may present with cutaneous lesions." However, that is most certainly not an erratum, but rather a clarification. Can consider for 2020 non-urgently, but it need not be published in the official errata. For #2, I agree with Connie that we can change the emphasis to how HTLV is acquired. However, it is similarly more of a clarification, since we're not wrong to say IV drug abuse, but rather incomplete missing HY information. Can consider this a non-urgent change for 2020. Accepting this and reflagging as a clarification/HY addition. No need to publish either submission in the official errata. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/25/19 3:48 PM | Cem | Turam | cemturam@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1075 | 422 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | ![]() | N/A | Mickey MANtle hit for the CYCLE batting 11-14 | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/04/19 4:39 PM | Dillon | Yaldo | yaldodil@msu.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1076 | 422 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | ![]() | personal mnemonic | FOllicUlaR lymphoma has 18 total letters and the number 4 inside for the 14;18 translocation | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 12/04/19 11:38 AM | Minhwan | Kim | minhwanmd@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1077 | 423 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Multiple myeloma | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204369-overview#a3; Dr. Jason Ryan of Boards and Beyond mentions this as an important fact in his reputable board-review series. | Multiple Myeloma, and the growth of myeloma cells, is highly dependent on IL-6. It is required required for myeloma cell proliferation. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Agreed. I think we should say that IL-6 is implicated in MM. According to UTD, "(IL-6) is a cytokine that encourages the growth and survival of both normal and abnormal plasma cells. IL-6 appears to be required for the survival of myeloma cells" https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathobiology-of-multiple-myeloma?search=il%206%20and%20multiple%20myeloma&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 - Sarina | ![]() | ![]() | 01/06/19 6:08 AM | Adam | Kurnick | adam@kurnick.net | |||||||||||||||
1078 | 423 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Multiple myeloma | ![]() | https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/17/9/2533; uworld | The filtered light chains may cause intrarenal obstruction in the distal nephron by co-aggregating with the carbohydrate moiety of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, which is produced in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Agreed. I think the text should include briefly the fact that MM can cause renal failure due to the aggregation of light chains + Tamm Horsfall protein (apparently now called uromodulin) --> form obstructive casts --> decreased urinary flow Due to the increased number of light chains, they can't be absorbed in the PCT. They reach the DCT where they combine with TammHorsfall proteins and obstruct urinary flow. Although I am not sure how HY it is, I do remember the term "Tamm Horsfall protein" appearing in question banks. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-pathogenesis-and-etiology-of-kidney-disease-in-multiple-myeloma-and-other-monoclonal-gammopathies?search=renal%20failure%20in%20multiple%20myeloma§ionRank=2&usage_type=default&anchor=H1571307495&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#H1571307495 - Sarina | Agreed. can be added to the white space below the CRAB findings. -weelic. | ![]() | ![]() | 02/27/19 9:20 AM | Atisha | Patel | patela31@students.rowan.edu | ||||||||||||||
1079 | 423 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Multiple myeloma | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/multiple-myeloma-clinical-features-laboratory-manifestations-and-diagnosis | Mnemonic Addendum (CRAB)- A- AL Amyloidosis and B- Bence Jones Proteins should be added as they are relevant buzzwords related to this disease. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/13/19 3:06 PM | Tasha | Wilson | tphilli1@sgu.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1080 | 423 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Multiple myeloma | ![]() | N/A | To remember the most commonly elevated gamma-globulins in MM, think "GAmma-globulin" (IgG and IgA in that order are the most common) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/13/19 10:55 PM | Daniel | Zhu | Dzhu5@pride.hofstra.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1081 | 423 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Myelodysplastic syndromes | ![]() | lecture slides | Would be helpful to mention that MDS has increased bone marrow cellularity (cells don't leave marrow). and the 100-age for normal cellularity estimation. This is in contrast to aplastic anemia which is hypocellular. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 01/16/19 12:14 PM | Joanna | Georgakas | joanna_georgakas@brown.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1082 | 423 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Myelodysplastic syndromes | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-the-myelodysplastic-syndromes?search=myelodysplastic%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H37 | if Blast in bone marrow is high but less than 20% so it suggests MDS. Bone marrow blasts of >20% suggest AML. improtant way to diffrentiate between them. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Agreed. I think it should be added that there are < 20% blasts on BM biopsy and that myelodysplastic syndromes transform to AML when blasts > 20%. - Sarina | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:15 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1083 | 424 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Leukemias | ![]() | Mnemonic | AML - "A*uer rods, M*yeloperoxidase positive, myeL*oblasts" (bolded pathognomonic signs) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 01/11/19 7:01 AM | Nathaniel | Borochov | nateboro8@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1084 | 424 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Leukemias | ![]() | https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1300874 | arsenic +ATRA treatment is specific to acute promyelocytic leukemia | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. APL is a subset of AML, I don't think it is HY to tease out this detail. -Connie https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-myeloid-leukemia-treatment-and-outcomes-in-older-adults?search=aml%20treatment&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | We already say this anyway with the current text. No change needed. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/16/19 12:01 PM | Joanna | Georgakas | joanna_georgakas@brown.edu | |||||||||||||
1085 | 424 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Leukemias | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30030507; https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2018/us-fda-approves-lumoxiti-moxetumomab-pasudotox-tdfk-for-certain-patients-with-relapsed-or-refractory-hairy-cell-leukaemia.html | add in Moxetumomab pasudotox for treatment for relapse/ refactory hairy cell leukemia | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Disagree. This information seems low yield. - Sarina | Drug regimens for refractory/relapsed cancer often changes every years.I think this is low yield. -weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 01/16/19 10:31 PM | Joanna | Georgakas | joanna_georgakas@brown.edu | ||||||||||||||
1086 | 424 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Leukemias | ![]() | Pathoma | Hairy cell leukemia; stain positive for TRAP. these cells get TRAPped in spleenic redbulb causing spleenomegaly. so less Lymphadenopathy found, also bone marrow gets dry (fibrosis) as they are TRAPped in Spleen | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:17 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1087 | 424 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Leukemias | ![]() | N/A | The word "cell" smudged = CLL. CLL has smudge cells | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject? CLL = smudge cells has been in both the hemonc fact and in 2 rapid review spots. I think a mnemonic is not useful. thoughts? -weelic | I like the mnemonic in the book. Reject. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 03/24/19 2:28 PM | Benjamin | Sarac | bsarac19@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1088 | 425 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Chronic myeloproliferative disorders | ![]() | FA2018 | I saw that the JAK2 mutation (V617F) was removed from FA2019. While it makes sense that it was removed from the general section description as it does not pertain to ET or myelofibrosis, it should be readded under the subsection of polycythemia vera as it is present in ~95% of cases) | Clarification to current text | Verified | Yes accept. 95-100% of patients with polycythemia vera have a JAK2 mutation and I think this is HY to know. We also provide JAK1/2 inhibitors as a treatment for PV. Suggest adding, "95-100% of patients have a JAK2 mutation" after "disorder of increase RBCs" -Connie https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-polycythemia-vera?search=polycythemia%20vera&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~124&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H3008612693 | Agreed that JAK2 should be re-added, especially since one of the treatments listed is a JAK inhibitor. - Sarina | Note that the table below does note JAK2 mutation positivity, so we already mention this, although I agree it would be more accurate to list the specific mutation in the primary disorder text as well. Agree with considering the addition of said text in 2020, but this is non urgent and need not be published in the official 2019 errata. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/16/19 1:36 PM | Joanna | Georgakas | joanna_georgakas@brown.edu | ||||||||||||
1089 | 426 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Chromosomal translocations | ![]() | Self-written | t(14;18) - FALLicular Lymphoma. TEENS are usually FALLing in love when they are fourTEEN (14) and eighTEEN (18). They have Big Crushes for each other (Big Crush Lovers/BCL's, especially at 18). | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 8:53 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1090 | 426 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Langerhans cell histiocytosis | ![]() | First Aid p 228, Uworld | "Cells express S-100 (mesodermal origin)" should say "Cells express S-100 (neural crest origin)" because Langerhans cells are of neural crest origin, not mesodermal origin. The stain S-100 also only stains for cells of neural crest origin. | Major erratum | Verified | Faculty input. Origin is still debated. S-100 is a strong neural crest marker, which I think is why originally LCs where thought to be of neural crest origin, but it seems like LCs are more and more thought to be of mesodermal origin. Not sure whether it is HY because it is still contested, but might be worth consulting faculty as to which is more broadly recognized. From a literature review, I can't tell. -Connie | Another chronic erratum. In years past we reviewed this extensively with faculty input and opted to keep them as mesodermal origin despite their S-100 positivity, which is traditionally neural crest origin. This appears to be hotly debated. Will flag for expert input such that we can get the most up to date input, but my suspicion is that this will be kept as is. -Matt UPDATE: Agree with Dr. Marks' suggestion. Need not be published in official errata, can be a change made for 2020. -Matt | Disagreement/need expert | Peter Marks | Given the debate over this area, I would suggest finessing this with: Cells express S-100 (which is usually seen in cells of neural crest origin) | Reject | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 10:11 PM | Charanpreet | Sahota | csahota@sgu.edu | ||||||||||
1091 | 426 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Tumor lysis syndrome | ![]() | N/A | PUcK for remembering the electrolytes imbalances in TLS. Capitalization means hyper and lowercase means hypo. P (hyperphosphatemia) U (hyperuricemia) c (hypocalcemia) K (hyperkalemia) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 01/14/19 12:26 PM | Rachel | Watson | rcfh7@health.missouri.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1092 | 426 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Tumor lysis syndrome | ![]() | N/A | Tumor lysis syndrome is associated with chemotherapy which often makes you vomit/puke: so remember hyperPUKe for TLS--> hyperPhosphatemia, hyperUricemia, hyperKalemia | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept? Didn't like it at first but it grew on me, it will be nice if it helps people to remember metabolic disturbances. While the mnemonic doesn't account for hypocalcemia... but still it is good. -weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 01/14/19 3:19 PM | Opal | Sekler | opalsekler@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1093 | 427 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Direct thrombin inhibitors | ![]() | https://reference.medscape.com/refdrug-srch/angiomax-angiox-bivalirudin-342137 | bivaliruDIN - direct inhibitor of thrombin., dabigaTRAN- ThRombin antagonist. | Mnemonic | Verified | Both drugs are direct thrombin inhibitors. Reject. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 02/25/19 7:14 PM | Lokesh | goyal | lkh.lokesh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1094 | 427 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Direct thrombin inhibitors | ![]() | n/a | Direct Thrombin Inhibitors for Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) HIT BAnD = Bivalirudin, Argatroban, Dabigatran. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 6:47 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1095 | 427 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pathology | Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-hemophagocytic-lymphohistiocytosis?search=lymphohistiocytosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~86&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Add "Associated with Chediak-Higashi Syndrome", as this is nogted in the Chediak-Higashi section in the Immunology section in first aid on page 117. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | When framed as a cross-reference, this is fine and well. I have not encountered this association in questions though. Still, submitter was correct in that this is already referenced in page 117. -weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 01/22/19 3:24 PM | Adam | Kurnick | adam@kurnick.net | |||||||||||||||
1096 | 427 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Heparin | ![]() | UWorld | Protamine is isolated from Salmon Sperm; contraindicated in case of shell-fish allergy. Causes HSR type I | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | I don't think this is HY. The main point is to highlight the fact that protamine is an antidote to heparin and works via chemical antagonism. - Sarina | Agree that this is not HY. -Weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:03 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1097 | 427 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Heparin | ![]() | uptodate.com | Antithrombin decrease the action of activated IIa, IXa, Xa, XIIa and XIIa (not only IIa and Xa) | Major erratum | Verified | Although correct, I am not sure how necessary it is to add XIIa. I think the main idea is to point out that UFH inhibits IIa and Xa, while LMWH only inhibits Xa (indirectly). - Sarina | Can migrate this over for consideration, agree adding mention will be tricky due to the diagram, it may be possible and is worth review by both text and illustration teams. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:06 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
1098 | 428 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Warfarin | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | WAR against FAitamine-K,, (WAR-FA-rin) Warfarin inhibits Vit-K dependent factors | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/09/19 11:10 AM | Faris | Binyousef | faris-v@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1099 | 429 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | ADP receptor inhibitors | ![]() | not needed | mechanism is inhibiting platelets "activation" (no expression of p2y12 R) which leads to inhibition of platelets "aggregation" | Minor erratum | Verified | Yes, technically this is correct. According to UTD, Clopidogrel "irreversibly blocks the P2Y12 component of ADP receptors on the platelet surface, which prevents activation of the GPIIb/IIIa receptor complex, thereby reducing platelet aggregation" Perhaps the text should read something like "Irreversibly blocks ADP (P2Y12) receptor, which prevents activation and subsequent platelet aggregation" - Sarina | Agree with Sarina. The proposed phrasing is clearer than what is currently on FA2019. -weelic | Agree that this should be adjusted, mainly for clarity. Would migrate over for consideration in 2020. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:05 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
1100 | 429 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pharmacology | Antidepressants | ![]() | https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100363/xarelto-rivaroxaban | An important very new use of rivaroxaban is to prevent major cardiovascular events in patients with CAD or PVD following the COMPASS Trial | High-yield addition to next year | Will let Cardiovascular/Hemat-Onc team have a look at the recommendation. Not for this section - Rohan | agree with Rohan -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 11:52 AM | Jan Andre | Grauman | jgrauman@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1101 | 429 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Direct factor Xa inhibitors | ![]() | not needed | Apixaban, rivaroxaban (Api-Xa-BAN because it bans Xa) | Mnemonic | Verified | It appears the mnemonic submitter wants to put the letters BAN in red. I think that is not necessary. In page 429, the letters Xa are already in red. -weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 01/09/19 1:35 PM | Najat | Fadlallah | najat.fadlallah@lau.edu | |||||||||||||||
1102 | 429 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Direct factor Xa inhibitors | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-bleeding-in-patients-receiving-direct-oral-anticoagulants?sectionName=Rivaroxaban,%20apixaban,%20edoxaban,%20betrixaban%20(reversal)&search=direct%20factor%20Xa%20inhibitors&topicRef=1370&anchor=H3105446&source=see_link#H3105446 | Antidote for rivaroxaban and apixaban toxicity was FDA approved in 2018. It's called Andexanet. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Seconding the comment by Dr Peter Marks to defer (see his comments on annotate in Oct 2018). As of April 2019, many hospitals do not have this on the formulary (mainly due to the high cost). UptoDate mentions that "There is insufficient evidence about risks and benefits to strongly favor either 4-factor PCC or andexanet over the other." (note that 4F-PCC is off-label). -weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 02/18/19 1:23 AM | Basim | Ali | basim.ajafri@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1103 | 429 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Direct factor Xa inhibitors | ![]() | https://reference.medscape.com/refdrug-srch/xarelto-rivaroxaban-999670 | rivaroxaban- RIVAR-read like reversible O- oral, XA- XA , B- blocker, or AN - antagonist. | Mnemonic | Verified | reject? -weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 02/25/19 7:20 PM | Lokesh | goyal | lkh.lokesh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1104 | 429 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Direct factor Xa inhibitors | ![]() | https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100363/xarelto-rivaroxaban | An important very new use of rivaroxaban is to prevent major cardiovascular events in patients with CAD or PVD following the COMPASS Trial | High-yield addition to next year | Defer to next year? -weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 11:56 AM | Jan Andre | Grauman | jgrauman@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1105 | 429 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors | ![]() | Mnemonic | TEA at 2 or 3? (Tirofiban, Eptifibatide, Abciximab bind to Gp2b3a) | Mnemonic | Verified | could be useful. prelim migrate to annotate? -weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 02/20/19 8:54 AM | Aaron | Miller | aaronm314@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||||
1106 | 429 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors | ![]() | not needed | IIb/IIIa is a FIBrinogen receptor; to highlight eptiFIBatide and tiroFIBan | Mnemonic | Verified | this could be useful too. I like this slightly more than the above one. Although they have different memory hooks, so potentially they can both be used. migrate to annotate? -weelic | Mnemonic. OK to consider this year. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:02 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
1107 | 429 | Immunology | ![]() | Immunosuppressants | Therapeutic antibodies | ![]() | https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100325/cimzia-certolizumab-pegol- | certolizumab pegol is another clinically relevant TNF alpha antibody | High-yield addition to next year | Reject. Approved by FDA <1 yr ago won't be tested. -Connie | Reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 11:58 AM | Jan Andre | Grauman | jgrauman@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1108 | 429 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Thrombolytics | ![]() | https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2988 | It should be "diathesis" instead of "known bleeding diatheses". | Spelling/formatting | Reject. It appears to me that the commenter wanted a singular instead of a plural noun. I think that it should stay as plural. From the citation that the commenter provided (and from another dictionary), diathesis is simply an obscure word for "tendency". We can consider a change from "known bleeding diatheses" to "known bleeding tendencies". -weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 04/17/19 1:03 AM | Matthew Yat Hon | Chung | mchung@mail.sjsm.org | ||||||||||||||||
1109 | 430 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Cancer drugs––cell cycle | ![]() | First Aid | Cladribine is not S-phase specific. It is cell-cycle independent. This is clarified on page 432 but the current diagram is not consistent with the clarification. | Minor erratum | Verified | Reject. Cladribine is S-phase specific. On page 432, we elaborate that it has multiple mechanisms to inhibit DNA synthesis (which is the S phase), and give clear examples. -Connie | Reject. John | Agree with authors, it is S-phase specific and no change is needed here. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 12/27/18 12:37 AM | Jerrin | Bawa | jerrin.bawa@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1110 | 430 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Cancer drugs––cell cycle | ![]() | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Procarbazine | Add "Procarbazine" to "alkylating agents" in cell-cycle independent drugs. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 09/04/19 5:20 PM | Alsu | Zagorulko | alsu.zagorulko@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1111 | 431 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Antitumor antibiotics | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3461790/ | Bleomycin is also used as an intra-lesional sclerotherapy agent in lymphangiomas. Add this clinical use will also reinforce the idea that it promotes fibrosis (pulmonary fibrosis). | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject? I went to uptodate to find anything that might support this, but could not. It may reinforce idea, but the therapy itself is not known, and citation was a single-center study. I propose this as not HY. -weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 02/18/19 2:41 AM | Basim | Ali | basim.ajafri@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1112 | 431 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Antitumor antibiotics | ![]() | https://reference.medscape.com/drug/bleomycin-342113#4 | Interstitial pneumonitis should be added to adverse effect of Bleomycin. The incidence of pneumonitis in these patient is 10% i.e. almost same as incidence of Pulmonary fibrosis. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 03/24/19 3:50 PM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1113 | 432 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Antimetabolites | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fluoropyrimidine-associated-cardiotoxicity-incidence-clinical-manifestations-mechanisms-and-management | 5-fluorouracil-induced coronary artery spasm is a potentially lethal side effect that needs to be addressed here. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Actually, the citation used by the commenter paints a slightly nuanced story. "The underlying mechanism of toxicity is not established and is likely to be multifactorial [61]. The mechanism that is best supported by preclinical and clinical data is coronary vasospasm." and goes on about observations inconsistent with that hypothesis. As such, the statement "5-FU is associated with cardiac side effects" is valid but evidence for the statement "this cardiac side effect is due to coronary artery vasospasm" is inconclusive. -weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 01/10/19 12:50 PM | Elmira | Taghi Zadeh | elmira.taghizadeh9@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1114 | 432 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Antimetabolites | ![]() | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00195.x | adding Aplastic anemia to adverse effects of Azathioprine and 6-mercatopurine when used with Allopurinol and Febuxostat. | High-yield addition to next year | Reflagging as high-yield addition to consider in 2021. -Matt | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 7:18 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1115 | 432 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Antimetabolites | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9815688 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/fluorouracil | adding photosensitivity to adverse effect of 5-fluorouracil, and Uridine is used as rescue agent. | High-yield addition to next year | Reflagging as high-yield addition to consider in 2021. -Matt | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 7:21 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1116 | 434 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Etoposide, teniposide | ![]() | N/A | Move II the -side. To memorize that etoposide and teniposide are topoisomerase II inhibitors. | Mnemonic | Verified | It wasn't impressive on its own, but with the other mnemonic "irinotecan" it suddenly makes a lot of sense. (especially for those who do not like the ones by sketchypharm.) But I will like to get more opinions from others. -weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 01/13/19 6:50 AM | Gennadiy | Guralnik | henryguralnik@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1117 | 434 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Etoposide, teniposide | ![]() | none | E"2"poside to remember that etoposide inhibits topoisomerase 2 | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 11/19/19 11:17 PM | FNU | Deepali | deepali.238@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1118 | 434 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Imatinib, dasatinib | ![]() | N/A | "Im -abl to inhibit tyrosine kinase". In order to remember that IMatinib is an inhibitor of bcr-abl. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 01/13/19 6:56 AM | Gennadiy | Guralnik | henryguralnik@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1119 | 434 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Imatinib, dasatinib | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic | I'M A Tyrosine kinase INhIBitor "im a t in ib" (The capitol letters spells imatinib) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 11/19/19 3:36 PM | Esat | Gunay | md.esatgunay@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1120 | 434 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Irinotecan, topotecan | ![]() | N/A | "I -can". To memorize that Irinotecan and Topotecan are topoisomerase I inhibitors | Mnemonic | Verified | It wasn't impressive on its own, but with the other mnemonic "etoposide" it suddenly makes a lot of sense. (especially for those who do not like the ones by sketchypharm.) But I will like to get more opinions from others. -weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 01/13/19 6:53 AM | Gennadiy | Guralnik | henryguralnik@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1121 | 435 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Bortezomib, carfilzomib | ![]() | n/a | Multiple proto-ZOMBIes with Mantle Retardation! borteZOMiB, carfilZOMiB Mechanism: PROTEOsome inhibition Clinical use: MULTIPLE Myeloma, MANTLE cell lymphoma. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 6:49 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1122 | 435 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Rituximab | ![]() | https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100362/rituxan-rituximab | Also for the treatment of pemphigus | High-yield addition to next year | Defer to next year? -weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 1:41 PM | Jan Andre | Grauman | jgrauman@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1123 | 435 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Tamoxifen, raloxifene | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mechanisms-of-action-of-selective-estrogen-receptor-modulators-and-down-regulators "Both raloxifene and tamoxifen also induce hot flashes (an estrogen antagonist effect)" | Hot flashes can be caused by raloxifene as well, not only tamoxifen. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Yes accept. Hot flashes are not exclusive to tamoxifen. Source supports this. Should move "hot flashes" to the last sentence of shared adverse effect. Suggest removing "hot flashes" from the Tamoxifen line, and last line to read: "Both ↑ risk of thromboembolic events (eg, DVT, PE) and "hot flashes."" -Connie | Good suggestion, accept also. John | Agree with addition for 2020, non-urgent, no need to publish in the official errata. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 4:10 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1124 | 435 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Trastuzumab | ![]() | https://reference.medscape.com/drug/herceptin-ogivri-trastuzumab-342231 | In adverse effects, it says that "Heartceptin" damages the heart. I didn't understand what heartceptin was referring to so I googled and found out it is another name for trastuzumab. In First Aid 2018 there is herceptin written next to the fact title but in First Aid 2019 there isn't. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Accept. Yes, we have the "heartceptin" mnemonic without specifying that herceptin is the brand name of trastuzumab. Because brand names are not tested, we shouldn't assume students would know the herceptin brand name. Suggest either removing the mnemonic, or adding "herceptin" in parenthesis after the generic name, "Trastuzumab (herceptin)." -Connie | I do see that this could be confusing now. I'd favor Connie's second suggestion to just drop the mnemonic altogether since its a simple fact to remember and I'd rather not include brand names at to simplify things. -John | Good catch. We deleted the trade name Herceptin but neglected to update the mnemonic. Without mentioning Herceptin by name, the mnemonic makes little sense. Let's delete the mnemonic for 2020, as I do not support us using trade names for drugs. Not a published errata-worthy entry, however! -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 12/28/18 4:51 PM | Ibrahim | Hyder | ibrahim.hyder@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1125 | 435 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Trastuzumab | ![]() | NA | If you trust (trastuzumab) her too (HER-2) much she will break your heart (cardiotoxicity) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/26/19 8:39 PM | Awab | Elnaeem | awab.kamal@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1126 | 436 | Hematology and Oncology | ![]() | Pharmacology | Key chemotoxicities | ![]() | FA 2018 page 431, Antitumor antibiotics section | Add daunorubicin next to doxorubicin (same format with the D capitalized and in red color). | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | I think that's fine. There's space, and multiple other facts in FA2019 have both daunorubicin and doxorubicin. Add? -weelic | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 4:12 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1127 | 438 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Rotator cuff muscles | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teres_minor_muscle. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/rotator-cuff-tendinitis-and-tear-beyond-the-basics#H1 | Rotator cuff muscles: Teres minor: (axillary nerve) Adducts* and externally rotate arm I would like to suggest a correction over here, it should be abduction, I have gone through multiple resources and it confirms that it should be Abduction. Referred Books: Textbook of Orthopedics by JOHN EBNEZAR,HARRISON MEDICINE ,GRAYS ANATOMY | Minor erratum | Verified | Disagree. Teres minor helps to abduct the hand. Neither source provided support this student's statement. No change to the text recommended. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/14/19 11:43 PM | Tirth | Patel | tirthpatelb@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1128 | 438 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Rotator cuff muscles | ![]() | Mnemonic/FA 2019 p. 438 | Sub-Intern Ex-It. Subscapularis Internally rotates arm, Infraspinatus and teres minor externally rotate arm. | Mnemonic | Verified | Partial. The "Sub-intern" doesnt really stick out to me. Maybe someone else thinks this works? I feel like it doesnt help to remember the actions all that well. -Zander | Not a huge fan TBH. -MA | Lol, I'm honestly not a fan. Would not recommend addition -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 3:07 PM | Elan | Baskir | ebask003@fiu.edu | ||||||||||||
1129 | 438 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Spinal cord—lower extent | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-low-back-pain-in-adults?search=Evaluation%20of%20low%20back%20pain%20in%20adults&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Differential diagnosis of back pain. | High-yield addition to next year | Im partial to this. I know backpain was HY for step 2 because of the "next step in management" questions. Interested in reading some of the other authors thoughts. If we do put ddx dx of back pain, we should put it in a table format with key words to tip off the reader -Aida | Verified | Reject. Although it would be helpful to have a table for the differential of back pain I feel it doesnt fit with the "flow" of FA. All of the information in the submitted/attached table is mentioned throughout FA, just not all together. -Zander | Reject. LY for Step 1. -MA | Agree with authors. LY for purposes of Step 1, this is more relevant for wards. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/16/19 12:52 AM | NeryMara | Lamothe | maralamothe@hotmail.com | |||||||||||
1130 | 439 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Wrist region | ![]() | FA 2019 for Usmle step 1 Text Book, Page 439 | on line 11th, after the phrase "the radial artery", there are two dots: (..) instead of one at the end of the sentence. | Spelling/formatting | Accept. There are two dots. -Aida | Verified | Yes there is! Harder to see on the version on Annotate because of a blue editing mark, but it's definitely there. Remove one period after the word "artery" -Connie | Please remove one period after the word "artery" -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/06/19 7:32 PM | Elmira | Taghi Zadeh | elmira.taghizadeh9@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1131 | 439 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Wrist region | ![]() | www.skillsyouneed.com/write/punctuate1.html | There are two periods at the end of the sentence "Complications of proximal scaphoid fractures include..." | Spelling/formatting | Agree. Minor formatting issue. -Victor M. | ![]() | ![]() | 05/11/19 6:40 PM | Shazli | Jalali | saj0141@my.unthsc.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1132 | 439 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Wrist region | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/397230-overview | Proximal scaphoid fractures have greater risk of delayed union, nonunion, and avascular necrosis but all scaphoid fractures can lead to the same complications | Clarification to current text | I would keep current text as is. - Victor M. | ![]() | ![]() | 06/16/19 3:16 PM | Ra'ed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1133 | 440 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy | Hand muscles | ![]() | N/A | Muscles of the hands supplied by the median nerve: LOAF: L: lumbricals (1st 2) O oponens pollicis A: abductor pollicis brevis F: flexor pollicis brevis | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/12/19 10:14 AM | Haitham | Alaithan | hsaithan93@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1134 | 440 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Upper extremity nerves | ![]() | https://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/muscles/upper-arm/ https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-upper-extremity-peripheral-nerve-syndromes?search=musculocutaneous%20nerve&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H7507770 | The musculocutaneous nerve supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm, not the triceps and thus the triceps reflex should not be affected although it is supplied by C7 (radial nerve) | Major erratum | Accept. agree with reader. Suggest placing the triceps reflex under radial nerve instead. However, it should be still mention that although Triceps is peripherally innervated by radial nerve, the reflex is via stimulation of C7 nerve root (ie: reflexes test for functioning spinal roots) source:https://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/muscles/upper-arm/ –Aida | Verified | Agree, accept. Looking through literature, it was very find to find anything on the presentation of an isolated musculocutaneous nerve injury because of its rarity. Therefore, most papers talk about it in combination with other nerve injuries. I did find one book chapter (2013) that covers musculocutaneous nerve injury in isolation, and it seems that the triceps reflex is in fact preserved: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781455726721000301 It does seem that the tricep nerve reflex is absent in radial nerve injury (reader-provided sources are good). Suggest for radial nerve presentation section: "↓ triceps (C7) reflex; wrist drop: ...." and to just delete the triceps reflex from the musculocutaneous row. -Connie | Agree with authors. Please add per Connie: For radial nerve presentation section: "↓ triceps (C7) reflex; wrist drop: ...." and delete the triceps reflex from the musculocutaneous row. | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Maria Antonelli | agree with change; couldn't find other sources than the science direct one connie listed about reflexes involved in the rare musculocutaneous n injury. | Nathan Skelley | agree with edit | ![]() | ![]() | 01/13/19 4:23 AM | Julian | Maamari | julian.maamari@lau.edu | ||||||||
1135 | 440 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Upper extremity nerves | ![]() | Zorrilla S. de Neira, J., Prada-Cañizares, A., Marti-Ciruelos, R. et al. International Orthopaedics (SICOT) (2015) 39: 2287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-015-2975-4 | Supracondylar fractures that are anterolateral may damage the radial nerve. If it is anteromedial, it will affect the median nerve. | Clarification to current text | reject. I agree with Connie. This level of information is relevant for orthopaedic rotation (where I was tested on this). -Aida | Verified | Reject. Way too much detail for step 1. Right now, we just specify that supracondylar fracture of the humerus can cause a proximal lesion of the median nerve. UTD says that a radial nerve injury is more likely with posteromedial distal fracture fragment displacement. Too much detail -Connie https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-and-management-of-supracondylar-fractures-in-children?search=supracondylar%20fracture&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~26&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H7 | Reject, beyond the scope of Step 1. No changes. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/04/19 6:58 PM | Esteban | Casasola | ecasasol@sgu.edu | ||||||||||||
1136 | 440 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Upper extremity nerves | ![]() | Zorrilla S. de Neira, J., Prada-Cañizares, A., Marti-Ciruelos, R. et al. International Orthopaedics (SICOT) (2015) 39: 2287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-015-2975-4 | Supracondylar fractures that are anterolateral may damage the radial nerve. If it is anteromedial, it will affect the median nerve. | Clarification to current text | repeat. | Verified | Repeat as above -Connie | As above. Reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/04/19 8:40 PM | Esteban | Casasola | ecasasol@sgu.edu | ||||||||||||
1137 | 440 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy | Upper extremity nerves | ![]() | Mnemonic | To remember the directional movements of supination and pronation, use your left hand and position it with your palm facing the floor. From this position, thumbs up = supination (“super”nation) and thumbs down = pronation (your hand makes the shape of a “P”). Clarifying image attached. | Mnemonic | reject. The reader should have a basic understanding of anatomical movements (or else we would have to do this with all directions). -Aida | Verified | Reject. Agree with Aida. I feel as though this would not fit into any of the existing sections. Not worth creating a new section for this. -Zander | Reject. Agree with other authors. -MA | Eh, not a fan. Would not recommend. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/08/19 8:22 AM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | |||||||||||
1138 | 440 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Upper extremity nerves | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/musculocutaneous-nerve | Injuries to the musculocutaneous nerve are associated with weakness of arm flexion and sensory loss along the lateral forearm " not lateral arm" | Major erratum | Agree, it is the lateral forearm. - Victor M. | ![]() | ![]() | 06/17/19 5:05 PM | Ra'ed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1139 | 440 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Physiology | Upper extremity nerves | ![]() | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_8 [2] https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-thenar-muscles [3] https://www.physio-pedia.com/Brachial_plexus_injury | The recurrent branch of median nerve composed of C8-T1 (not C5-T1), and innervate hand muscles. [1,2] Intrinsic hand muslces are innervated by lower trunk of brancial plexus, as what is seen in Klumpke palsy (vs. Erb palsy, no intrinsic hand muscle involved). [3] | Major erratum | Agree. - Victor M. | ![]() | ![]() | 07/12/19 5:11 AM | SHICHENG | SONG | nicksong66@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1140 | 441 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Brachial plexus lesions | ![]() | self | Branches of brachial plexus "MoM Avoids Rats Universally" Musculocutaneous, Median, Axilar, Radial and Ulnar | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/30/19 2:37 PM | Judith | Vasquez | judith.vasquez.11@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1141 | 441 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Brachial plexus lesions | ![]() | self | For Erb's palsy: "ErBB DrInkS 7Up" Erb's palsy Biceps Brachialis-Deltoid-Infraspinatus-Supraspinatus-Upper trunk lesion | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/30/19 2:40 PM | Judith | Vasquez | judith.vasquez.11@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1142 | 441 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Brachial plexus lesions | ![]() | self | Klumpke palsy: "Klumpke buys In Lowe's Outlet" In-Intrinsic muscles of the hand, Lowe's-Lower trunk lesion, Outlet- as thoracic outlet syndrome. Winged scapula: "SArah has Long Wings" Serratus Anterior, Long thoracic nerve, Winged scapula | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/30/19 2:44 PM | Judith | Vasquez | judith.vasquez.11@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1143 | 441 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Movement disorders | ![]() | https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/510573_9 | under erb palsy, the teres minor muscle and serratus anterior are also affected but it is not mentioned under muscle deficit. | Major erratum | I suggest faculty input on adding teres minor to the muscles involved. Understanding the pathoanatomy of the waiters tip is based on loss of S.A. M. The Axillary nerve is formed by the C5 & C6 roots, which means the peripheral nerve (axillary nerve) would be out for the same reason deltoid the deltoid is. In addition to infraspinatous weakness, the arm is as such medially rotated(since external rotators are out). I agree with connie about incorporating HY information, however i respectively ask for faculty input on this. Original comment: The reader is correct about adding teres minor, since the axillary nerve is also damaged. As per Orthobullets(trusted ortho equivalent to uptodate), erbs palsy is predominately C5-C6 lesion; they have listed C5 deficiency (predominantly affecting S.A.M nerves thus suprasipinatus/infraspinatus, teres minor/deltoid, and biceps/brachialis. The C6 deficiency leads to radial nerve deficits (brachioradialis/supinator). With that being said, I think we should fix the entry to show roots --> nerve deficits and corresponding muscular deficits and clinical manifestation (ie: C5 def --> def in S.A.M --> etc). with respect to serrates anterior, as per Wheeless textbook of ortho(another ortho trusted resource), only if the roots are affected above their junction, will there be involvement. I suggest not placing this because its conditional and not high yield. -Aida source:http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/erbs_palsy source: https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4117/obstetric-brachial-plexopathy-erbs-klumpkes-palsy | Verified | Leaning towards reject. While teres minor can be involved, it seems to LY to include. There teres minor muscle is innervated by C5-6, the primary nerves affected by erb palsy, but its actions are mostly in tandem with the posterior deltoid, and the movement deficiencies tested when looking for erb palsy are usually just attributed to the deltoid. I think we are including the most HY and commonly referred to muscles in erb palsy, and I'm just not sure the details of other muscles will be tested. -Connie https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2724163/ | Agree with Connie, inclined to reject. It is more important to know that erb palsy is caused by defect in C5-C6. The most HY muscles are included, so would not recommend including teres minor, which is more LY. No changes recommended. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | Maria Antonelli | Agree this is nit picking. I found a rare source or two saying serratius anterior can rarely be involved and a few more sources saying teres minor can be weak and potentially involved depending where the lesion is; however both muscles are RARELY involved and so it's not very HY to include them. | Nathan Skelley | Although good points, I agree with previous comments, this is very low yield information. | ![]() | ![]() | 01/19/19 8:49 PM | Mary | Fahmy | maryfahmy07@hotmail.com | ||||||||
1144 | 442 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Distortions of the hand | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1243669-overview | To remember that clawing is best elicited with distal lesions while extending the fingers: "The lion must EXTEND his CLAWS to catch DISTAL prey." | Mnemonic | reject. I actually think the ulnar paradox is better at explaining this (ie: paradox is that distal lesion looks worse than proximal lesions). This is more informative and often also asked. -Aida | Verified | Accept. I think this is a simple way to remember that both the median and ulnar claw(s) are associated with distal lesions and are noticed when trying to extend the digits. It would be a small addition to the page. -Zander | Reject. Agree with other authors. -MA | Reject. I love the current mnemonic, considering that it fully explains the reasoning for the distal and proximal lesions. Would not recommend addition -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/14/19 12:13 PM | Kevin | Milligan | kevinjohnmilligan@gmail.com | |||||||||||
1145 | 442 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy | Distortions of the hand | ![]() | N/A | To differentiate between the proximal and distal lesions of the median and ulnar nerves: Making a Phist = Proximal ExtenDing the fingers= Distal | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/26/19 5:02 PM | Uroosa | Mazhar | uroosam@auamed.net | ||||||||||||||||
1146 | 442 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Distortions of the hand | ![]() | https://www-uptodate-com.medproxy.hofstra.edu/contents/ulnar-neuropathy-at-the-elbow-and-wrist | "CDE" - see a Claw with a Distal nerve lesion upon Extension | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/12/19 9:09 PM | Daniel | Zhu | Dzhu5@pride.hofstra.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1147 | 442 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Distortions of the hand | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ulnar-neuropathy-at-the-elbow-and-wrist | CoDE - see a Claw with a Distal nerve lesion upon Extension | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/12/19 11:01 PM | Daniel | Zhu | Dzhu5@pride.hofstra.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1148 | 442 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Distortions of the hand | ![]() | N/A | To remember when a claw is seen, use the mnemonic "ClawED" - You see a Claw upon Extension in a Distal nerve lesion | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/13/19 1:17 PM | Daniel | Zhu | Dzhu5@pride.hofstra.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1149 | 444 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Lower extremity nerves | ![]() | Gray's Anatomy for Students, http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/413852, https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/book/3-s2.0-B9780702051319000067?scrollTo=%23hl0003000 | While the pectineus is part of the adductor muscle group of the medial thigh, it is not innervated by the obturator nerve. It is in fact majorly innervated by the femoral nerve and should be classified as such. Anatomical literature reflects conflicting evidence as to the existence of an accessory obturator nerve (AON), which is believed to contribute to pectineus function. However the AON is an anatomical variant infrequently expressed among the population. While obturator nerve damage will result in loss of adduction and medial thigh sensation, the vats majority of this pathology will be caused by denervation of the other adductor muscles, not the pectineus. | Clarification to current text | reject. Although pectineus is predominately innervated by the femoral nerve, as per Orthobullets, it is MAY also be innervated by the obturator nerve. do not think we should remove it from obturator entry. I think in this case its a femoral>obturator. So, if the student has to pick between the two, femoral should be chosen. However, if femoral isn't there, obturator is the next best answer. source:https://www.orthobullets.com/anatomy/10056/pectineus -Aida | Verified | Reject. Pectineus is innervated by both femoral and obturator nerves. Aida is correct, it may (like 20%) be innervated by obturator nerve. But UTD just states it's innervated by both (link below). Right now, we have pectineus under both and I feel like it would be okay to keep it that way. -Connie https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=EM%2F98416&topicKey=SM%2F93980&search=pectineus&source=outline_link&selectedTitle=1~11 | Reject, text is fine as is. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/30/19 6:55 PM | Faith | Robinson | faith94@vt.edu | ||||||||||||
1150 | 444 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Lower extremity nerves | ![]() | Michael Schuenke, Erik Schulte, Udo Schumacher, Lawrence Ross, Edward Lamperti, Voll Wesker-General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System (THIEME Atlas of Anatomy) -Thieme (2010) https://teachmeanatomy.info/lower-limb/nerves/lumbar-plexus/#Genitofemoral_Nerve | The genital branch innervates the skin of the anterior scrotum (in males) or the skin over mons pubis and labia majora (in females). The femoral branch innervates the skin on the upper anterior thigh. | Clarification to current text | Accept. I think it may be worth changing the text to reflect the individual branches. The section could be written exactly as it is in the "main comment" section. It's confusing how it exists in text because it doesnt distinguish between the branches. -Zander | Reject. We could possibly clarify, but not really HY for purposes of Step 1. It is more important to understand the main points regarding the genitofemoral nerve. Would not recommend any changes. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/27/19 1:56 PM | SHICHENG | SONG | nicksong66@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1151 | 444 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy | Lower extremity nerves | ![]() | not applicable | To OBTain AOA, you need a good GPA. (OBT is obturator nerve, which innervates the following muscles - AOA (is adductor longus, obturator externus, adductor magnus) GPA is (gracilis, pectineus, adductor brevis) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/07/19 9:05 PM | TYLER | HUMPHREY | THUMPHREY1@PRIDE.HOFSTRA.EDU | |||||||||||||||||
1152 | 444 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Peripheral nerve | ![]() | Nothing on up to date. This is a link for Kenhub (I am sorry). If you could think about the motion based on the attachment sites of the muscles and muscle contraction will approximate those attachment points, the motion should be understood. Thank you. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MdLFfHjGSIY | Hello. On page 444 of FA 2019, it says common fibular nerve injury will unable dorsiflexion and eversion. I believe that deep fibular nerve innervates tibialis anterior, which is responsible for dorsiflexsion and inversion. Also superficial fibular nerve innervates peritoneal longus, and bravis (also tertious). Those two (not tertious) are responsible for planter flexion and eversion. I think the explanation of those is not very clear and slightly misleading in the FA 2019. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 1:34 PM | Kaori | Morimoto | kaori.morimoto@westernu.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1153 | 445 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy | Actions of hip muscles | ![]() | Netter Atlas | Under the flexors category, rectus femoris is listed, which is one of the muscles considered part of the quadriceps. Although, under the femoral nerve section the innervated muscle is the "quadriceps"- without explanation that this is actually 4 muscles, or that one of these is the rectus femoris (which is the flexor the hip), which is listed later. In short- suggestion to make consistent either just using quadriceps, or saying rectus femoris (quadriceps)- so that it is clear what its innervation is. | Clarification to current text | reject. Of the quadriceps, only the rectus femoris crosses the hip joint and thus the only one of the 4 that flexes the hip. So do not suggest replacing rectus femoris with quadraceps in the "action of hip muscles". The quadriceps is pleural so its short hand for multiple muscles which gets the job done if space is an issue. -Aida | Verified | Reject. I think the text is clear is it is currently. -Zander | Reject. Agree with other authors. Additionally, FA is a review book not a detailed reference. -MA | Reject, text is fine as is. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/27/19 7:56 PM | Dylan | Erwin | derwin@smu.edu | |||||||||||
1154 | 445 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy | Lower extremity nerves | ![]() | There are many anatomy books organizing it this way, but here is Medscape: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1898964-overview#a2 | Currently the book has grouped these as the EXTERNAL ROTATORS OF HIP: "Iliopsoas, gluteus maximus, piriformis, obturator". I suggest removing iliopsoas (it is not a major external rotator), and consider removing gluteus maximus (it has a more minor contribution to external rotation). The MAIN SIX muscles of external rotation of the hip are: piriformis, gemellus superior, obturator internus, gemellus inferior, quadratus femoris, obturator externus (organized from superior to inferior if you look at the hip joint form posterior view - also many other sources with great images for this). Not extremely high yield, but it would good to have this properly organized. In addition, these are all innervated by the sacral plexus (EXCEPT for obturator externus - which is innervated by obturator nerve). | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 05/23/19 9:22 PM | Andrew | Ko | andrewko@hawaii.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1155 | 445 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Lower extremity nerves | ![]() | not needed | tensor fascia latae --> tensor fasciae latae | Spelling/formatting | I believe both are accepted. I would keep as is. - Victor M. | ![]() | ![]() | 06/19/19 2:40 AM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1156 | 446 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Signs of lumbosacral radiculopathy | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/lumbosacral-plexus-syndromes?search=knee%20flexion%20lumbosacral&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H3 (search under "Clinical Features") | In the image of lumbosacral radiculopathies, injury to the L4 nerve root at the level of the lumbosacral plexus would cause weakness of knee flexion, not weakness of knee extension as written. At the level of the lumbar plexus, L4 contributes to the femoral nerve, which allows for knee extension. However, at the level of the lumbosacral/sacral plexus, L4 contributes to the sciatic nerve, which provides motor innervation to the posterior thigh (hamstrings) to flex the knee. This is why a patient with an injury to L4 at the lumbosacral plexus commonly presents with weakness of knee flexion but normal knee extension. (Saw this scenario in UWorld question (Question ID: 15705) but won’t attach due to copyright) | Major erratum | I had trouble finding a reliable source to double-check this fact. However, according to UTD: "L2/L3/L4 radiculopathy — There is marked overlap of the L2, L3, and L4 innervation of the anterior thigh muscles, making it difficult to differentiate these spinal nerve root levels based on symptoms, neurologic examination, or electrodiagnostic testing. Thus, these radiculopathies are generally considered as a group. These nerve roots are most commonly involved in older patients with symptoms of spinal stenosis. Acute back pain is the most common presenting complaint, often radiating around the anterior aspect of the thigh down into the knee and occasionally down the medial aspect of the lower leg as far as the arch of the foot. On examination, there may be weakness of hip flexion, knee extension, and hip adduction. Higher lesions may result in greater weakness of the hip flexors. Sensation may be reduced over the anterior thigh down to the medial aspect of the lower leg. A reduced knee reflex is common in the presence of moderate weakness." https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-lumbosacral-radiculopathy-pathophysiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis?search=l4%20compression§ionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H16&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#H23 - Victor Martinez | ![]() | ![]() | 06/01/19 3:22 PM | Stacy M | Sebastian | stacy.sebastian01@utrgv.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1157 | 448 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Achondroplasia | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/achondroplasia?search=achondroplasia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~114&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | "Membranous ossification is affected", should instead be "Membranous ossification is NOT affected". Endochondral ossification is affected while membranous ossification is not affected, hence leading to a large head relative to limbs. | Minor erratum | Reject. I agree with Connie. I think the reader might have been mistaken -Aida | Verified | Reject. Reader must be using an older edition. There is nothing on achondroplasia on 448, instead, it is on page 454 of FA2019. We very clearly say membranous ossification is not affected, but endochondral ossification is affected (text correct as is). -Connie | Yup, agree with authors. No change. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 12/27/18 8:50 AM | Xiaoxuan | Zhang | zxiaoxuan01@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1158 | 448 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Actions of hip muscles | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20625501 | Fact name is incorrect because "NEW FACT" wasn't available. Add titin to sarcomere graphic. Titin connects myosin to the Z-line. | High-yield addition to next year | LY IMHO. -MA | Reject. Agree that it's pretty low yield info. -Zander | Reject, LY for Step 1. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/18/19 7:23 PM | Lisa-Qiao | MacDonald | llm012@jefferson.edu | |||||||||||||
1159 | 449 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Osteopetrosis | ![]() | http://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-73/issue-9/839.html | Also known as "Marble Bone Disease". was a question about in UWorld | High-yield addition to next year | partial. If text authors believe its necessary (ie: an answer choice will say Marble Bone disease.. instead of osteopetrosis so the student would then miss the question.) -Aida | Verified | Accept. This would be a short addition, "also known as marble bone disease", within the text. Though anecdotal, I have definitely seen this come up in questions and in our path lecture in med school. - Zander | ICD, MeSH and other coding systems use Osteopetrosis. I think the NBME would adhere to using one of these coding/naming systems. -MA | Step 1 has been moving away from eponyms and "nicknames" for diseases, so it is unlikely that this would be tested on Step 1. More important to know the presentation of the disease rather than the other names. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 12/22/18 10:35 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | |||||||||||
1160 | 449 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Types of muscle fibers | ![]() | FA 2018 and Kaplan Physiology LN 2017 | I've made this entry in a table format, adding additional information according to FA2018 and Kaplan Physiology Lecture Notes 2017. | High-yield addition to next year | Accept. There appears to be plenty of room within the page to turn this into a table format. I don't think it would take up much room to do so. -Zander | Accept. Looks great! -Connie | Looks great and HY. Please migrate the table to annotate. -VV | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 3:23 AM | Nicolas | Curi Gawlinski | nicolascurii@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1161 | 449 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Types of muscle fibers | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1923188-overview | Type 2 Muscle Fibers are Fast Twitch: 2 Fast 2 Furious | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 06/05/19 10:01 PM | Kevin | Kron | kevkron123@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1162 | 450 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Cell biology of bone | ![]() | n/a | cALcium deposits in ALkaline media via ALp. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 7:44 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1163 | 450 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Muscle proprioceptors | ![]() | not needed | the title "Muscle proprioceptors" is highlighted in yellow ,I suggested removing the highlight , It's not in the book style. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. "Muscle proprioceptors" is not highlighted in yellow at all. Maybe the reader highlighted it himself? -Connie | Haha, probably. No changes. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/01/19 11:15 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
1164 | 450 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Muscle proprioceptors | ![]() | FA | Muscle Spindle--- bold in red the LE at the end of muscle and spindle and the LE of length. Golgi Tendon organ-- Golgi "Tension" organ | Mnemonic | Accept. this is a clear mnemonic. -Aida | Verified | Accept. Clear mnemonic. -Zander | I like it but I think the info isn't HY enough to deserve dedicated mnemonics. -MA | Not a fan. It's harder to remember when the letters are the end of the word, so this would not be as easy to recall the mnemonic. Would not recommend addition -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/27/19 8:14 PM | Dylan | Erwin | derwin@smu.edu | |||||||||||
1165 | 450 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Muscle proprioceptors | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531502/ | It should be added within the section on muscle spindle that muscle spindles mediate the stretch reflex and thus responsible for the deep tendon reflexes. This concept is commonly tested as it is a clear clinical correlate. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 05/08/19 5:18 PM | Lee | Seifer | leeseifer16@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1166 | 450 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Osteitis deformans | ![]() | https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/713989_9 | Pagets disease is caused by: Paramyxovirus (measles and RSV) | High-yield addition to next year | reject: As per up to date, this is still unclear and there is mixed evidence (if any). "Viral — Compared with the genetic findings, more limited information is available regarding potential environmental influences on PDB, including the possible role of viral infection." source:https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-paget-disease-of-bone?search=paget%20disease%20of%20bone%20disease&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~54&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H16031898 -Aida | Verified | Reject. Agree with Aida on this. Even within the posted medscape reference article they mention that it's still up for debate. -Zander | Reject. Agree with other authors. -MA | Reject, agree with authors. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 12/24/18 6:37 PM | noor | hasan | noorhasan1@gmail.com | |||||||||||
1167 | 451 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Overuse injuries of the elbow | ![]() | Myself | Golfer's try to put ball in Middle of the holes. Tennis players try to hit balls in Lateral court. Hence, Golfer's have medial epicondyle injury while tennis players have lateral epicondyle injury. | Mnemonic | reject. It is too long and not a mnemonic IMHO -Aida | Verified | Reject. Too drawn out, not concise enough. -Zander | Not very good. Reject. -MA | Reject. Too convoluted of a mnemonic when you can just think of the motions that a tennis player and golf player uses to remember whether it affects the medial or lateral side. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/31/19 10:08 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | |||||||||||
1168 | 451 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Pregnancy complications | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-muscular-torticollis-clinical-features-and-diagnosis | Congenital torticollis – Congenital torticollis is a postural deformity of the neck because of Sternocleidomastoid injury and fibrosis that develops due to Birth trauma (breech delivery) or Malposition of the head in utero (Fetal macrosomia, oligohydramnios). Children with this condition can have additional musculoskeletal anomalies such as hip dysplasia, talipes equinovarus, metatartus adductus. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 07/15/19 7:40 AM | Fahad | Ahmad | fahad.fhda@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1169 | 451 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Wrist and hand injuries | ![]() | 1- https://www.uptodate.com/contents/metacarpal-neck-fractures , 2-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer%27s_fracture , 3-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6060459/ ,, 4-https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/boxers-fracture#1 | boxer's fracture :most commonly seen in 5th metacarpal ,then in 4th metacarpal .(to be more precise). | Clarification to current text | reject. I agree with connie. I think its important to know mechanism of injury which is basic science and major point behind step one. Knowing that 5th MC is affected more than 4th is outofscope of STEP 1 and in the ortho residency level. –Aida | Verified | Reject, boxer's fx does most frequently affect the 4th and 5th metacarpals, specifying that it is most common in the 5th than the 4th might be too much detail for step 1. The question stem is not going to test which finger is more likely, but probably give a scenario for a mechanism for injury and specify the 4th/5th fingers. -Connie | Agree, more important to know that boxer's fracture happens in the 4th and 5th metacarpals and the mechanism. No changes to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/24/19 2:22 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||
1170 | 451 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Wrist and hand injuries | ![]() | http://learningradiology.com/notes/bonenotes/boxersfx.htm | injury is to 2nd and 3rd metacarpal of professional boxers, and 4th and 5th metacarpals in amateur fighters | Clarification to current text | I don't think this is HY.- Victor M. | ![]() | ![]() | 05/30/19 8:13 PM | Shajetha | Iyathurai | Shajetha.iyathurai@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1171 | 451 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Wrist and hand injuries | ![]() | n/a | Guy-on a Cycle for Guyon canal syndrome. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/07/19 9:41 PM | Niranjan | Pandey | ndprulz@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1172 | 451 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Wrist and hand injuries | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/metacarpal-neck-fractures | In regards to the metacarpal neck fracture, A cohesive mnemonic suggestion: "4 or 5 boxers met a wall" The 4th and 4th metacarpals are mentioned. "Boxer" as a word trigger, "met a" for metacarpals. and wall to suggest the mechanism of injury. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/19/19 12:15 PM | Arianna | Gordon | sachianna7591@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1173 | 452 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Common hip and knee conditions | ![]() | its a clarification | I think the term lateral force in combination with the picture can cause confusion... maybe specify by "force from the side/lateral" or add the picture a suggested because it is not clear water this is a left or a right leg! (picture included) | Clarification to current text | The current term is correct. I'd keep as is. - Victor M. | ![]() | ![]() | 06/07/19 10:30 AM | Noam Leander | Degner | noam.degner@me.com | ||||||||||||||||
1174 | 452 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Common hip and knee conditions | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431067/ | It says in the text "lateral meniscus involvement is more common than medial mensicus involvement in conjunction with ACL and MCL injury". However other sources state that medial meniscus tears are more common. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 09/15/19 11:54 AM | Joy | Berbano | aryapalantiri@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1175 | 452 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Common musculoskeletal conditions | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431095/ | In the description of the "unhappy triad" it is described as "due to lateral force applied to a planted foot" and the zoomed out (full leg) picture next to it shows that described "lateral force". HOWEVER, the force is actually a medially directed force applied to the lateral leg. The zoomed in picture correctly shows this. Technically the medial foot has a lateral force from friction against the ground, but that isn’t what the picture is describing. So the zoomed in picture correctly shows a medially directed force to the lateral leg, however the full-leg picture shows the opposite. The best description of this would be a “Valgus force” which is equally accurate for both the lateral force applied to the medial ankle, and medial force applied to the lateral knee. Both result in Valgus stress that would tear the MCL. (The importance of this is that in the abnormal passive abduction test for MCL tear on page 443, the force is correctly described as a lateral force, so the force description on page 452 would directly contradict that) | Clarification to current text | reject. for two reasons. The source cited also does not describe what the reader is suggesting. Second, the mechanism of injury the reader is suggesting is incorrect. The correct mechanism of injury is a lateral force onto the posterolateral knee while the foot is planted on the ground. a medial force would cause a varus stress, not valgus. We show that there is a force applied to the lateral structures in both images and the non-zoom in image shows that there is a valgus force onto a fixed foot. source:https://slideplayer.com/slide/4181099/ -Aida | Verified | Partial. It appears there is a comment within the text and this will be addressed by the text authors. If anything I think the "lateral force" arrow could be clarified by saying "medially directed force". -Zander | It is a lateral force applied to the left knee in full-leg picture. Agree with other authors. -MA | I think the student is imagining that it is a right foot rather than a left foot. Illustration is fine as is. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/03/19 2:23 AM | Adam | Rippetoe | adam.rippetoe@yahoo.com | |||||||||||
1176 | 453 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Actions of hip muscles | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/iliotibial-band-syndrome#H296525661 | The physical examination test for Iliotibial band syndrome is called the Noble compression test, and would, of course, be positive if ITBS is indeed present! (Side note: couldn't find the NEW FACT button for "fact name" so please ignore) | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 09/16/19 5:28 PM | Mark | Pilarski | markdp21@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||||||
1177 | 453 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy | Childhood musculoskeletal conditions | ![]() | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imhI6PLtGLc | The text mentions "Ortolani and Barlow maneuvers" but by convention it is named "Barlow and Ortolani Maneuvers". The reason for specific order lies in fact that Barlow Maneuver is always performed before Ortolani maneuver to confirm the developmental dysplasia of hip. Also, this maneuver is usually performed at the age 0-3 months as it comes negative usually after the age of 3 months. | Minor erratum | Reject The main comment is beyond the scope of USMLE step 1 (or two). I think the point is to know the maneuver and pick out that the clunk on exam is a dysplastic hip. The order of the name is pedantic for STEP 1 purposes. -Aida | Verified | Text is fine as is, we don't go into detail on the specific maneuvers and age range for them, and I don't think we need to. UTD seems to suggest that the Ortolani test is the most important, and that the Barlow maneuver can be helpful, and that the combination can have high specificity. I think it's okay to leave as is, but looking around online, it does seem that it is more common to refer to them as "Barlow and Ortolani." I would be okay leaving as is, or just switching the names around. Deferring to editor! -Connie https://www.uptodate.com/contents/developmental-dysplasia-of-the-hip-clinical-features-and-diagnosis?search=ortolani&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~4&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Agree with Connie. Current text is fine as is. I found most reliable papers cite them as the "Ortolani-Barlow." Few among others are: 1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7992611 2. https://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0701/p177.html - Vivek | Text is fine as is. In the peds world, we do both back to back, that the actual order of the name does not really matter. It is more important to know that those maneuvers exist rather than the nitty gritty. No changes recommended. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/10/19 7:41 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | |||||||||||
1178 | 453 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy | Childhood musculoskeletal conditions | ![]() | https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/slipped-capital-femoral-epiphysis-scfe | Slipped Femoral Capital Epiphysis indicates age as approximately 12 yo. and does not provide direction. Usually, the age of occurrence is 12-16 yo for Boys and 10-14 yo for girls. The Epiphysis is shifted downwards compared to femoral neck. | Minor erratum | reject Agree with Connie. This is not HY information for step 1. the major point of the "teenage" is to know that usually seen with periods of growths (ie don't think this in an adult). So knowing the age for girls/boys again is pedantic for step 1. -Aida | Verified | Reject. UTD says mean age of presentation is 12 for girls and 13.5 in boys, slightly more common in boys. I don't think we need to give specifics on the direction of epiphyseal shift, and we clearly have a tilde before the 12 years of age, "~ 12-year-old," which I think is sufficient. -Connie https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-and-management-of-slipped-capital-femoral-epiphysis-scfe?search=slipped%20capital%20femoral%20epiphysis§ionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H4&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~35&display_rank=1#H4 | Agree with authors. More important to know about the main concept and that one should never miss this diagnosis, rather than the actual age range. No change to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/10/19 8:05 AM | Murli | Mishra | mmishra@sgu.edu | ||||||||||||
1179 | 453 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Childhood musculoskeletal conditions | ![]() | n/a | OrtolAni – A in ortolAni comes later – takes away – Abducts hip joint Barlow is Bad – Adducts – promotes dislocation | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 7:47 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1180 | 453 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Common musculoskeletal conditions | ![]() | not needed | the phrase "Patellofemoral" is highlighted in yellow ,I suggested removing the highlight , It's not in the book style. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. "Patellofemoral" is not highlighted in the text. -Connie | Reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/01/19 11:17 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
1181 | 453 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Common musculoskeletal conditions | ![]() | https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/compartment-syndrome/ https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/307668-clinical#b3 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3649580/ | In limb compartment syndrome , the text mension that "Presents with severe pain and tense, swollen compartments with limb flexion" and the references mension that the pain increases by stretching or using the involved muscles not by limb flexion | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 06/26/19 6:20 AM | Ra'ed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1182 | 453 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Fluid compartments | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/307668-overview#a6 | Add in the section "Limb compartment syndrome" a cause of it is severe thermal burns, treated with fasciotomy | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 08/07/19 7:06 PM | Judith A. | Vásquez | judith.vasquez.11@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1183 | 454 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Achondroplasia | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24419316 | not only endochondral ossification but also membranous ossification is severely affected in achondroplasia | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/04/19 11:35 AM | Osama Naser | Magableh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1184 | 455 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Necrosis | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-common-hip-fractures-in-adults?csi=460604c0-228b-4eef-9c7a-6c34ed932fc7&source=contentShare | In the text paragraph describing avascular necrosis of bone, you name the artery "medial circumflex femoral artery". But I'm the adjacent image, you name it "medial femoral circumflex artery". For continuity sake & to reduce potential confusion, I suggest both names be made the same. Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy 7th Edition calls it "Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery" on page 555. On the other hand, the linked UpToDate article calls it "Medial Femoral Circumflex Artery". So either way name works, as long as they're both the same. | Spelling/formatting | We could change this to keep consistency, but it is not urgent are it should not be part of the errata either. -Victor M. | ![]() | ![]() | 05/21/19 6:17 PM | Matthew | Taylor | mtaylor932@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1185 | 455 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Osteitis deformans | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | Paget disease --> 4 H's : Hat size , Hearing loss , High-output cardiac failure , High risk of osteosarcoma | Mnemonic | accept. Suggest 4 H's however suggest incorporating the pathophys of each manifestation with the text so the student understand why each happens (ie: hat size(thickening of skull)..) -Aida | Verified | Accept. All four H's are high yield associations that frequently come up in practice questions. -Zander | Accept. Agree with other authors. -MA | "High" risk is stretching the mnemonic a bit. It would be reasonable to include a mnemonic with 3 H's though. However, I'm inclined to reject, considering that this would mean that we need to reformat the entire fact in order to accomodate this mnemonic. It's easier to remember a mnemonic if there are just three words rather than sentences to remember. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/22/19 1:47 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||
1186 | 455 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Osteopetrosis | ![]() | http://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-73/issue-9/839.html | Also known as "Marble Bone Disease". was a question about in UWorld | High-yield addition to next year | accept. since we have an alternative name for pages as well, might as well add this. -Aida | Verified | Accept. This was addressed in one of the above sections too. -Zander | Duplicate. -MA | Reject. Step 1 has been moving away from eponyms and "nicknames" for diseases, so it is unlikely that this would be tested on Step 1. More important to know the presentation of the disease rather than the other names. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:59 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | |||||||||||
1187 | 456 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Primary bone tumors | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | osteoBlastoma : verteBrae , Big size( > 2cm) , Bad response to NSAIDS. | Mnemonic | partial. I think this mnemonic would need something like the "3B's" to work. -Aida | Verified | Reject. I think the mnemonic below would be a better way to integrate both osteoblastoma and osteoid osteoma. -Zander | Not very good IMHO. -MA | Reject, not that great. -VV | ![]() | ![]() | 01/22/19 1:49 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||
1188 | 456 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Primary bone tumors | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255364-overview | The Giant cell tumor is locally aggressive benign tumor in most cases but they have potential of metastasis (NCI as well as Robbins Pathology text book). The chances of metastasis to distant sites is 1-9% (Medscape) | Minor erratum | reject. Im unsure what the erratum is. Giant cell tumor is locally aggressive most commonly (what we currently have). a 1-9% chance is not most common aggressiveness. I think the HY information we have suffices for step 1 level of information. -Aida | Verified | Reject. Right now, the information we have is both HY and correct. I don't think we need to add the detail of 1-9% of metastasis. -Connie | Agree with authors. Reject -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/02/19 7:11 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1189 | 456 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Primary bone tumors | ![]() | Myself. | Osteoblastomas vs. Osteoid Osteomas. "osteoBlastomas are Bigger, Badder, and Backer than Osteoid Osteomas" Meaning= Bigger: Osteoblastomas (>2 cm vs. <2 cm=Osteois Os); Badder: OBs don't respond to Aspirin but OstOmas do respond; Backer: OsteoBs located in Vertebrae | Mnemonic | accept partially. I like the bigger and badder, but the backer doesn't make sense right away. I think this mnemonic can be improved upon by the mnemonic team since its important to distinguish osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma. Perhaps "The big, bad, osteoblastoma on the back". -Aida | Verified | Partial. Agree with Aida. The "backer" needs to be changed. Maybe "Bigger, Badder, in the Back". I think it could work if it is modified. It definitely helps differentiate two sometimes confusing bone tumors. - Zander | Not very good. Suggest rejecting. -MA | Reject. Not a fan. "Badder" and "Backer" are not really grammatically correct, and it probably would drive the OCD student insane lol. Would not recommend addition -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/17/19 6:54 PM | Alec | Hasty | alechasty2017@gmail.com | |||||||||||
1190 | 456 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Primary bone tumors | ![]() | page 638, table 24-1 , Rapid review Pathology (by Goljan) 4th edition | Giant cell tumor is mostly occur on Females. | Clarification to current text | This fact is not commonly tested. I wouldn't add. - Victor M. | ![]() | ![]() | 05/13/19 7:43 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1191 | 457 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Bone formation | ![]() | first Aid | Patrick Ewing plays for the Mesenchymal Magics, jersey number is 33(11+22), wears a small blue jersey and smells like onions after he plays | Mnemonic | Verified | Partial. There is another comment on annotate with a possibly pending mnemonic (Ew onion breath). This mnemonic incorporates the"small blue jersey" to indicate the small blue cells, which I like. -Zander | if we stick with the "patrick ewing's" jersey number mnemonic, I think this has potential. -Connie | Agree that this could possibly work. Please migrate to annotate for further workup. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/20/19 12:55 PM | Timothy | Blackwell | blackwelt7@rowan.edu | ||||||||||||
1192 | 457 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Primary bone tumors | ![]() | FA 2019 Page 457 | white arrow*s* in (F). | Spelling/formatting | Accept: Add "s" after arrows since there are many -Aida | Verified | Accept. Missing the pleural form in the text. -Zander | Accept. Change "arrow" to "arrows," 3rd column of Ewing Sarcoma entry for image F. -Connie | Replace "(white arrow in [F])" WITH "(white arrows in [F])" | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 1:33 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||
1193 | 457 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Primary bone tumors | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27265835 | Ewing sarcoma was originally thought to be neuroectodermal in origin but is now believed to arise from a mesenchymal stem cell. | Major erratum | Verified | Accept. This is true, origin was debated for a long time but it is believed to be mesenchymal in origin. Since we do include the origin, might as well make it correct. Change "neuroectodermal" to "mesenchymal." -Connie https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-staging-and-prognostic-factors-of-the-ewing-sarcoma-family-of-tumors?search=ewing%20sarcoma&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~93&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Agree to change. Under the Ewing sarcoma section, replace "neuroectodermal origin" WITH "mesenchymal origin" -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Maria Antonelli | agree- mesenchymal origin is now most more accepted. | Nathan Skelley | Agree | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 02/04/19 3:16 PM | Rad | Mona | mona.vahidirad@gmail.com | ||||||||
1194 | 457 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Primary bone tumors | ![]() | UW question #15635 | Ewing Sarcoma is of mesenchymal stem cell origin (previously thought to be neuroectodermal in origin) | Major erratum | Duplicate | Repeat | ![]() | ![]() | 02/05/19 2:43 PM | Manyle | Ahmed | ManyleAhmed@Gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1195 | 457 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Primary bone tumors | ![]() | Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page 775 | In the Picture , it shows that osteoid osteoma in mainly located in the diaphysis area , although the most common location for it is the metaphysis | Major erratum | It could be present at both locations. I'd keep current illustration as is. "In long bones, osteoid osteoma is more often situated in the cortico-diaphyseal or metaphyseal regions, but other localizations such as intramedullary, subperiosteal, epiphyseal or apophyseal have also been noted.6 It is very rare to have two osteoid osteomas in the same patient..." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6187004/ - Victor M | ![]() | ![]() | 06/09/19 8:18 AM | Ahmad Alkhatib | Ahmad Alkhatib | ahmadkatib93@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1196 | 457 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Primary bone tumors | ![]() | n/a | “Evil Giant ShARk Drowns and DiEs” Epiphysis – Giant Cell Tumor Metaphysis – osteoSARComa, osteochonDROma Diaphysis – Ewing sarcoma | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 7:49 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1197 | 457 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Primary bone tumors | ![]() | n/a | “Evil Giant with Multiple eyes Rests Inside a Bubble” Evil – Epiphysis Giant Cell Tumor Multinucleated – Multiple eyed Rests – RANKL expression (Rests - Benign) Bubble – Benign, Soap Bubble Appearance. Bisphosphonates, pg 457 Adverse effects of “–dronates” -droNECK- Esophagitis OsteoNECrosis of jaw. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 7:51 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1198 | 458 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hla-and-other-susceptibility-genes-in-rheumatoid-arthritis | Rheumatoid Arthritis is associated with HLA-DR4. However, it will be good to specify the gene locus HLA-DRB1 too. It will help reduce the confusion if question asks about gene locus. | High-yield addition to next year | reject. This is way to out of scope and likely to overwhelm medical students. -Aida | Verified | Reject. I think this is a little too much. I think, for the most part, when questions are asked about the HLA alleles, the HLA-DR4 is referenced. The RA section already has a lot of information and the extra tidbit is low yield. -Zander | Reject. Agree with other authors that this is LY. -MA | Reject, LY for purposes of Step 1. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/16/19 11:54 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | |||||||||||
1199 | 458 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis | ![]() | n/a | Hand joints affected by each type of arthritis: O, BRO starting from fingertips and moving proximally. DIP joints = O (osteoarthritis), PIP joints = B (both osteo and rheumatoid arthritis), MCP joints = R (rheumatoid arthritis), CMC joint of thumb = O (osteoarthritis). See figure for clarification. | Mnemonic | reject. since it requires explanation and not self explanatory with he suggested mneumonic. -Aida | Verified | Accept. I think this is better than the mnemonic that is currently in the text. The way you could write this out would be: "O, BRO to remember DIP, PIP, MCP, and CMC joints (distal --> proximal) affected by osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or both." -Zander | Reject. Agree with Aida that this is not a very good one. -MA | Reject, not a fan. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/17/19 4:31 PM | Elizabeth | Murray | elizabeth.murray@downstate.edu | |||||||||||
1200 | 458 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis | ![]() | none needed | PoDsteoarthritis = osteoarthritis affects the PIPs and DIPs | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. There was another mnemonic within the suggestions that was better. -Zander | Reject. Agree with Zander. -MA | Reject, would not recommend addition -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/29/19 11:42 AM | Natalie | Jansen | jansen7@uic.edu | ||||||||||||
1201 | 458 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis | ![]() | n/a | “Cycling and Smoking inside a 4-walled rheum, in the morning for >1 hr relieves her pain” Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies Smoking – risk factor 4-walled: HLA DR-4 Morning stiffness lasting > 1 hr, improved with use Her – Female risk factor | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 7:42 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1202 | 459 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Gout | ![]() | n/a | "Get OUT is an INDY film" i.e. treat gout with indomethacin | Mnemonic | reject. any NSAID is effective in treating gout, thus should not be distinguished. The exception is ASPRIN which should be avoided since its a salicylate and competes with uric acid for excretion. if we are to ad a mnemonic, suggest "Avoid Asprin in Acute Gout". -Aida | Verified | Reject. Unless you've seen the film hard to connect. Wont help the majority of people that havent seen the movie. -Zander | Reject. Agree with other authors. -MA | Reject. We do not use cultural references. Because of this, I had to reject a really good mnemonic about Harry Potter earlier, unfortunately. :( -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/17/19 4:26 PM | Elizabeth | Murray | elizabeth.murray@downstate.edu | |||||||||||
1203 | 459 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Gout | ![]() | https://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0401/p1799.html | Overproduction of uric acid largely is idiopathic and it is most important cause as mentioned in u wolrd qustion id 1450 | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 09/26/19 4:20 PM | Jamil | Noman | jamel.h2o.101@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1204 | 460 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/systemic-juvenile-idiopathic-arthritis-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=juvenile%20idiopathic%20arthritis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | According to UpToDate and Robbins, Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis is defined as systemic arthritis seen in <16 year olds, rather than <12 year olds. | Minor erratum | Accept. Both UpToDate and Medscape say 16 for the age. -Zander | Accept. Per UTD. -MA | Accept. Please change "12" to "16" -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/25/19 8:34 PM | Valerie | Chen | valerie4@illinois.edu | |||||||||||||
1205 | 461 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Seronegative spondyloarthritis | ![]() | not needed | the phrase "spondylarthritis" is highlighted in yellow ,I suggested removing the highlight , It's not in the book style. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. Nothing in this chapter is erroneously highlighted in yellow. -Connie | Reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/01/19 11:21 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
1206 | 461 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Seronegative spondyloarthritis | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/heel-pain-in-the-active-child-or-skeletally-immature-adolescent-overview-of-causes; https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-differential-diagnosis-of-axial-spondyloarthritis-ankylosing-spondylitis-and-nonradiographic-axial-spondyloarthritis-in-adults | add that "Enthesitis presents as heel pain" | High-yield addition to next year | "reject. Enthesitis can lead to pain at the location at which the ligament or tendon is inflamed at its insertion point.So the only way this would make sense if we said Achilles enthesitis or plantar fascia enthesitis. Just associating enthesitis with heel pain is misleading bc if the student can't reason out that the term means pain at an insertion point (ie: heel pain or achilles aren't there), they may miss the question. another example is ankylosing arthritis and the SI pain because of enthesitis at the SI joint. -Aida" | Verified | Reject. Enthesitis doesnt just refer to heel pain. -Zander | Reject. Agree with other authors. -MA | Reject, text fine as is. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 12:48 PM | Ralph | Zeitoun | riz07@mail.aub.edu | |||||||||||
1207 | 461 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Seronegative spondyloarthritis | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5369321/ https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/reactive-arthritis/ | Reactive arthritis can cause Scaroiliitis in 20% of cases | High-yield addition to next year | Not HY enough to be included. -Victor M. | ![]() | ![]() | 05/15/19 7:35 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1208 | 462 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Systemic lupus erythematosus | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000991209290354U?via%3Dihub # https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3561694/ | drug induced lupus : autoantibodies to nuclear histone present in 95% of cases, less renal and neural symptoms | High-yield addition to next year | accept. We actually have this in the immune section, but suggest adding it to the SLE section too for reinforcement. -Aida | Verified | Defer to 2020. - Vivek | Now 2020 Deferring to editor but leaning towards rejecting I know this is important, but we cover autoantibodies in the immuno chapter page 115. Looking at the MSK chapter entry on lupus, we concentrate on msk findings, but we don't talk about the autoantibodies. I think drug-induced lupus is a very immunological phenomenon, and fits well in the immuno chapter. Here, we already don't talk about autoantibodies in specific, and we don't talk about drug-induced lupus at all, and I thinking pulling in drug-induced lupus anti-histone antibodies would just be out of place. -Connie | Reject. The autoantibodies table is more appropriate for drug-induced lupus. The most important fact to know is that it is associated with anti-histone antibodies, which is covered in the immunoc chapter. Would not recommend discussing this in the SLE fact, which is already a pretty busy fact. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/19/19 2:46 PM | ahamd | Obeidat | obeidat.amd@hotmail.com | |||||||||||
1209 | 462 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Systemic lupus erythematosus | ![]() | Mnemonic | Libman Sacks Endocarditis, LSE can stand for Lupus-Sterile Endocarditis | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/12/19 3:04 PM | Alec | Egan | Alec.c.egan@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1210 | 463 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Fibromyalgia | ![]() | n/a | Perimysial inflammation and atrophy with CD 4+ T cells (“D” for Dermatomyositis = 4) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 7:35 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1211 | 463 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Neuromuscular junction diseases | ![]() | https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjx4_mah5HgAhUMTY8KHeDZC7wQFjAAegQIChAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uptodate.com%2Fcontents%2Flambert-eaton-myasthenic-syndrome-treatment-and-prognosis&usg=AOvVaw3o4iXbgW-ZZND2oy_ugYdP | FDA approved Amifampridine (oral potassium channel blocker) as the first drug for the treatment of Lambert Eaton syndrome. | High-yield addition to next year | accept. We would have to rework the entry to include treatments in addition to response to AchE inhibitor administration. I think we should also explain how it works because it has a tie with ach (K blocker--> prolonged membrane depol-->enhanced Ca -->released Ach) If we do , the student can reason out the answer choices if they don't see the drug name (ie pick answer choice that has K blocker, prolong membrane depol etc). -Aida | Verified | Accept. Although I wouldn't use Amifampridine, but instead, 3-4 diaminopyridine. I cant remember if this came up as an answer for step 1 studying, however, it was definitely a distractor. I think we could format it similar to the MG treatment. I.e under the "AChE inhibitor administration" section for LEMS put "Minimal effect (3-4 diaminopyridine for treatment" -Zander | Agree with other authors. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 01/28/19 1:08 PM | Kirti | Juneja | anil_kumarans@yahoo.co.in | |||||||||||||
1212 | 463 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Neuromuscular junction diseases | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | Myasthenia gravis is associated with Thymus (MYAsTHenia >> THYMus) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/09/19 12:45 PM | Faris | Binyousef | faris-v@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1213 | 463 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Neuromuscular junction diseases | ![]() | N/A | (L)ambert-(E)aton = (L)ung cancer, pr(E)synaptic channels | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/19/19 1:50 PM | Audrey | Hunt | ahunt01@nyit.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1214 | 463 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Polymyositis/dermatomyositis | ![]() | First Aid | Dermatomyositis is CD4 mediated. D is the 4th letter of the alphabet. | Mnemonic | reject. this isn't a mnemonic. -Aida | Verified | This is already integrated into a note on annotate from last year. -Zander | I don't love it, but it's in a note on annotate and we can address it there. -Connie | Already on annotate. Let's work up there. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/04/19 7:51 PM | Mohammed | Vohra | kehan.vohra@gmail.com | |||||||||||
1215 | 463 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Polymyositis/dermatomyositis | ![]() | mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polymyositis | Poly and Jo sip on Mai Tais [polymyositis/dermatomyositis anti-Jo anti-SRP on anti-Mi-2] | Mnemonic | Verified | Not good. -MA | Reject. Not a big fan of this. -Zander | Eh, not that great. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/19/19 4:48 PM | Myanna | Olsen | myannaolsen@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1216 | 463 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Polymyositis/dermatomyositis | ![]() | me | derm4tomyositis ⇒ TCD4+ mediated damage vs p8lymyositis ⇒ TCD8+ mediated damage. | Mnemonic | Verified | Partial. Sometimes throwing numbers in words is surprisingly helpful to remember things. I could go either way on this. -Zander | Not inclined to accept. dermatomyositis also contains an "O" which in the state of taking the test, could lead to confusion. Would not recommend addition -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/24/19 8:22 PM | Nicolas | Curi Gawlinski | nicolascurii@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1217 | 466 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy | Dermatologic macroscopic terms | ![]() | https://courses.washington.edu/hubio567/lang/vesicle.html | The text mentions vesicle<1cm and Bulla>1cm. However several references mentions Vesicle size < 0.5 cm and Bulla size > 0.5 cm | Minor erratum | agree with connie , in exam they are not testing exact size. but still it is controversial thing ( because according to harrison bar to differentiate is 0.5cm) ~ parth | Verified | Reject. The gold standard for derm (Bolognia, pg 4 in 2017 ed) agrees with us. Also won't be testing to exact size on step 1, students just need to know that vesicles are small and bulla are larger to help them figure out the diagnosis (vesicles-herpes, bulla-pemphigoid) -Connie | This is nitty gritty details that I highly doubt would be tested on Step 1. More important to know the difference between the two. Would not recommend changes to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/17/19 12:49 PM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1218 | 466 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Anatomy | Dermatologic macroscopic terms | ![]() | http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/skinnontumoracanthosisnigricans.html | Orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis (NOT ACTUALLY ACANTHOSIS ) and papillomatosis of stratum spinosum | Minor erratum | Verified | Disagree. Text is fine as is. No change recommended. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/13/19 7:26 PM | rup | kun | rupayan.kundu1928@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1219 | 466 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Dermatologic macroscopic terms | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=DERM%2F70809 | The image letter C seems to be referring to a nevus currently but the image shows an acne pustule (as seen in attached reference), so the letter C should be moved after acne. | Minor erratum | Verified | Accept. I don't think the lettering needs to be moved, but possibly the image changed to a photo better representing a nevus..? I feel like it may be helpful to have a more classic appearing nevus instead of the picture that is currently there. -Zander | Reject! What? The picture we have is about as classic of a picture of an intradermal nevus on the face as you can find. It is most definitely not a comedone. This is a classic appearing nevus that fulfills the criteria of "papule" that we are trying to give an example of. Step1 isn't going to require students to differentiate between nevi subtypes, but they do need to know what a papule is, and this is a great example. -Connie | Reject, image is fine as is. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/04/19 6:21 PM | Ahmed | Noor | aan10@duke.edu | ||||||||||||
1220 | 466 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Dermatologic microscopic terms | ![]() | http://www.pathwaymedicine.org/psoriasis | Add "psoriasis" to examples of acanthosis. This is a tested concept in UWorld question ID 15408 | Clarification to current text | Accept. Under page 466 acanthosis nigrans is the only thing listed. We should add psoriasis. On page 468 of FA it even has acanthosis in the description. -Zander | Accept. Agree with user and Zander. -MA | Sure. Please add "psoriasis" as an example of acanthosis. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/20/19 11:15 AM | Courtney | Connelly | courtneyconnelly6@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1221 | 468 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Common skin disorders | ![]() | I have seen this mentioned in other resources including Pathoma and Boards & Beyond. I will include this paper from Nature as well as an earlier characterization of this association published in the American Journal of Human Genetics. (1) https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.694 (2) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16642438 | Psoriasis has been found to be associated with HLA-C | High-yield addition to next year | Accept. We already have HLA-C listed on page 100 in FA 2019 immune chapter(and we only listed psoriasis). However, suggest also listing HLA-C in the psoriasis entry in MSK chapter too for reinforcement. -Aida | Verified | Accept. I know the page is already cluttered, yet it may be nice to reinforce this HLA association again under the psoriasis section. -Zander | Defer to editor but leaning towards reject. This page is SO cluttered, and we cover HLA associations so well in immuno. -Connie | I'm inclined to reject. Honestly, the it's so cluttered, here and we have a nice table with such great mnemonics in the immuno chapter, that it is better suited to be addressed there rather than here. Would not recommend addition -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/24/19 10:13 PM | Mackenzie | Madison | madisonm@iu.edu | |||||||||||
1222 | 468 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pathology | Common skin disorders | ![]() | not needed | Urticaria : Also known as Hives | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 07/05/19 3:05 PM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1223 | 468 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Common skin disorders | ![]() | n/a | eGGzema – mutations in filaGGrin gene. Psoriasis, pg 468 “SILVER Screening of Marilyn MUNRO’s – ‘PARAdise cove’ in AUStralia” SILVERy plaques Increased Stratum Spinosum MUNRO microabscesses PARAkeratosis AUSpitz sign. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 7:38 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1224 | 468 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Common skin disorders | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5718124/ | Please consider adding that spicy food exacerbate rosacea symptoms. This is tested in Nbme. | High-yield addition to next year | We could add for the next edition. - Victor M. | ![]() | ![]() | 07/22/19 6:10 PM | Leshlie | De la Torre Mendoza | ldelatorre28@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1225 | 469 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Vascular tumors of skin | ![]() | https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6234/cystic-hygroma | cystic hygroma - cavernous lymphangioma of the neck,assoiated with turner syndrome | Major erratum | Accept. Im not sure why this entry was removed? | Verified | Reject. This entry was deleted based on studies showing that cystic hygromas are not technically a vascular tumor. It's been consolidated and included in the Turner syndrome page. Would not recommend readdition. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | Maria Antonelli | they are not really vascular tumors; they are a lymphatic collection. (a bit of semantics; where does one draw the line between vascular stuff and lymph stuff?!). | Nathan Skelley | I have no input on this topic. I agree with Antonelli though--it's a fuzzy line. | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 10:00 PM | Reena | Medicherla | reena.medi@gmail.com | |||||||||
1226 | 469 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Vascular tumors of skin | ![]() | n/a | “ANGry Baby ShARk in SEA of VirginiA (VA)” ANGioSARcoma Breast – Chronic postmastectomy lymphadenopathy Sunexposed areas-Elderly-Aggressive Vinyl chloride - Arsenic. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 7:40 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1227 | 470 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Skin infections | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/910570-workup | The histologic picture of Molluscum Contagiosum cytoplasmic bodies is very high yield to know for step1 | High-yield addition to next year | reject. IMHO the macroscopic and skin manefistation is more HY that histo. The diagnosis is based on clinical exam, and very rarely would you need biopsy/histo. I don't recall ever learning histo for MC like other virus (ex: owls eyes cytomegalovirus) -Aida | Verified | Reject. Agree with Aida. If this were to be added, it should be put under the microbiology section if anything. -Zander | Reject. Agree with other authors that this is likely LY. -MA | Nah, not as HY. It's more important to recognize the image than the histology. Would not recommend addition -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/10/19 11:33 AM | Elmira | Taghi Zadeh | elmira.taghizadeh9@gmail.com | |||||||||||
1228 | 470 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Skin infections | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788199-overview ALSO SEE Vivian H Chu, MD, MHS. Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. https://www.uptodate.com (Accessed on February 24, 2019.) | The majority of clinically reported cases of Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome are due to S. aureus | Minor erratum | ?? Doesn't the name imply its by Staph? -Aida | Verified | Partial. This fact is already mentioned within the microbiology section. I understand they want to clarify SSSS is due to S aureus (instead of epiderm or sapro), however, not sure it needs to be reiterated. -Zander | Reject. Agree with Aida. -MA | Great point Aida lol. Would not recommend addition -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/24/19 9:42 PM | Diane | Vasquez | divasque89@gmail.com | |||||||||||
1229 | 470 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Skin infections | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/oral-leukoplakia?search=hairy%20leukoplakia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~138&usage_type=default&display_rank=2 | It is inferred that Hairy Leukoplakia is non-cancerous by the last sentence of "Contrast with thrush (scrapable) and leukoplakia (precancerous)", but it is not stated that hairy leukoplakia is not pre-cancerous, as it is stated that it cannot be scraped away. Possibly add after "cannot be scraped off", "not-precancerous". Then the last sentence would be more clear. | Clarification to current text | accept. We do not mention that hairy leukoplakia(a subtype of leukoplakia which is benign and self limiting) is non-cancerous.-Aida | Verified | Accept, this entry could be clarified, it is extremely confusing right now. Suggest some variation of: "Irregular, white, painless plaques on lateral tongue that cannot be scraped off [J]. EBV mediated. Benign. Occurs in HIV-positive patients, organ transplant recipients. Contrast with thrush (scrapable) and leukoplakia (non-scrapable but precancerous). -Connie | Agree, please add in per Connie. I just made some changes to fit the format of the text: Benign. Irregular, white, painless plaques on lateral tongue that cannot be scraped off [J]. EBV mediated. Occurs in HIV-positive patients, organ transplant recipients (contrast with thrush [scrapable] and leukoplakia [non-scrapable but precancerous]). -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/28/19 9:51 AM | Dylan | Erwin | derwin@smu.edu | ||||||||||||
1230 | 470 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Skin infections | ![]() | not needed | in Necrotizing fasciitis --> violaceous color of bullae *and* surrounding skin | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 07/06/19 4:53 AM | Ra'ed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1231 | 471 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Autoimmune blistering skin disorders | ![]() | First Aid | Vulgar words come from the mouth so there's oral involvement | Mnemonic | Accept! Thats very clever! Suggest something less wordy is possible. -Aida | Verified | Accept. The heading could highlight the vulgar in vulgaris red. Within the section we could add "Vulgar words come from the mouth = oral involvement" and again highlight the vulgar red. Although a little wordy it helps to remember one of the key differentiating factors between PV and BP. -Zander | Accept I like Zander's shortening, it's much better. -Connie | Please add Zander's shortened version to annotate. Highlight "vulgar" in red and in the next column say "Vulgar language = oral involvement" -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/11/19 2:56 PM | Hsinyu | Yin | hsinyu94@hotmail.com | |||||||||||
1232 | 471 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Autoimmune blistering skin disorders | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-pemphigus?search=pemphigus%20vulgaris&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~43&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Pemphigus vulgaris always has desmoglein-3 antibodies with or without desmoglein-1. However, it cannot be desmoglein 1 without desmoglein 3 as that would be a different entity (pemphigus foliaceous) | Minor erratum | accept. Currently we have ".. antibodies against desmoglein-1 and /or desmoglein 3." suggest instead reversing the two so it reads " desmoglein 3 and/or desmoglien-1" -Aida | Verified | Accept. Desmoglein-3 is the primary target antigen of pemphigus vulgaris. 1+3 is the mucosal form. Just 1 pemphigus foliaceous. I think we can just include desmoglein-3, or change it to desmoglein-3 (and sometimes also desmoglein-1). Aida is correct but I don't think reversing 3 and 1 would be best, since the "and/or" still makes the possibility of desmoglein-1 antibodies to cause vulgaris. -Connie | agree with Connie. Richard Usatine | Agree can probably defer to main cycle but agree that the text needs to be modified. Replace "desmoglein-1 and/or desmoglein-3" WITH "desmoglein-3 (sometimes also desmoglein-1) -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Maria Antonelli | agree with the rewording DMG-3 (and sometimes DMG-1) rather than swapping and/or since it's technically not correct. | Nathan Skelley | Not in my scope of practice. | ![]() | ![]() | 01/29/19 1:14 PM | Julian | Maamari | julian.maamari@lau.edu | |||||||
1233 | 471 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Autoimmune blistering skin disorders | ![]() | Mnemonic | To remember which skin blistering disorders stimulate specific IgG vs IgA antibodies, just look at the letters in the name of each disease. DermAtitis herpetiformis produces specific IgA antibodies, while bullous pemphiGoid and pemphiGus vulGaris both produce specific IgG antibodies (don’t let the lone “A” in “vulgaris” fool you; “pemphigus vulgaris” has two “G”s to emphasize production of IgG antibodies). | Mnemonic | partial. I think had there been 2 A's in dermatitis herptiformis it would you reinforced it more (since the Pemphigoid and pemphigus Vulgars have the redundant G's). -Aida | Verified | Reject. I personally think it's a bit of a stretch. -Zander | Reject The A in vulgaris not counting but the A in dermatitis herpetiformis counting throws it off completely for me. When it's arbitrary letters, might as well just memorize the fact over complicating it. -Connie | Reject, the mnemonic is too complicated. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/08/19 1:16 PM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | |||||||||||
1234 | 471 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Autoimmune blistering skin disorders | ![]() | Mnemonic | In order to remember characteristics about Pemphigus vulgaris, you can think "She 'said' it would be '2' 'vulgar' to wear 'fishnet tights' to the 'cemetery.'" This mnemonic allows you to remember that pemphigus vulgaris is a type II hypersensitivity reaction (2), it involves oral mucosa (said), it has a reticular/net-like pattern on immunofluorescence (fishnet tights), and that the acantholysis resembles a "row of tombstones" on H&E stain (cemetery). | Mnemonic | Verified | Pretty good! it hits all the major HY points and puts it into a nice story. Especially if we still want the story mnemonics, I say, accept! -Connie | Accept, please migrate to annotate. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/23/19 6:46 PM | Amer | Mohiuddin | amemohiu@iu.edu | |||||||||||||
1235 | 471 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Autoimmune blistering skin disorders | ![]() | FA 19 p. 471, mnemonic | *Vulgar* words come out of your *mouth*, pemphigus *vulgar*is may involve *oral* mucosa | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/10/19 4:26 PM | Elan | Baskir | ebask003@fiu.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1236 | 471 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Other blistering skin disorders | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-pathogenesis-classification-and-clinical-features-of-epidermolysis-bullosa | Include information about epidermolysis bullosa, which is one of the topics specifically mentioned in the USMLE content outline (https://www.usmle.org/pdfs/usmlecontentoutline.pdf, page 12). I think mentioning that the simplex type is the most common, involves blisters in areas of trauma or mechincal stress, and involves an autosomal dominant mutation in keratin genes. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Partial. I know the goal is to minimize very low yield info and I feel like this falls under that category. Although it isn't mentioned at all in the text (to my knowledge), so maybe a small section would be nice..? Interested to hear other thoughts on this. -Zander | This is LY. Looking at the PDF the student attached, it says, "This outline provides a common organization of content across all USMLE examinations. Each Step exam will emphasize certain parts of the outline, and no single examination will include questions on all topics in the outline." I've never seen this tested on Step 1, but if someone can find it in UW or NBME, we can add it. -Connie | Reject. Epidermolysis is actually not really tested on Step 1. I remember being surprised by this fact, considering that it was frequently tested on my med school exams. I have never really seen it tested on Step 1. Would not recommend addition to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/10/19 8:26 PM | Max | Yudovich | max.yudovich@osumc.edu | ||||||||||||
1237 | 471 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Other blistering skin disorders | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27656858 | Stevens-Johnson Syndrome + Nikolsky Sign occurs via different mechanism (necrosis of all epidermal layers, which causes dermal-epidermal detachment) than + Nikolsky Sign in Pemphigus Vulgaris (anti-desmeoglein), and - Nikolsky Sign in Bullous Pemphigoid (anti-hemidesmosome which causes dermal-epidermal detachment). | Clarification to current text | Reject. LY for Step 1. -MA | Reject. Agree that it's a little too in depth/low yield for step 1. -Zander | Reject. Not HY for purposes of Step 1. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/02/19 4:56 PM | Benjamin | Sarac | bsarac19@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1238 | 472 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Burn classification | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/classification-of-burn-injury | Burns have largely been reclassified from first, second, third, and fourth degree to a system reflecting need for surgical intervention. They are now classified as: superficial (previously first degree), superficial partial-thickness, deep partial-thickness, full thickness, and fourth degree. The 2019 FA text does not differentiate superficial partial-thickness and deep partial-thickness burns (e.g., superficial partial-thickness does NOT scar where deep partial-thickness DOES scar) and does not mention fourth degree burns, which extend into fascia and/or muscle and never heal unless surgically treated. (See Table 1 and Figure 1 in source link for complete descriptions.) | High-yield addition to next year | This is a deferred comment already on annotate. I agree this is a change we need to make this year. -Connie | Agree. Since it is already on annotate, not necessary to migrate this comment. Will reject, therefore. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/23/19 11:00 AM | Joseph | Huntley | huntleyjh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1239 | 472 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Miscellaneous skin disorders | ![]() | n/a | Lichen grows on GRANite = Lichen planus results in increased thickness (growth) of the stratum GRANulosum. | Mnemonic | accept. It makes sense. -Aida | Verified | Not very good. -MA | Reject, not really a fan. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/22/19 10:20 AM | Elizabeth | Murray | elizabeth.murray@downstate.edu | ||||||||||||
1240 | 472 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Miscellaneous skin disorders | ![]() | n/a | I believe a comprehensive table of the "erythemas" such as erythema migrans, marginatum should be included in the dermatology section. This would help put all of them in a concise place. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 05/20/19 5:50 PM | Lexie | Gibson | lexiegibs@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1241 | 473 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Skin cancer | ![]() | - | Basal cell carcinoma : rolled borders ( Ball-like), Telangiectasias ( Blood vessels), Palisading Nuclei ( Balisading), Bink+Bearly | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/07/19 1:05 PM | Ahmad Y. | Obeidat | Obeidat.amd@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1242 | 473 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Dermatology | Skin cancer | ![]() | - | Squamous cell CA: Sunlight, Suppressed immunity, Sinuses, arSenic | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/07/19 1:09 PM | Ahmad Y. | Obeidat | Obeidat.amd@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1243 | 474 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | Arachidonic acid pathways | ![]() | Myself | Non-selective NSAID mnemonic: KIDIN i.e. Ketorolac, Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Indomethacin, Naproxen | Mnemonic | partial. I think the mnemonic needs to be catchy. If the KIDIN was a phrase that would elude to the non-selective NSAIDS (similar to Hypertensive Moms Love Nifidepine..) then i could see it helping. Otherwise, the recall of KIDIN and association with Non-selective NSAIDs is not grossly apparent with the current state of the mnemonic. -Aida | Verified | Not very good. -MA | Reject, not really important to know the selective vs non-selective NSAIDs. Would not recommend addition. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/02/19 8:28 PM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1244 | 474 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | Arachidonic acid pathways | ![]() | Not needed | all prostaglandin agonists have "PROST" in their name short for PROSTaglandin or PROSTacyclin; to make "prost" in RED. Same for "LEU" or "LUK" in LEUKotrienes antagonists. Makes it easier to remember | Mnemonic | reject. self explanatory and thus not needed. -Aida | Verified | Reject, way too self explanatory to need mnemonic treatment. -Connie | Reject, too much explanation needed. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 6:50 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
1245 | 474 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | Arachidonic acid pathways | ![]() | not needed | Zileuton is Leukotriene synthesis inhibitor | Spelling/formatting | Current diagram is correct. -Victor M. | ![]() | ![]() | 07/13/19 8:10 AM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1246 | 474 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | Arachidonic acid pathways | ![]() | RX QID 1991.11 Prednisone-glucocorticoide complex recetor | Prednisone is listed in the index (FA 2019) but it is not explained at all in the text under arachidonic pathway. Rx asked question (QID 1991.11)on this particular drug and explained as "Prednisone acts as an agonist, passing through the plasma membrane and binding to the intracellular glucocorticoid receptor. The prednisone-glucocorticoid receptor complex then travels into the nucleus, where it binds to inverted DNA repeats, causing activation or suppression of specific genes and leading to apoptosis of immature lymphocytes. The prednisone-glucocorticoid receptor complex also leads to the production of anti-inflammatory proteins and suppresses cytokine synthesis. Prednisone also suppresses neutrophil migration and inhibits the production of cyclooxygenase-2". Please just update this info under the Arachidonic pathway | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 08/18/19 11:39 AM | Uroosa | Mazhar | uroosam@auamed.net | |||||||||||||||||
1247 | 474 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | Arachidonic acid pathways | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/prostacyclin | Mnemonic: WIDE-Vasodilation is the Widening of blood vessels and PGI2, PGD2, and PGE2 are all prostacyclins and prostaglandins that promote vasodilation or "widening" of blood vessels. In red would be W from Widening, I from PGI2, D from PGD2, and E from PGE2. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/23/19 9:08 AM | William | Bloom | william.bloom3993@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1248 | 475 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | Aspirin | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8397891 | Under side effects of Aspirin, tinnitus is listed. In parenthesis it says CN 7. However, the tinnitus is due to CN 8. | Minor erratum | Accept Agree with Connie. I have listed another source that also says its due to CN VIII. source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8397891 -Aida | Verified | Yes accept. Current text says CN VII which is incorrect. Source provided by reader is correct, and attaching another more recent source below. In brief, the motor part of CN VII controls facial muscles, and the sensory part conveys taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. CN VIII is the vestibulocochlear nerve, and true to its name, it transmits sound and equilibrium information. CN VII does not have any functions in hearing or balance. Suggest, "tinnitus (CN VIII)" -Connie https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341117/ | agree. Richard Usatine | Agree. I changed to a minor erratum classification. Under Aspirin Adverse Effects section, replace "tinnitus (CN VI)" WITH "tinnitus (CN VIII)" -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Maria Antonelli | agree with change which is correct. | Nathan Skelley | Agree with change. | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 12/22/18 9:46 PM | Jerrin | Bawa | jerrin.bawa@gmail.com | ||||||
1249 | 475 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | Aspirin | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948907-overview | in adverse effect part, after the word "tinnitus", CN VII should be corrected as: CN VIII | Major erratum | Duplicate | ![]() | ![]() | 01/02/19 10:30 PM | Elmira | Taghi zadeh | elmira.taghizadeh9@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1250 | 475 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | Aspirin | ![]() | N/A | tinnitus would be caused by CN VIII instead of CN VII | Minor erratum | Duplicate | Already addressed above, comment 15 -Connie | ![]() | ![]() | 01/19/19 4:18 PM | Prarthana | Patel | oprarthana@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||||
1251 | 475 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | Aspirin | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8397891 | under adverse effect of aspirin, there is tinnitus with CN VII inside bracket when infact it must be CNVIII | Major erratum | Duplicate- Victor M. | Duplicate. MA | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 10:14 AM | Manjil | Basnet | basnetmanjil@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1252 | 475 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | Aspirin | ![]() | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224899177_Salicylate_toxicity_model_of_tinnitus | Tinnitus experienced with high doses of Aspirin is mediated via CN VIII, not via CN VII as stated in the FirstAid 2019 Edition | Major erratum | Duplicate. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 06/27/19 10:19 AM | Maximilian | Vetter | maximilian.vetter@stud.pmu.ac.at | ||||||||||||||||
1253 | 475 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | Bisphosphonates | ![]() | Firs Aid itselft | Highlight the suffix "dronate" as it is common suffix to bisphophonates | Mnemonic | reject. We don't always highlight repeating suffixes throughout the book. The times where we have done this is when its of utmost importance to distinguish classes of drugs as seen with the antiviral HIV protease inhibitors /integrase inhibitors.. etc. We don't really do this with for example, benzo's and "zepam" in the neurosection either. So unlikely to add to the MSK chapter since bisphosphonates names are so distinct from other MSK drugs. -Aida | Verified | Reject. Doesn't adhere to standard formatting for this book. -Connie | Reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/02/19 9:01 PM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1254 | 475 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | Drug names | ![]() | https://www.evenityhcp.com/?gclid=CjwKCAjw-ITqBRB7EiwAZ1c5UwliFfHEPH0EPv9lTNs1t3eUIkfQZI43VGF6jh48bi66arujwmsn-hoCBaMQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds | A new FDA approved drug to treat osteoporosis - Romosozumab (EVENITY). Mechanism: Romosozumab is a human monoclonal antibody that binds sclerostin. Clinical use: women with severe osteoporosis. Adverse effects: potential risk of MI, stroke and CV death. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 07/31/19 8:28 PM | Pavel | Aksionav | pavlusha_aksenov@mail.ru | |||||||||||||||||
1255 | 475 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | ![]() | myselft | NSAID mnemonic: KID IN My Picture i.e. Ketorolac, Ibuprofen, Diclfenac, Indomethacin, Naproxen, Meloxicam, Piroxicam | Mnemonic | reject. I think a mnemonic that has more information (ie: reversible NSAIDS and KIDIN) is more helpful than list of NSAIDS(similar to what we have Prevent a Painful Flare for "chronic gout drugs" Provenecid, Allopurinol, Pegloticase, Febuxostate). -Aida | Verified | Reject. Not HY enough to warrant a mnemonic -VV | ![]() | ![]() | 02/02/19 8:49 PM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1256 | 475 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | Pharmacokinetics | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8397891 | in asprin side effects: tinnitus (CN VII) but it's VIII not VII | Minor erratum | repeat comment -Aida | Verified | Duplicate. -MA | Addressed above already. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/21/19 8:21 AM | nehal | khalid | nehalnasser55@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1257 | 476 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | Gout drugs | ![]() | https://www.ebmconsult.com/articles/allopurinol-azathioprine-interaction-mechanism-wbc | Text says "increase concentrations of xanthine oxidase active metabolites, azathioprine, and 6-MP.". This text is confusing. It should be replaced by "Increases the concentrations of drugs metabolized by xanthine oxidase e.g. 6-MP (and it's prodrug Azathioprine) and increases the potential toxicity of these drugs if their concentration is not reduced" | Clarification to current text | reject This makes the text wordy and the text conveys the information well. -Aida | Reject. The current text doesn't say either "increase" or "increases," it's an up arrow. The current text is correct, inhibiting xanthine oxidase increases its metabolites (azathioprine and 6-mp). The reader's suggestion implies that 6-mp and azathioprine are drugs metabolized by xanthine oxidase. The second part of the sentence is superfluous. -Connie | Both are correct. However, I feel current text is slightly confusing at the first look. Because we are not illustrating here that these two drugs are metabolized by XO. I recommend the following clarification to the text during FAS2020 revision: [up arrow] concentrations of drugs metabolized by xanthine oxidase eg, azathioprine, and 6-MP. - Vivek | Agree, not inclined to make any changes to the text. No changes recommended. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/12/19 7:07 PM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1258 | 476 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | Gout drugs | ![]() | Mnemonic | Febu-XO-STAT. - makes Xanthine Oxidase STATic | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. I really like this one. Simple to understand and remember. -Zander | Accept, this definitely works. -Connie | Accept, please add to annotate. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/20/19 9:24 PM | Lokesh | goyal | lkh.lokesh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1259 | 476 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | Gout drugs | ![]() | - | PRobenecid : Prevent Reabsorption | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 09/29/19 4:15 AM | ahmad | Obeidat | Obeidat.amd@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1260 | 476 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | Teriparatide | ![]() | Mnemonic | You can remember that Teriparatide is a recombinant PTH analog by thinking, "Teri'PARA'tide is an analog of 'PARA'thyroid hormone (PTH)." | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. Very simple addition to the text. Makes it easy to remember too. -Zander | It's good but we cannot add mnemonic treatment to fact titles per FA style. -MA | Agree, we can't add to the fact title. Would not recommend addition -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/20/19 10:59 AM | Amer | Mohiuddin | amemohiu@iu.edu | ||||||||||||
1261 | 476 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | Teriparatide | ![]() | n/a | To remember teriparatide is contraindicated in Paget disease, remember it its TERrible in Pagets (TERIPAratide) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/20/19 5:57 PM | Lexie | Gibson | lexiegibs@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1262 | 476 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | Teriparatide | ![]() | Made this up myself | TeREPAIRaTIDE for REPAIRing bone(via osteoblasts) and TIDE for pulsatile fashion (like tides of an ocean) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 06/15/19 10:30 AM | Danny | Ibrahim | dsi00199@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||||
1263 | 476 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | ![]() | Pharmacology | TNF-α inhibitors | ![]() | not needed | it is easier to memorize them as "Infliximab, certolizumab, adalimumab, golimumab" | Spelling/formatting | It does not add extra value. Keep as is. - Victor M. | ![]() | ![]() | 07/13/19 7:40 AM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1264 | 478 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Embryology | Regional specification of developing brain | ![]() | N/A | "Tell Diane, Messi met my mother." A mnemonic for Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, and myelencephalon. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 11/12/19 4:55 PM | Wenyu | Deng | wenyu.deng128@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1265 | 479 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Embryology | Holoprosencephaly | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815046/ | Trisonomy 18 accounts for 1-2% cases of holoprosencephaly. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. This is true but not HY. Langman's Medical Embryology mentions only trisomy 13 and I have seen holoprosencephaly in a baby with trisomy 13 which is what we reference in FA. -Kaitlyn | Agree to reject -YK | Agree, not HY for purposes of Step 1. Reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/14/19 9:32 PM | Jason | Tegethoff | tegethoffjason@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1266 | 479 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Embryology | Neural tube defects | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/311113-overview | It says spina bifida occulta is failure of the caudal neuropore to close, however the defect is in the vertebral arches, not the neuropore. The most severe form of spina bifida (spina bifida with rachischisis) is caused by a failure of the caudal neuropore to close, not spina bifida occulta. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/02/19 3:01 PM | Halee | Einfeld | raxorium@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1267 | 480 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Embryology | Posterior fossa malformations | ![]() | Self-produced | Chiari 1 Malformation - Number '1' looks like a SYRINGE pointing up. It's associated with Syringomyelia. Also, usually symptomatic when you become '1' independent adult. // Chiari 2 malformation - 2 structures - vermis, tonsils + '2M's' MyeloMeningocele. // Dandy-Walker - Everything isn't 'fine and dandy' when you can't 'WALK' down cerebellar vermis path. Because it hasn't formed! | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/27/19 6:57 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1268 | 480 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Embryology | Posterior fossa malformations | ![]() | . | Dany-(W)alker malformation : w = 2 v's - - - - - > ventricle, vermis | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 4:59 PM | Maarouf Gorra | Alnafouri | Karemgoora@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1269 | 480 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Embryology | Syringomyelia | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2078323/ | As the disease progresses, syringomyelia can affect the anterior horns (LMN symptoms), which leads to SCOLIOSIS (due to paresis of paravertebral bodies). **"teenager w/scoliosis + loss of pain/temp in cape-like distribution" is a common presentation in board questions | High-yield addition to next year | This is true and I agree high yield. we could write one sentence which should still fit on the page. The image will need to be modified to show expansion into the ventral horns. -Kaitlyn | I was unaware of this association, but it makes sense! The more you know...Agree with Kaitlyn that the image should be updated to show involvement of the ventral horns. -Zander | ![]() | ![]() | 03/18/19 9:14 AM | Lisa-Qiao | MacDonald | llm012@jefferson.edu | |||||||||||||||
1270 | 480 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Embryology | Syringomyelia | ![]() | N/A | Syringomyelia - 'syringe' that takes blood. Similarly, vampires run around with CAPES (CAPE-like loss of sensation) taking blood from people . They attack with both upper LATERAL limbs out trying to grab you as they don't feel pain in these limbs (lateral spinothalamic tracts affected in upper limbs, reducing pain and temperature sensation) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/27/19 7:05 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1271 | 480 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Embryology | Syringomyelia | ![]() | Self | Difference between ALS and Syringomyelia | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 11/18/19 1:57 PM | Uroosa | Mazhar | uroosam@auamed.net | |||||||||||||||||
1272 | 481 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Microglia | ![]() | my own idea. | what if you highlight the M letter in Microglia & Mesodermal with red color | Mnemonic | Verified | It already is under Embryology. I don't think it is necessary in this section. Reject -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 05/13/19 8:17 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1273 | 481 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Neurons | ![]() | First Aid 2018 vs First Aid 2019 (p. 481) | In the index, you stated information on Wallerian degeneration was located on p. 481. It's missing in the new 2019 First Aid section. | Clarification to current text | Verified | User is correct. Index problem. Wallerian degeneration fact is on page 483. Index should be corrected. - Humood | Defer to index team. -Anup | Correct. I'll add a note to the index chapter. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/20/19 7:54 PM | B | Nguyen | brenda.m.nguyen@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1274 | 481 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Neurons | ![]() | Self-written | Nissl Stain = can be seen as "NISSERR/nicer" stain as it stains 'ERR' (Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough). You look 'nicer/NISSERR' to other people when you're NOT carrying an AXE. Meaning nissl/nice stain stains cell bodies and dendrites of neurones but NOT AXons. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/27/19 7:14 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1275 | 481 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Neurons | ![]() | this isn't a correction. Just a concern. | In the index it says wallerian degernation can be found on page 481, but I do not see it anywhere. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 11/27/19 3:41 PM | Sunny | Ghotra | ghotram2@vcu.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1276 | 481 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Sleep physiology | ![]() | N3 has 3 major events that can happen in it, bedwetting, sleepwaking, and night terrors, so this updated mnemoic includes them all. | Wee and flee in scary (night terrors) N3 | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. Simple addition and it includes all the components. -Zander | Can be added and opened for crowd suggestion. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 03/23/19 10:04 AM | Katelyn | Klimowich | klimowick0@rowan.edu | ||||||||||||||
1277 | 481 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Tongue development | ![]() | https://www.optecoto.com/article/S1043-1810(15)00067-6/fulltext#s0015 | The tongue will form from two lateral lingual swellings and one median swelling all from the 1st pharyngeal arch. This will form the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue. A second median swelling, the copula (2nd pharyngeal arch) is overgrown by the hypobranchial eminence (3rd and part of the 4th arch). This will form the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue. The 4th arch contributes to the epiglottis and the laryngeal orifice is just posterior. | Major erratum | User suggests no change, unclear what the erratum is. -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/20/19 10:28 PM | Purnima | Sharma | purnimasharma@students.rossu.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1278 | 481 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Embryology | Tongue development | ![]() | n/a | Hyoglossus Hides tongue, Genioglossus Gives out tongue, Styloglossus Slides up tongue for Swallowing, and Palatoglossus elevates Posterior tongue | Mnemonic | Verified | I really like this, but the "Genioglossus Gives out tongue" could use some work. My only worry is it is rather long. -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 05/21/19 3:57 PM | Meenhaj | Kabir | mkabir04@nyit.edu | |||||||||||||||
1279 | 481 | Endocrine | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Tongue development | ![]() | n/a | Imagine tasting a dish and rating it with points for taste and sensation 10 points – Sensational taste that feels up to extreme posterior (Vagus – taste/sensation) 9 points – Sensational taste but, feels up to posterior 1/3rd (Glossopharygeal – taste/sensation) If you feel only in the anterior 2/3rd 7 points for taste (Facial – Taste) V3 points for sensation (Trigeminal-maxillary – Sensation) 12 points – It’s a little too much and depressing – Hypoglossal depresses tongue 10 points – That’s a sensational taste to elevate your mood – Vagus elevates tongue | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 7:17 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1280 | 482 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Sensory receptors | ![]() | Current first aid 2019 | Instead of “pacinian corpuscle” call it a press-in-ian corpuscle, because its for pressure and vibration | Mnemonic | Verified | I like this but I'm not sure if we have room on the page to add this to the table. -Kaitlyn | Reject. I see where the "press" comes in, but "in" or "ian" may not be as clear regarding vibration. Would not recommend addition -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/12/19 4:23 PM | Aaron | Miller | aaronm314@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
1281 | 482 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Sensory receptors | ![]() | n/a | “Fine Miss with Hairless Skin in Dynamic Position” Fine touch, Dynamic and Position sensation Location – Hairless skin. | Mnemonic | Verified | Long, and not helpful. Reject -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 7:10 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1282 | 482 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Sensory receptors | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3508902/ | The sensory receptors lists "slippage of objects along surface of skin" for Ruffini corpuscles, but that is incorrect and slipping is felt by Meissner corpuscles | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/28/19 9:08 PM | Gabriela | Frid | gabriela.frid@icahn.mssm.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1283 | 482 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Sensory receptors | ![]() | Self-written | Pacinian Corpuscles - people use their deep ligaments and joints (pacinian corpuscles in these areas) to run at such a high PACE (PACEinian) it VIBRATES the floor (corpuscles sense vibration). | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/27/19 7:37 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1284 | 482 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Sensory receptors | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2596705/ | Pacinian Corpuscles - Commonly tested in distal limbs (hands and feet) of diabetic patients. Diabetic neuropathy often leads to early loss in pacinian corpuscle function hence decreased vibratory sensation in periphery when assessing with a tuning fork. // Light/Fine Touch - commonly also assessed using 'Mono-filament' test in diabetics. (Although somewhat clinical information, would fit in well as an important small point here. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 10/27/19 7:54 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1285 | 482 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Sensory receptors | ![]() | Self-written | Ruffini corpuscles - these corpuscles are 'ROUGH', tough and well built with a CAPSULE armouring them. The armour controls their body JOINT movement changes and protects them from potential SLIPS. The RUFF ruffinis are capsulated, in JOINTs, sense JOINT angle change and SLIPPage of objects. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/27/19 8:00 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1286 | 482 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Sensory receptors | ![]() | me | to be in the (j)o(i)nts you should have two dots like in Ruff(i)n(i) and Pac(i)n(i)an | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 11/14/19 1:45 PM | Maarouf Gorra | Alnafouri | karemgoora@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1287 | 483 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Neurotransmitter changes with disease | ![]() | https://accessmedicine-mhmedical-com.vcom.idm.oclc.org/content.aspx?sectionid=147035958&bookid=1969&jumpsectionID=147036058&Resultclick=2#1137636972 | In this section, the location of serotonin synthesis is written as Raphe Nucleus (medulla). I have found other resources that say that the raphe nuclei are located in both the medulla and the pons. In fact, some resources have said that they are more substantial in the pons. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Defer to an expert. I reviewed this new addition history on annotate. It was suggested by a crowdsourcer and was added without a reference. - Humood | True. The raphe nuclei are throughout the brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla). Text should be changed to say "Raphe nuclei (brainstem)" -Kaitlyn | Agree to add, this can be deferred to the main cycle. Please add to parenthetical phrase: "(medulla, pons)" -VV https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/raphe-nuclei | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/16/19 7:48 PM | Areeka | Memon | amemon@vcom.edu | ||||||||||||
1288 | 483 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Neurotransmitter changes with disease | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/pontine-raphe-nucleus | The location of serotonin synthesis in the Raphe Nuclei occurs at the level of the medulla and the pons. | Minor erratum | Too detailed for Step 1. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 06/26/19 3:27 PM | Shawn | Shoham | shohams@acom.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1289 | 483 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Neurotransmitter changes with disease | ![]() | n/a | Acetylcholine – Location of synthesis – “M” for Muscarinic (Meynert) GABA – nucleus accumBENs for BENzodiazepine | Mnemonic | Verified | Can be considered, but the table is too tight to add in mnemonics. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 7:13 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1290 | 483 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Neurotransmitter changes with disease | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | In the 2019 release, the entry on schizophrenia (psychiatry section, p 548) added "increased serotonergic activity," along with the increased dopaminergic that was already stated in previous years. However, in the NT changes with disease table (neurology&ss section, p483) column for schizophrenia, there is an up arrow for dopamine, but nothing under serotonin. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 10/19/19 9:22 PM | Alyssa | Barré | abarre@email.sc.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1291 | 483 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Neurotransmitter changes with disease | ![]() | mw | in (A)l(z)hemir disease (A)cetylcholine is going to sleep (zzzzzzz) | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 11/14/19 1:48 PM | Marrouf Gorra | Alnafouri | karemgoora@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1292 | 484 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy | Meninges | ![]() | N/A | Layers of meninges from in to out: PAD P: pia mater A: arachinoid mater D: dura mater | Mnemonic | Verified | This is an old mnemonic that I used as well. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 05/12/19 10:15 AM | Haitham | Alaithan | hsaithan93@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1293 | 484 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Vomiting center | ![]() | N/A | It says that the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) receives information from the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), GI tract, vestibular system, etc. Many other sources and textbooks say that it's the other way around - that the NTS and vestibular nuclei project to the CTZ. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/15/19 1:58 PM | Halee | Einfeld | raxorium@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1294 | 485 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Sleep physiology | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC181172/ | According to Kaplan, Benzos only suppress REM sleep at very high (beyond clinical) doses and therefore are less likely to cause REM rebound. The article I linked seems to contradict this so I'm unclear. Regardless, would be great if you could include something in this section next year about REM rebound since it is a pretty testable concept. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Defer to 2020. ? HY new content. To be discussed by team next year. - Humood | Can be discussed on annotate. -Anup | Reject. REM rebound is not really a topic that is tested on Step 1. It is more important to know about changes that occur due to depression and in the elderly, both of which are addressed. Would not recommend addition -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/03/19 10:39 AM | Lauren | Allen | laurenallen76@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1295 | 485 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Sleep physiology | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/behavioral-and-pharmacologic-therapies-for-chronic-insomnia-in-adults#H11 | Benzodiazepines should treat night terrors and sleepwalking by decreasing N3 sleep (which is the stage of sleep these occur in). Benzodiazepines are shown to reduce REM sleep in high doses, however inhibiting REM sleep, which promotes a state of paralysis would be detrimental in treating sleepwalking. | Minor erratum | Reject. This submission makes a false assumption. Yes benzos are used for night terrors. Yes the reduce REM sleep. Reducing REM sleep doesnt necessarily promote the night terrors, however. Even when checking the supporting reference there isn't factual evidence to back up the claim this person is making. -Zander | Agree with rejection. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 03/25/19 11:56 AM | Jason | Tegethoff | tegethoffjason@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1296 | 485 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Sleep physiology | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5689397/ | This page lists increased REM latency as a change in the elderly, but there's actually decreased REM latency as age increases. | Minor erratum | This article does state that REM latency decreases with age. Would consider faculty input. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 05/29/19 11:59 AM | Kesley | Brown | kmbrown2@uams.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1297 | 485 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Sleep terror disorder | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/parasomnias-of-childhood-including-sleepwalking | The phrase “night terror” is used several times in this section (also in pg 533 in the benzodiazapines box) as well as in the index. However, this was confusing because the term “sleep terrors” is also used in the Psychiatry section and in the index without any clarification indicating they were the same disorder. It would be helpful in future editions to use one singular term across sections or indicate they were identical. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 10/20/19 9:55 PM | Junu | Bae | junu.bae@osumc.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1298 | 486 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Hypothalamus | ![]() | N/A | Update mnemonic to (L)ateral (L)esion makes you (L)ean. To avoid confusion with function vs pathology. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/26/19 4:07 PM | Audrey | Hunt | ahunt01@nyit.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1299 | 486 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Hypothalamus | ![]() | Self-created | "She looked HOT from the back (posterior nucleus), but COLD-faced from the front (anterior nucleus)" | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/29/19 5:56 PM | Kevin | Landau | klandau@sgu.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1300 | 486 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Thalamus | ![]() | FA page 486 | Mnemonic for the Ventral Posterior Lateral Nucleus: VPL: Vibration Pain/Pressure ceLcius | Mnemonic | Verified | Not a fan of this mnemonic. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 05/08/19 2:38 PM | Lee | Seifer | leeseifer16@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1301 | 487 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Cerebellum | ![]() | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cerebellar-nuclei?lang=us | The deep cerebellar nuclei are included under outputs of the cerebellum, this is somewhat misleading as these are anatomical structures and although they play a role in cerebellar outputs, they should be moved to their own subsection. | Spelling/formatting | Although I agree, I think that our current cerebellum entry is quite comprehensive and adequate for Step 1 exams. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 06/01/19 12:47 AM | Ahmed | Noor | ahmed.noor09@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||||
1302 | 487 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Cerebellum | ![]() | https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s3/chapter05.html | "To maintain a BALANCED diet, Don't Eat Greasy Foods" (reminds that DEGF is for cerebellum) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 5:57 AM | Justyna | Kacarow | justynakacarow@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1303 | 487 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Limbic system | ![]() | n/a | Neural structures involved in: Emotion, Behavior modulation, Olfaction, Long-term memory, ANS function. Mnemonic: EBOLA (first letter of each function) | Mnemonic | Verified | This does not seem very testable to me and leaves out some less popular functions. -Kaitlyn | Agree with Kaitlyn -- reject. -YK | Agree, reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/04/19 8:23 AM | Elias | Atri | eatri001@fiu.edu | ||||||||||||
1304 | 487 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Limbic system | ![]() | i noted on my FA book but to be honest i don not know exactly from where i got it. | what if you substitute the word Sex with Fornication. so mnemonics can fit the 5 F's | Mnemonic | Verified | I think we have discussed this already in FA. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 05/13/19 8:13 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1305 | 488 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Basal ganglia | ![]() | https://neurology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1049§ionid=59138673 | The basal ganglia figure and text need to updated to reflect that the primary input to the striatum is cortical rather than from the SNc through the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway (see figure 43-2 in Principles of Neural Science 5th edition) | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. I don't follow. The illustration shows that the striatum receives inputs from the motor cortex and SNc. - Humood | Agree with Humood. No changes to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/01/19 6:24 AM | Nayla | Mroueh | naylamroueh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1306 | 488 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy | Basal ganglia | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-and-pathogenesis-of-parkinson-disease?search=basal%20ganglia%20indirect%20pathway§ionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H3&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=2~150&display_rank=2#H3 | In indirect pathway> SNc input to the striatum via the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway stimulates D2 receptors in striatum which in turn "SHOULD DECREASE" the release of GABA from striatum which further cannot inhibit the GPe resulting in continuous inhibition of STN resulting in NO inhibition of movements, It concludes the inhibition of inhibitory pathway via SNc. But its mentioned in FA19 in indirect pathway SNc input to the striatum would release GABA from striatum ( which is basically an Excitatory input that comes from Cortex which results in decreased movements) which in further would inhibit the GPe resulting in disinhibition of STN>stimulates GPi>inhibits thalamus>decreased movements. ( contrary to what's supposed to be the function of the D2 pathway that's stimulating the movements). | Major erratum | Verified | Every year we get errata regarding the text, which is more related to understanding than an actual error of the text. Based on the extensive review, the text is correct as is. Therefore, will reject without author input. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/09/19 4:26 AM | Sham | Kumar | kumarsham113@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1307 | 489 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Cerebral perfusion | ![]() | The graph below explains so. | The third column says "CPP is directly proportional to Pco2 until Pco2 >90mm Hg." It should be <90 mm Hg | Major erratum | Accept need for clarification. The graph and words are correct. I think this person is confused by the wording "until". It is proportional while Pco2 is <90 meaning it is no longer proportional then Pco2 >90, which is what we said. We could change to " CCP is directly proportional to Pco2 while pco2 <90 mmHg" -Kaitlyn | Can have an equation to correlate this data. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 03/24/19 6:24 AM | Shivaansh | Aggarwal | shivaanshj96@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1308 | 490 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Cerebral arteries—cortical distribution | ![]() | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/man-in-the-barrel-syndrome | add "if anterior cerebral/middle cerebral cortical border zone stroke" after "man-in-the-barrel syndrome" | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 09/04/19 9:56 PM | Alsu | Zagorulko | alsu.zagorulko@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1309 | 490 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Ischemic brain disease/stroke | ![]() | http://revistaneurociencias.com.br/edicoes/2009/RN%2017%2002/10.pdf | there is NO lower extremity weakness in man in barrel syndrome. man-in-the-barrel syndrome” (MBS) is characterized by bilateral upper extremity paresis with intact motor function in the lower extremities. The patient is unable to move his arm to any stimulus, appearing as if the upper limbs are confined within a barrel. It was originally attributed to cerebral infarctions in the watershed zones between the middle and anterior cerebral artery distributions . [seen as the blue area in the first aid picture] | Major erratum | Verified | Reject. Man in a barrel phenomenon is due to proximal weakness (shoulders and thighs). Our narratives is clear. Per UTD, "The most severe ischemia may occur in border zone (watershed) regions between the major cerebral supply arteries since these areas are most vulnerable to systemic hypoperfusion. The signs that may occur with borderzone infarction include cortical blindness, or at least bilateral visual loss; stupor; and weakness of the shoulders and thighs with sparing of the face, hands, and feet (a pattern likened to a "man-in-a-barrel")." https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-classification-and-epidemiology-of-stroke?search=man%20in%20barrell&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 - Humood | Agree with Humood. No changes to the text -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/28/19 3:27 PM | ahmad | damlaj | ahmaddamlaj@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1310 | 491 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Circle of Willis | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1877617-overview https://radiopaedia.org/articles/anterior-choroidal-artery?lang=us | On the Circle of WIllis diagram on page 491, the ant. choroidal A. comes from the MCA, but in reality it is a branch of the ICA. | Minor erratum | I agree with Humood. This is a controversial point and for clarification, we can delete the dashed line. - Alireza | Verified | As on radiopedia: "The AChA originates from the posterior wall of the ICA between the origin of the posterior communicating artery (PCOM) (which is 2-5 mm proximal to the AChA) and the internal carotid termination (which is 2-5 mm distal to the AChA). ". So, the submitter seems to be correct. And we do seem to have this art coming out from the MCA in the picture. Needs faculty review and illustration team review. I would also like to triage this as a major erratum. -Anup | No action needed, IMO. However, happy to defer to an expert. Apparently, this is a controversial subject. All images of the circle of willis I found (Gross photos, and illustrations) have the anterior choroidal artery drawn after the ACOM takes off which makes it closer to MCA than ICA. Also, some resources keep it simple by saying "the anterior choroidal artery is the final branch of the internal carotid artery (or an early branch of the MCA)". Anyway, maybe it is better to delete the dashed line on our illustration which seems to be the dividing line between MCA and ICA. Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/circle-of-willis Images: https://www.google.com/search?biw=2540&bih=1203&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=IuU8XMWbKI6eUJ76m5AH&q=circle+of+willis+gross&oq=circle+of+willis+gross&gs_l=img.3..0.96591.98491..98581...0.0..0.199.961.0j5......1....1..gws-wiz-img.......0i67j0i8i30j0i24.i6ais60U-X4#imgrc=RbGFTxSFz-canM: - Humood. | I'm inclined that no action should be taken IMHO. I highly doubt that Step 1 takers will be required to know whether the anterior choroidal artery is a derivative of the MCA or ICA. Let's defer to the main cycle and get expert review at that time. -VV | Disagreement/need expert | Brad Cole | The drawing is fine as is. I would only suggest changing the dashed line to the other side of the anterior choroidal artery. It is correct that the anterior choroidal artery is a branch of the ICA not the MCA | *NEURO Brian Walcott | From Dr. Walcott: Item #353, not controversial. The anterior choroidal artery is a branch off the internal carotid artery, not the middle cerebral artery. Not sure what the figure looks like in FA |||||||||||||||||| From Thomas A. Kosztowski, M.D, Neurosurgeon.: Agree with the corrections. Anterior choroidal should be coming off the ICA. -Tom | Reject | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 12:40 PM | FARZIN | ESHAGHI | farzin@uw.edu | ||||||
1311 | 492 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy | Ventricular system | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1898830-overview#a7 , https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/ventricular-system | On the lateral view of the ventricles (right side of diagram), the foramen of Magendie is mislabeled. It should be located INFERIOR to the foramina of Luschka. Overall the 4th ventricle is drawn weirdly on the lateral view; I would revise this diagram for the next edition. | Minor erratum | Agree. In most of the references, Luscka is above Magendie. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/lateral-apertures-of-luschka -Alireza | I agree this figure is not fantastic but I think this person is confusing magendie with the central canal of the spinal cord. luschka and magendie are nearly at the same level. I have an image in Blumenfeld that I cannot post but is most similar to this: https://image.slidesharecdn.com/patologaventricular-160927155238/95/patologa-ventricular-intracraneal-2-638.jpg?cb I can work with illustration team on fixing this. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 03/24/19 12:35 PM | Rebecca | Xu | rebecca.xu@northwestern.edu | |||||||||||||||
1312 | 492 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Ventricular system | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/ventricle-of-heart | The Figure on the right shows the wrong location of Foramina of Luschka, which should be located above the foramen of Magendie. | Minor erratum | Agree. In most of the references, Luscka is above Magendie. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/lateral-apertures-of-luschka -Alireza | ![]() | ![]() | 05/08/19 3:23 PM | Weiye | Deng | vividengdeng@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||||
1313 | 492 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Ventricular system | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/ventricular-system | lateral view of the ventricular system figure is mislabeled; foramen of Luschka and foramen of Magendie are labeled incorrectly with each others lable (reversed) | Minor erratum | Agree. In most of the references, Luscka is above Magendie. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/lateral-apertures-of-luschka -Alireza | ![]() | ![]() | 06/04/19 4:43 AM | Awab | Elnaeem | awab.kamal@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1314 | 492 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Ventricular system | ![]() | High Yield Neuroanatomy 5th edition, page 59 (Introduction) and Figure 7-1 in page 60 | Text says that "Factors of 12, except 1 and 2" referring to CNs from III to XII are derived from brain stem. It should also include CN XI which is not exclusively arising from medulla. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 12/13/19 1:18 AM | Raul | Salas | rmsalas_b42@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1315 | 493 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Cranial nerve and vessel pathways | ![]() | FA 2019 | Mnemonic to remember that CN's 9,10, and 11 go through the jugular foramen: "Cop gets 9-11 call while drinking a Jug of coffee" | Mnemonic | Verified | Seems catchy. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 05/17/19 11:21 AM | Jasmin | Shahrestani | jshahrestani@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1316 | 494 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy | Cranial nerves | ![]() | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cranial-nerves-mnemonic?lang=us | Mnemonic: Oof, Oop, Ouch, Touch Try And Feel Very Good Velvet Accessing Heaven! Description: First 3 words are in alphabetical order and give idea of first 3 Cranial Nerves i.e. Oof (Olfactory), Oop (Optic), Ouch (Oculomotor) Next comes other nerves: Touch (Trochlear), Try (Trigeminal), Feel (Facial), Very (vestibulocochlear), Good (Glossopharyngeal), Velvet (Vagus), Accessing (Accessory), Heaven (Hypoglossal). This mnemonic is an improvisation of existing online mnemonic (that was confusing to most) Adding alphabetical order and caring for similar phonetics helped improve existing mnemonic. For your reference online mnemonic was " Ooh Ooh Ooh to touch and feel very good velvet! Such Heaven". You can notice the the difference and use whichever one you find better. | Mnemonic | Verified | I think that mnemonic is quite confusing. We can stick to the current one? Also, I am not sure we need one to remember the names. -Anup | Reject. Reject for now as we are looking for Errata. We can defer suggestion to 2020. - Humood | Reject, current mnemonic is better. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/02/19 12:26 PM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1317 | 494 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Cranial nerves | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | First cranial nerve (number 01) is (olfactory > 01factory), and we can remember the function of the nerve by the bad SMELL of the FACTORY (olFACTORY) | Mnemonic | Verified | Not in favor of this mnemonic. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 05/10/19 10:18 PM | Faris | Binyousef | faris-v@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1318 | 494 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Cranial nerves | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | The function of the 4th cranial nerve is the Superior Oblique (SO) muscle >> (SO + number FOUR)=> (So far) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. A bit of a stretch IMO. -Zander | ![]() | ![]() | 05/10/19 10:26 PM | Faris | Binyousef | faris-v@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1319 | 494 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Vagal nuclei | ![]() | Just a mnemonic suggestion | "In aMbiguus situations, be safe and call 9-11" --> Cranial nerves 9, 10, and 11 belong to the nucleus ambiguus | Mnemonic | Verified | This is good. Not sure why the M is capitalized but we should use "In ambiguus situations, be safe and call 9-11" -Kaitlyn | Agree with Kaitlyn -- nice mnemonic! -YK | This is a pretty decent mnemonic, but the problem we have run into in the past is that we usually only include only one mnemonic per row. Currently there is a pretty good mnemonic that compares the solitarus vs ambiguus nuclei that would be better to keep IMHO. Therefore, would be inclined to reject this mnemonic. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/08/19 3:16 PM | Azeem | Rathore | ahrathore12@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1320 | 494 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Vagal nuclei | ![]() | self-made | To remember the cranial nerves in nucleus ambiguus: shrug your shoulders (CN XI) and say I don't know (ambiguus) what I just swallowed (CN IX, X) | Mnemonic | Verified | Too confusing. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 05/14/19 5:29 AM | Talia | Kamdjou | taliakamdjou@mail.tau.ac.il | |||||||||||||||
1321 | 494 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy | Vagal nuclei | ![]() | https://www-uptodate-com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu/contents/evaluation-of-heart-rate-variability?search=nucleus%20ambiguus&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2 | This section falsely states that the Nucleus Ambiguus contains cell bodies of only branchial motor fibers of the Vagus nerve, while the Dorsal Motor Nucleus contains cell bodies of all parasympathetic fibers within the Vagus nerve. However, the Nucleus Ambiguus contains the cell bodies of parasympathetic fibers that lead to the heart. The DMN contains cell bodies of all other parasympathetic fibers found within the Vagus nerve, but NOT those that go to the heart. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/19/19 3:49 PM | Shelby | Bloomer | shelby-bloomer@uiowa.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1322 | 495 | Index | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Spinal nerves | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | Index Indicates that "Vertebral Disc Herniation" is on page 495. However, there is nothing related to vertebral disc herniation on that page | Major erratum | Verified | User is correct. Index problem. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 02/04/19 10:14 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1323 | 498 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Clinical reflexes | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1147993-overview | Mnemonics are missing from reflexes. | Spelling/formatting | Verified | I think we deliberately removed the mnemonics, as I can see changes made in the annotate doc. -Anup | Reject. Yes, there were deleted during the revision process. Per Annotate, deletion requested by Christine. - Humood | Agree that we removed last year, but it's a pretty good mnemonic that I frequently used while studying. Plus, there are multiple students that are requesting that it be added back in. Let's add back in this year. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 12/30/18 12:13 PM | Ibrahim | Hyder | ibrahim.hyder@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1324 | 498 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Clinical reflexes | ![]() | N/A | I think the reflexes would still benefit from the old mnemonic (S1, S2 "buckle my shoe"; L3, L4 "kick the door"; C5, C6 "pick up sticks"). Obviously the old rhyme "lay them straight" wouldn't work for C6, C7 (which is correct at least according to Bates). My suggestion for C6, C7 is "now extend 'em." Not amazing but it's something! | Mnemonic | Verified | I guess this might be helpful to quickly remember. We have room to include it. Since above I suggested change C6,7 to C7,8 for tricep we can use the original version -Kaitlyn | Agreed. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 03/25/19 12:14 AM | Rebecca | Xu | rebecca.xu@northwestern.edu | ||||||||||||||
1325 | 498 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy | Clinical reflexes | ![]() | https://stanfordmedicine25.stanford.edu/the25/tendon.html | Triceps reflex should be said to mainly involve C7, but that C6 and C7 can be involved based on what text book you are looking at. This note should be there in case, considering how much variation there is between different resources. | Major erratum | Reject. The overlap of C6/C7 is mentioned in the current FA text, yet C7 is bolded as the main reflex. I think the current text illustrates this. -Zander | Duplicate suggestion as stated above. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 04/15/19 1:03 PM | Usman | Alam | ualam@ucla.edu | |||||||||||||||
1326 | 498 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Neurons | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531502/ | Question banks are saying C7-C8 for triceps reflex, not C6-C7 | Clarification to current text | I have always considered triceps purely C7. Blumenfeld Neuroanatomy book agrees. Source referenced by student says C7-8. I can say that amongst different practitioners, there is always disagreement about which roots is the dominant innervation of a muscle and clinically a C7 radiculopathy often affects multiple muscles. I think we should change to C7-8 to fit in with other resources but this is a bit of a moot point. -Kaitlyn | I think there was this issue in the Flash Facts as well. Not sure if I have encountered this again, but there was definitely an issue some time ago. However, I do agree with Kaitlyn on the change. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 03/24/19 12:08 PM | Anmol | Singh | anmol.singh@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1327 | 499 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Brain stem—ventral view | ![]() | Mnemonic | Decerebrate posturing has extension of both upper and lower extremities (dEcErebrate - two E's means double extension) while Decorticate has an E and an O with only extension of the lower extremities | Mnemonic | Verified | I know lots of people use this mnemonic and I think its better than the one we use. -Kaitlyn | Can be added for crowdproofing. -Anup | Sure. Let's migrate to annotate and discuss there. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/07/19 11:28 AM | Daniel | Lubarsky | daniel.lubarsky@rockets.utoledo.edu | ||||||||||||
1328 | 499 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Common brain lesions | ![]() | not needed | in frontal eye lid lesion, (or at the hemiplegia) should be changed into "away from the hemiolegia" | Major erratum | Verified | Would recommend faculty review. -Anup | Text was edited based on input from faculty reviewers. Would not recommend changes to the text. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/08/19 1:36 AM | Hang | Song | huwanheng.pku@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1329 | 499 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Common brain lesions | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/internuclear-ophthalmoparesis?csi=4e09571d-2500-4a0e-b534-f89be1463f01&source=contentShare | Paramedian pontine reticular formation should read: Eyes looks AWAY FROM side of hemiplegia. | Major erratum | Verified | Reject. Two reasons 1. Our faculty reviewers have already discussed this topic on Annotate (Dr. Cole and Dr. Beh). See screenshot attached (click on "attachments" icon on the left. 2. The UTD reference provided by the user talks about INO (?). Anyway, I did a quick search for the term "away" on this article. The word was used 3 times. None of which says. Happy to be corrected - Humood | I reviewed the points and agree with the Humood's suggestions. In addition to that, we have already mentioned in the third column example- (inability to look toward side of lesion). Reject- based on the commentaries. - Vivek | Agree with authors. Corrections were made based on faculty input. Therefore, would not recommend any changes. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/14/19 1:13 PM | Carlo | Castro | Castrotech2@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1330 | 499 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Neuropathology | Common brain lesions | ![]() | Without errata, It is contradicting with the following describing in Paramedian pontine reticular formation-Eyes look toward side of hemiplegia. I got from Kaplan and UWorld that FEF control contralateral PPRF, so the consequences of both lesions should not be same. | Frontal eye fields-Eyes look toward the side of lesion (or at the hemiplegia), Please revise "at" to "away from" | Major erratum | I addressed this in row 12 above. This student is correct, this is an erratum. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 03/18/19 2:40 PM | Shuman | Liu | Shuman688@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1331 | 499 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Common brain lesions | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_cerebral_artery_syndrome signs and symptoms- 7th point says gaze towards the side of lesion and the 2nd point says hemiplagia contrlateral to the side of lesion, so the the gaze should be opposite to the side of hemiplagia. | Destructive lesion such as an MCA stroke: eyes look toward the side of lesion (or at the hemiplegia). #error the bracket should be saying (or to the side opposite to hemiplagia) | Major erratum | I addressed this in row 12 above. It is an erratum that we need to fix. -Kaitlyn | Repeat suggestion, so can reject this suggestion. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 11:39 AM | Viraj | Shah | mbbs160147@kem.edu | |||||||||||||||
1332 | 499 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Common brain lesions | ![]() | https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/pdf/10.1148/rg.331125033 | Lesion for the paramedian pontine reticular formation would cause the eyes to look AWAY from the side of hemiplegia | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 05/02/19 3:35 PM | Swetha | Uppalapati | suppalapati87@midwestern.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1333 | 499 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Common brain lesions | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | DeCORDicate (decorticate), the hands are near the cord (spinal cord) (midline of the body) | Mnemonic | Verified | Not in favor of addition. Would prefer a picture mnemonic instead. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 05/09/19 12:58 PM | Faris | Binyousef | faris-v@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1334 | 499 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Common brain lesions | ![]() | n/a | dEcErEBRatE: Extensor posturing - Below Red nucleus | Mnemonic | Verified | Not in favor of addition. Would prefer a picture mnemonic instead. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 7:20 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1335 | 499 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Common brain lesions | ![]() | * Kaplan Medical Lecture Notes Anatomy 2018 by Kaplan, Inc. Part III Neuroscience chapter 10 Cerebral Cortex page 364. | Dominant parietal cortex: According to Kaplan, the disorientation in Gerstmann syndrome is from right to left (Not from left to right). | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/12/19 11:58 AM | Stephanie | Del Rio | step.dt@outlook.es | |||||||||||||||||
1336 | 499 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Neuropathology | Common brain lesions | ![]() | http://www.psy.vanderbilt.edu/faculty/schall/pdfs/en2009FrontalEyeFields.pdf | There is a mistake on the second row (frontal eye field lesion); whenever there is a destructive lesion (e.g., MCA stroke), eyes DO look toward the side of lesion, which means they can NEVER look to hemiplagia side (hemiplegia is on the contralateral side) .. And what it says in text: "Destructive lesions such as an MCA stroke: eyes look toward the side of lesion (or at the hemiplegia). | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/09/19 2:08 PM | Khalil | Salman | khalilsalman97@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1337 | 499 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Neurons | ![]() | https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-are-the-effects-of-a-frontal-lobe-stroke-3146431 | frontal eye field lesion: eyes look toward the side of lesion (or at the hemiplegia) that's not right it looks at the opposite side of hemiplegia | Major erratum | Verified | This is a major erratum. FEF pull eyes contralaterally. So the R FEF pull eyes to left. If R FEF is ischemic, the eyes with favor a right gaze (toward the lesion), if the adjacent R motor strip is ischemic there will be a left hemiplegia (away from hemiplegia). Seizure on R hemisphere will pull eyes to left and have a left body seizure. -Kaitlyn | Agree with Kaitlyn. Definitely had to brush up on this information, but the current wording in the text needs to be changed. So instead change "(or at the hemiplegia)" to "(away from the hemiplegia)". The section should then be correct. -Zander | ![]() | ![]() | 02/21/19 8:32 AM | nehal | khalid | nehalnasser55@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1338 | 499 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Neurons | ![]() | https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s3/chapter08.html Neuroanatomy Through Clinical Cases | lesion to frontal eye field will cause eye to look toward the lesioned side, which is the OPPOSITE side of hemiplegia. Opposite to the side of hemiplegia because a right sided lesion would cause the eyes to look toward the side of the lesion (toward the right) when damaging the frontal eye field and the LEFT side of the body will be affected. Pretty basic concept that any neurology textbook will demonstrate. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/29/19 7:57 PM | James | Gutcho | jamesgutcho@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1339 | 500 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Ischemic brain disease/stroke | ![]() | n/a | The listed mnemonic for ischemic brain disease/stroke says "vulnerable hippos need pure water" for vulnerable regions hippocampus, neocortex, purkinje cells, and watershed areas. In the word "need," making the letters "n" and also "e" red (as opposed to just "n" as listed in the book) might more strongly reinforce the word "ne"ocortex. | Spelling/formatting | Seems like a valid suggestion. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 06/15/19 12:52 PM | Leyla | C | layli4321@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||||
1340 | 500 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Ischemic brain disease/stroke | ![]() | Well known fact. Not needed. Also mentioned in the general pathology section of the First Aid 2019 | Under the histologic features of 24-74 hours since ischemic event column it would be beneficial to be more specific and mention 'Liquefactive Necrosis' rather than just 'Necrosis'. | Clarification to current text | Can be accepted if everyone agrees. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 06/29/19 7:28 AM | Ahmed Ali | Khan | ahmedalikhanjr@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1341 | 500 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Ischemic brain disease/stroke | ![]() | Mnemonic | Transient ischemic attack. Internal carotid vs. vertebrobasilar. "MD vs. DPM" Internal Carotid: MD: Monoocular blindness (amaurox fugax) Dominant hemisphere (aphasia). Vertebrobasilar DPM: Diplopia/Double blindness, Paralysis (quadriplesia), Motor weakness (ipsilateral) | Mnemonic | Verified | These are common presentations and we have room to mention. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 07/30/19 2:27 PM | Paola | Del Cueto | paoladelcueto@outlook.com | |||||||||||||||
1342 | 501 | Pathology | ![]() | Pathology | Intracranial hemorrhage | ![]() | Uworld. uptodate: treatment of cerebral aneurysms | Rebleeding in Subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs within 24 hours. Whereas vasospasm only occurs on 3-10 days. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 09/10/19 11:50 AM | Reema | AlRasheed | reema.f.alrasheed@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1343 | 502 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Effects of strokes | ![]() | Referencing symptom from the PICA infarct 'symptom' column | The addition of "wobbly (vertigo, ataxia)" to mnemonic about Lateral Medullary (Wallenberg) Syndrome: "Don' t pick a (PICA) wobbly (nystagmus, ataxia) horse (hoarseness) that can't eat (dysphagia)." | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject or Defer to 2020. Mnemonic. - Humood | Agree with Humood. -Anup | "Wobbly" makes the mnemonic kind of clunky. Would be inclined to reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/23/19 3:33 PM | Joseph | Elphingstone | jelphingstone@augusta.edu | ||||||||||||
1344 | 502 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Effects of strokes | ![]() | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2004.00732.x , Boards and Beyond | The "Rule of 4" method for localizing brainstem lesions/strokes is extremely useful and gives a systematic way for determining brain stem stroke syndromes -- MUCH EASIER than trying to remember all the individual characteristics of each brainstem stroke syndrome. I've included a picture of my notes that goes over the general strategy (I watched a Boards and Beyond video; he got it from a paper which I've also linked). | High-yield addition to next year | Partial. I never used this as a way to remember the location of the different lesions, however, I know a lot of other students did. The only problem is this would take up quite a bit of space. The rule of 4's is also explained well when you watch videos of people walking through it - may be difficult to keep things clear and concise within the text. I think the existing information within FA is clear with great mnemonics, but maybe people think otherwise. -Zander | Agree with Zander that we do not have space to do this. We included the 3 most high yield brainstem strokes and have good mnemonics for them. This method doesn't help at all with the eponym or the vessel which is also important. I think our way of handling these strokes is appropriate. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 3:46 PM | Rebecca | Xu | rebecca.xu@northwestern.edu | |||||||||||||||
1345 | 502 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Effects of strokes | ![]() | None needed | Anterior spinal artery infarctions can lead to medial medullary syndrome. Contralateral hemiparesis is a classic finding due to PYRAMIDAL TRACT/PYRAMID infarction, not lateral corticospinal tract as written. The lateral corticospinal tract is found post-pyramidal decussation, thus those lesions always lead to ipsilateral motor defects. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 12:04 PM | Sohil | Desai | sohil94@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1346 | 502 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Effects of strokes | ![]() | n/a | It’s a SIN not to FEEL and HEAR the AMBIGUITY by PICA! SIN: Sympathetic fibers (Horner’s Syndrome) Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle (Ipsilateral ataxia/dysmetria) Nucleus AMBIGUUS (CN IX, X, XI – Lateral Medullary Syndrome) FEEL: Lateral Spinothalamic Tract (Contralateral Pain and Temperature) Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus (Ipsilateral Pain and Temperature of Face) HEAR: Vestibular Nucleus (Vomiting, Vertigo and Nystagmus) Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (Stroke), pg 502 But, AICA’s FACIAL Expression SIMs like she can FEEL and HEAR it! SIM: Sympathetic fibers (Horner’s Syndrome) Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle (Ipsilateral ataxia/dysmetria) Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Facial Expression: Facial Nerve Palsy (LMNL) FEEL: Lateral Spinothalamic Tract (Contralateral Pain and Temperature) Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus (Ipsilateral Pain and Temperature of Face) HEAR: Vestibular Nucleus (Vomiting, Vertigo and Nystagmus) Labyrinthine Artery (Sensorineural Hearing L | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 7:23 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1347 | 502 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Effects of strokes | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/nucleus-ambiguus | CN XI has no thing to do with nucleus ambiguus | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 09/20/19 3:47 PM | Ra'ed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1348 | 502 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Neuropathology | Ischemic brain disease/stroke | ![]() | No dynamically updated web resources to support this, but many neuroanatomy sources (aged or new) should support this. Older source - p925 - Rostral medulla picture http://www.ajnr.org/content/ajnr/10/5/923.full.pdf | Under "ASA Stroke" - it says the caudal medulla is affected, resulting in a CN XII lesion. CN XII nucleus and nerve normally are found in the rostral medulla (CN XII nucleus on the dorsal part of rostral or "open" medulla, with nerve leaving between pyramid and inferior olivary nucleus). Not a major error - but might be better to keep consistent with most sources that show CN XII at level of rostral medulla. | Minor erratum | The nucleus for XII runs throughout the medualla, rostral and caudal. The reason only XII is involved in this stroke (and spared in Wallenberg) is that the nucleus for XII is very medial. It would be more accurate for us to say "Medial medulla - hypoglossal nucleus and nerve" Reference - Blumenfeld -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 04/05/19 5:35 AM | Andrew | Ko | andrewko@hawaii.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1349 | 504 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Neuropathology | Aneurysms | ![]() | UpToDate and Boards and Beyond. UpToDate link: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-aneurysmal-subarachnoid-hemorrhage?search=saccular%20aneurysm&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~32&usage_type=default&display_rank=4 | Berry Aneurysms rupture hemorrhage DOES NOT cause focal neurologic symptoms except after several days when vasospasm occurs "Vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia". | Major erratum | Verified | Reject. The uptodate article does not say focal symptoms don't occur, it just doesn't mention them. MCA aneurysm rupture often causes subdural or intraparenchymal hemorrhage which both cause focal symptoms. For a reference: the hunt hess scale used to grade the severity of the rupture includes focal neurologic deficits in grade 3 and 4. -Kaitlyn | Agree with Kaitlyn -- reject -YK | Agree with Kaitlyn. Text is correct as is. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/22/19 5:32 AM | Zaid | R Najdawi | znajdawi@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
1350 | 504 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Aphasia | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-patient-with-aphasia | In the 4th row in the table "Global" aphasia, the semicolon is confusing. Does it mean arcuate fasciculus is affected or not? I think it should read "arcuate fasciculus intact. Broca and Wernicke areas affected." | Clarification to current text | I'm not sure why we mention the arcuate fasciculus. It does not have to be involved in a global aphasia but a lesion large enough to hit brocas and wernickes normally takes it out too. I propose we just remove it from the line. -Kaitlyn | Agree with Kaitlyn. Can defer to faculty for input. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 11:36 PM | Xiang | Guo | drguox@126.com | |||||||||||||||
1351 | 504 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Aphasia | ![]() | www.aphasia.org | update the figure and table to include global and anomic aphasia | Clarification to current text | Not needed. -Alireza | It is impossible to put global aphasia on the figure. It is already in the table. Anomic aphasia is subtle expressive aphasia. It does not localize to a particular area of the brain but is seen in dementia, delirium, encephalopathy, etc. It is not HY in my opinion. -Kaitlyn | I think we should not crowd out the existing details on the table. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 03/22/19 1:05 AM | Xiang | Guo | drguox@126.com | ||||||||||||||
1352 | 505 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Seizures | ![]() | https://www.epilepsy.com/article/2016/12/2017-revised-classification-seizures | The operational classification of seizure types on this page is outdated. As of 2017, according to the ILAE (International League Against Epilepsy), there is a new classification of seizure types (Focal, Generalized, Unknown) and a new set of features to focus on when differentiating between seizures (Onset, Awareness, and "other features" such as motor/non-motor onset). Both the organization and diagram needs to be updated to reflect this revision. | Major erratum | Verified | Defer to 2020. User is correct. The classification is outdated. I believe we had a discussion about this at some stage during the revision process. The current "traditional" classification is still HY on the boards. Anyways, we can consider replacing the illustration +/- narrative for 2020 edition. - Humood | Agree with both, the user and Humood. We had agreed on replacing it with a newer classification.- Anup | I remember that we had a discussion about this last year. Agree that we should consider changing but as Humood pointed out, the current traditional classification is pretty high yield, as Step 1 usually lags behind in terms of new classification until it becomes more mainstream. Defer to 2020. -VV | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/21/19 3:32 AM | Julie | Tran | julietran@email.arizona.edu | ||||||||||||
1353 | 505 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Seizures | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/convulsive-status-epilepticus-in-adults-classification-clinical-features-and-diagnosis?search=status%20epilepticus&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2 | Status epilepticus: continuous (>=5 min) or recurring seizures BETWEEN WHICH THERE IS INCOMPLETE RECOVERY OF CONSCIOUSNESS | Clarification to current text | Verified | Agree with the user. Clarification is warranted. - Humood | Defer to 2020. -Anup | Disagree. Incomplete recovery of consciousness is not necessarily required between recurring seizures in order to classify as status epilepticus. In fact the definition of ILAE does not mention this in the defintion. Would not recommend changes to the text. -VV https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/epi.13121 | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/30/19 2:25 PM | Hasan | Alarouri | hassan.arouri@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
1354 | 505 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Seizures | ![]() | N/A | Within the figure, under tonic-clonic seizures, there is a spelling error. Alternating is spelt altenating. Missing the R. | Spelling/formatting | Accept. -Alireza | Staff accepts | Altenating should be changed to "Alternating" -Kaitlyn | Agree. Defer to illustration team. -Anup | Agree. Please add a note to change to "Alternating" -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/13/19 1:01 PM | Tayler | Ross | taylerdeclanross@gmail.com | |||||||||||
1355 | 505 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Seizures | ![]() | https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/focal-onset-aware-seizures-aka-simple-partial-seizures | The classification of partial focal seizure under simple and complex is no longer used, the new classification defines it as: focal aware and focal impaired awareness. I think is important to update in recent terminology and put in parenthesis the old term used rather than all the way around. To avoid confusions and learn the correct term. | Minor erratum | The nomenclature to describe seizure has changed. It is my understanding the the test is still reliant on the old nomenclature. I don't know this with any certainty as I took step 1 in 2015. I would defer to an editor about change this. The new terms are summarized here: https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/new-terms-seizure-classification -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 5:29 PM | Daniela | Carralero Somoza | danielacarralero@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1356 | 506 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Headaches | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | *T*ension ---> *Bi*lateral =Two lateral. | Mnemonic | Verified | Not quite fond of it. Would prefer mnemonics that deal with "band-like" distribution. -Anup | Reject. Reject for now as we are looking for Errata. We can defer suggestion to 2020. - Humood | Eh, not a fan. Reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 6:56 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||
1357 | 506 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Headaches | ![]() | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2720121?guestAccessKey=dc65fc07-7bc7-4530-b864-94399937b0e7&fbclid=IwAR1JSsJK_PtyafnAnqJ6ipp8itIDNzeU_pP0vj0sgvZmLqBN_mwlPEBx-vo | Fremanezumab and Erenumab, 2 newly FDA approved antimigraine CGRP monoclonal antibodies, should be reserved for patients with disabling high-frequency episodic migraine or Chronic migraine who have not benefited from or cannot tolerate 1st-line preventive treatments, like propranolol or topiramate (for episodic migraine) or botulinum toxin (for chronic migraine). | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Defer to 2020. ? HY new content. - Humood | May need expert review as well.-Anup | Reject. Both fremanezumab and erenumab were just accepted last year, so unlikely to be tested on Step 1. Would not recommend addition -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/19/19 11:08 AM | Anil | A Kumar | anil_kumarans@yahoo.co.in | ||||||||||||
1358 | 506 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Headaches | ![]() | 1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-treatment-of-migraine-in-adults 2. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/head.12835 (American Headache Society) | Antiemetics acting as dopamine receptor antagonists are also among effective treatment options for acute migraine, particularly prochlorperazine (IV) and metoclopramide (IV). Both very commonly used in ERs, and their effectiveness are based on high quality of evidence (see references). Chlorpromazine also seems to be effective, although data are more limited compared to the other two drugs. These dopamine receptor antagonist antiemetics should be added to the text in the acute migraine rx table. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Agree. We need to specify these are IV meds. These are not first line for home management which the meds we already have listed are. -Kaitlyn | Can be discussed on annotate. -Anup | This is something that needs to be known in the clinical setting rather than for purposes of Step 1. It is more important to know about the treatments mentioned in the table. Therefore, would be inclined to reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/26/19 6:47 AM | Cem | Turam | cemturam@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1359 | 506 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Headaches | ![]() | 1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-treatment-of-migraine-in-adults 2. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/head.12835 (American Headache Society) | When added to standard acute migraine therapy, parenteral treatment with dexamethasone reduces the rate of early headache recurrence (from 24 to 72 hours after treatment). Both UpToDate and American Headache Society recommend adjunctive therapy with parenteral dexamethasone for patients with acute migraine headaches, so it should be added to the acute migraine rx (note that even though it doesn't provide immediate pain relief). | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Agree. We need to specify these are IV meds. These are not first line for home management which the meds we already have listed are. -Kaitlyn | Can be discussed on annotate. -Anup | This is something that needs to be known in the clinical setting rather than for purposes of Step 1. It is more important to know about the treatments mentioned in the table. Therefore, would be inclined to reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/26/19 7:06 AM | Cem | Turam | cemturam@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1360 | 506 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Headaches | ![]() | https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100258/aimovig-erenumab-aooe- | A novel and effective new treatment for migraine prophylaxis is (erenumab-aooe) a human monoclonal antibody that binds to the calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP) receptor and antagonizes CGRP receptor function. | High-yield addition to next year | Reject. I don't think this is HY. -Kaitlyn | Not sure if it will get tested. Reject. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 12:02 PM | Jan Andre | Grauman | jgrauman@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1361 | 506 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Headaches | ![]() | self made | When describing cluster headache as more common in males and rest two in females. You can illustrate migraine and tension headache with picture of female rather than that of male. will give diagrmatic reprsentation and will be easier to learn | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/04/19 6:03 AM | Shreya | Gulati | gulatishreya23@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1362 | 507 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Movement disorders | ![]() | Mnemonic | To remember asterixis is the “flapping” motion of uncontrollable repeating wrist and upper extremity extension, picture an asterisk and imagine it as a person flapping their arms like wings. Images attached. | Mnemonic | Verified | Defer to 2020. -Anup | Helpful but will take up a lot of space. Also may confuse people because asterixis refers to the hands, not the whole arm. -Kaitlyn | Agree with Kaitlyn. Would not recommend addition. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/07/19 12:19 AM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1363 | 508 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy | Neurodegenerative disorders | ![]() | First Aid 2019 + Pathoma for tau protein, Alzheimer’s section | The Senile plaques is composed of AB (amyloid-B)=> (A Blaques),,,,, while the Neurofibrillary tangles are composed of tau protein (TAUngles) | Mnemonic | Verified | Not in favor of addition. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 05/10/19 10:47 PM | Faris | Binyousef | faris-v@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1364 | 508 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Neurodegenerative disorders | ![]() | https://parkinsonsdisease.net/symptoms/micrographia-handwriting/ https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/2/3/e000628 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2169751/ | Adding Micrographia to Parkinson's disease paragraph as its strongly associated with it. | Clarification to current text | I am in favor of addition, as this is one of the first signs that may present in a patient with Parkinsons. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 05/13/19 8:37 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1365 | 508 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Neurodegenerative disorders | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/genetics-of-alzheimer-disease#H899448 | ApoE-4 makes you 4get | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 06/11/19 4:33 PM | Kevin | Kron | kevkron123@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1366 | 508 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Neurodegenerative disorders | ![]() | n/a | ApO E – 2: Smaller number – Decreased risk ApO E – 4: Larger number – Increased risk and later onset So many “P”s related with Alzheimer disease, including hyperPhosphorylated tau proteins. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 7:26 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1367 | 508 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Neurodegenerative disorders | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-dementia-with-lewy-bodies?search=lewy%20body%20dementia%20diagnosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~111&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H25 | The entry for Lewy body dementia states "Called Lewy body dementia if cognitive and motor symptom onset < 1 year apart, otherwise considered dementia 2° to Parkinson disease." I believe that it should be clarified to "Called dementia 2° to Parkinson disease if motor symptoms precede cognitive symptoms by > 1 year, otherwise considered Lewy body dementia." Per UpToDate "If parkinsonism is present for more than one year before the onset of dementia, it is officially classified as PDD." | Clarification to current text | The student is technically correct but I think our current phrasing is fine -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 07/21/19 1:36 PM | David | Sin | des144@case.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1368 | 508 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Neurodegenerative disorders | ![]() | https://www-uptodate-com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu/contents/epidemiology-pathology-and-pathogenesis-of-dementia-with-lewy-bodies?search=lewy%20body%20dementia%20umbrella&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | "Lewy body dementia" should read "Dementia with lewy bodies," as LBD is an umbrella term that includes DLB and Parkinson disease. DLB refers to the the clinical syndrome with parkinsonism, visual hallucinations, etc. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/20/19 10:17 PM | Rob | Thinnes | robert-thinnes@uiowa.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1369 | 508 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Neurodegenerative disorders | ![]() | FA 2019 | neurofibrillary Tangles = Tau protein | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/31/19 9:48 AM | Connor | Lentz | lentz.connor@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1370 | 510 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Hypothalamus | ![]() | boards and beyonds , https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4436859/ ; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25560696 ; | the effect on lateral and medial hypothalamic areas are mediated via orexigenic and anorexigenic neurons of arcuate nucleus respectively. These mediate their effects via NPY and POMC respectively. I am submitting an original simplified illustration showing the same. Also mentioned is the control of leptin and ghrelin on hunger and satiety . You are free to modify the illustration and use as per convenience | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Defer to 2020. ? HY new content. - Humood | Can be discussed on annotate. -Anup | The current text is adequate for purposes of Step 1. Would not recommend addition or further clarification. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/05/19 9:32 PM | anubhav | sood | anubhavsood89@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1371 | 511 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Multiple sclerosis | ![]() | https://www.dictionary.com/browse/spasticity | 6th line on this page (3rd bullet) I believe there is a spelling error. Instead of 'Spasticity', currently, the word is spelled as "spacticty." | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | Nice catch. Agree that this needs to be changed and is a minor spelling error. -Anup | Agree -Kaitlyn | Accept. Please add a note to annotate to change to "spasticity" -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 3:08 PM | Hanan | Qaqish | hanan.qaqish@rockets.utoledo.edu | ||||||||||||
1372 | 511 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Multiple sclerosis | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | The gold standard for Multiple sclerosis diagnosis is (MRI) (Multiple scleRosIs) | Mnemonic | Verified | Not necessary for addition. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 05/10/19 10:55 PM | Faris | Binyousef | faris-v@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1373 | 512 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Neuropathology | Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/guillain-barre-syndrome-pathogenesis | Causes of Guillain-Barre: MC CHiVE Mycoplasma, Campylobacter jejuni, Cmv, Hemophilus influenzae, Varicella zoster virus, Epstein-barr virus. | Mnemonic | Verified | Not exactly causes, but rather precipitants [as per UTD]. However, not sure if all of these are important for Step 1. I would certainly expect the test to question on C jejuni, EBV, Mycoplasma at the most. So the mnemonic would just add extra info with no extra HY material. -Anup | Reject. Reject for now as we are looking for Errata. We can defer suggestion to 2020. - Humood | Reject. Not convinced that this is HY enough to warrant a mnemonic. Would not recommend addition -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 12/28/18 11:19 AM | Elan | Baskir | ebask003@fiu.edu | ||||||||||||
1374 | 512 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Neuropathology | Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-inflammatory-demyelinating-polyneuropathy-treatment-and-prognosis?search=Acute%20inflammatory%20demyelinating%20polyradiculopathy&topicRef=14174&source=see_link | The last line of this passage says "No role for steroids.' While this is true for some forms of Guillain-Barre, glucocorticoids are a standard treatment for Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy. | Minor erratum | Can be put up for discussion, and may require faculty input. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 04/25/19 8:22 PM | Valerie | Chen | valerie4@illinois.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1375 | 512 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy | ![]() | https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/guillain-barre-syndrome-gbs-mnemonic/ | Mnemonic: AIDP for management 1. Supportive: • Analgesia• Airway: ventilation• Autonomic• Antithrombotic: TED stockings, LMWH 2. IVIG 3. Dexamethasone (corticosteroid) 4. Plasma exchange (Plasmapheresis). Mnemonic: AIDP criteria 1. Areflexia 2. Include in differential and rule out other causes 3. Duration < 4 weeks 4. Progressive (Ascending weakness | Mnemonic | Verified | Management questions are mostly Step 2 CK, but we included this here as the concepts get tested. Not sure if adding a mnemonic would be HY. -AC | ![]() | ![]() | 06/06/19 9:36 AM | Mir | Inzamam Ali | mirinzamamali86@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1376 | 512 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Other demyelinating and dysmyelinating diseases | ![]() | Mnemonic | Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: Charcot-Marie-Foot associated with Foot deformities and Foot drop | Mnemonic | Verified | I prefer "C My Toes" for a CMT mnemonic. -Kaitlyn | Not in favor of the proposed mnemonic. Kaitlyn's is better if we decide to add one. -YK | Rejecting this mnemonic, but accepting this comment so that we can add in Kaitlyn's suggestion to annotate. Please migrate "C My Toes" for CMT as a mnemonic with appropriate red text. We will have to do some reformatting to incorporate. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/12/19 5:00 PM | Genesis | Valenzuela | gvalenzuelah@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
1377 | 512 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Other demyelinating and dysmyelinating diseases | ![]() | n/a | PEdMed.Coma PiloCYSTIC astrocytoma, Pinealoma EpenDymoma Medulloblastoma CraniopharyngiOMA | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 7:28 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1378 | 512 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Other demyelinating and dysmyelinating diseases | ![]() | n/a | “Two PiMPs with Charcot and Marie” PMP 22 gene duplication Oncogenes, pg 225 CLaP and KRASh: K-RAS mutation in Colon, Lung and Pancreatic Ca. C comes after B. Hence, C-myc mutation for Burkitt Lymphoma. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 7:31 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1379 | 513 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Neuropathology | Herniation syndromes | ![]() | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/uncal-herniation-1?lang=us | Uncal herniation usually results in ipsilateral CN III palsy and contralateral hemiparesis. In rare cases of Kernohan's PHENOMENON, there will be contralateral CN III palsy and ipsilateral hemiparesis. This section isn't particularly clear on the difference between the common and rare manifestations of uncal herniation. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 11/21/19 12:15 PM | Leslie | Shang | leslie.shang@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1380 | 513 | Pathology | ![]() | Neoplasia | Neoplasia and neoplastic progression | ![]() | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-24310-5 | Neurofibromin (Ras GTPase activating protein) and in neurology section p 513 NF1 ((encodes neurofibromin, a negative RAS regulator ) | Clarification to current text | Verified | Mentioned above. -Scott | Agree with student. I see a similar comment on Annotate. Neurofibromin is an inhibitor of RAS/MAPK signaling. Robbins pathology, table 7-7. - MK | Duplicate. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/14/19 6:15 AM | nehal | khalid | nehalnasser55@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1381 | 513 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Neurocutaneous disorders | ![]() | FA 2019 Page 513 | Highlight the letter *T* and *S* in "Tuberous sclerosis" to match the mnemonic. | Mnemonic | Verified | I do agree, but we cannot highlight headings (if i recall correctly). So we can highlight the T and S in tuberous sclerosis immediately after rhabdomyoma. -Anup | Reject. Reject for now as we are looking for Errata. We can defer suggestion to 2020. - Humood | We removed this mnemonic last year, as we do not want multiple mnemonics, which would cause confusion. Additionally, we avoid including mnemonics in the header of the table. Reject. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 9:22 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||
1382 | 513 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Neurocutaneous disorders | ![]() | nil | NF1 chromosome can be remembered as chr 17 by writing F1 as a mirror image (inverted). This is a better memory aid as no one will count the letters in von recklinghausen during exam | Mnemonic | Verified | This is good but requires a lot of explanation. Not sure how we could make it clear in text. -Kaitlyn | Reject. Agree with Kaitlyn, this is too complicated -YK | Reject, too complicated. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/12/19 1:47 AM | anubhav | sood | anubhavsood89@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1383 | 513 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Neurocutaneous disorders | ![]() | Goljan- Rapid review of pathology. Also in https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/950151-overview#a1 NF1 is highly penetrant but not 100%. On the other end, NF-2 shows complete penetrance | NF shows incomplete penetrance, not 100% penetrance | Major erratum | Reject. Some sources say it is highly penetrant, yet most suggest 100% penetrance. For simplicity sake I think it's acceptable to say 100% penetrance. UpToDate cites NF1 as being completely penetrant. -Zander | Reject. Considered to have 100% penetrance. From genetics textbook dated 2018: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1109/ -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 03/17/19 8:10 AM | Ketan | Dayma | ketandayma77@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1384 | 513 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Neurocutaneous disorders | ![]() | n/a | 9 – 1 x 2 = 16 TS 1 mutation on chromosome 9 TS 2 mutation on chromosome 16 | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/08/19 7:30 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1385 | 513 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Neurocutaneous disorders | ![]() | Self-written | VHL Disease - some of these tumors found around HIP area/lower abdomen (von-HIP-Lindau). For example - RENAL cell carcinoma, Pheochromocytoma | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 11:25 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1386 | 516 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Childhood primary brain tumors | ![]() | I just tried to find a way to differentiate between Pilocytic astrocytoma and Medulloblastoma | "Pilocytic" astrocytoma is Cystic+Solid (vs Medulloblastoma), just like a "Pillow" stuffed with cottons! | Mnemonic | Verified | This is good but I don't think it would help on test day. Step 1 would never show an MRI and expect and MS2 to know JPA vs medullo. If they did, the answer would be JPA because JPA is more common. We should not incorporate this. -Kaitlyn | Reject. Reject for now as we are looking for Errata. We can defer suggestion to 2020. - Humood | Reject. Agree with Kaitlyn. Would not recommend addition. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/05/19 3:08 PM | Elmira | Taghi Zadeh | elmira.taghizadeh9@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1387 | 516 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Childhood primary brain tumors | ![]() | N/A | Medal (Medulloblastoma) for Homer who was (W)right | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Not sure how this helps to remember the Homer-Wright rosette association with medulloblastoma other than it restates the words together in a sentence. -Zander | Agree to reject. I don't get this at all. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 04/01/19 4:47 PM | Kelly | Lew | kjl95@case.edu | ||||||||||||||
1388 | 516 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Neuropathology | Neuroblastoma | ![]() | http://www.ajnr.org/content/27/3/488 | The histology picture of Homer-Wright Rosettes in the referenced picture in part D does not have an adequate depiction of what these structures look like in regards to a Medulloblastoma/PNET or a Pinealoma. When I researched a Homer Wright Rosette in the American Journal of Neuroradiology I came across an image that I feel would be a better representation. | High-yield addition to next year | Refer to Kim. -Alireza | Verified | Defer to 2020. Defer suggestion to the images team next year. - Humood | Agree with deferring. -Anup | Please add a note for Kim on annotate with the image included. -VV | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/22/19 9:21 AM | Samantha | Friday | sfriday68993@med.lecom.edu | |||||||||||
1389 | 517 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Herniation syndromes | ![]() | http://www.uptodate.com.medproxy.hofstra.edu/contents/evaluation-and-management-of-elevated-intracranial-pressure-in-adults?search=kernohan+notch§ionRank=1&anchor=H8&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~1#H8 | You say Kernohan Phenomenon would lead to contralateral blown pupil. However it is still the ipsilateral blown pupil, and the side of hemiparesis flips only. | Major erratum | Verified | Reject. The user might be confused here. Our narrative is consistent with the info on UTD. Per UTD, "One notable false localizing syndrome seen following neurologic injury, referred to as Kernohan's notch phenomenon, consists of the combination of contralateral pupillary dilatation and ipsilateral weakness" https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-and-management-of-elevated-intracranial-pressure-in-adults?search=Kernohan%20phenomenon&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~1&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 - Humood | Agree. We has a discussion on this last year as well, if I remember correctly. -Anup | Text is correct as is. We made the distinction between late and early presentation with faculty approval. No change recommended. -VV | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/27/19 5:00 PM | Dave | Thomas | davethomas614@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1390 | 517 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Herniation syndromes | ![]() | http://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-and-management-of-elevated-intracranial-pressure-in-adults?search=kernohan | Kernohan’s notch is not an anatomic structure that’s compressed against by the cerebral peduncle. Kernohan’s notch equals Kernohan’s phenomenon. It results from compression of contralateral cerebral peduncle against the free edge of the tentorium. | Clarification to current text | Verified | This is correct. Text should be changed to "Kernohan's notch phenomenon (misleading contralateral blown pupil and ipsilateral hemiparesis due to contralateral compression of cerebral peduncle against tentorial notch)" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15046669 -Kaitlyn | Can be discussed on annotate. -Anup | Most of the sources I looked at call it Kernohan notch phenomenon. Please replace "Kernohan phenomenon" WITH "Kernohan notch phenomenon" -VV https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2938049/ https://radiopaedia.org/articles/kernohan-phenomenon?lang=us | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/08/19 8:12 AM | Xiang | Guo | drguox@126.com | ||||||||||||
1391 | 518 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Spinal cord lesions | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is combined upper & lower lesion, so (ALS= Apper Lower Symptoms) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/10/19 10:32 PM | Faris | Binyousef | faris-v@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1392 | 518 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Neuropathology | Spinal cord lesions | ![]() | https://www.christopherreeve.org/about-us | Amylotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Christopher Reeves, who acted as SUPERman, used to fly around a lot. He has a charity foundation aimed to help people who can't fly at all due to both Upper and Lower Motor neuron disease. This disease is caused by SUPERoxide dismutase defect, that stops them from being SUPER like SUPERman. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/28/19 7:12 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1393 | 519 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Brown-Séquard syndrome | ![]() | n/a | The diagram of the spinal cord segment indicates that the lesion is the blue section (the word "lesion" is below the blue half) but it should be under the red section in order to produce the symptoms noted in the diagram of the body | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 12/15/19 7:35 AM | Lauren | Benedetto | benedetto@uchc.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1394 | 519 | Microbiology | ![]() | Virology | Poliomyelitis | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1259213-overview | OPV is live attenuted so it goes in body just like live viruses( fecal-oral) while IPV is inactivted so it goes in the body by injection | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/30/19 6:53 PM | Abdelrahman | Altarazi | abodtaraze@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1395 | 520 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Common cranial nerve lesions | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4239699/#S11title | change to "weak side of palate collapses" -- current language is ambiguous and makes it seem like weak side of uvula collapses, which would lead the uvula to deviate towards lesion | Clarification to current text | Verified | Agree. Change to "weak side of palate collapses" -Kaitlyn | Agreed. -Anup | Agree. Please replace "Weak side collapses" WITH "Weak side of palate collapses" -VV https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK386/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4239699/ | ![]() | ![]() | 02/26/19 4:21 PM | Carin | Papendorp | cpapendorp@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1396 | 520 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Facial nerve lesions | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bells-palsy-pathogenesis-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-in-adults | write Bell's palsy instead of Bell palsy | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 08/01/19 9:56 AM | Ana Luiza | Mapurunga Goncalves | analuizamapurunga@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1397 | 520 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pathology | Facial nerve lesions | ![]() | No reference. | It says that "other symptoms" of a "Lower motor neuron lesion" of the facial nerve include "loss of taste sensation to anterior tongue". Indeed, taste can be lost when the facial nerve is damaged (since the nerve contains those sensory afferents), but a lesion at the facial nucleus (which contains the lower motor neurons and no sensory neurons) should not cause loss of taste. I suggest inserting a bracket after "loss of taste sensation to anterior tongue" to clarify that it occurs if it's specifically the facial nerve that is damaged. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 09/19/19 3:06 PM | Halee | Einfeld | raxorium@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1398 | 520 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Neuropathology | Meninges | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-acute-bacterial-meningitis-in-adults | Add a new section on "Meningitis" in Neuropathology. Microbiology section covers common pathogens and lab findings but Neuropathology should cover clinical aspects of meningitis. I attached a picture of the information I added on my First Aid while watching Boards & Beyond Videos (by Dr. Jason Ryan). | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | We are trying to work on this fact. -Anup | Reject. Reject for now as we are looking for Errata. We can defer suggestion to 2020. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 01/08/19 12:09 PM | Ralph | Zeitoun | riz07@mail.aub.edu | ||||||||||||||
1399 | 520 | Pathology | ![]() | Pathology | Neuromuscular junction diseases | ![]() | https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/guillain-barre-syndrome/ | GBS can be read as goes from below superiorlly to remember that gullian barre is ascending paralysis | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Scott | ![]() | ![]() | 05/30/19 7:04 PM | Abdelrahman | Altarazi | abodtaraze@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1400 | 520 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Neuropathology | Neurons | ![]() | https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Bells-Palsy-Fact-Sheet | Bell Palsy is incorrectly spelled. It is Bell's Palsy, named after Sir Charles Bell. | Spelling/formatting | Accept. -Zander | Agree -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 04/19/19 2:07 PM | Joshua | Morof | gc7713@wayne.edu | |||||||||||||||
1401 | 521 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Otology | Auditory physiology | ![]() | http://www.ncbi.nIm.nih.gov/books/NBK526135/ | BAd to the bone - conductive hearing loss (Rinne Bc > Ac, Weber localizes to BAD ear)) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Although it does localize to the bad ear in conductive loss, I dont think the mnemonic really clarifies the concept well. -Zander | ![]() | ![]() | 04/18/19 9:56 AM | Alicia | Mizes | apm79@pitt.edu | |||||||||||||||
1402 | 521 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Otology | Auditory physiology | ![]() | None needed. | Request to change "THIN and rigid" to "NARROW and rigid", since the purpose is to compare it to "wide and flexible". "Thin" is the opposite of "thick", "narrow" is the opposite of "wide". | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 10/18/19 1:38 PM | Halee | Einfeld | raxorium@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1403 | 522 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Ophthalmology | 22q11 deletion syndromes | ![]() | Intra university exams; | It wouldn't let me pick NEW FACT; but it is a high yield addition to add explanations of stye and chalazion to structural eye disorders. Especially since they are tested in normal in-medical school exams and are very common conditions | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | I can't remember being tested on these but agree they are very common. I would like to know what other people think. -Kaitlyn | Have never been tested on these for Step 1 prep. Agree they are common, not sure if it's a worthy addition -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/11/19 11:42 AM | Abdul Sattar | Raslan | anr06@mail.aub.edu | ||||||||||||||
1404 | 522 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Ophthalmology | Vertigo | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441861/ | need to differentiate the direction of nystagmus (horizontal vs any direction) associated with each kind of vertigo (peripheral vs central respectively). And also whether it occurs immediately (central vertigo) or delayed (peripheral). These facts are mentioned for central vertigo but have been skipped for peripheral vertigo. My proposal is to present them in a tabular format (see the file attachment). Also I am suggesting a mnemonic to remember the peripheral vertigo characteristics : PHD Peripheral Horizontal Delayed | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Partial. Not sure if it's worth adding a whole table to the section, as I dont think it'd be a super high yield addition. The person that submitted this is right though, we are missing something about the type of vertigo under the peripheral section. Maybe add something like "Typically associated with a rotational nystagmus". -Zander | ![]() | ![]() | 02/25/19 3:56 AM | anubhav | sood | anubhavsood89@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1405 | 522 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Otology | Vertigo | ![]() | boards and beyond ; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441861/ | Peripheral vertigo is associated with delayed nystagmus occuring in horizontal direction Mnemonic : PHD Peripheral Horizontal Delayed | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 02/25/19 4:04 AM | anubhav | sood | anubhavsood89@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1406 | 524 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Ophthalmology | Age-related macular degeneration | ![]() | nil | to remember dry AMD is a/w gradual decrease in vision vs Wet AMD sudden ---- mnemonic 1 . Dry = graDual ; 2. It takes longer for clothes to DRY but get WET quickly | Mnemonic | Verified | I like #2. it is sort of confusing but I can't think of anything better and I think it is helpful. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 02/24/19 5:55 AM | anubhav | sood | anubhavsood89@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1407 | 524 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Ophthalmology | Uveitis | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/uveitis-etiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=uvea&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~16&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | In the description of uveitis- there is discussion on what components make up the uvea (therefore it can somewhat be inferred that the iris, choroid, retina make up the uvea)- but there is no clarification of this saying exactly what is considered the uvea. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Accept. Definitely a confusing point amongst medical students. I think instead of saying "specific name based on the location within the affected eye", we could say "Inflammation of the uvea. The uvea is the middle portion of the eye and consists of the iris, ciliary body, and the choroid". Or something similar so that it's clear. Most importantly, I think this could be shown in the diagram on page 522. The eye anatomy picture should delineate the structures of the uvea. -Zander | Agree with Zander. This was always a confusing point for me, I can see this being very helpful. -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/26/19 5:23 PM | Dylan | Erwin | derwin@smu.edu | ||||||||||||||
1408 | 525 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Ophthalmology | Retinal vein occlusion | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2915868/ | It mentions that central or branch retinal veins are due to compression from nearby arterial atherosclerosis. Although this is true, that is the case mostly for branch retinal vein occlusions. As for the central vein occlusions the pathophysiology behind it is usually a primary thrombus disorder. | Minor erratum | Accept. It seems there isnt a definitive answer between AAO, UpToDate, NCBI, etc., but thrombus formation is definitely a cause of CRVO. The wording in FA currently groups central and branch occlusions together, but only mentions the atherosclerosis part. I think a small addition to the text could be "...due to compression from nearby arterial atherosclerosis or thrombus formation within the vessel". Ultimately I don't think it's super important to add, but it could be a small change. -Zander | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 5:46 AM | Maziad | Al-Abdul Wahid | maziad_97@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1409 | 525 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Ophthalmology | Retinitis | ![]() | https://nei.nih.gov/faqs/retina-cotton-wool-spots | Cotton wool spots are found in diabetic retinopathy too | High-yield addition to next year | Partial. Under UpToDate (and various other sources) they are found in diabetic retinopathy. Not sure if it's a necessary add, however. -Zander | ![]() | ![]() | 03/16/19 10:02 PM | Manonmani | Murugappan | mano96@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1410 | 526 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Ophthalmology | Retinitis | ![]() | First AId 2018 | Entry on Retinitis excluded | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Would need the X-ref team to have a look. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 6:08 PM | David | Nwachukwu | dnjrocks@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1411 | 526 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Ophthalmology | Retinitis pigmentosa | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1227488-overview | There is currently no cure for RP; therefore, therapies are limited. Some pharmacological agents used in the management of RP include: Fat-soluble vitamins (eg, vitamin A, vitamin E), Calcium-channel blockers (eg, diltiazem) and Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (eg, acetazolamide). | Minor erratum | We have room to include this but I don't think it is HY. I would appreciate another authors opinion. -Kaitlyn | Reject. RP is already pretty low yield and I think therapies are out of the scope of step 1 knowledge IMO. -Zander | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 8:25 AM | Hussein | Khachfe | hussein.khachfe@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1412 | 527 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Ophthalmology | Marcus Gunn pupil | ![]() | First AID 2019 | You really should talk about Argyll-Robertson pupil on the same page as Marcus-Gunn pupil as they are both common pupil disorders. It makes sense to put them next to each other. | High-yield addition to next year | Text authors should consider this addition. -Alireza | Verified | Agree. We should add these two pupils to this page. We have room. I can draft the text when we transfer to annotate. -Kaitlyn | Defer to illustration team. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 02/11/19 10:27 PM | Adithya | Nagaraja | adityangrj776@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1413 | 527 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Ophthalmology | Marcus Gunn pupil | ![]() | First AID 2019 | You should include Adie Pupil as a condition. Adie pupil is a unilaterally dilated pupil that reacts sluggishly to light, but better to accommodation. A result of ciliary ganglion lesion. | High-yield addition to next year | Text authors should consider this addition. -Alireza | Verified | Agree. We should add these two pupils to this page. We have room. I can draft the text when we transfer to annotate. -Kaitlyn | Defer to illustration team. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 02/11/19 10:39 PM | Adithya | Nagaraja | adityangrj776@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1414 | 527 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Ophthalmology | Pupillary control | ![]() | Mnemonic | To remember miOsis is pupillary cOnstriction, think of how your mouth shrinks in size when pronouncing the letter “O”. Clarifying image attached. | Mnemonic | Verified | Defer to 2020. -Anup | I don't like this. If you think about the O you think of the pupil being large. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 10:49 PM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1415 | 527 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Ophthalmology | Pupillary control | ![]() | Mnemonic | To remember that MYDRIasis is pupillary dilation, think “MY eye “dri”lates”. To remember that the sympathetic nervous system dilates the pupil (mydriasis) and decreases lacrimation, think “my dry eye dilates”. Clarifying image attached. | Mnemonic | Verified | Defer to 2020. -Anup | I like the first part of this. We don't talk about lacrimation here so I don't think we should use that part. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 10:54 PM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1416 | 528 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Ophthalmology | Ocular motility | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1189759-overview | The image on the right shows incorrect eye movements for SO, SR, IR, and IO. Both the superior and inferior rectus muscles adduct the eye, not abduct. Also, both the superior and inferior oblique muscles abduct the eye and not aduct. The image could also be demonstrating the torsion directions, but those would also be pointing incorrectly if that was the case. | Major erratum | Disagree, the current illustration is good enough for depicting the concept of ocular movements. -Alireza | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 02/28/19 11:50 PM | Maziar | Amini | maziaram@usc.edu | |||||||||||||||
1417 | 529 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Ophthalmology | CN III, IV, VI palsies | ![]() | I don't think a Mnemonic requires a reference | In CN IV damage, the mnemonic would sound better and easier to memorize as: Can't see the floor without a healthy CN IV. | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. I think this would be a good, simple change. -Zander | Agree. I use this mnemonic when I teach eye movements lecture. Students love it. I'm wondering if this is one of my students or if I'm just not creative as I thought. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 8:19 AM | Hussein | Khachfe | hussein.khachfe@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1418 | 529 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Ophthalmology | CN III, IV, VI palsies | ![]() | mnemonic, FA 19 p. 529 | *P*com aneurysm *p*ushes on *p*eripheral *p*arasympathetic fibers, *M*edial *M*otor, diabetes *M*ellitus (everything in ** highlighted in red) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. The existing mnemonic is simple and clear compared to this suggestion. -Zander | I actually like this. We could add it just above the image, it would not add length to the fact. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 04/17/19 1:44 PM | Elan | Baskir | ebask003@fiu.edu | ||||||||||||||
1419 | 530 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Ophthalmology | Cavernous sinus | ![]() | U world question where infection was related to old nasal tamponade, see also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_triangle_of_the_face | Please add that the Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis if related to infections in the "triangle of danger" in the face! Maybe add that its not only eye and cortex veins but there is a connection between the V.angularis and V. Facialis so that infections in this area may lead to a sinus thrombosis! | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 06/07/19 10:44 AM | Noam | Degner | noam.degner@me.com | |||||||||||||||||
1420 | 530 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Schizophrenia spectrum disorders | ![]() | Myself | Increase DOPamine = smoking "Dope" | Mnemonic | Verified | reject -YK | Reject - Rohan | ![]() | ![]() | 03/14/19 11:55 AM | Abeda | Farhati | abeda.farhati@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1421 | 530 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Ophthalmology | Visual field defects | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/homonymous-hemianopia?search=meyer%20loop&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2 | Meyer (SKYer's) loop for defect as "pie in the sky"; Dorsal (FLOORsal) optic radiation for defect as "pie on the floor" | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/06/19 12:45 PM | Michael | Hagerty | michaelhagerty1992@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1422 | 531 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Parkinson disease drugs | ![]() | https://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/sites/www.pharma.us.novartis.com/files/comtan.pdf | First Aid states that Entacapone acts centrally and peripherally. However, my schools resources, Boards and Beyond, and Novartis (the company who makes the drug) state that it only acts peripherally. It is TOLCAPONE that acts both centrally and peripherally, NOT Entacapone. | Major erratum | Verified | This has been discussed during the 2019 crowdproofing. I think we can still have faculty input. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 03/03/19 7:08 PM | Mohammad | Sattar | mo.sat92@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1423 | 531 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Parkinson disease drugs | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tolcapone-drug-information?search=tolcapone&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1~8&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1#F228970 | Entacope is used for peripheral use of COMT inhibition. Tolcapone acts both centrally and peripherally for COMT inhibtion. both the picture and the text need to be corrected | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 05/06/19 5:02 PM | Kinza | Sultan | kinza.sultan@westernu.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1424 | 532 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Epilepsy drugs | ![]() | not needed | vigabatrin = "Irreversible GABA TRansaminase INhibitor" (moa) | Mnemonic | Verified | Defer to 2020. Mnemonic. - Humood | I don't like it. Reject -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/14/19 2:51 PM | Nicholas | Yeisley | nwygz4@mail.umkc.edu | ||||||||||||||
1425 | 532 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Epilepsy drugs | ![]() | FA 2019 chart | To remember that valproic acid and lamotrigine both treat all 3 types of seizures (excluding status epilepticus) you can remember them as vALLproic acid and lamictALL (brand name of lamotrigine). | Mnemonic | Verified | Defer to 2020. Mnemonic. - Humood | This is good, but I don't like that it excludes status. Also we should avoid relying on brand names. Reject -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/27/19 1:39 PM | Jonathan | Leong | jonathan.leong@downstate.edu | ||||||||||||||
1426 | 532 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Epilepsy drugs | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/drug-reaction-with-eosinophilia-and-systemic-symptoms-dress | Besides Phenytoin, Carbamazepine and Lamotrigine are also important causes of DRESS syndrome. | High-yield addition to next year | Accept. The AEDs are implicated and it's probably worth putting in DRESS as a complication under carbamzepine and lamotrigine. I know other step 1 resources mention these associations. Low yield, but could show up under any of this drugs -Zander | Agree. We do not have room to explain DRESS any in this table but we should include it under CBZ and LMG https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3718748/ -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 3:08 AM | Nicolas | Curi Gawlinski | nicolascurii@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1427 | 532 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Epilepsy drugs | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-epilepsy-during-preconception-pregnancy-and-the-postpartum-period | Lamotrigine and levetiracetam are the safest antiepileptics for pregnancy | High-yield addition to next year | Accept. I have definitely had Uworld questions from both step 1 and 2 asking about AEDs in pregnancy. Currently there is nothing listed under the note section for both drugs. AED use and management is very complex, so I think having a simple statement would be best. Such as "Safer option during pregnancy" or "Minimal risk for teratogenicity in pregnant patients". -Zander | Agreed, and needs faculty review once on annotate. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 9:51 PM | Rebecca | Xu | rebecca.xu@northwestern.edu | |||||||||||||||
1428 | 532 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Epilepsy drugs | ![]() | None | Vigabatrin - Blind as a bat | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/10/19 3:01 PM | Julian | Maamari | julien.maamari@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1429 | 532 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Epilepsy drugs | ![]() | n/a | Side effects of Carbamazepine: "450 SAD SAD SleTs" (CYP450 induction; SIADH; Ataxia; Diplopia; SJS; Agranulocytosis/Aplastic anemia; DRESS Syndrome; SLE (drug-induced); Teratogen. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/05/19 6:49 AM | Michael | Markel | mmarkel18@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1430 | 532 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Epilepsy drugs | ![]() | First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2019, page 532 | Venn Diagram for mechanism of action of epilepsy drugs | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 8:43 AM | Hasan | Hammo | hahammo@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1431 | 533 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Intravenous anesthetics | ![]() | opinion | Etomidate should be included in this list | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Defer to 202. ? HY new content - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 01/30/19 7:48 PM | Matthew | H | m_r_hennessey@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||||
1432 | 534 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Serotonin syndrome | ![]() | https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezproxy.rosalindfranklin.edu/pubmed/29482205 | I think it' definitely worth mentioning how triptans can be safely co-prescribed with SSRI/SNRIs. A study published in 2018 concerning triptans and SSRI/SNRI co-prescription looked at nearly 48,000 patients between 2001 - 2014, with an incidence of 0.6 cases per 10,000 patients! The 2006 FDA alert seems unjustified, and probably invalid, given the mounting and contradictory evidence. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 9:14 PM | Benjamin A study published in 2018 concerning triptans and SSRI/SNRI co-prescription looked at nearly 48,000 patients between 2001 - 2014 and found only 0-4 cases per 10,000 patients! The 2006 FDA alert seems unjustified, and probably invalid, given the mounting contradictory evidence. | Parker | bennparker123@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1433 | 534 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Triptans | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-migraine-in-children?search=sumatriptan%20mechanism&source=search_result&selectedTitle=5~25&usage_type=default&display_rank=5 | Under mechanism, it reads that triptans induce vasoconstrition, which is a typo meaning to say induce vasoconstriction | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | Correct, typo needs to be fixed. -Kaitlyn | Agree. -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/12/19 8:43 AM | Andre | Wakim | andrewakim@creighton.edu | ||||||||||||||
1434 | 535 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Drug names | ![]() | https://livertox.nih.gov/Entacapone.htm | "Entacapone inhibits COMT activity only peripherally, unlike tolcapone which acts both peripherally and centrally." | Major erratum | Verified | You are right. Already addressed below. However, please consider acknowledgement and incentives for whoever suggested first. - Vivek | Repeat suggestion, so will reject. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/10/19 1:23 AM | Elana | Molcho | elana.molcho@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1435 | 535 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Parkinson disease drugs | ![]() | https://www.pdr.net/drug-summary/Tasmar-tolcapone-1605 | Entacapone does not inhibit central COMT. The current text states that it does under the heading 'Prevent dopamine breakdown.' This drug should be Tolcapone NOT Entacapone. The diagram is correct but the current text is not. | Major erratum | Verified | This is already being discussed in the text. -Anup | This student was first, so will give credit. Under the "Prevent dopamine breakdown" replace "Entacaptone--blocks conversion...by inhibiting central COMT." WITH "Tolcapone--blocks conversion...by inhibiting central and peripheral COMT." | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Brad Cole | I agree that the diagram is correct and the first bullet point that says "Entacapone prevents peripheral...." is also correct. The second bullet under "prevent dopamine breakdown" however should be changed to "Tolcapone-blocks conversion of dopamine...". I would add that tolcapone is now so rarely used because of liver toxicity (I don't know a neurologist in our group who has prescribed this in more than 10 years) that a consideration would be to take tolcapone out entirely for the next edition. | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 12/23/18 4:57 AM | Jerrin | Bawa | jerrin.bawa@gmail.com | ||||||||||
1436 | 535 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Parkinson disease drugs | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pharmacologic-treatment-of-parkinson-disease?search=entacapone%20peripheral%20COMT&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Under the strategy "Prevent dopamine breakdown," Entacapone is said to inhibit central COMT and block dopamine conversion to 3-MT. However, Entacapone works in the periphery and converts dopamine to 3-OMD. Instead of Entacapone, Tolcapone would be a more appropriate correction since this drug blocks the conversion of dopamine to 3-MT via inhibition of central COMT. Also, in another strategy on the same page, “increase L-DOPA availability,” Entacapone is already mentioned to prevent peripheral L-DOPA degradation, which is the correct mechanism of action. | Major erratum | Duplicate | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 5:38 PM | Julie | Tran | julietran@email.arizona.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1437 | 535 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Parkinson disease drugs | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pharmacologic-treatment-of-parkinson-disease?search=entecapone%20tolcapone&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~8&usage_type=default&display_rank=4#H204803 | Under prevent dopamine breakdown it says entecapone works by inhibiting central COMT but only tolcapone inhibits central, entecapone just does peripheral (which is correct in the diagram) | Minor erratum | agree with vivek ~parth | Verified | Agree with change as per Vivek. -Anup | The student is correct. entecapone is a preferential peripheral COMT inhibitor as supported by UTD and other references- "Tolcapone is a mixed (peripheral and central) catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, whereas entacapone is a preferential peripheral COMT inhibitor." [1] Recommendation: 1. Replace the drug name "Entacapone" to "Tolcapone" in the current text 2. Add at the end of same sentence "by inhibiting both central and peripheral COMT" OR "by inhibiting central COMT (also inhibits peripheral COMT). Reference: 1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12573869 - Vivek | Reject, repeat suggestion. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/10/19 5:55 PM | Ashley | Katzenstein | ashley.katzenstein@jefferson.edu | |||||||||||
1438 | 535 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Parkinson disease drugs | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pharmacologic-treatment-of-parkinson-disease?search=entacapone&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~3&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | On prevent dopamine breakdown, entacapone is listed as a central COMT inhibitor but it should be peripheral COMT inhibitor | Clarification to current text | Verified | User is correct. Text next needs to be changed. We had discussed this on annotate earlier. The illustration was revised to say entacapone works peripherally while tolecapone works peripherally and centrally. Later on in the revision process, a crowdproofer suggested we revise the narrative as well but this suggestion was deferred. - Humood | Reject, repeat suggestion. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/18/19 4:03 PM | Catherine | Gloss | ccg5z6@health.missouri.edu | |||||||||||||
1439 | 535 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Parkinson disease drugs | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pharmacologic-treatment-of-parkinson-disease?search=entacapone&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~3&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | On prevent dopamine breakdown, entacapone is listed as a central COMT inhibitor but it should be peripheral COMT inhibitor. I think FA meant to say Tolcapone in it's place | Clarification to current text | Verified | Duplicate of above. Copying same response. "User is correct. Text next needs to be changed. We had discussed this on annotate earlier. The illustration was revised to say entacapone works peripherally while tolecapone works peripherally and centrally. Later on in the revision process, a crowdproofer suggested we revise the narrative as well but this suggestion was deferred. - Humood" | Reject, repeat suggestion. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/18/19 4:07 PM | Catherine | Gloss | ccg5z6@health.missouri.edu | |||||||||||||
1440 | 535 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Parkinson disease drugs | ![]() | Uworld and UpToDate - https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-nonmotor-symptoms-in-parkinson-disease | Psychotic symptoms are a frequent complication in Parkinson disease (especially when dopaminergic drugs are used, which are first line for PD), and are the strongest predictor for nursing home placement of patients with PD. Drugs for psychosis in PD are Quetiapine, Clozapine and Pimavenserin (other antipsychotics worsen underlying Parkinson disease due to their extrapyramidal symptoms). Definitely high yield for what-drug-would-you-use kind of questions on the USMLE. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Defer to 2020. ? HY new content. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 01/20/19 5:56 PM | Anil | A Kumar | anil_kumarans@yahoo.co.in | |||||||||||||||
1441 | 535 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Parkinson disease drugs | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11440283 | Text is right in specifying "Entacapone- blocks conversion of dopamine to 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) by inhibiting central COMT." Howver, it will be good to specify that Entacapone is only a weak inhibitor of COMT in CNS. Tolcapone is stronger inhibitor of COMT in CNS and hence can be used to produce effect both centrally as well as in periphery. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | This has been discussed during the 2019 crowdproofing. I think we can still have faculty input. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 02/14/19 8:28 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1442 | 535 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Parkinson disease drugs | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9917075 | Under the strategy "increase the L-DOPA availability," Tolcapone should be added as an agent that prevents peripheral L-DOPA degradation. It is added in the diagram but not the text. | Major erratum | Verified | This has been discussed during the 2019 crowdproofing. I think we can still have faculty input. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 02/26/19 7:17 PM | Samantha | Abdallah | samantha.abdallah2@med.wayne.edu | |||||||||||||||
1443 | 535 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Parkinson disease drugs | ![]() | mnemonic | Parkinson disease drug strategy "curb excess cholinergic activity"; mnemonic "Park your Mercedes-Benz". Suggestion: Add to existing mnemonic: " Mercedes-Benz by the CURB". (since the drug strategy is "Curb excess cholinergic activity"). May also add: "...Benz with TRIpointed emblem" in reference to TRIhexyphenidyl | Mnemonic | Verified | I like both of these. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 03/06/19 5:03 PM | M Marwan | Dabbagh | dr.dabbagh@outlook.com | |||||||||||||||
1444 | 535 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Parkinson disease drugs | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12573869 eMedicine mentions these drugs, but it does not mention peripheral vs central actions as this paper does. | Under "Parkinson Disease Drugs", it mentions that Entacapone prevents peripheral break down of L-DOPA by inhibiting COMT (which is correct), but underneath that, it mentions entacapone as acting centrally to inhibit COMT as well. From my understanding, entacapone's effects are mostly limited to the periphery, while tolcapone is more noted for inhibiting both peripheral *and* central degradation of L-DOPA through inhibition of COMT. I hope I am not splitting hairs with this point, but I thought it may be worth reaching out and notifying you. Thank you for the great material! | Minor erratum | Verified | This has been discussed during the 2019 crowdproofing. I think we can still have faculty input. -Anup | ![]() | ![]() | 03/11/19 10:18 AM | Roy | Smith | BenjaminRoySmithJr@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1445 | 535 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Parkinson disease drugs | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/9808337/ | Entacapone inhibit peripheral COMT | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 05/23/19 9:09 PM | Sherif | Guirguis | Sherif.guirguis@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1446 | 536 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Neurodegenerative disease drugs | ![]() | Mnemonic | Tetrabenazine for huntington disease. TETRAbenazine (4): Hunting 4 food, Chromosome 4 | Mnemonic | Verified | This is good except we don't mention chromosome 4 here so we shouldn't include that part. -Kaitlyn | ![]() | ![]() | 02/12/19 5:07 PM | Genesis | Valenzuela | gvalenzuelah@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1447 | 537 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Inhaled anesthetics | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23324809 and https://www.openanesthesia.org/cbfcmro2_drug_effects/ | N20 does not cause an increase in cerebral metabolic demand, but it does cause an increase in cerebral blood flow. The fluorinated inhaled anesthetics (eg. halothane, desflurane) cause an increase in cerebral blood flow and a decrease in cerebral metabolic demand. | Clarification to current text | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 02/18/19 6:48 PM | Beth Anne | George | Elisabeth_George@brown.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1448 | 537 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Local anesthetics | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-use-of-local-anesthetics-in-anesthesia?search=local%20anesthetics&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2 | Text states that "If allergic to esters, give amides." However, the opposite is true--typically if a patient is allergic to amides (first line, eg lidocaine or bupivacaine), then we move to esters. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 09/19/19 3:23 PM | Syed | Adil | syedadil94@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1449 | 538 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Baclofen | ![]() | N/A | you should highlight the B in Gaba B with red like you did with B in Baclofen for us to remember that it works on Gaba B | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/12/19 6:47 PM | Omair | C | ochaudry19@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1450 | 538 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Neuromuscular blocking drugs | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1760749/ | The current text says curare drugs are Ach antagonists, but they are actually Ach receptor** antagonists. | Major erratum | Accept. Definitely a receptor antagonist. -Zander | ![]() | ![]() | 04/21/19 12:03 PM | Shreya | Reddy | sreddy000@citymail.cuny.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1451 | 538 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Opioid analgesics | ![]() | https://reference.medscape.com/drug/sublimaze-fentanyl-343311 | In the index it is stated that the drug Fentanyl is on page 538 when it is not. It is a potent opioid which has a short duration but can also be used transdermally for chronic pain. | Clarification to current text | Verified | User is correct. Index problem. Fentanyl was deleted from opioid fact on both 2018 and 2019 editions. We may need to add it back. Defer to 2020 team. - Humood | Agree, it probably was deleted through the process of revamping this fact. Let's consider adding back fentanyl to the Opioid analgesics section under "Full agonist" line in the Efficacy section. -VV | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 02/02/19 12:31 PM | Alexandra & Joshua | Medeiros & Fowler | alexkm1994@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
1452 | 538 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Opioid analgesics | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19435929 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713087/ https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01183 | naltrexone and naloxone should be considered opioid inverse agonists as well as antagonists. Inverse agonist effect is used to treat overdose | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/10/19 2:55 AM | james | gutcho | jameskgutcho@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1453 | 538 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Opioid analgesics | ![]() | N/A | Side effects: MORPHINES Miosis, Orthostatic hypotension, Respiratory depression, Physical dependence, Histamine release, Increased intracranial pressure, Nausea, Euphoria, Sedation | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 11/07/19 3:26 AM | Sara | Cerasi | sara.cerasi@studio.unibo.it | |||||||||||||||||
1454 | 538 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Spasmolytics, antispamodics | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | Tiz*a*nidine --> *α*2 *a*gonist .\highlight "a" in red color. | Mnemonic | Verified | Could be added in next year -Anup | Reject. Reject for now as we are looking for Errata. We can defer suggestion to 2020. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 10:47 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
1455 | 538 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Spasmolytics, antispamodics | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519505/ ,, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizanidine | Tizanidine is more Tolerable than baclofen .(*T*izanidine -->*T*olerable). | Mnemonic | Verified | Could be added in next year -Anup | Reject. Reject for now as we are looking for Errata. We can defer suggestion to 2020. - Humood | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 10:52 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
1456 | 542 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Psychology | Ego defenses | ![]() | Not needed. | Under the 'Denial' heading, 'avoiding the awareness of some painful reality' can be replaced with 'avoiding the awareness of some unpleasant reality' as a better choice of words. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. No change required. - Rohan | Agree with Rohan -YK | I agree the current text is fine as is. Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/27/19 8:02 AM | Ahmed Ali | Khan | ahmedalikhanjr@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1457 | 545 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Childhood and early-onset disorders | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-in-children-and-adolescents-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis#H5 | ADHD has Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) as a comorbidity (prevalence is very high at 50-80%). Can be listed as a comorbid association. | High-yield addition to next year | accept. agree with GS to list as comorbid condition. -Aida | Verified | I think we should list it as a comorbid association. -GS | Agree with GS -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/20/19 7:12 PM | Abhishek | Chhabra | anil_kumarans@yahoo.co.in | |||||||||||||
1458 | 545 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Childhood and early-onset disorders | ![]() | https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html | In order to diagnose Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder six or more than six symptoms of inattentive and/or hyperactive/impulsive should be present. the no. of symptoms is not mention to make diagnosis. | Major erratum | Verified | Reject. This is too specific and not test-worthy on Step 1. -YK | Not HY for Step 1. - Rohan | Agree- LY. Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/01/19 4:36 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1459 | 545 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Childhood and early-onset disorders | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925492715300573 | people suffering from autism have larger than normal head circumferences (macrocephaly), and have larger than normal brains. writing head/brain size can be misinterpreted as head to brain size. I think it would be clearer if it was rewritten head and brain size | Clarification to current text | Verified | Accept. Suggest changing to "head and brain size" -YK | Accept. Change to Head and/or Brain size.- Rohan | Minor change but I agree this would make the text more accurate. - Sarah | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 04/03/19 9:27 PM | Awab | Elnaeem | awab.kamal@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1460 | 545 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Orientation | ![]() | https://www.english.illinois.edu/-people-/faculty/debaron/essays/epicene.htm | Wording is "patient's ability to know who he or she is, where he or she is..." We should instead consider using less binary pronouns and having the text read, "patient's ability to know who they are, where they are..." as the use of singular "they" is now widely accepted and was even made word of the year in 2015 by the American Dialect Society. | Spelling/formatting | Staff rejects | ![]() | ![]() | 02/24/19 6:26 PM | Lo | Tamburro | lo.tamburro@med.wmich.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1461 | 546 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Amnesias | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-chronic-neurologic-complications-of-alcohol?search=korsakoff&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~15&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Memory impairment correlates better with lesions in the anterior thalamus rather than mamillary bodies [13]. | Clarification to current text | Agree. UpToDate mentions the role of anterior thalamus destruction is predominant in memory impairment. I suggest it should be changed to anterior thalamus and mamillary body destruction. - Rohan | I'm not sure about making the change. I think this all depends on who you ask. The paper UpToDate cites from the user-provided article is from 2000. In that same UpToDate article, it says mamillary bodies are specific for WE. In contrast, I found another UpToDate article (below) which mentions again that mamillary bodies are specific for WE (citing a paper from 1999), but does NOT mention the anterior thalamus. I think if we want to change anything, we need an EXPERT REVIEW. Otherwise I suggest no change. -YK (source: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/wernicke-encephalopathy?search=korsakoff%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~16&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H13) | Being discussed on Annotate with faculty input. - Sarah | Disagreement/need expert | ![]() | ![]() | 05/02/19 12:57 AM | Shicheng | Song | nicksong66@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1462 | 547 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Psychosis | ![]() | Showed up on a few tests and Uworld. | Impulse control disorders (specially Intermittent explosive disorder) | High-yield addition to next year | If we do add this, it should be under "Childhood and early-onset disorders" (not psychosis as suggested). I'm not aware of how commonly this is tested. I find it unlikely, would like further input. -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 06/10/19 7:39 AM | Ahmed Ali | Khan | ahmedalikhanjr@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1463 | 548 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Delusional disorder | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | at the end of first line there is two dots between the word symptoms and Daily.it suppose to be one dot only. | Spelling/formatting | Already noted on Annotate. -KD | Accept. - Rohan | ![]() | ![]() | 04/01/19 4:02 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1464 | 548 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Manic episode | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t7/ | The requirements for Manic Episode is listed as ≥1 week. However, according to the DSM, the time requirement is ≥1 week OR any duration if hospitalization is necessary. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/08/19 12:07 AM | Haziq | Siddiqi | siddiqi.haziq1@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1465 | 548 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Schizophrenia spectrum disorders | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809850 | As risperidone is the first line treatment for Schizophrenia , Clozapine is the first line treatment for Resistant Schizophrenia | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. This is mentioned under the pharma section for atypical antipsychotics. I do not think it is necessary here. -YK | Agree with Yumi. Already covered in the chapter. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/20/19 1:47 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1466 | 549 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Major depressive disorder | ![]() | https://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/atypical-depression#1 | It is important to specify that Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) need to be present only for 1 year in children for diagnosis. The adults patients need to have symptoms lasting 2 years or more. | High-yield addition to next year | Accept. I dont think this is an errata more like a good addition to 2020 edition. Being able to diagnose Pediatric case of Dysthymia vs adult is important since it could mean misdiagnosis(and inappropriate next step in management) if you wait an additional year. I think it warrants adding and won't take too much space. -Aida | Verified | Accept. Agree with Aida. Can be added in as "lasting >= 2 years (>= 1 year in children)" -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/10/19 3:10 PM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1467 | 549 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Major depressive disorder | ![]() | https://sso.uptodate.com/contents/unipolar-depression-in-adults-course-of-illness?search=Persistent%20depressive%20disorder%20(dysthymia)&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~60&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | This section does not include Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymic Disorder). I saw that someone submitted a suggestion, however, their source was WebMD which is not reliable. There is UpToDate information which will help include this into First Aid 2020. | High-yield addition to next year | Reject. The user is incorrect, FA2019 did have persistent depressive disorder present under the MDD section. -YK | Reject. The recommendation is already present in FA 2019, on page 549, MDD section - Rohan | ![]() | ![]() | 03/22/19 3:48 PM | Antara | Afrin | afrinant@msu.edu | |||||||||||||||
1468 | 550 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Peripartum mood disturbances | ![]() | https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100364/zulresso-brexanolone | The only drug specifically approved for post partum depression is brexanolone, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor positive modulator | High-yield addition to next year | Accept. FDA approved brexanolone as the first treatment specific for PPD. Although, it should be added after SSRIs, since it is still not considered the first line of treatment for PPD. - Rohan | I agree this information is correct, however this was a very recent change in medicine (March 2019). I'm not familiar with how soon we change the text with new advances. Will refer to editors. -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 11:42 AM | Jan Andre | Grauman | jgrauman@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1469 | 551 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Anxiety disorder | ![]() | None needed. Just taking the symptoms and providing mnemonic | Mnemonic for the symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. CRIMES C- Concentration (decreased) R- Restlessness I-Irritability M- Muscle Tension E- Energy (decreased) S- Sleep (disturbance) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. I don't find this necessary (most symptoms of anxiety are common knowledge, thus i don't see this being worth the extra space) -YK | Not helpful in recollection - Rohan | ![]() | ![]() | 04/14/19 5:04 PM | Rabbi Michael | Weingarten | weingarten.mj@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1470 | 553 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Cluster A personality disorders | ![]() | See First Aid 2018 - pg 549 which includes Paranoid personality disorder vs pg 553 First Aid 2019 does not include "paranoid"; however mnemonic on First Aid 2019 pg 553 still includes "Accusatory". | Cluter A personality disorders - mnemonic includes Accusatory; however, "Paranoid personality disorder" has been removed in First Aid 2019 pg 553. | Minor erratum | Verified | Not sure how this happened. Definitely need to update errata to include it. -GS | In response to Matt at right: we don't want to remove "Accusatory"; we want to put back paranoid PD which was erroneously deleted! -KD | Agree, the "accusatory" part should be removed in light of removing paranoid personaltity disorder. Approve removal and reasonable to publish in the official errata. Changed to a minor erratum, however, as it's hardly what I would call a major issue! -Matt | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Ryan Hall | Sounds good | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 12/30/18 4:37 PM | M | Sathyanarayanan | msgb289@gmail.com | |||||||||
1471 | 553 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Cluster A personality disorders | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639232/ ,,,First aid 2018 | you should put these paragraph "Paranoid Pervasive distrust (Accusatory) and suspiciousness of others and a profoundly cynical view of the world." | High-yield addition to next year | If the reader wants to place the comment's paragraph under Cluster A, then reject. As per psychology today the key words for all A's is "odd bizarre or eccentric". What the reader is describing sounds more like a paranoid PD. source: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/hide-and-seek/201205/the-10-personality-disorders -Aida | Verified | Is this related to the paranoid personality disorder or to all cluster A? I dont think it fits the general cluster A description. -GS | I don't even understand what they're saying. Reject. -KD | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 12:00 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||
1472 | 553 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Cluster A personality disorders | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-personality-disorders | This year's version has missed explanation of "paranoid" concept in cluster A personality disorder | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Duplicate | Repeat - Rohan | ![]() | ![]() | 03/02/19 11:17 PM | Runzhe | Chen | runzhe.chen@outlook.com | ||||||||||||||
1473 | 553 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Cluster A personality disorders | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2992453/ ; https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-personality-disorders#H256374117 | Cluster A personality disorders: Paranoid was not included under Cluster A. I know this was submitted already; however, the source was not as authoritative; therefore, I thought I should re-submit. | High-yield addition to next year | Duplicate | Repeat - Rohan | ![]() | ![]() | 03/20/19 10:14 AM | Antara | Afrin | afrinant@msu.edu | |||||||||||||||
1474 | 553 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Cluster A personality disorders | ![]() | N/A | Paranoid Disorder has been forgotten in the 2019 version, but the mnemonic(Accusatory) is the same in the 2018 edition and it is placed in the Cluster A personality disorders. | Major erratum | Verified | Duplicate | Repeated - Rohan | Agree - this has been highlighted on multiple occasions and has been published as part of the official errata. The paranoid PD fact needs to be included again this year. Sarah | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 7:21 PM | Danny | Ibrahim | dibrahim@sgu.edu | ||||||||||||
1475 | 553 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Cluster A personality disorders | ![]() | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/personality-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20354463 | The Index mentions that Paranoid personality disorder is at page 541 (which is just the introduction page to Psychiatry and still doesn't contain even the keywords). A paranoid personality disorder sub heading should be added to cluster A personality disorder on page 553. | Major erratum | Verified | Agree. Requisite change should be done as per the suggestion. - Rohan | Agree - this has been highlighted on multiple occasions and has been published as part of the official errata. The paranoid PD fact needs to be included again this year. Sarah | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/28/19 8:22 AM | Ahmed Ali | Khan | ahmedalikhanjr@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1476 | 553 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Cluster A personality disorders | ![]() | N/A | SchizOID-- isolates oneself in a VOID | Mnemonic | Verified | not a fan -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 05/30/19 2:04 PM | Haley | D'Souza | dsouzahs@evms.edu | |||||||||||||||
1477 | 553 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Cluster A personality disorders | ![]() | https://www-uptodate-com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu/contents/overview-of-personality-disorders?search=personality%20disorders&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H256374117 | In the text, paranoid personality disorder was left out of the cluster A disorders and only schizoid and schizotypal are listed. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 08/25/19 7:16 PM | Cassandra | Hardy | cassandra-hardy@uiowa.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1478 | 553 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Personality | ![]() | First Aid 2018 has the disorder | Paranoid personality disorder omitted from the book | Major erratum | Verified | See comment above. -GS | Duplicate. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/02/19 12:19 PM | David | Nwachukwu | dnjrocks@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1479 | 553 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Personality | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/294307-overview | Paranoid Personality Disorder is missing from the Cluster A personality disorders | Major erratum | Duplicate | See comment above. -GS | ![]() | ![]() | 01/18/19 1:15 PM | Chimma | Nwobi | chimmaonyinye@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1480 | 553 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Personality | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/294307-overview | Cluster A Paranoid Personality Disorder is missing | Major erratum | Duplicate | ![]() | ![]() | 02/15/19 2:24 PM | Lia | Demchenko | lia.demchenko@me.com | ||||||||||||||||
1481 | 553 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Personality | ![]() | FA 2018 | Paranoid Personality Disorder was removed | Major erratum | Verified | Duplicate | Repeat - Rohan | Agree - already added to Annotate | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/24/19 7:39 PM | Matthew | E. | ehrlhoops@aol.com | ||||||||||||
1482 | 553 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Personality | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-personality-disorders?search=personality%20disorder&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H256374117 | Paranoid personality disorder | Major erratum | Verified | Agree. Requisite change should be done as per the suggestion. - Rohan | Agree - this has been highlighted on multiple occasions and has been published as part of the official errata. The paranoid PD fact needs to be included again this year. Sarah | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/28/19 8:51 PM | Tomas | Ream | tmream@utmb.edu | |||||||||||||
1483 | 554 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Malingering | ![]() | FA | A 2x2 table comparing the disorders- malingering vs. factitious vs. somatic symptom would be useful in having a visual to aid with the new added bolded words- see attached picture | Clarification to current text | Verified | Not a bad idea. I could see this being done with the 2 columns being "symptoms" and "motivation". However given that we're trying to save space this year, not sure if this is the best idea. This may be best to look further into for next year -YK | Agree. A table would be better to compare Factitious disorder vs malingering vs somatic disorders. It would save the space and make the explanations more concise. - Rohan | Excellent idea! I am all for consolidating these facts and a comparison table would be great for that. Let's migrate this suggestion to Annotate and work up the fact there. - Sarah | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 02/27/19 10:00 AM | Dylan | Erwin | derwin@smu.edu | ||||||||||||
1484 | 554 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Somatic symptom and related disorders | ![]() | https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000954.htm | Conversion disorder are neurological symptoms that cannot be explained by neurological diagnosis. Later part is not there in First Aid 2019 | Clarification to current text | reject. The definition we have hasn't changed at all since 2018. we currently mention that it's a "functional" neurological symptom disorder (where functional entails its subjective since physical exam is normal). If we want to improve the text, we should perhaps give an example. Example: patient saw something disturbing--> complains of not being able to see--> doctor finds normal HEENT exam -Aida | Verified | Agree, not incorrect or unclear, so no need to change. Open to considering the non-urgent "cosmetic" changes to the description, however. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/10/19 12:17 PM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1485 | 554 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pharmacology | Somatic symptom and related disorders | ![]() | https://dsm.psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 | "Most individuals with hypochondriasis are now classified as having somatic symptom disorder; however, in a minority of cases, the diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder applies instead." -DSM-5 | Major erratum | Not clear what the suggested change is -YK | I think the reader is suggesting that we should change hypochondriasis from being listed under illness anxiety disorder (as it was formerly classified) to now be included under somatic symptom disorder. Migrated to Annotate for further discussion +/- expert input. - Sarah | Disagreement/need expert | ![]() | ![]() | 07/09/19 3:02 PM | Jessica | Lazar | lazarjessa@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1486 | 555 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Eating disorders | ![]() | Look at Previous Editions of First Aid | The treatment for Anorexia nervosa, which was in past editions of First Aid was removed. Treatment is listed for Bulimia, but it is in a separate subsection | Major erratum | Verified | Agreed. -KD | Addition of "Treatment" subsection for Anorexia nervosa is required. Revision of treatment of anorexia and bulimia nervosa should be done accordingly. - Rohan | ![]() | ![]() | 04/14/19 4:58 PM | Rabbi Michael | Weingarten | weingarten.mj@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1487 | 555 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Eating disorders | ![]() | WHO | Under the Anorexia Nervosa heading, mentioning BMI less than 18.5 Kg per metre square can be helpful | High-yield addition to next year | Accept. BMI < 18.5kg/m2 is a defining feature, should be mentioned in the section. Also commonly presented in the question vignettes. - Rohan | ![]() | ![]() | 04/28/19 6:11 AM | Ahmed Ali | Khan | ahmedalikhanjr@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1488 | 555 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Eating disorders | ![]() | UpToDate Uworld Qbank | Under the binge eating disorder section and the opening sentence, kindly change 'without purging behaviors' to 'without compensatory behaviors' as the latter also includes restricting behaviors as well. This will avoid confusion. I got 2 questions wrong due to this. | Clarification to current text | Accept. Also, along this line we should also change "Bulimia Nervosa" in the first line to "Recurring episodes of binge eating with compensatory behaviors (eg, self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise, etc.)" -YK Source: DSM 5 | ![]() | ![]() | 06/12/19 9:25 AM | Ahmed Ali | Khan | ahmedalikhanjr@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1489 | 555 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Sexual dysfunction | ![]() | https://dsm.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm19 | Doesn’t have any information on paraphilias (aside from transvestic disorder above). Most paraphilias don’t constitute paraphilias disorders, however if the paraphilia causes distress or impairment to the individual by causing personal harm, or harm to (or risk of harm to) someone else. Treatment usually involves psychotherapy, however disorders that place public at risk (most commonly, pedophilic disorder) involves pharmacological therapy to suppress sexual drive (Eg: antidepressants, androgen antagonists). | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 08/08/19 7:50 PM | Blair | Schuch | Blair.schuch@griffithuni.edu.au | |||||||||||||||||
1490 | 556 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Narcolepsy | ![]() | https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/910723 | Treatment: Additionally daytime Solriamfetol (the first and only dual-acting dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor approved by the FDA ) | High-yield addition to next year | Accept. This is also found on UpToDate. Can be added in as "daytime stimulants (eg, amphetamines, modafanil, solriamfetol)" -YK Source: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-narcolepsy-in-adults?search=narcolepsy&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~120&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H2955284314 | Accept. Can be added to the examples in the narcolepsy section. However, this example is not HY since FDA approved it very recently. - Rohan | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 11:26 AM | Dharmik | Patel | dr.dharmik5995@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1491 | 556 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Stages of change in overcoming addiction | ![]() | None needed. | To remember the stages, think "PCP Addicts Might Relapse" | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/26/19 11:55 AM | Halee | Einfeld | raxorium@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1492 | 557 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Neurons | ![]() | none | Under Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: (could not find proper Fact Name) NMS = Rigid State, Undo with a Dance with Dan(ce)trolene | Mnemonic | Verified | Page 557, under Psychiatric Emergencies. Interesting, but not sure how "Dance" is relevant here. Reject -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 05/26/19 9:08 AM | Nicola | Duzak | nhampel@mail.sjsm.org | |||||||||||||||
1493 | 557 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Serotonin syndrome | ![]() | none | SS = Hyperreflexes like a Pro, Tx: CyPROheptadine | Mnemonic | Verified | Not a fan -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 05/26/19 9:00 AM | Nicola | Duzak | nhampel@mail.sjsm.org | |||||||||||||||
1494 | 559 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Alcoholism | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-treating-alcohol-use-disorder, UW Question ID 11577 | The listing order of the treatment for alcoholism should be reversed to reflect the clinically accepted first, second, and third line treatments. It's currently listed in the text as disulfiram first, acamprosate second, and naltrexone third, when clinically, according to UTD, the first line treatment in most cases is Naltrexone, second line Acamprosate, and third line Disulfiram. Reversing this order would provide better clarification for students on the order of treatment, even if the original listing of these drugs wasn’t necessarily a reflection of this order. | Clarification to current text | Accept/agree -YK | Already actioned during Pass 1 | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 06/07/19 4:55 PM | Yolanda | Zhang | yolandazhang43@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1495 | 559 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pathology | Psychoactive drug intoxication and withdrawal | ![]() | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/archneurpsyc/article-abstract/652608 http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/lsd | Lysergic acid diethylamide intoxication can cause PUPILLARY DILATION. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. Most resources including UpToDate don't mention pupillary dilation as a common presenting feature in LSD intoxication. - Rohan | Agree with Rohan. Seems LY | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/26/19 4:24 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1496 | 560.00 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pharmacology | Central nervous system stimulants | ![]() | Current First Aid Page 556. | Addition of Modafinil as a nonamphetamine Psychostimulant as a first line pharmacotherapy option for Narcolepsy can be added. Also in the Index section 'Modafinil' is indexed at Pg 252 and Pg 556. I can confirm that there is no mention of Modafinil on pg 252. | High-yield addition to next year | Not sure about this one. It's not clear if modafinil is classified as a "stimulant". Would require Expert Review. I added a note for the "Index" team on updating the page numbers. -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 06/22/19 8:18 AM | Ahmed Ali | Khan | ahmedalikhanjr@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1497 | 560 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Renal clearance | ![]() | N/a, this is tested even throughout USMLE-Rx relatively frequently. You could even make the First Aid as short as the one on this Rx question explanation (image attached, image belongs to USMLE-rx not me), with a quick list of expected lab findings. | A few students and myself feel there should be, either in the renal or MSK section, a short outline of Rhabdomyolysis and expected findings. Aside from it's current and minimal mention in renal under "potassium shifts." This concept presents frequently and seems worth of its own short discussion. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. Adequately covered in the renal pathology section, would seek the opinion from the authors of MSK section. - Rohan | Defer to 2020. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 02/22/19 10:34 AM | Ashley | Cohen | ashley.cohen@my.rfums.org | ||||||||||||||
1498 | 561 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pharmacology | Atypical antipsychotics | ![]() | 1- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459248/ . 2-http://www.differencebetween.net/science/health/disease-health/differences-between-dyslipidemia-and-hyperlipidemia/ | Replace "hyperlipidemia" with "dyslipidemia" , it is more accurate because dyslipidemia( abnormal amount, whether higher or lower, of lipids) associated with metabolic syndrome (elevated triglyceride level, low HDL level, and elevated low-density lipoprotein level) . Hyperlipidemia, on the other hand, is a condition wherein the level of fat and cholesterol in your body is too high | Minor erratum | accept. As per up to date, they also use the term "dyslipidemia". source: "Weight gain, diabetes, and dyslipidemia are the components of metabolic syndrome usually associated with SGAs, ... disease". https://www.uptodate.com/contents/second-generation-antipsychotic-medications-pharmacology-administration-and-side-effects?search=antipsychotics&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H191681517 -Aida | Verified | I'm fine with this change. Change from "hyperlipidemia" to "dyslipidemia." -GS | Accept -YK | OK to make this change, but this need not be published in the official errata. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/22/19 9:54 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||||
1499 | 561 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pharmacology | Atypical antipsychotics | ![]() | UWorld and First Aid page 557 | On page 557, Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is caused by "antipsychotics + genetic disposition". However, on page 561, Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is only listed for typical antipsychotics but not for atypical antipsychotics. Please add Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome to the list of adverse effects for atypical antipsychotics. This was also a question on UWorld. Thank you. | Clarification to current text | accept. atypical can still cause NMS, although less than typicals. We should explicitly mention. suggest " adding NMS along with "although typical>>atypical" -Aida | Verified | Accept - Rohan | Accept -YK | Agree, add NMS to atypical antipsychotics for consistency. Minor and need not be published in the official errata, however. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 6:44 PM | Esteban | Casasola | ecasasol@sgu.edu | |||||||||||
1500 | 561 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pharmacology | Atypical antipsychotics | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cariprazine-drug-information?topicRef=14776&source=see_link | Cariprazine - a new atypical antipsychotic | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 10/21/19 11:12 PM | Pavel | Aksionav | pavlusha_aksenov@mail.ru | |||||||||||||||||
1501 | 562 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Opioid analgesics | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0955395914000887 (another: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/words-matter-language-addiction-life-saving-treatments-2016081510130) | "Heroin addicts" is a stigmatizing term (see references below) that is generally not accepted by the harm reduction community as well as most people who use drugs. PWUD (people who use drugs) and PWID (people who inject drugs) are preferred alternatives. | Major erratum | Verified | Defer to 2020. Not a major erratum. UTD says "heroin addicts" in one of their articles. Terminology change to be discussed by the team next year. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bone-and-calcium-disorders-in-hiv-infected-patients?search=heroind%20addicts&source=search_result&selectedTitle=5~8&usage_type=default&display_rank=5 - Humood | Let's defer to the main cycle. I would be inclined to reject, considering that it is important to know thtat the treatment used is specifically for heroin users, rather than all people who use or inject drugs. -VV | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/23/19 12:37 AM | Adam | Bazari | adam.bazari@ucsf.edu | |||||||||||||
1502 | 563 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pharmacology | Tricyclic antidepressants | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/tricyclic-antidepressant | The text indicates "3° TCAs (amitriptyline) have more anticholinergic effects than 2° TCA5 (nortriptyl ine)." It may be confusing for students and it would be better to clarify that Text is talking about tertiary (amitriptyline, doxepine, and imipramine) and secondary (desipramine and nortriptyline) amine respectively | Clarification to current text | Is distinguishing secondary and tertiary amines even HY? I dont recall having to differentiate the two even in my pharm course... I think if we make this change its not as high yield as lets say knowing generations/classes of antipsychotics since it changes management and has prognostic implications (ie: atypicals AS are better for neg/pos symptoms). I highly doubt the student will be asked to chose tertiary or secondary TCA since they're not even first line drugs. -Aida | Verified | Reject. I believe that additional examples of the drugs wouldn't be high yield, only representative drug examples suffice. - Rohan | Essentially,seems like the student wants us to list more of the examples from each class. This is a good situation where an "eg," before each drug name would work well. I propose just adding that to keep it simple. I do not know how HY this is. Worthwhile to query our crowd/author team this year. I suspect it's reasonable to keep this in since the differences between the TCAs is higher yield clinically. Accepting for credit and consideration, note that nothing here is published errata worthy. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 02/10/19 2:59 PM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1503 | 564 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pharmacology | Antidepressants | ![]() | https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100364/zulresso-brexanolone, https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100357/spravato-esketamine-nasal-spray, | Probably need to update this diagram for esketamine and brexanolone | High-yield addition to next year | The illustration team should look into the changes as per the editor's recommendation - Rohan | Per similar comment above: I agree this information is correct, however this was a very recent change in medicine (March 2019 for brexanalone). Also NOT sure how HY esketamine is currently for testing. I'm not familiar with how soon we change the text with new advances. Will refer to editors. -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 11:47 AM | Jan Andre | Grauman | jgrauman@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1504 | 564 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pharmacology | Atypical antidepressants | ![]() | https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100364/zulresso-brexanolone | Should add brexanolone for post partum depression as it uses a novel pathway: gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor positive modulator | High-yield addition to next year | Accept. FDA approved brexanolone as the first treatment specific for PPD. Although, it should be added after SSRIs, since it is still not considered the first line of treatment for PPD. - Rohan | Per similar comment above: I agree this information is correct, however this was a very recent change in medicine (March 2019). I'm not familiar with how soon we change the text with new advances. Will refer to editors. -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 11:44 AM | Jan Andre | Grauman | jgrauman@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1505 | 564 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pharmacology | Atypical antidepressants | ![]() | https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100357/spravato-esketamine-nasal-spray | Should add esketamine for treatment resistant depression as it uses a novel pathway: non-competitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor | High-yield addition to next year | Esketamine is a new drug used in conjunction with an oral antidepressant in adults with treatment-resistant depression. FDA approved its use in early 2019. I feel it is not HY enough to be added to the section. - Rohan | Agree with Rohan as per above. Reject. -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 11:45 AM | Jan Andre | Grauman | jgrauman@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1506 | 564 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pharmacology | Atypical antidepressants | ![]() | because the submission type is Mnemonics and its my own idea, so there is No reference! | as Bupropion cause seizures in Bulimic patients what if you highlight B letter in red color on both words(bupropion & Bulimic) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Doesn't have an recollection value for the exam - Rohan | Reject - agree with Rohan -YK | ![]() | ![]() | 05/13/19 7:17 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1507 | 565 | Renal | ![]() | Abbreviations and Symbols | Renal clearance | ![]() | https://academic.oup.com/ajh/article/30/4/339/2623060 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2018.00440/full | Throughout the renal section, the Term "AT-II Receptor Blocker" is used to denote Angiotensin II receptor blocker medications. However, although the term AT-II can imply Angiotensin II, to denote ARBs as AT-II Receptor Blocker is incorrect. This is because the notation “ATII-R” does not signify the only “Angiotensin II receptor blocker.” More-so, Angiotensin Receptor Blockers actually block AT1R bringing. This is a common misnomer, but is crucial in clarifying receptor binding, as new medications regarding which receptors bind are in clinical trials. Regarding the physiology, Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II via ACE (and is inhibited by ACE-Inhibitors). Angiotensin II, however, binds to 2 receptors, AT1R (which is the target site of ARB’s), and ATIIR. The AT1R is actually the interaction targeted by ARBs. The notation “AT-II receptor blocker” denotes the incorrect binding, and as such, the common notation is rather: Ang-II receptor blocker. In summary: If you wish to denote Angiotensin II receptor blockers as ARB's, the abbreviation Ang-II must be used, rather than the misleading AT-II, as the latter denotes a separate entity Please reference Figure 1 in Carey, 2017, for visual clarification, as well as the distinction noted in Gebre et al., 2018. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. ARB and ATII-RB are alternative acronyms used for the same group of drugs, and FA'19 clearly mentions the action of ARB/ATII-B is exclusively on AT1 (Page 596) No change required. - Rohan | Reject, AKB | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/08/19 1:02 PM | Jason | Vadhan | jv1015@mynsu.nova.edu | |||||||||||||
1508 | 566 | Renal | ![]() | Embryology | Kidney embryology | ![]() | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureteric_bud | Ureteric bud is a Mesonephric diverticulum (Metanephrogenic diverticulum) But in text , it is given as metanephric diverticulum. | Major erratum | Reject. The mesonephric duct gives rise to the ureteric bud so that the ureteric bud can contribute to the metanephros.- Rohan Source: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-congenital-anomalies-of-the-kidney-and-urinary-tract-cakut | ![]() | ![]() | 05/23/19 11:27 PM | Vignesh | Sundaram | dr.vigneshsundaram@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1509 | 566.00 | Renal | ![]() | Embryology | Kidney stones | ![]() | https://www.emjreviews.com/urology/article/renal-stones-a-clinical-review/ | Clarify that the ureteropelvic junction is the most common site of obstruction IN THE KIDNEY. The ureterovesical junction is narrower and a more common site of obstruction. "The three narrowest parts of the ureter are at the pelvo-ureteric junction, the mid-ureter, where the ureter crosses the iliac vessels, and the vesico-ureteric junction (VUJ). The VUJ is the most common site of obstruction." | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | Defer to expert, not sure about this. | Disagreement/need expert | *RENAL Adam Weinstein | I'm not certain what the suggested correction is. However, the text as is identifies three common spots for obstruction, and those are all accurate. | soroushraisbahrami@gmail.com | Agree with current wording that the three areas of ureteral obstruction secondary to urolithiasis passage are as stated: UPJ, ureter as it passes anterior to the iliac vessels, and the UVJ. | Reject | ![]() | ![]() | 02/16/19 3:00 AM | Elana | Molcho | elana.molcho@gmail.com | |||||||||
1510 | 568 | Renal | ![]() | Anatomy | Abdominal aorta and branches | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538298/ | The cross-section of the kidney depicts the renal vein to be posterior to the artery. Anatomically, the renal vein is anterior/ in front of the renal artery. The renal pelvis remains the most posterior structure. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 10/01/19 8:39 AM | Elizabeth | Kasparov | ekasparov1@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1511 | 568 | Renal | ![]() | Anatomy | Kidney anatomy and glomerular structure | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29083626 | The lobar artery of the kidney is neither mentioned in the text nor shown in the picture: The text should change to read like this "Segmental artery -> lobar artery -> interlobar artery -> ..." | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Agree to suggested change. This can also be added to image. Yumi. | Nice addition-AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 4:14 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1512 | 568 | Renal | ![]() | Anatomy | Kidney anatomy and glomerular structure | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29494007 https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948775-overview | In the figure showing a cross-section of the kidney, the renal vein is shown between the renal artery and renal pelvis. However, the renal vein should be the most anterior structure, with the renal pelvis most posterior and the renal artery traveling between the two. | Minor erratum | Verified | Agree. This appears to be true. I believe this erratum came up during this last season of editing, however I suppose it was not addressed. This would require redrawing of the figure. Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459158/ Yumi | Nice addition-AKB | It wasn't accepted because it would require a revision to an illustration. Regardless, yes this should be changed in 2020. | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | *RENAL Adam Weinstein | Yes, I agree this change would be the more accurate depiction. | ![]() | ![]() | 01/24/19 12:42 AM | Emma | Schnuckle | ems91261@creighton.edu | ||||||||||
1513 | 568 | Renal | ![]() | Anatomy | Kidney anatomy and glomerular structure | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459158/ | The image shown for the kidney anatomy and glomerular structure suggests that the renal artery is anterior to the renal vein. However, the correct anatomical position in the following order of anterior to posterior should be the renal vein, then the renal artery, and the renal pelvis as the most posterior. Since there is no text clarifying this, the image in First Aid makes it incorrectly seem that the renal artery is most anterior in terms of kidney anatomy. | Minor erratum | Verified | Agree. Renal vein is indeed anterior to renal artery, and requires a change as per comment and the linked article. - Rohan | Same, agreed - AKB | It wasn't accepted because it would require a revision to an illustration. Regardless, yes this should be changed in 2020. | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | *RENAL Adam Weinstein | Yes, same as above. | ![]() | ![]() | 02/04/19 6:47 PM | Christopher | DeAngelo | ccd96606@creighton.edu | ||||||||||
1514 | 568 | Renal | ![]() | Anatomy | Kidney anatomy and glomerular structure | ![]() | n/a | The cross-section of a glomerulus has the Afferent arteriole labelled as Efferent arteriole, and vice versa. The opposite labelling has been used elsewhere. (Page 571) It would be better to stay with one standard labelling to avoid confusion. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/12/19 3:44 PM | Mehreen | Ali | dr.mehreenali@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1515 | 569 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Fluid compartments | ![]() | https://hypertextbook.com/facts/1998/LanNaLee.shtml http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/bloodjournal/9/12/1205.full.pdf?sso-checked=true | Blood volume is given as 6L, though perhaps most sources list it as 4.7L or even less. | Minor erratum | I think this information will vary depending on the resource used. I'm inclined to leave it as is. -Lilit | Agree with Lilit. Addition not required, not a high yield info for the text. - Rohan | I agree with the authors. The exact numbers vary but approx. 5-6L is widely quoted. We mention it primarily for completion as knowing the exact blood volume is not particularly HY for Step 1. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/02/19 3:10 PM | Joseph | Yasmeh | jyasmeh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1516 | 569 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Fluid compartments | ![]() | n/a | Glomerular basement membrane is NEGATIVE about filtration of proteins. | Mnemonic | Verified | Not sure about this one. Doesn't seem like a good memory hook. Reject. -Lilit | Low recollection value. - Rohan | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 1:05 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1517 | 569 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Glomerular filtration barrier | ![]() | https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/urinary/renal_corpuscle.php | filtration slits are only 20 to 30 nm wide | Minor erratum | I did stumble upon a few different resources with different size cutoffs for filtration slits. However, our text is stating size of molecules that cannot be filtered through the slits. Therefore, we don't really have an erratum here, so I would leave it as is. -Lilit | No change required. | I agree with Lilit. Knowing the exact width is not particularly HY for Step 1. It is more important to be aware of the molecules that cannot be filtered. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/02/19 6:40 AM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1518 | 570 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Glomerular filtration rate | ![]() | My recommendation + First Aid 2019 | The formula indicates P & pi value used for GFR. Even though most students understand what they are but it will be better to specify that they are hydrostatic and oncotic pressure. It will be helpful to save time for those students who do not remember it | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Agree. P and π should be defined since it has not been done anywhere else in the chapter. - Rohan | Fine to incorporate,AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 02/12/19 6:28 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1519 | 570 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Glomerular filtration rate | ![]() | Myself | Highlight CRE of Creatinine and secreted. It will help learn CREatinine is seCREted and hence overestimates GFR. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Basic physiological principle, rarely requires recall. - Rohan | Reject, AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 02/12/19 6:40 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1520 | 571 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Filtration | ![]() | my self + First Aid | In the diagram, the equation for net filtration pressure, It will be good idea to specify that P & pi are hydrostatic & Oncotic pressure respectively. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Agree. P and π should be defined since it has not been done anywhere else in the chapter. - Rohan | As above - AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 02/12/19 7:12 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1521 | 571 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Glomerular filtration rate | ![]() | Boards and Beyond by Dr. Jason Ryan. | It would be helpful to add an 'Afferent arteriole dilation' row in the 'Changes in glomerular dynamics' section at the bottom of the page. Here the both the GFR and RPF increase and FF remains the same. This may help further strengthen the concept. | High-yield addition to next year | Accept. Reasonable suggestion. - Humood | accept, AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 03/18/19 6:35 AM | Ahmed Ali | Khan | ahmedalikhanjr@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1522 | 572 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Calculation of reabsorption and secretion rate | ![]() | not needed | Filtered load = GFR x P, (((( If the substance is filtered freely ))) | Clarification to current text | I don't think this addition in necessary. This information in parentheses should be intuitive. -Lilit | Agree with Lilit. This seems like an unnecessary LY addition. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/07/19 10:04 AM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1523 | 572 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Glucose clearance | ![]() | not needed | on Diagram I suggest to add to Y axis parameter the "filtration load" to make it easier to understand | Minor erratum | Verified | Reject.Do not see the need to add the term, it will also overpopulate the diagram and make it difficult to understand. - Rohan | Reject AKB | Agree with the authors. Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:39 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
1524 | 573 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Acid-base physiology | ![]() | http://eclinpath.com/chemistry/kidney/physiology/renal-acid-base/ | on p 573 on the collecting tubule diagram it looks like the HCO3- is getting excreted into the urine while the H+ is being reabsorbed; this is the opposite of the actual process, where H+ is excreted and bicarbonate is generated and reabsorbed | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject.- Rohan | Reject. Sounds like this person is referring to the beta intercalated cells. Bicarb can be reabsorbed or secreted in the collecting tubule. Alpha and beta intercalated cells have opposing functions in this sense. -Lilit | Agree with Lilit's analysis. No change required. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/28/19 9:31 AM | Jessica | Geddes | jessica.geddes@uky.edu | ||||||||||||
1525 | 573 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Nephron transport physiology | ![]() | Not needed | A short note or a one-liner can or a pictorial representation can be made about Hartnup disease under early PCT. Would be a good tie in to biochemistry and the student can read it in more detail under the nutrition chapter on Pg.67. | High-yield addition to next year | Borderline reject. The idea itself is interesting. However, this is not the best page to place it in. The page is crowded already and there is no other disease tie-in on this page. - Humood | Reject, AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 03/19/19 4:22 AM | Ahmed Ali | Khan | ahmedalikhanjr@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1526 | 573 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Nephron transport physiology | ![]() | http://eclinpath.com/chemistry/kidney/physiology/renal-acid-base/ | on p 573 on the collecting tubule diagram it looks like the HCO3- is getting excreted into the urine while the H+ is being reabsorbed; this is the opposite of the actual process, where H+ is excreted and bicarbonate is generated and reabsorbed | Minor erratum | I believe this comment is describing the function of beta intercalated cells. Illustration looks good as is. No changes needed. -Lilit | No change required. - Rohan | Agree with Lilit's analysis. No change required. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/22/19 10:11 AM | Jessica | Geddes | jessica.geddes@uky.edu | |||||||||||||
1527 | 573 | Renal | ![]() | Psychology | Nephron transport physiology | ![]() | Bertram G. Katzung, Marieke Kruidering-Hall, Anthony J. Trevor - Katzung & Trevor’s Pharmacology Examination and Board Review (2019, McGraw-Hill Education) | In the section of the Early DCT its stated that PTH increases the calcium/sodium exchange. However this is an action secondary to thiazide diuretics as they decrease the absorption of sodium into the DCT cell causing decreased sodium concentration inside the cell and inducing the movement of sodium into the cell from the interstitium/blood and calcium into the interstitium/blood by the calcium sodium exchanger. The binding of PTH to its receptor on the basolateral surface promotes the influx of calcium from the lumen/urine due to decreased intracellular calcium concentration due to the increased activity of the calcium/odium exchanger (that is not due to PTH but secondary tho thiazide diuretics). Lastly the increase in calcium in the serum is credited to Thiazide diuretics and not to PTH in the USMLE RX program. | Major erratum | Reject. The calcium transport is actively regulated according to changes in calcium balance in the distal tubule and adjacent connecting segment. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol, the most active form of vitamin D, which may act in part by enhancing the activity of PTH, appear to stimulate this active process. - Rohan Source: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diuretics-and-calcium-balance | I agree with Rohan. UTD states: In addition, PTH increases the expression of the calcium transport proteins, TRPV5, calbindin-D28k, NCX1, and PMCA1b, in the distal nephron [4], which also enhances renal calcium reabsorption [19]. [NCX1 is a Ca2+/Na+ exchanger] - Sarah | ![]() | ![]() | 07/13/19 4:24 PM | Cindy Marielle | Santana Perez | cindysantanamd@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1528 | 574 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Renal tubular defects | ![]() | not needed | I think we don't need to highlight the letter "a" in "Fanconi" ,in red color, in the table and in the image. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | Agree -- not sure why "a" in Fanconi was highlighted red. Also the red highlighting of "a" is inconsistent (not highlighted in description under "Renal tubulr defects", but is highlighted red in image and table. -Yumi | Agreed - AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 01/03/19 3:50 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
1529 | 574 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Renal tubular defects | ![]() | not required | Order of disorders: the FAN speed at the BAR GOT a LIDDLE EXCESSIVE | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. Can replace the current mnemonic on the page. - Rohan | Agreed - AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 02/01/19 2:11 PM | Joshua | Ladella | josh.ladella@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1530 | 574 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Renal tubular defects | ![]() | not required | Gitelman syndrome: GET ALL MEN DOWN to CAMP: levels of Calcium-Acid-Magnesium-Potassium go DOWN | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Not much helpful in recall. - Rohan | Reject - AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 02/01/19 2:13 PM | Joshua | Ladella | josh.ladella@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1531 | 574 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Renal tubular defects | ![]() | not required | Acid, Potassium, and Aldosterone levels go down to "just a LIDDLE bit" | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Not much helpful in recall. - Rohan | Reject - AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 02/01/19 2:16 PM | Joshua | Ladella | josh.ladella@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1532 | 574 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Renal tubular defects | ![]() | Myself | Under the notes column(which is empty) of Fanconi syndrome, it would be beneficial to mention - May present similar to Diabetes Mellitus with polyuria and polydipsia secondary to osmotic diuresis from glucose. However, serum glucose level remains normal in contrast to DM. | High-yield addition to next year | Reject. No source provided. While I do see the similarities between the two, Fanconi syndrome is more than just a glucose defect. If others feel strongly about this one, feel free to accept it. - Humood | Reject, AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 03/19/19 4:51 AM | Ahmed Ali | Khan | ahmedalikhanjr@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1533 | 576 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | ![]() | Mnemonic | RAAS activation RAAiSes blood pressure | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Basic physiological principle and mechanism, doesn't require a mnemonic. - Rohan | Reject - AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 02/20/19 11:57 PM | Maria | Gentry | mg3w3@health.missouri.edu | ||||||||||||||
1534 | 576 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | ![]() | First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, 2019 edition | RENAL - Receptor effects (angiotensin II receptor type I), Efferent arteriolar constriction, Na/H exchange, ADH secretion, "L"dosterone secretion | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Basic physiological principle and mechanism, doesn't require a mnemonic. - Rohan | Reject - AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 11:17 AM | Christopher | Yang | christopher.yang@northwestern.edu | ||||||||||||||
1535 | 577 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Juxtaglomerular apparatus | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17686376 | The text mentions "In addition to vasodilatory properties, ~-blockers can decrease BP by inhibiting ~1-receptors of the JCA - I renin release." However, not all beta blockers cause vasodilation. It will be better to clarify that text is talking about Beta blockers with additional alpha blocking properties such as labetolol & Carvedilol | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject.The actions of different beta-blockers are well explained in the table on Page 245 (FA-19), not required to be repeated here - Rohan | Reject - AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 02/12/19 10:37 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1536 | 577 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Juxtaglomerular apparatus | ![]() | https://www.boardsbeyond.com/members/video.cfm?ID=6974CE5AC660610B44D9B9FED0FF9548&moduleID=29&subMod=30 | The current text states: Macula densa cells sense increased NaCl delivery to DCT -> increase renin release -> efferent arteriole vasoconstriction -> increase GFR. Clarification: The macula densa also constricts the afferent arteriole via tubuloglomerular feedback, to maintain GFR in hyponatremic states. | Clarification to current text | Agree. The tubuloglomerular feedback is an important of macula densa via the purinergic system. It should be included. - Rohan | ![]() | ![]() | 06/12/19 5:12 PM | Nora | Martini | nora.martini16@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1537 | 578 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Hormones acting on kidney | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116377/ | In addition to aquaporins, ADH increases apical expression of Urea transporters in the collecting duct, which are critical for maintaining the osmotic gradient used by the Loop of Henle throughout the renal medulla. | High-yield addition to next year | Accept. Can be added to the figure labels, final word from illustration team. -Rohan | ok to incorporate, AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 03/14/19 1:30 PM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1538 | 578 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Hormones acting on kidney | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3775849/ | ADH increases the expression specifically of Aquaporin 2, specifically on the apical side of the collecting duct. ADH does not increase aquaporin expression on the lumenal side of the collecting duct and does not affect expression of AQP 1, 3, or 4. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. The figure in general doesn't have specific markings to highlight the location of channels/gates. Not high yield for Step 1. - Rohan | Reject, AKB | I agree with the authors. No change needed. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/14/19 1:35 PM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1539 | 578 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Hormones acting on kidney | ![]() | FIRST AID pg 573 doesn't list it anywhere as functioning in those locations. | you should remove the purple coloring on the thick ascending loop of henle and the DCT portion of the diagram as ANG2 doesn't act there. | Major erratum | I think the action of AT2 is much more complex than shown on pg 573. The text on said illustration, that is color coded according to hormone action, says that AT2 acts to increase Na reabsorption both proximally and distally. No changes needed. -Lilit | Agree with Lilit. The textbook focusses on high yield material with focus on the exam prep only. No change required. - Rohan | I agree with the authors. The current text contains all HY information. The text is not meant to be fully comprehensive or contain detailed physiology that is not tested on Step 1. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/14/19 3:10 PM | Kinza | Sultan | kinza.sultan@westernu.edu | |||||||||||||
1540 | 578 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Potassium shifts | ![]() | not needed | Nice way to remember hyperkalemia states; Imagine a chronic Diabetic Heart Failure Hypercholestronemia patient; 1/ for HF: taking Beta blocker and Digoxin (both can increase serum K). 2/ DM: Low insulin high Glc cause high K, also Diabetic ketoacidosis, as acidosis causes high K, also in DKA there is high osmolarity which also causes elevated K. 3/ statins cause rhabdomyolysis which will remind you with cell lysis which in turn causes elevated K! | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. The points have been well covered in the respective sections. Although can be added in the Rapid Review section. - Rohan | Reject - AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:43 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1541 | 579 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Electrolyte disturbances | ![]() | It's a mnemonic. Information taken from UWorld question bank, april 2018. | Sodium = 6 Letters, Eq Na+ = +60 mV. Potassium = 9 letters, Eq K+ = -90 mV. Eq = Equilibrium potential. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Equilibrium potential amplitudes are not usually tested. - Rohan | Reject - AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 02/25/19 10:58 AM | Eirik | Krager | eirik.krager@outlook.com | ||||||||||||||
1542 | 579 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bartter-and-gitelman-syndromes#H53269181 | In the renal disorders table, there should be a column for urinary Magnesium. Both barter and gitleman syndrome have renal magnesium wasting. The urinary magnesium wasting column for gitleman can read 'severe', while that for bartter can read 'mild/moderate'. In addition, the serum magnesium entry for bartter can read 'normal or mildly reduced'. This can help people use just the urinary magnesium values when trying to differentiate between gitleman and bartter when the urine calcium is not given, and it also helps in understanding the pathophysiology behind bartter since it makes sense that it involves urinary magnesium wasting. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | reject. I do not think this is high yield enough for step 1 to include as an entire column. Yumi | Reject - AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 01/18/19 5:17 AM | Hasaan | Omar | kalimdor101@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1543 | 580 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Acid-base physiology | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/simple-and-mixed-acid-base-disorders?search=acid-base%20physiology,%20metabolic%20vs%20respiratory%20acidosis%20vs%20alkalosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | CO2 + H2O <=> HCO3- + H+ (This is a very important equation that helps understand acid-base physiology. Could additionally include: CO2 is maintained by lungs, HCO3- is maintained by kidneys, and H+ determines pH) | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. Basic equation, not high yield enough to find space on an already overcrowded page. - Rohan | Reject - AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 02/18/19 9:16 AM | Nicole | DeMarais | nicole.demarais@my.rfums.org | ||||||||||||||
1544 | 580 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Acidosis and alkalosis | ![]() | N/A | Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis/Hyperventilation can be rearranged to spell "STAHP": Salicylates (early), Tumor, Anxiety/Panic Attack, Hypoxemia (e.g. high altitude), Pulmonary embolism. Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis can be abbreviated partially as VALHALLA: Vomiting, Antacid use, Loop diuretics, Hyper(AL)dosteronism | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 11/06/19 8:21 PM | Wenyu | Deng | wenyu.deng128@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1545 | 581 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Nephritic syndrome | ![]() | Uworld | Should clarify that good pasture targets type IV collagen AND is a type 2 hypersensitivity | Clarification to current text | Verified | Agree. Under nephritic syndrome, states goodpasture's is a type II hypersensitivity (pg 585). Type IV collagen is not present from what I see. Agree this should be included, as it is a common + major fact. Source: Pathogenesis and diagnosis of anti-GBM antibody (Goodpasture's) disease, UpToDate. Yumi | OK to incorporate - AKB | Agree to discuss this in Annotate.But this seems like a HY addition rather than clarification. Addendum: This is covered in the immunology and biochemistry chapters already. We don't have enough space on this page in the renal chapter to add the information (page already running long), therefore reject. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 12/26/18 1:50 AM | Mohammad | Haider | momohaid@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1546 | 581 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Renal tubular acidosis | ![]() | FA page 594 | RTA type 2 (Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor will alkalanize urine compared to other causes of RTA II) | Minor erratum | Verified | Reject. The secretion of HCO3- is clearly mentioned in the section and therefore the effect of the drug on urine pH is clearly understood. - Rohan | Reject - AKB | Agree with Rohan and Anup. Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:44 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
1547 | 583 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Glomerular diseases | ![]() | Myself, First Aid | NephrItic syndrome mnemonic: MARIA: i.e. MPGN, Alport Syndrome, RPGN, IgA nephropathy, APSGN. Also, highlight I in NephrItic as well as MARIA for easy association. | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. Can be added to the table/figure on page 583. - Rohan | Accept-AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 02/25/19 9:53 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1548 | 583 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Glomerular diseases | ![]() | Myself, First Aid 2019 | NephrOtic Syndrome mnemonic: FOcus Minimum on Membrane in Diabetic Amyloidosis i.e. O is highlighted for Nephrotic. Conditions included are FSGN, MCD, MPGN, Diabetic glomerulonephropathy, Amyloidosis | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Confusing, won't help recall. - Rohan | Same, not useful - AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 02/25/19 9:58 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1549 | 583 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Glomerular diseases | ![]() | Myslef, FA2019 | Correction of mnemonic explaination for one I just submitted: NephrOtic Syndrome mnemonic: FOcus Minimum on Membrane in Diabetic Amyloidosis i.e. O is highlighted for Nephrotic. Conditions included are Focal segmental Glomerulosclerosis, MCD, Membranous Nephropathy, Diabetic glomerulonephropathy, Amyloidosis | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Confusing, won't help recall. - Rohan | Same, not useful - AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 02/25/19 10:03 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1550 | 583 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Glomerular diseases | ![]() | Self-written | PURE Nephritic Syndromes - The girl "ARIA" (Acute post-step, Rapid progressive, Ig-a, Alport) is always looking for more BLOOD to spill. (Nephritic syndromes associated with hematuria and RBC casts, the girl ARIA is also a character obsessed with hunting people down to make them BLEED in the tv-series 'game of thrones', if you want to include that.) /// possible MIXED Nephritic/Nephrotic - "DM" (Diffuse proliferative, Membranoproliferative). Both have "PROLIFERATIVE" in their names, they proliferate so much they can cause BOTH nephritic and nephrotic. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 8:27 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1551 | 584 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Nephritic syndrome | ![]() | Having Nephiritic on the left on both pages would make recalling facts easier. | Page 585 and 584 should be switched in order to match the position of Nephritic and Nephrotic syndromes in the diagram on page 583. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | Accept. The change will make it easier to co-relate with the diagram on page 583. - Rohan | Ok to incorporate - AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 02/01/19 5:25 PM | Deliabell | Hernandez | gi2336@wayne.edu | ||||||||||||||
1552 | 584 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Nephrotic syndrome | ![]() | Mnemonic | mInImal CHange disease - caused by "I"nfection or "I"mmune (-ization/stimulus) in "CH"ildren. (bold the I's and CH in minimal change disease) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Not of much help in recall. - Rohan | Reject-AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 02/03/19 7:38 AM | Nathaniel | Borochov | nateboro8@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1553 | 584 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Nephrotic syndrome | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5983022/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3818612/ | Membranous glomerulonephritis (Antibodies against phospholipase A2 receptor primarily IgG4 | Clarification to current text | Antibodies against phospholipase A2 receptor primarily IgG - Rohan | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 3:13 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1554 | 584 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Nephrotic syndrome | ![]() | https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/compromise | The line that explains why Nephrotic syndrome increases the risk for infection did not conjugate the word compromise to its past participle compromised therefore it's grammatically incorrect. The line is written as follows " risk of infection (loss of immunoglobulins in urine and soft tissue compromise by edema)." Now if it were to be written as " risk of infection (loss of immunoglobulins in urine and soft tissue compromised by edema" although grammatically correct when reading it one can infer that soft tissue compromised by edema is also being lost in the urine. Therefore, by switching the order of the sentence to " risk of infection (due to soft tissue compromised by edema and loss of immunoglobulins in urine)" there is no confusion while reading it and the word compromised is conjugated correctly. I believe this also eases the reader's understanding as he/she won't need to read it over and over to clarify what it is trying to explain. | Spelling/formatting | Change as per suggestion to - risk of infection (due to soft tissue compromised by edema and loss of immunoglobulins in urine). - Rohan | ![]() | ![]() | 07/12/19 8:01 PM | Cindy Marielle | Santana Perez | cindysantanamd@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1555 | 585 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Nephritic syndrome | ![]() | I just thought of it one day. | ALPORT met his eX (-linked dominant) gf at a BASKET-WEAVING class in an IVy COLLAGEn. | Mnemonic | Verified | Tentatively accept. Inadequate space for a long mnemonic in the Alport syndrome sub-section. - Rohan | Nice mnemonic, ok to place -AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 02/01/19 12:06 PM | Eyal | BenDavid | bendavid.eyal@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1556 | 585 | Index | ![]() | Pathology | Nephritic syndrome | ![]() | N/A | Alport syndrome is not in the index at all; page 585 is the main entry. It is also mentioned in a couple other places | Minor erratum | Verified | Defer to 2020 revision. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 02/15/19 2:15 AM | Rebecca | Xu | rebecca.xu@northwestern.edu | |||||||||||||||
1557 | 585 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Nephritic syndrome | ![]() | Suggestion | I think it would be helpful if abbreviations used on a page could be included on that page as a footnote in small font. On the page in question LM, IF, and EM are used frequently. It would be convenient for the reader to have quick access without having to flip to the back of the book to the acronym section. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Reject. The acronyms refer to different imaging techniques, very obvious from the features mentioned next to the acronyms itself. - Rohan | Reject, AKB | Agree with Rohan and Anup. Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/21/19 8:33 AM | Tayler Declan | Ross | taylerdeclanross@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1558 | 585 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Nephritic syndrome | ![]() | NA | For both RPGN and IgA Nephropathy- the formatting for the microscopic findings if missing a tab down- as seen with the other disorders. Specifically, for both the LM findings are given, and then there is a semicolon and the EM findings are given in the same line- as opposed to their own new line as seen in the other disorders. | Spelling/formatting | Staff rejects | The student is saying LM/IF/EM findings of RPGN/IgA nephropathy are arranged in the same line unlike in other disorders. I think this is done to save a line to accommodate all the disorders on same page. - No errata. - May be reformatted depending on space availability. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 02/22/19 5:44 PM | Dylan | Erwin | derwin@smu.edu | |||||||||||||||
1559 | 585 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Nephritic syndrome | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5175091/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7197534_Anti-streptococcal_antibodies_in_the_diagnosis_of_acute_and_post-streptococcal_disease_Streptokinase_versus_streptolysin_O_and_deoxyribonuclease_B | in PSGN there is increase anti-DNase B titers. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 3:09 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1560 | 585 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Nephritic syndrome | ![]() | not needed | In Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, It is better to mensiion EM in Independant line | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 06/02/19 6:10 AM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1561 | 585 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Nephritic syndrome | ![]() | Self | Alport Syndrome = Al-four-t ("Alfort") since it involves type IV (4) collagen | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 06/15/19 4:56 PM | Yogesh | Patel | yogesh.patel@downstate.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1562 | 585 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Nephritic syndrome | ![]() | See attachment for 2018 listing. | In 2018, the types of Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis were listed in order as type I: Linear; type 2: Granular; type 3: negative. This made much more sense listing them in numerical order. In 2019, it was changed to list them type 1: linear; type 3: negative; type 2: granular. It should change back to numerical listing. | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 10/13/19 5:42 PM | Julia | Zautcke | j.zautcke@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1563 | 585 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Nephritic syndrome | ![]() | Self-written | Alport Syndrome - The couple usually have their picnic at the PORT (alPORT) that has 4-sides (Type 4 collagen defect). They take their picnic-BASKET (BASKET-weaving electron microscopy) and often SEE people PEEing and HEAR bees (eye problems, glomerulonephritis, sensory hearing loss). I hope they never SPLIT up (GBM-splitting). | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 8:38 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1564 | 585 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | X-linked recessive disorders | ![]() | https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/alport-syndrome#inheritance ; | There are conflicting reports on whether the autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant form of Alport Syndrome is more prominent. The proposed change is to remove "most commonly X-linked dominant" to something along the lines of "inherited in either an X-linked recessive or dominant manner" or simply as an X-linked disorder to circumvent the presentation of currently debated information. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Accept. Alport inheritance can be X-linked, AR, or AD. The most common pattern is X-linked. Let's avoid saying XLD. Revise to say "Most commonly X-lined" - Humood https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-alport-syndrome-hereditary-nephritis?search=alport&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~40&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | accept, AKB | Text on p. 593 already states that it is "Most commonly X-linked." - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/24/19 8:24 PM | Vincent | Serapiglia | vserapiglia@neomed.edu | ||||||||||||
1565 | 586 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Kidney stones | ![]() | not needed | Calcium "PH"osphate and Ammonium magnesium "PH"osphate is precipitates with increased "PH" | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Won't help in recollection, basic concept. - Rohan | ![]() | ![]() | 05/08/19 5:04 PM | Raed | Ababneh | raababneh153@med.just.edu.jo | |||||||||||||||
1566 | 586 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Kidney stones | ![]() | n/a | Urine crystal shapes of kidney stones from top to bottom as given in page 586: Calcium – Ammonium magnesium phosphate – Uric acid – Cystine ENVELOPE with an invitation to attend the FUNERAL with a ROSE for the EX-army. Envelope shape = Calcium oxalate stones FUNERAL = Coffin lid shaped in Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate stones ROSE = Rosette shaped in Uric acid stones Ex = hEXagonal shaped in Cystine stones Calcium oxalate stone: Calcium and DUMBBELLS for body building. Cystine stone: Sodium Cyanide Nitroprusside test positive – He consumed sodium cyanide and Expired at 16 (HEXagonal shaped SIXtine stone) | Mnemonic | Verified | I like the idea of using a mnemonic for stones and their shapes. This is a catchy mnemonic, but I think it can be reworked into something that sounds better and more comprehensive. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 1:07 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1567 | 586 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Kidney stones | ![]() | First Aid page 586 image A | oXalate stones look like an X (envelope shaped crystals) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/05/19 10:03 AM | Julian | Maamari | julian.maamari@lau.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1568 | 587 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Acute kidney injury | ![]() | My brain | Mnemonic for the causes of nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis is CLEAR: Cisplatin, Lead, Ethylene glycol, Aminoglycosides, Radiocontrast agents | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Would be more appropriate under fact "acute tubular necrosis". I think this is a cool idea/mnemonic, but these nephrotoxic drugs are only examples and not all inclusive. So our mnemonic would be incomplete. Yumi | Reject, AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 01/14/19 2:17 PM | Mariah | Gosling | goslingm@hawaii.edu | ||||||||||||||
1569 | 587 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Renal cell carcinoma | ![]() | https://www.explainmedicine.com/article/General/Varicocele | Specifying that occlusion of the left spermatic vein is the reason left-sided RCC may cause a varicocele. Suggested revision to current phrasing: "... may develop varicocele if left-sided; obstruction of left spermatic vein)..." | High-yield addition to next year | Accept. This is already mentioned on page 637. However, I suppose we can consolidate it here as well to say "(may develop varicocele if left sided due to obstruction of left gonadal vein)" - Humood | ok to incorporate, AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 03/15/19 11:32 AM | Matthew J. | Christensen | mattchristensen607@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1570 | 587 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Renal cell carcinoma | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with RCC are mentioned on the right side. Similar to how secondary polycythemia is mentioned due to ectopic EPO production, hypercalcemia can also be added in the manifestations (due to PTHrP) | High-yield addition to next year | Reject. I do not think this is necessary. The text already mentions PTHrP. No need to state the consequence of each paraneoplastic hormone, in my opinion. - Humood | Reject, AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 04/02/19 7:11 AM | Ahmed Ali | Khan | ahmedalikhanjr@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1571 | 588 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Multiple sclerosis | ![]() | UWorld Question ID : 11464 | FA says MS causes overflow incontinence (Detrusor Underactivity) but Uworld says that patients develop a spastic bladder and bladder hypertonia (Urge Incontinence) | Major erratum | Defer to expert. Both are correct, based on UTD. On MS article, it says MS causes urge incontinence. On incontinence article, it says MS causes overflow incontinence and detrusor under-activity. I suppose it depends on where the lesion is located. - Humood https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-course-and-prognosis-of-multiple-sclerosis-in-adults?search=multiple%20sclerosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-women-with-urinary-incontinence?search=incontinence&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H21990073 | ok to incorporate, AKB | Worthwhile discussing further in Annotate, particularly as this point has been raised twice by different users. It is probably best to include both types of incontinence as both can occur in MS. - Sarah | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/17/19 9:45 AM | Jyothik Varun | Inampudi | jyothikvarun@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1572 | 588 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Nephroblastoma | ![]() | First Aid | Addition of W11ms tumor as a mnemonic (since i and l look like 1s). " "Loss of function" mutations of tumor suppressor genes WTJ or WT2 on chromosome 11 (W11ms tumor)" | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Too complicated a mnemonic for the amount of information recall. -Rohan | Reject, AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 02/24/19 11:09 AM | Joseph | Elphingstone | jelphingstone@augusta.edu | ||||||||||||||
1573 | 588 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Nephroblastoma | ![]() | Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, Chapter 10, 451-482. Wilms Tumor, under "Pathogenesis and Genetics." • A third group, that is clinically distinct from these previous two groups of patients but also with an increased risk of developing Wilms tumor are children with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) , characterized by enlargement of body organs (organomegaly), macroglossia, hemihypertrophy, omphalocele, and abnormal large cells in the adrenal cortex (adrenal cytomegaly). BWS has served as a model for a nonclassical mechanism of tumorigenesis in humans— genomic imprinting. The chromosomal region implicated in BWS has been localized to band 11p15.5 (“WT2”), distal to the WT1 locus. This region contains multiple genes that are normally expressed from only one of the two parental alleles, with transcriptional silencing (i.e., imprinting) of the other parental homologue by methylation of the promoter region . Unlike WAGR or Denys-Drash syndromes, the genetic basis for BWS is considerably more heterogeneous in that no single 11p15.5 gene is involved in all cases. Moreover, the phenotype of BWS, including the predisposition to tumorigenesis, is influenced by the specific “WT2” imprinting abnormalities present. One of the genes in this region—insulin-like growth factor-2 ( IGF2 ) —is normally expressed solely from the paternal allele , while the maternal allele is silenced by imprinting. In some Wilms tumors, loss of imprinting (i.e., re-expression of the maternal IGF2 allele) can be demonstrated, leading to overexpression of the IGF-2 protein. In other instances there is a selective deletion of the imprinted maternal allele, combined with duplication of the transcriptionally active paternal allele in the tumor (uniparental paternal disomy) , which has an identical functional effect in terms of overexpression of IGF-2. Because the IGF-2 protein is an embryonal growth factor, it could conceivably explain the features of overgrowth associated with BWS, as well as the increased risk for Wilms tumors in these patients. Of all the “WT2” genes, imprinting abnormalities of IGF2 have the strongest relationship to tumor predisposition in BWS. A subset of patients with BWS harbor mutations of the cell cycle regulator CDKN1C (also known as p57 or KIP2 ); however, these patients have a significantly lower risk for developing Wilms tumors. In addition to Wilms tumors, patients with BWS are also at increased risk for developing hepatoblastoma, pancreatoblastoma, adrenocortical tumors, and rhabdomyosarcomas. | WT2 is a loci, not really a "gene." I think it's better to word it as "... tumor suppressor gene WT1 or WT2 loci on chromosome 11." | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 10/05/19 7:16 PM | Holy | Chou | ychou@student.uiwtx.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1574 | 588 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Urinary incontinence | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-course-and-prognosis-of-multiple-sclerosis-in-adults?source=autocomplete&index=2~4&search=multiple%20sc ; https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1146199-clinical | Neurogenic bladder with MS as an example is listed on page 588 under "Overflow Incontinence". Despite that MS patients can present with either type of neurogenic bladder (urge or overflow); it is well established that the majority of patients with MS are classically seen with an overactive bladder (urge incontinence) as typically seen with any upper motor neuron lesion (spasticity). If MS has to be listed as an example under one of the two, it should definitely be under "urgency incontinence" type as opposed to the overactive type. This is how we see it across the references. | Major erratum | Agreed. Urgency incontinence or Detrusor hyperreflexia is the most common presentation in MS. Therefore, the example should be moved to Urgency incontinence instead of overflow incontinence. Ref: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(02)02243-4 - Rohan | ok to incorporate, AKB | Worthwhile discussing further in Annotate, particularly as this point has been raised twice by different users. It is probably best to include both types of incontinence as both can occur in MS. - Sarah | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/14/19 5:41 PM | M Marwan | Dabbagh | dr.dabbagh@outlook.com | |||||||||||||
1575 | 588 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Urinary incontinence | ![]() | N/A | Stress Sneeze Surgery Super active Stick Stream or Slow Sphincter Urgency UTI Ultra active bladder Overflow Obstruction OFF Bladder | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Too complicated for the recall value. - Rohan | Reject, AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 03/14/19 6:22 PM | Norik | Armani | dr.norayr@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1576 | 588 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Urinary incontinence | ![]() | UWorld QID: 15667 | Although diabetes can cause overflow incontinence with polyuria, it's important to note that diabetes mellitus can cause overflow incontinence through diabetic neuropathy. In diabetic neuropathy, diabetes mellitus can cause NEUROGENIC BLADDER as the peripheral nerve innervating the bladder is compromised. This leads to underactivity of the detrusor muscle, providing an explanation as to how NEUROGENIC BLADDER can be considered overflow incontinence. This is a HIGH YIELD ADDITION that should be made! It's important for students to remember that diabetic neuropathy can also cause neurogenic bladder, which is a different mechanism from the one that is currently written as "polyuria." | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 08/18/19 2:12 AM | Ryan | Lee | ryanlee@gwu.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1577 | 588 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Urinary incontinence | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/manifestations-of-multiple-sclerosis-in-adults | Neurogenic bladder (eg, MS) is most commonly an example of overactive detrusor muscle and should be under urgency incontinence and not overflow incontinence. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/23/19 10:25 AM | Yara | Jelwan | yara.jelwan@lau.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1578 | 589 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Acute cystitis | ![]() | not needed | +nitrates (indicate gram - organisms). Surrgest changing it to + "N"itrates indicates gram "N"egative organisms | Minor erratum | Verified | Accept. Change nitrites to nitrates and bold/highlight the first alphabet. - Rohan' | nice addition - AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:41 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1579 | 590 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Acute tubular necrosis | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238064-overview | BUN/Cr ratio increases in phase 2 of ATN and decreases in phase 3. The text has it as only decreased in phase 3 on page 591. The text also has it decreased in general on page 590 under intrinsic renal failure. This should be clarified that it is only phase 3 that the ratio decreases and it increases in phase 2. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | Reject. While this may be true, I don't believe the extra information is necessary. Also I think it can be inferred that the BUN/Cr does increase, and thus has room to decrease in the 3rd stage. Yumi | Agree. reject. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 12/27/18 4:56 PM | Anthony | Bitar | abfy2@health.missouri.edu | |||||||||||||
1580 | 590 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Consequences of renal failure | ![]() | N/A | Within the mnemonic MAD HUNGER for the consequences of renal failure is uremia with its five clinical associations. The mnemonic BUN APPENtit helps to remember the signs and symptoms of uremia (Asterixis, Pericarditis, Platelet dysfunction, Encephalopathy, Nausea and anorexia). | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/14/19 3:35 AM | Eun Sung | Kim | eunsung@berkeley.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1581 | 591 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Acute interstitial nephritis | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | Mnemonic has bolded "5 P's" and lists the drugs that involve the letter P but forgets to include the S that is bolded which should also include "sulfa drugs". This is done correctly on page 250 under "Drug reactions - renal/genitourinary". Just the way the mnemonic on page 250 has the use of P's and S's, on page 591 it's only P's and no S for Sulfa drug for the same mnemonic | Minor erratum | Verified | Reject. It is P's not Ps. - Rohan | I agree with the user that for consistency with the same mnemonic on p.252 we should include "sulfa drugs" in the mnemonic. - Sarah | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 04/28/19 10:06 PM | Sahil | Zaveri | szaveri@sgu.edu | |||||||||||||
1582 | 591 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Acute interstitial nephritis | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/243597-workup | WBC casts may be seen in acute interstitial nephritis. Although it was included on page 582, "WBC casts" should be added in into the "Acute Interstitial Nephritis" section as this is a very high yield association that students should be reminded of in the context of this specific pathology. Acute interstitial nephritis can also progress to renal papillary necrosis, which is also another high-yield association that students should know and should be added in. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 08/15/19 2:07 AM | Ryan | Lee | ryanlee@gwu.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1583 | 591 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Acute tubular necrosis | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238064-overview | There is a loss of tubular cell polarity in ATN due to Na/K ATPase switching from basolateral side to lumenal side. This also increases sodium reabsorption which affects macula densa cells and further exacerbate constriction of afferent arteriole. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. Cool information, but too detailed for Step 1. Yumi | Reject, AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 12/27/18 5:01 PM | Anthony | Bitar | abfy2@health.missouri.edu | ||||||||||||||
1584 | 591 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Acute tubular necrosis | ![]() | Based on information already in first aid but suggests a pneumonic that will make it easier for people to remember all the causes of ATN. | Mnemonic for causes of nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis: ATtentioN! Cancer LEADs to HAARM. Explanation of pneumonic: ATN! C in cancer refers to chemo drug Cisplatin, LEADs refers to lead, H- hemoglobinuria, A- aminoglycosides A- antifreeze (ethylene glycol), R- radiocontrast dyes, M-myoglobinuria | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/11/19 10:40 PM | Julia Grace | Epelbaum | jepelbaum1@pride.hofstra.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1585 | 591 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Diffuse cortical necrosis | ![]() | no link | misspeling the word CORTICAL, in the boook it's written as ORTICAL | Spelling/formatting | Looked for it, but did not find any such spelling error? - Vivek | must be an old mistake; no longer relevant - AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 01/13/19 3:52 AM | ahamed | el azzih | ahamad.elazzih@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1586 | 591 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Renal papillary necrosis | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/439586-overview#a8 | Causes of renal papillary necrosis with the mnemonic POSTCARDS: Pyelonephritis; Obstruction of the urinary tract; Sickle cell hemoglobinopathies (including sickle cell trait); Tuberculosis; Cirrhosis of the liver, chronic alcoholism; Analgesic abuse; Renal transplant rejection, radiation; Diabetes mellitus; Systemic vasculitis. | High-yield addition to next year | Accept. Reasonable mnemonic. This would compete with our current "SAAD pappa" mnemonic. Let's discuss it on Annotate. - Humood | accept, AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 3:00 AM | Nicolas | Curi Gawlinski | nicolascurii@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1587 | 591 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Renal papillary necrosis | ![]() | Not needed | An easier and a more complete mnemonic for Renal papillary necrosis in my opinion can be - 'POSTCARDS' - Pyelonephritis, Obstruction of urogenital tract, Sickle cell disease or trait, TB, Chronic liver disease, Analgesics/Alcohol, Renal transplant rejection, DM, Systemic vasculitis | Mnemonic | Verified | Duplicate entry. Delete row. - Humood | duplicate, AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 03/28/19 7:47 AM | Ahmed Ali | Khan | ahmedalikhanjr | ||||||||||||||
1588 | 592 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Genetic disorders by chromosome | ![]() | Mnemonic | ADPKD can be caused by a mutation in PDK1 (chromosome 16) or PKD2 (chromosome 4) - 4^2 = 16 and 16*1=16 allows you to remember the locations of PKD1 and PKD2 | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Too complicated for the recall value. - Rohan | Reject, AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 02/07/19 11:34 AM | Daniel | Lubarsky | daniel.lubarsky@rockets.utoledo.edu | ||||||||||||||
1589 | 592 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Renal cyst disorders | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-of-and-screening-for-autosomal-dominant-polycystic-kidney-disease | Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is due to a mutation in PKD1 (on chromosome 16) or PKD2 (on chromosome 4) So, to remember the specific chromosomes 16^1= 16 and 4^2= 16 | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. Reasonable mnemonic. Let's discuss on Annotate. - Humood | accept, AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 03/17/19 6:28 PM | Amer | Mohiuddin | amemohiu@iu.edu | ||||||||||||||
1590 | 592 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Renal cyst disorders | ![]() | First Aid 2019, USMLE World 2019 | In ADPKD microscopic cysts can be detected at birth but the disease process does not present until adulthood. Whereas ARPKD presents in infancy. In my opinion mentioning that 'ADULTS ARE DOMINANT' would serve as a helpful memory aid. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. No need, in my opinion. - Humood | Reject, AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 03/28/19 8:54 AM | Ahmed Ali | Khan | ahmedalikhanjr@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1591 | 592 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Renal cyst disorders | ![]() | Not needed | In ADPKD microscopic cysts can be detected at birth but the disease process does not present until adulthood. Whereas ARPKD presents in infancy. In my opinion, mentioning the first two letters i.e. AD of ADPKD in red along with the AD of ADult, would serve as a helpful memory aid. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Not a big fan, sorry. If others feel otherwise, feel free to accept it. - Humood | Reject, AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 04/10/19 5:03 AM | Ahmed Ali | Khan | ahmedalikhanjr@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1592 | 592 | Renal | ![]() | Pathology | Renovascular disease | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | *F*ibromuscular dysplasia ---> *F*emales. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Yes more common in females, but not necessary to create a mnemonic. Yumi | Reject, AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 6:21 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
1593 | 593 | Renal | ![]() | Pharmacology | Diuretics site of action | ![]() | Dude trust me | Change "Thiazide" to "Thiazide diuretics". | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | Accept. Totally trust this dude. Illustration needs addition. - Rohan | Accept, AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 4:16 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1594 | 593 | Renal | ![]() | Pharmacology | Diuretics: electrolyte changes | ![]() | FA p. 595 Mechanism of action for TZD and Sketchy | Diuretics site of action, it looks like you are showing normal electrolyte flow, yet in the DCT you show Ca2+ going into interstitium aka reabsorbed, under normal conditions, it is excreted. The TZD blocks NaCl & hence Na/Ca exchanger increases & that's how we reabsorb it. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/14/19 7:22 AM | Belice | Cabrera | cabreranena@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1595 | 594 | Renal | ![]() | Pharmacology | Diuretics site of action | ![]() | not applicable | writing drug overdose before elevated intracranial/ intraocular pressure under clinical use of mannitol may confuse the reader that raised ICP or IOP can be due to drug overdose, I suggest writing elevated intracranial/intraocular pressure before drug overdose | Spelling/formatting | I don't see this leading to confusion at all. If ICP was due to drug overdose the text would state that. I don't believe changing the order will do anything here. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 06/13/19 1:52 AM | Awab | Elnaeem | awab.kamal@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1596 | 594 | Renal | ![]() | Pharmacology | Loop diuretics | ![]() | http://austinpublishinggroup.com/nephrology/fulltext/ajnh-v1-id1025.php | Loop diuretics do not cause PGE release, but rather prevent its degradation by inhibiting prostaglandin dehydrogenase. "Loop diuretics have been shown to decrease renal vascular resistance and therefore increase renal blood flow. This is likely due to the inhibition of prostaglandin dehydrogenase by loop diuretics, resulting in diminished breakdown of PGE 2 (a potent vasodilator), subsequently resulting in decreased renal vascular resistance and increased renal blood flow [17]." | Major erratum | Verified | Agree. Not sure how well established this information is, but we can easily change the wording so it is less specific, such as: "Causes increased PGE". Specific mechanism is likely low yield, and not necessary to include in full. -Yumi | Accept, AKB | Agree change to: "Loop diuretics are associated with increased PGE" | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | *RENAL Adam Weinstein | Yes, I agree with the First Author's comment and suggestion to change this to be less specific. The specific mechanism is low yield, I agree. I might even suggest changing it to "Loop diuretics result in increased PGE" or "Loop diuretics are associated with increased PGE"--even more general statements. | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 4:18 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | |||||||||
1597 | 594 | Renal | ![]() | Pharmacology | Loop diuretics | ![]() | https://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/early/2019/03/29/CJN.09630818 ; Uworld ID 684 | You guys accepted a suggested major erratum that loop diuretics do not stimulate PGE release but instead they prevent degradation of PGE by inhibiting prostaglandin dehydrogenase. However, both Uworld and the article from the "Clinical Journal of American Society of Nephrology" that was published this month states that loop diuretics stimulate PGE release and production. | Major erratum | Verified | Accept. Loop diuretics indeed increase PGE, as per UpToDate (via citation : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=393525) - Rohan | Already accepted, reviewed by Dr. Weinstein and implemented during Pass 1. Accepting for credit. - Sarah | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 04/22/19 8:04 PM | Heewon | Choi | hxc326@case.edu | |||||||||||||
1598 | 595 | Renal | ![]() | Pharmacology | Thiazide diuretics | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4142573/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indapamide | adding Indapamide drug to Thiazide diuretics | Clarification to current text | Reject. All drug names not required to be added. Single representative drug in section per standard procedure - Rohan. | "Agree with Rohan. The list is not meant to be inclusive or comprehensive. In addition, indapamide is not mentioned elsewhere in the book so I am reluctant to add it here. Reject. - Sarah" | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 3:23 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1599 | 595 | Renal | ![]() | Pharmacology | Thiazide diuretics | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/effect-of-diuretics-on-magnesium-handling-by-the-kidney https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/489521_5 | thiazide diuretics can cause Hypomagnesemia as well. | Clarification to current text | Agree. Add hypomagnesemia as well. - Rohan | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 3:29 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1600 | 596 | Renal | ![]() | Pharmacology | Angiotensin II receptor blockers | ![]() | https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/228780/1/Angioedema%20a%20rare%20and%20sometimes%20delayed%20side%20effect%20of%20angiotensin%20converting%20enzyme%20inhibitors.pdf & First Aid For The USMLE Step 1 | The sentence "Effects similar to ACE inhibitors, but ARBs do not increase bradykinin." is misleading since ACE inhibitors do not directly increase bradykinin production but rather prevent their inactivation, which is mentioned in the previous section covering ACE inhibitors. It can be replaced with "ARBs do not prevent inactivation of bradykinin ". | Clarification to current text | Agree. Change as per suggestion. The sentence is indeed a little misleading - Rohan | ![]() | ![]() | 07/12/19 11:39 PM | Cindy Marielle | Santana Perez | cindysantanamd@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1601 | 597 | Renal | ![]() | Physiology | Nephron transport physiology | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | Principal cells Pump Potassium into Pee | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Basic physiological mechanism, doesn't require a mnemonic for recall. - Rohan | Reject, AKB | ![]() | ![]() | 03/08/19 4:44 PM | Joseph | Elphingstone | jelphingstone@augusta.edu | ||||||||||||||
1602 | 598 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Early fetal development | ![]() | https://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/early-fetal-development/ | Fetal cardiac activity visible by transvaginal ultrasound by the Fetal Age Week 4 (Gestational age: 6 weeks). | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/16/19 5:32 AM | Tareq | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1603 | 598 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Important genes of embryogenesis | ![]() | not required | HCSAWD = HaCkSAWeD = Homeobox (craniocaudal axis), Sonic Hedgehog (anteroposterior axis), Wnt-7 (dorsal-ventral axis) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Don't quite follow. -GS | This seems too difficult to follow/remember. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/29/19 7:11 PM | Joshua | Ladella | josh.ladella@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1604 | 598 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Important genes of embryogenesis | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/presentation-diagnosis-and-staging-of-wilms-tumor?search=PAX%206&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~17&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 AND UWORLD | ADD--------->PAX GENE (PAX6): Key regulatory gene for gene of eye and brain development. Associated with ocular defects (aniridia) ------>Homeobox genes (HOXA 13) : Hand-foot -genital syndrome. Malformation of distal limbs(hypoplastic first digits), mullerian fusion anormalities (uterus didelfos) | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | We already mention Hox genes in general, I do not think it would be HY to highlight one particular gene (HOXA13) from the whole group. As for PAX6 and its association with aniridia, I think this might be considered for Neuro chapter. -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 02/19/19 1:07 AM | Lissette | Orozco | lissetteorozco_004@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1605 | 598 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Important genes of embryogenesis | ![]() | n/a | Week 6: Fetal cardiac activity visible by transvaginal USG – Sonography at Six. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 1:08 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1606 | 598 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Important genes of embryogenesis | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7476 | WNT-7- This gene is involved in the development of the anterior-posterior axis in the female reproductive tract, and also plays a critical role in uterine smooth muscle pattering and maintenance of adult uterine function. Mutations in this gene are associated with Fuhrmann and Al-Awadi/Raas-Rothschild/Schinzel phocomelia syndromes. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 09/14/19 2:31 AM | Vamsi | Peddinti | vamsi.dr@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1607 | 598 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Neural tube defects | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-and-clinical-manifestations-of-myelomeningocele-spina-bifida?sectionName=EMBRYOLOGY%20OF%20THE%20NEURAL%20TUBE&search=neural%20tube%20close&topicRef=460&anchor=H2&source=see_link#H2 | Neural tube being closed would be more helpful in the week 4 section than 3-8 weeks | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Don't think this is necessary. Neural tube closing can remain in the 3-8 week section because it applies to the "susceptible to teratogens" comment. Also, the week 4 items make the mnemonic work, and adding neural tube closure would mean finding a way to include this in the mnemonic. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/11/19 8:39 AM | Raul | Orozco Villalobos | raul_ou_fan@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||||
1608 | 598 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Teratogens | ![]() | First Aid | Can spell Teratogens as T3r8ogens to remember that the embryonic period where a fetus is most susceptible to teratogens is from weeks 3-8. | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/23/19 1:02 PM | Aspin | Makadia | aspinmak@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1609 | 599 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Embryologic derivatives | ![]() | Don't have one, made it up | Surface ectoderm mnemonic: GOOAALEE Glands (parotid, sweat, mammary), Oral cavity epithelial lining, Olfactory epithelium, Adenohypophysis, Anal canal below pectinate line, Lens of eye, Epidermis, Ear (sensory organs) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Too confusing to remember. -GS | I don't think this addition is necessary. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/18/19 1:45 PM | Angelica | Trybulska | angietrybulska@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1610 | 599 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Embryologic derivatives | ![]() | not needed | in "neural crest" subsection, "tracheal" lining" has been mentioned in the 2nd column as derivative of neural crest, which means tracheal epithelium , and that's incorrect | Clarification to current text | Verified | Accept. Should change tracheal lining to tracheal cartilage as one of the neural crest cell derivatives. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1352163/ - MK | OK to migrate over for consideration. I am not sure this is incorrect, however, reasonable to clarify the text. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/06/19 9:26 PM | ghazal | naghibzadeh | ghazal.naghibzadeh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1611 | 599 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Embryologic derivatives | ![]() | Punctuation Error | Parentheses are missing in the endoderm section: (eg, lungs, liver, gallbladder... [missing end parentheses]. | Spelling/formatting | Agree. Add end parenthesis. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 2:53 PM | Emily | Coker | ecoker@mednet.ucla.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1612 | 599 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Embryologic derivatives | ![]() | https://jasperapi.kaptest.com/content/media/85/293785.22.ol314.anat.table.i_4_1.png ; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4631767/ | It is stated in first aid that parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid is derived from endoderm, however according to Kaplan it is actually derived from the NEURAL CREST | Major erratum | This erratum submission is as certain as the sun sets in the west. We have had extensive discussion and will not be changing it further. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/06/19 9:43 AM | Nirav | Shah | niravs@health.usf.edu | |||||||||||||||
1613 | 599 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Embryologic derivatives | ![]() | BRS Embryology 6th ed. Page 30 (Table 4.1 Germ Layer Derivatives) | The text says that Tracheal lining is derived from Neural crest and Parafollicular (C) cells from Endoderm. Both are incorrect, the text should say: Tracheal lining is derived from Endoderm and Thyroid's Parafollicular (C) cells from Neural Crest. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/29/19 11:35 PM | Raul | Salas | rmsalas_b42@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1614 | 599 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Lung development | ![]() | https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/22-7-embryonic-development-of-the-respiratory-system/ | Tracheal lining is not one of the neral crest derivatives | Major erratum | Accept. Should change tracheal lining to tracheal cartilage as one of the neural crest cell derivatives. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1352163/ - MK | Duplicate. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/27/19 7:25 AM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1615 | 599 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Spleen | ![]() | 1. UWorld Step 1 Question ID #2022 (citing Patterson KD, Drysdale TA, Krieg PA. Embryonic origins of spleen asymmetry. Development. 2000 Jan;127(1):167-75.) 2. NYU School of Medicine course notes, http://education.med.nyu.edu/courses/macrostructure/lectures/lec_images/gastrointest.html ("Unlike the liver, the spleen is not an outgrowth of the foregut. It develops coincidentally with the gut in the dorsal mesogastrium, but independently of the gut. However, its splenic artery is a branch from the celiac trunk.") | "spleen (derived from foregut mesentery)" appears in the text. However, the spleen itself is NOT derived from the foregut mesentery, even though its vascular supply is from a branch of a celiac trunk. | Major erratum | Splenic embryological origins appear to be controversial. The student's source doesn't really answer the question and simply labels it as a vascular offshoot (?of the celiac trunk). Moreover, I cannot find any major references suggesting an alternative, high-yield embryological orgin. For this reason, will flag for expert review before we make any decisions, as I would like their input on how to approach this. -Matt | Disagreement/need expert | ![]() | ![]() | 07/05/19 6:17 PM | Zoë | Warczak | jwarczak1317@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1616 | 600 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Embryologic derivatives | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614953/ | To remember that caudal regression syndrome (colloquially known as mermaid syndrome) is caused by maternal diabetes, use the mnemonic "Maternal diabetes Makes Mermaids" | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. I don't think this is a helpful mnemonic. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/21/19 12:51 AM | Adam | Rippetoe | adam.rippetoe@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||||
1617 | 600 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Lithium | ![]() | Your text, this is just a minor contradiction by my understanding. | Text states Ebstein anomaly is "apical displacement" of valves, when it's stated as a downward displacement on page 296. | Minor erratum | I believe FA is correct because the apex of the heart is the bottom of the heart. Thus apical displacement = downward displacement. We could consider choosing one term and staying consistent throughout the book, but sometimes I think it is better to hear the same disease described in 2 different ways. -MK | Agree, two different ways of saying the same thing. I would propose standardizing between the two entries for the most clarity. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 04/08/19 8:18 PM | Mark | Michael | Markmichael8@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1618 | 600 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Teratogens | ![]() | https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/020785s061lbl.pdf; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomide#cite_note-UKlabel2017-7 | Thalidomide - Immunomodulatory Agent. Tx: CA/MM/Leprosy | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 05/24/19 8:26 AM | Nicola Helen | Duzak | nhampel@mail.sjsm.org | |||||||||||||||||
1619 | 600 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Teratogens | ![]() | https://www.medicinenet.com/warfarin/article.htm#what_brand_names_are_available_for_warfarin | Warfarin - bones, bleed, aBortion, blind | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 06/13/19 8:30 PM | Chynna | Smith | cs598711@ohio.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1620 | 602 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Twinning | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/monoamniotic-twin-pregnancy-including-conjoined-twins | Late division: monozygotic twins results in 1 amniotic sac and 1 chorionic sac. | Major erratum | I reviewed this fact in detail and I am pretty sure we clearly state that both in the text and the diagram. Not sure what needs to be corrected here. May be errata from an older edition? -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 12:56 PM | Jane-Hwei | Lee | dinwee@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1621 | 603 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Placenta | ![]() | n/a | synCYTIOtrophoblast: SYN is outside (outer layer of chorionic villi) and CYTIO is inside (inner layer of chorionic villi). | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 1:09 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1622 | 604 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Embryologic derivatives | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/935618-overview#a12 | States that "in the 3rd week the yolk sac forms the allantois, which extends into urogenital sinus." In reality, the yolk sac and allantois are two distinct structures. Allantois is actually formed from the hindgut while the yolk sac is attached to the midgut. This is why a patent urachus connects bladder to umbilicus while vitelline duct connects midgut to umbilicus. | Major erratum | This is way beyond my ability to interpret even using literature, so will ask for an embryological expert to take a look and comment. The student's linked reference does not really provide support for their submission. -Matt | Disagreement/need expert | ![]() | ![]() | 07/28/19 11:11 AM | Tiffany | Wang | twang19@pride.hofstra.edu | |||||||||||||||
1623 | 605 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Aortic arch derivatives | ![]() | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZNW3UnpQe8 | I came up with a way to memorize the key aortic arch derivations for the aorta, pulmonary arteries, ductus arteriosus, and common carotids, using a hand gesture. I've attached images to help explain what I mean, as well as some notes from an embryology video whose diagram was my inspiration (timestamp: 9:13). | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 11/02/19 11:39 PM | Wenyu | Deng | wenyu.deng128@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1624 | 606 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Pharyngeal arch derivatives | ![]() | Mnemonic | To remember that the GREATER horn of the hyoid is a derivative of the 3rd pharyngeal pouch and the LESSER horn of the hyoid is a derivative of the 2nd pharyngeal pouch: "3 is GREATER than 2" | Mnemonic | Verified | I don't think this is helpful. This could be difficult to understand in the current chart form. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/04/19 10:45 PM | Samantha | Abdallah | fh3511@wayne.edu | |||||||||||||||
1625 | 606 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Pharyngeal arch derivatives | ![]() | Mnemonic | To remember that the GREATER horn of the hyoid is a derivative of the 3rd pharyngeal arch and the LESSER horn of the hyoid is a derivative of the 2nd pharyngeal arch: "3 is GREATER than 2" | Mnemonic | Verified | Same as above. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/04/19 10:48 PM | Samantha | Abdallah | fh3511@wayne.edu | |||||||||||||||
1626 | 606 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Pharyngeal arch derivatives | ![]() | https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Neural_-_Cranial_Nerve_Development#CN_VII_Facial | The sensory nerves of the cranial nerves in the pharyngeal arches derive from neural crest cells (NCCs), not the neuroectoderm that the motor nerve portions derive from. | Minor erratum | Verified | I agree with this student's suggestion according to the article cited. Need an expert's opinion on this. - MK | Yes, appears correct, but would want expert input as per MK's review to confirm. Can migrate for 2020 consideration. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/06/19 1:49 AM | Ben | Meyers | bsm010@jefferson.edu | |||||||||||||
1627 | 606 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Pharyngeal arch derivatives | ![]() | https://www.optecoto.com/article/S1043-1810(15)00067-6/fulltext#s0015 | The tongue will form from two lateral lingual swellings and one median swelling all from the 1st pharyngeal arch. This will form the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue. A second median swelling, the copula (2nd pharyngeal arch) is overgrown by the hypobranchial eminence (3rd and part of the 4th arch). This will form the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue. The 4th arch contributes to the epiglottis and the laryngeal orifice is just posterior. | Major erratum | Yes, appears correct, but would want expert input as per MK's review to confirm. Can migrate for 2020 consideration. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/20/19 10:31 PM | Purnima | Sharma | purnimasharma@students.rossu.edu | |||||||||||||||
1628 | 606 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Pharyngeal arch derivatives | ![]() | https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Human_Embryology_and_Morphology_18 | All laryngeal cartilages are dervived from 4 and 6 pharngeal arches | Minor erratum | The source provided does not discuss laryngeal cartilages. -MK | Agree, reference not helpful. Can migrate over and see if crowdsourcing may help us find others. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 04/17/19 5:47 PM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1629 | 606 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Pharyngeal arch derivatives | ![]() | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259254315_On_the_Maxillary_Nerve | Maxillary and mandibular divisions of trigeminal nerve are in the 1 pharyngeal arch | Minor erratum | Reject. The maxillary division is derived from neural crest cells. The mandibular division (V3) is derived from the first arch, and this is already mentioned in the FA text. - MK | Reject. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/17/19 6:01 PM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1630 | 606 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Pharyngeal arch derivatives | ![]() | n/a | 4 – 6th Pharyngeal Arches: “4 + 6 = X” CN | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 1:11 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1631 | 606 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Pharyngeal arch derivatives | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1923100-overview; http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/dissector/mml/lvp.htm; | It says that the 4th arch derivatives are innervated by the superior laryngeal branch of CN X. This is true for the cricothyroid. The others (eg, levator veli palatini) are innervated mostly by other vagal branches (eg, levator veli palatini is innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve). | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 09/19/19 4:25 PM | Halee | Einfeld | raxorium@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1632 | 608 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Genital embryology | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-uterine-anomalies-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?csi=45478daa-d5ad-4757-89bf-174759e997dc&source=contentShare | man is mesonephric; WOman is PARAmesonephric (Easy way to remember extremely high yield association that is easily confused) | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 08/16/19 7:19 PM | Benjamin | Swart | benjamin-swart@uiowa.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1633 | 608 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Male reproductive anatomy | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/paramesonephric-duct. and Dr Ryan from boards and beyond | the paramesonephric (female) remnant in males is the appendix testis and not gartner duct. the Mesonephric (male) remnant in females is gartner duct.they're switched in the book | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/18/19 9:40 AM | Mariana | Hattar | maryanna21hattar@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1634 | 608 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Sexual differentiation | ![]() | https://www.medscape.com/answers/252928-32489/what-is-the-pathogenesis-of-swyer-syndrome and Dr. Ryan of Boards and Beyond | Absence of Sertoli cells/lack of mullerian inhibitory factor is called Swyer Syndrome (or XY gonadal dysgenesis). The primary high-yield symptom is streak ovary. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Accept this change. Absence of Sertoli cells/lack of mullein inhibitory factor -->develop both male and female internal genitalia ("streak gonads") and male external genitalia. -MK | Agree with addition, and would migrate over for integration this year. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 8:23 AM | Nathaniel | Borochov | nateboro8@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1635 | 608 | Reproductive | ![]() | Anatomy | Sexual differentiation | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK29/box/&id/ | External female genital development is due to the absence of testosterone, and doesn't require estradiol. Clinical ex: lack of estrogen in XY Gonadal dysgenesis results in normal female genitalia (with no ovaries) | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/08/19 2:05 PM | G | I | gindig@med.umich.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1636 | 609 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Male/female genital homologs | ![]() | n/a | Glans penis <---------GLANS------ Genital Tubercle--------GLANS-----> Glans clitoris Corpus cavernosum <------CAVE------ Genital Tubercle--------BULB-----> Vestibular bulbs Gland of Cowper <------COW------ Urogenital Sinus--------BARN-----> Gland of Bartholin Prostate gland <------PRO------ Urogenital Sinus--------SKIing-----> Gland of Skene Ventral shaft of penis <------DOWN/HYPO------ Urogenital Sinus------MINOR-------> Labia Minora Scrotum <-----SCORE------ Labioscrotal Swelling--------MAJOR----> Labia Majora | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 1:12 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1637 | 610 | Reproductive | ![]() | Anatomy | Congenital penile abnormalities | ![]() | me | When you have "H"ypospadias you pee on your "H"igh tops (shoes) or you pee down a "h"ole | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. I think the current mnemonic is more helpful. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/16/19 12:20 PM | Christian | Schmidt | schmidcm2@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1638 | 610 | Reproductive | ![]() | Anatomy | Congenital penile abnormalities | ![]() | me | H mnemonic for "h"ypospadias; "h"idden testes and bowels (cryptorchidism and inguinal hernia); "H"ooked shape penis (chordee); pee on "h"eels | Mnemonic | Verified | Having trouble following this. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/16/19 12:30 PM | Christian | Schmidt | schmidcm2@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1639 | 610 | Reproductive | ![]() | Anatomy | Congenital penile abnormalities | ![]() | https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=20S0SYW9EScC&pg=PA553&dq=faulty+positioning+of+genital+tubercle+on+fifth+week+of+gestation&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjcvs2L56DiAhVN46QKHWnCCNkQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=faulty%20positioning%20of%20genital%20tubercle%20on%20fifth%20week%20of%20gestation&f=false https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=BpOeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA20&dq=faulty+positioning+of+genital+tubercle+on+fifth+week+of+gestation&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjcvs2L56DiAhVN46QKHWnCCNkQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=faulty%20positioning%20of%20genital%20tubercle%20on%20fifth%20week%20of%20gestation&f=false https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=aV6Pup1ZUoUC&pg=PA5&dq=faulty+positioning+of+genital+tubercle+on+fifth+week+of+gestation&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjcvs2L56DiAhVN46QKHWnCCNkQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=faulty%20positioning%20of%20genital%20tubercle%20on%20fifth%20week%20of%20gestation&f=false | In Epispadias the faulty positioning of genital tubercle occurs on the fifth week of gestation. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 3:46 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1640 | 610 | Reproductive | ![]() | Anatomy | Congenital penile abnormalities | ![]() | n/a | Female remnant: Ovarian ligament + Round ligament “Use speculum in OR” | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 1:14 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1641 | 610 | Reproductive | ![]() | Anatomy | Gonadal drainage | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | Cerv*i*x* ---> *I*nternal and e*X*ternal iliac nodes. | Mnemonic | Verified | Not a fan. -GS | Reject - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 12/30/18 8:41 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
1642 | 610 | Reproductive | ![]() | Anatomy | Gonadal drainage | ![]() | UWorld Q ID 2021 | Glans penis drains to deep inguinal nodes; Also "Clitoris" does according to UWORLD. which makes sense as they both originates from Urogenital Tubercle | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | I have found several references which state that the clitoris drains to the deep inguinal nodes and the internal iliac nodes. I think we can leave this out. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:54 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1643 | 610 | Reproductive | ![]() | Anatomy | Gonadal drainage | ![]() | not needed | Lymphatic drainage of clitoris is not mentioned | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 05/08/19 11:41 AM | Raed | Ababneh | raababneh153@med.just.edu.jo | |||||||||||||||||
1644 | 610 | Reproductive | ![]() | Anatomy | Gonadal drainage | ![]() | n/a | Right gonadal vein goes Right to the IVC | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/21/19 4:40 PM | Jordan | O'Steen | josteen441@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1645 | 611 | Reproductive | ![]() | Anatomy | Female reproductive anatomy | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6103387/ | The diagram should be labeled Cardinal ligament AND Uterine artery. Previous editions only had the Uterine artery labeled, and only the artery was drawn in the diagram. The 2019 edition only has the cardinal ligament labeled, but the artery and the ligament are drawn (and now it doesn't label the uterine artery). | Minor erratum | Accept. I think the uterine artery should also be labeled in the diagram next to the label of the cardinal ligament. - MK | Agree, good to label the item. Migrate over for consideration this year by the illustration team. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/25/19 12:27 AM | Rajver | Mann | rajvermann@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1646 | 611 | Reproductive | ![]() | Anatomy | Female reproductive anatomy | ![]() | n/a | Infundibulopelvic ligament is aka Suspensory ligament of ovary: Ovaries SUSPENding IN-FUN. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 1:15 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1647 | 612 | Reproductive | ![]() | Anatomy | Female reproductive epithelial histology | ![]() | n/a | Uterus: Coiled glands in secretory phase - Secretory with the coiled hair. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 1:16 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1648 | 612 | Reproductive | ![]() | Anatomy | Female reproductive epithelial histology | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1770692/ | In First Aid, the Transformation zone is defined as the "Squamocolumnar junction". This is incorrect. The correct definition for the Transformation Zone is the place where the squamocolumnar junction begins in fetal life to where it ends up as the body matures and the squamocolumnar junction moves upwards. As you can see in the article referenced, "The transformation zone is not the same as the squamo–columnar junction but the squamo–columnar junction is part of the transformation zone." I think wikipedia's definition is really good if you want more reading on this with sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervix#Histology | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/02/19 4:59 PM | Aamer | Naofal | aamer.naofal@utsouthwestern.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1649 | 612 | Reproductive | ![]() | Anatomy | Male reproductive anatomy | ![]() | Made-up Mneumonics | Can point out that the first four letters in "SEVEN UP," so the "SEVE" = Seminal vesicles, epididymis, Vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct are the internal genitalia = derivates of the Mesonephric duct. For the external genitalia (pg 608), could say "boys like to play PSP OUTSIDE" for outside/external genitalia = Penis, Scrotum, Prostate. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 03/29/19 4:22 PM | Nanki | Hura | nanki.hura@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1650 | 613 | Reproductive | ![]() | Anatomy | Urethral injury | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extravasation_of_urine | For Anterior urethral injury location of blood accumulation section: blood accumulate within penis with intact Buck fascia, and leakage into scrotum if Buck fascia is torn. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 08/03/19 6:04 AM | SHICHENG | SONG | nicksong66@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1651 | 615 | Reproductive | ![]() | Physiology | Human placental lactogen | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4233258/ | Maternal hyperglycemia from insulin resistance leads to lipolysis | Minor erratum | Verified | Reject. There's no error in this entry. Metabolic changes such as increased lipolysis are now discussed under pregnancy on the previous page. -MA | No actionable change to be made here, agree. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 12/29/18 6:58 AM | Dr. Kanchan | Ghimire | drkanchanghimire@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1652 | 616 | Reproductive | ![]() | Physiology | Estrogen | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4397276/ | Estrogen causes closure of epiphyseal plates. This is mentioned under Testosterone on page 622 ("via estrogen converted from testosterone"), but not under Estrogen itself. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Agree with student. Closure of epiphyseal plates is due to estrogen and should be included under Estrogen section. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/06/19 1:29 AM | Jerrin | Bawa | jerrin.bawa@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1653 | 616 | Reproductive | ![]() | Physiology | Estrogen | ![]() | http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T233179/Estradiol | Estrogen promotes bone growth by decreasing osteoblastic apoptosis and stimulating osteoclastic apoptosis. This is not stated in this section and it would be of benefit for students to have that detail there. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 06/18/19 6:14 PM | Yokaira | Camilo | yokacamilo@gmai.com | |||||||||||||||||
1654 | 616 | Reproductive | ![]() | Physiology | Estrogen | ![]() | n/a | Estrogen, pg 616 Adipose – estrONE – Aromatization (Aromatase) granuloSa – fSh – eStrogen (Vs Sertoli cells in male – inhibin B inhibit fSh) Progesterone, pg 616 PRO – GESTATION; NO – LACTATION | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 1:17 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1655 | 618 | Reproductive | ![]() | Physiology | Menstrual cycle | ![]() | n/a | Follicular phase comes First – Like Step 1 – Varies in duration Luteal phase comes Later – Like Step 2 – Does not vary in duration | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 1:20 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1656 | 621 | Reproductive | ![]() | Physiology | Infant and child development | ![]() | none | Under Toddler, it is listed: "200+ words by age 3." However, under the Preschool years, it is listed "1000 words by age 3" | Clarification to current text | I agree with the student. This can be confusing and I believe the text needs to be more consistent. - MK | Agree. Let's rewrite this text this year. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 04/10/19 2:42 PM | Nanki | Hura | nanki.hura@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1657 | 621 | Reproductive | ![]() | Physiology | Infant and child development | ![]() | N/A | in the section for Preschool, to remember that kids go down stairs with alternating feet at 4 years old, I use Four to the Floor | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 7:21 PM | Omair | Chaudry | ochaudry19@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1658 | 621 | Reproductive | ![]() | Physiology | Infant and child development | ![]() | not needed | Child can have a vocabulary of up to 1000 words by age of 3 years and it is already mentioned in Preschool section. It is written as "200+ words by age 3" in toddler section which is not accurate | Minor erratum | Already being addressed by submissions within Annotate, thus, this is a duplicate submission. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/22/19 7:56 PM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1659 | 623 | Reproductive | ![]() | Physiology | Tanner stages of sexual development | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2020314/ | The first mound formation in females occurs in stage II NOT in stage III. | Minor erratum | Verified | I think the student is correct. A small mound first appears in stage II. Would recommend faculty review. Additional ref: Nelson essentials of pediatrics, 8e. -MA | Agree with comment. Change from III to II. -GS | Reference and others seems to support mound formation being a stage II, as opposed to III, event. I am amenable to the change. Would like expert confirmation before approving change and publishing in official errata, however. -Matt UPDATE: per expert feedback ,we can change to stage II and publish in the errata. -Matt | Disagreement/need expert | soroushraisbahrami@gmail.com | I would be in approval with proposed change. | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 12/31/18 5:57 AM | Abdulrhman | Alghamdi | abdulalghamdi94@gmail.com | |||||||||
1660 | 624 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Sex chromosome disorders | ![]() | Mnemonic | Mnemonic for Turner Syndrome - Tina Turner loves hugs and kisses (XO) | Mnemonic | Verified | I don't think a mnemonic is necessary for this condition. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/14/19 10:54 AM | Ali | Jilani | a.jilani.77@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1661 | 624 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Sex chromosome disorders | ![]() | FA 2019 | In Turner syndrome --> lymphedema in feet and hands instead of lymphedema in feet , hands | Clarification to current text | This doesn't seem necessary. - MK | Not sure what purpose of this change is. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/27/19 5:54 AM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1662 | 624 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Sex chromosome disorders | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5773039/ | 50% of patients with Turner Syndrome have TPO autoantibodies, which could manifest as hypothyroidism. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 09/04/19 4:32 PM | Judith | Vasquez | judith.vasquez.11@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1663 | 626 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Placenta | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/placenta-previa-epidemiology-clinical-features-diagnosis-morbidity-and-mortality?search=partial%20placenta%20previa&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Placenta Previa: attachment of placenta OVER the internal cervical os. A placenta <2 cm away from the internal cervical os but NOT over it is now known as a "Low-lying placenta" | Clarification to current text | Verified | Agree with student. Low-lying placenta is defined as < 2cm from, but not over, the internal os. Can be managed differently from placenta previa. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/placenta-previa-management. -MK | OK to migrate over, would call more of a clarification than an erratum, however. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/29/19 11:04 AM | Hasan | Alarouri | hassan.arouri@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
1664 | 626 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Placenta | ![]() | Self-made mnemonic | Severity of different types of morbidly adherent placenta are in alphabetical order(first letter of each type). The deeper it invades - further the letters: Accreta->Increta->Percreta. A->I->P | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 08/24/19 3:21 PM | Eduard | Krishtopaytis | krishtopaitis@icloud.com | ||||||||||||||||
1665 | 627 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Amniotic fluid abnormalities | ![]() | made this up | "O"ligohydraminos=can't pee it "O"ut | Mnemonic | Verified | Agree with this and think it's a helpful mnemonic. Oligohydramnios results from an inability to excrete urine. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/16/19 12:14 PM | Christian | Schmidt | schmidcm2@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1666 | 628 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Hydatidiform mole | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20673583 | For the karyotypes for a complete mole, FA lists 46 XX and 46 XY as the main types which is partially correct. It should be both 46 XX and 46 YY. The reason being, If one sperm fertilize an empty ovum and the Paternal DNA is replicated twice it would only be XX or YY and not XY. If two sperm fertalize and empty ova then you can achieve an XX or XY karyotype but the text is unclear in this regard and this last from is much more rare. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Disagree with student. According to https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hydatidiform-mole-epidemiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis?search=complete%20mole&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~44&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H2161400197, karyotypes for complete mole are 46 XX and 46 XY. - MK | Agree, the karyotypes we list are correct. No change needed here. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/28/19 11:37 PM | Shiv | Misra | misras0@rowan.edu | |||||||||||||
1667 | 628 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Hydatidiform mole | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/254657-overview#a4 | Complete mole can also be caused by 2 sperm into an enucleated egg | High-yield addition to next year | Agree with student. Complete mole can result from an enucleated egg + single sperm OR enucleated egg + 2 sperm. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 04/09/19 12:24 PM | Katelyn | Sturdivant | ksa.sturdivant@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1668 | 628 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Hydatidiform mole | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23121032 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5460560/ | in complete mole p57 marker is negative and in partial mole p57 marker is positive | Clarification to current text | Unless I am misreading, we already state this in the table explicitly? Not sure how to change this. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 3:36 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1669 | 629 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Hypertension in pregnancy | ![]() | not needed | suggest making this mnemonic "Hypertensive Moms Love Nifedipine" like this mnemonic ,in Page 312, "He likes my neonate" ,i think it's simpler . | Mnemonic | Verified | Disagree with student. Current mnemonic seems more helpful. -MK | - | ![]() | ![]() | 01/01/19 1:52 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
1670 | 630 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Vulvar pathology | ![]() | FA 2019 | In 'Lichen simplex chronicus' --> "no increased risk for SCC" instead of "no risk of SCC" | Clarification to current text | I'm not sure what the difference is. - MK | Nor am I. Seems like two ways of saying the exact same thing. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/19/19 5:28 AM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1671 | 631 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Cervical pathology | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cervical-intraepithelial-neoplasia-terminology-incidence-pathogenesis-and-prevention#H8037165 | Current First Aid text (2019) says that the #1 risk factor for cervical dysplasia is multiple sexual partners. Article from UptoDate and a question on another question bank indicates that the #1 risk factor is HPV infection with a high-risk serotype. | Minor erratum | Verified | Agree with student. According to uptodate, "The two major factors associated with development of high-grade CIN and cervical cancer are the subtype of HPV and the persistence of the virus." However, I still think multiple sexual partners could be included. "HPV infection is endemic among sexually experienced individuals. The risk correlates with the lifetime number of sex partners, but is relatively high (4 to 20 percent) even in those with one partner." Therefore I think both statements can be correct as one relates to the other. Need expert advice. - MK | Merits review. All are factors but which one is the "most important" can be studied more. In general, in these cases, I find it easiest to just get rid of the hierarchy when it is not clear. So long as we list out the high-yield correct ones, I suspect the fact will be adequate. Migrate over for consideration. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/21/19 9:34 PM | Neha | Mylarapu | neha.myamr@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1672 | 631 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Cervical pathology | ![]() | https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2017.35.15_suppl.e21627 | Postrenal renal failure is the most common cause of death in advanced cervical carcinoma | High-yield addition to next year | While I can't find any definitive evidence that it is the MOST common cause of death, hydronephrosis with post renal failure is certainly a common cause of death in advanced cervical carcinoma. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 04/19/19 2:05 PM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1673 | 631 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7114117 | Studies have failed to demonstrate a link between stressful life events and amenorrhoea of greater than 2 months . However, stress may lead to physical debility such as weight loss, which may then cause menstrual disturbance. | Minor erratum | Disagree with student. "Stress" in this case could mean stress to the body rather than one stressful life event. - MK | Agree with MK, no erratum or need for change here. Text is clear as is. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 04/22/19 1:15 PM | Raed | Ababneh | raababneh153@med.just.edu.jo | ||||||||||||||
1674 | 631 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Polycystic ovarian syndrome | ![]() | Made up. | PCOS needs PCOS treatments oK. P=Playing/Weight reduction; C=Clomiphene citrate; O=OCPs; S=Spironolactone; K=Ketoconazole | Mnemonic | Verified | Don't think this is necessary. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/15/19 1:07 PM | Alec | Hasty | alechasty2017@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1675 | 631 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Polycystic ovarian syndrome | ![]() | not needed | It is not clear that clomiphene; spironolactone, finasteride and flutamide are used to treat hirsutism not PCOS itself ". It is better to mention that drugs in independent line. | Clarification to current text | We could add clomiphene (ovulation induction); spironolactone, finasteride and flutamide to treat hirsutism. This should help clarify. -MK | A similar suggestion is already on Annotate (defered from last year). -Vasily | Reasonable proposal by MK. Can consider adding clomiphene for 2020. -Matt | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/22/19 1:40 PM | Raed | Ababneh | raababneh153@med.just.edu.jo | |||||||||||||
1676 | 632 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Ovarian neoplasms | ![]() | UWorld Question ID: 6441 (UWSA1) | Mature cystic teratomas are derived from "totipotent germinal cells". That's why they can form meso/endo/ectodermal tissue. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | This seems repetitive as the text states that the tumor can contain elements from all 3 germ layers. But we could add derived from "totipotent germ cells". Need others' opinions. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/08/19 10:54 AM | emanuel | grant | emanuelwgrant@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1677 | 632 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Ovarian neoplasms | ![]() | Made up | Cystic teratoma-Struma Ovarii causes Over-yyy acting Thyroid hormone (Hyperthyroidism) | Mnemonic | Verified | Hard to follow. Reject. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/15/19 1:11 PM | Alec | Hasty | alechasty2017@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1678 | 632 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Ovarian neoplasms | ![]() | BRS embryology, sixth edition , page 21 | CA 125 is a tumor marker for surface-drived overian cancers ( not all overian cancers) | Minor erratum | Accept. CA-125 is a useful serum marker to monitor treatment response and screen for recurrence in surface epithelial tumors. - MK | Seems reasonable. -Vasily | OK to consider this for 2020. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 04/25/19 4:13 AM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1679 | 632 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Ovarian neoplasms | ![]() | None needed. | To remember that OCPs reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, remember OCP = Ovarian Cancer Protective. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/04/19 10:08 AM | Halee | Einfeld | raxorium@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1680 | 633 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Cancer epidemiology | ![]() | none | Yolk Sac tumors: SAC: S(Schiller-Duval), A (AFP tumor marker), C (children/young) | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. I think this is a helpful mnemonic to remember 3 key facts about yolk sac tumors.- MK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/24/19 6:34 PM | Grace | Gilbert | grace.v.gilbert@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1681 | 633 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Ovarian neoplasms | ![]() | Made up | (Alliteration) Young Yolk-sac tumor (=most common in young children) | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject, not very helpful. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 02/15/19 1:15 PM | Alec | Hasty | alechasty2017@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1682 | 633 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Ovarian neoplasms | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25605680 | Granulosa cell tumors will have "coffee bean nuclei" as seen with Brenner tumors. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Agree. "Histologically, granulosa cells of the adult subtype appear round, pale, with scant cytoplasm, and classic "coffee-bean" grooved nuclei." https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sex-cord-stromal-tumors-of-the-ovary-granulosa-stromal-cell-tumors?search=granulosa%20cell%20tumor&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H11 -Vasily | ![]() | ![]() | 03/06/19 7:40 AM | Madhumita | Govindaswamy | madhu.govindaswamy@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1683 | 633 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Ovarian neoplasms | ![]() | N/A | "Yo"(lk sac tumor) there's a glomerulus in this ovary! | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/24/19 2:30 PM | Benjamin | Sarac | bsarac19@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1684 | 633 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Ovarian neoplasms | ![]() | none needed | Currently, "Primary dysmenorrhea" is placed under the Other (malignant) ovarian neoplasms heading. It should be moved to the next page where the section on "Uterine conditions" starts. | Clarification to current text | Agree. Primary dysmenorrhea should not be placed under the Other (malignant) heading. - MK | OK to consider this for 2020. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/25/19 1:36 PM | Natalie | Jansen | jansen7@uic.edu | ||||||||||||||
1685 | 633 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Ovarian neoplasms | ![]() | Robbins Basic Pathology 10th Edition | "may be metastatic from appenicial or other GI tumors" is not accurate since metastasis from appenicial or other GI tumors may cause pseudomyxoma peritonei not mucinous cystadenocarcinoma | Major erratum | Reject. Pseudomyxoma peritonei is a condition that can result from mucinous cysadenocarcinoma. Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma may be mets from appendiceal or other GI tumors. - MK | Agree with authors to reject this one. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/24/19 12:29 AM | Halima | Aloum | raedababne@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1686 | 633 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Ovarian neoplasms | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/255771-overview#showall | metastasis from the GI tract does not result in Ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinoma | Major erratum | It is not the exclusive cause of this pathology, but it can certainly be a cause of it. Student's own resource actually supports this notion, which is in line with what we state. No change to the text. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/04/19 2:48 PM | Halima | Aloum | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1687 | 633 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Ovarian neoplasms | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25608250 | For a granulosa cell tumor, there are different possible histologies that may present. The most common one is diffuse pattern, where the coffee-bean appearance is present ("sheets of small haphazardly oriented cells with scant cytoplasm and longitudinal nuclear grooves". Another HY pattern of granulosa cell tumors is Call-Exner bodies which are- unlike what FA 2019 has written- a microcystic space containing eosinophilic basement membrane material. It seems as though the 2 different patterns have been confounded. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 12/13/19 10:13 AM | Michael | Markel | mmarkel18@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1688 | 634 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Pregnancy complications | ![]() | https://www-uptodate-com.library.iau.edu.sa/contents/unsafe-abortion?search=septic%20abortion&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3~28&usage_type=default&display_rank=3 | Septic abortion: Risk factors: pregnancy termination with retained products of conception. Microbiology: • G -ve bacilli • S. aureus. • Group B streptococci Presentation: • Fever, chills, and lower abdominal pain. • Bloody/ purulent foul-smelling vaginal discharge. • Tender uterus with a dilated cervix. Pelvic US: • Retained products of conception. • High vascularity. • Echogenic material in uterine cavity. • Thick endometrial stripe Management: broad spectrum antibiotics and surgical evacuation. Complications: sepsis, synechiae in the uterine cavity (Asherman syndrome). | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 05/14/19 1:59 PM | Amna | Alsaihati | amna.saihati@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1689 | 634 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Testicular non–germ cell tumors | ![]() | http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/testis.html | The information for Leydig cell tumors and Sertoli cell tumors are switched i.e. Sertoli cell tumors commonly present with gynecomastia and precocious puberty. | Major erratum | Verified | Reject. Leydig cell tumor usually produces androgen, causing precocious puberty in children or gynecomastia in adults. -MK | Reject. I think we are correct. Leydig Cell Tumors- Prepubertal boys with androgen-secreting tumors may present with precocious puberty and Boys with estrogen-secreting tumors may present with feminizing symptoms such as gynecomastia, breast tenderness, and gonadogenital underdevelopment." https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437020-clinical#b1 - Vivek | Agree with authors to reject this one. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/14/19 9:45 PM | Lillian | Zheng | ltzheng1@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1690 | 634 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Uterine conditions | ![]() | https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/ashermans-syndrome ; https://www.uptodate.com/contents/intrauterine-adhesions-clinical-manifestation-and-diagnosis | Causes secondary amenorrhea. Loss of basalis layer (decreased regenerative capacity) | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Is he suggesting that this should be added to Asherman Syndrome? If so, I agree. -MK | Defer to 2020. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 02/21/19 9:55 PM | Sejal | Shah | sejalshah128@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1691 | 634 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Uterine conditions | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3880005/ | Clinical manifestations of Asherman syndrome include amenorrhea and hypomenorrhea (not mentioned in the text of FA) | High-yield addition to next year | Agree with student. Could include amenorrhea as a clinical manifestation of Asherman syndrome. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 04/19/19 2:59 PM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1692 | 634 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Uterine conditions | ![]() | https://www.aafp.org/afp/2016/0315/p468.html#afp20160315p468-b2 | Most of the patients in both types of endometrial carcinoma diagnosed after menopause | Clarification to current text | Reject. Endometrioid endometrial carcinoma is usually seen in perimenopausal women while serous type is more commonly seen in postmenopausal women. - MK http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.33.0b/ovidweb.cgi?QS2=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 | Agree with authors to reject this one. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/21/19 10:48 AM | Raed | Ababneh | raababneh153@med.just.edu.jo | ||||||||||||||
1693 | 634 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Uterine conditions | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5683444/ | Presentation lists HMB however abbreviation not defined as (Heavy Menstrual Bleeding) | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 06/05/19 12:14 PM | Andrea | Victorio | andrea.victorio@icloud.com | ||||||||||||||||
1694 | 634 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Uterine conditions | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/uterine-sarcoma-classification-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=leiomyosarcoma&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3~87&usage_type=default&display_rank=3 | Per UptoDate: "Leiomyosarcomas and leiomyomas are independent entities. Leiomyosarcomas are rare and while they may coexist in the same uterus with benign leiomyomas (fibroids), they exhibit differing cytogenetic abnormalities [6-8], and leiomyomas do not appear to be the precursor to leiomyosarcomas." Also, per Pathoma: "Leiomyosarcoma arises de novo; leiomyosarcomas do not arise from leiomyomas." | Minor erratum | Thank you for your suggestion. This issue has already been addressed on Annotate. -Vasily | As per Vasily, already addressed on Annotate. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/06/19 1:14 PM | Julia | Jackson | jajackson814@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1695 | 636 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Breast cancer | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathology-of-breast-cancer | Tubular & mucinous carcinomas are NOT subtypes of invasive ductal carcinoma, but rather subtypes of breast cancer (invasive carcinoma). | Major erratum | Verified | Accept. Both are included as seperate subtypes of invasive breast cancer in the 4th edition of the WHO classification of breast tumors. Older textbooks listed them as subtypes of IDC. IDC itself has been renamed to Invasive Breast Carcinoma of No Special Type. I suggest deleting all the text in column 3 : "Subtypes: tubular—well-differentiated tubules that lack myoepithelium; mucinous—abundant extracellular mucin, seen in older women." ref: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683948 - MA | Accept. I agree that we should delete the right-hand column under invasive ductal carcinoma. - MK | I agree the classification needs to be updated. Tubular and mucinous are separate subtypes of invasive breast cancer. Invasive ductal carcinoma is also a subtype and is by far the most common. The current wording suggests that both tubular and mucinous are subtypes of invasive ductal carcinoma, which is somewhat inaccurate. In truth, they need to be listed, perhaps as a footnote, as separate subtypes of invasive breast cancer, which we can work on for 2020. We can update this and release an official errata publication making note of this, and for 2020 we can discuss how to best update the invasive breast cancer subentry to be most accurate. -Matt | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 4:21 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | |||||||||||
1696 | 636 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Breast cancer | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2628841/ | Inflammatory breast cancer usually presents with a palpable mass in at least 70% of cases. This contradicts what the text is saying ("usually lacks a palpable mass"). "Underlying tumour masses might be palpable in IBC, but up to 30% of patients will present with no underlying masses." | Major erratum | Verified | Reject. UTD, dynamed and other references support our current text. Even the article provided by the user states the same :"Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare disease that typically presents with a rapidly enlarging erythematous breast, often with no discernable breast mass." Additional ref: http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T920656/Inflammatory-breast-cancer#General-Information -MA | I also support the current text, most references cite that a palpable mass is less common than other features. For example: https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/ibc-fact-sheet No change. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 4:22 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1697 | 636 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Breast cancer | ![]() | mnemonic | *C*omedocarcinoma has *c*entral necrosis and *c*alcifications | Mnemonic | Verified | Accept. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/29/19 2:03 PM | Connor | Lentz | lentz.connor@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1698 | 636 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Breast cancer | ![]() | www.uworld.com, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11694790 | "HER2/neu negative form more aggressive" is mentioned. Its wrong. HER2/neu POSITIVE forms are MORE aggressive and indicate poor prognosis. | Clarification to current text | Thank you for your comment! I agree, we need to make some changes to avoid confusion. Current text can be misinterpreted the following way: "ER -ve breast cancer is associated with worse prognosis. PR -ve breast cancer is associated with worse prognosis. HER2/neu -ve breast cancer is associated with worse prognosis." I think we should be more explicit in saying that "triple negative (ER -, PR -, HER2 -) breast cancer is associated with poor prognosis". As for HER2 +ve breast cancers, they also have poor prognosis, especially in the absense of targeted therapy. On the other HER2 positivity is predictive of response to targeted therapy. But I do not think it is worth going into this kind of detail. From UTD: HER2 overexpression contends an unfavorable prognosis, particularly if patients are not treated with chemotherapy and HER2-directed agents. However, the added value of this information in clinical practice is questionable because outcomes are heavily influenced by the administration of therapy. In women with breast cancer, the main benefit of HER2 testing is its predictive value for appropriate candidates who should receive HER2-directed agents. In the absence of systemic therapy, HER2 overexpression is a marker of poor prognosis in patients with pathologically node-positive and node-negative breast cancer. In addition, data suggest that HER2 retains prognostic value even in the presence of small tumors ≤1 cm. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/prognostic-and-predictive-factors-in-early-non-metastatic-breast-cancer?search=breast%20cancer%20prognosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H682639939 HER2 overexpression was associated with high rates of disease recurrence and death in the absence of adjuvant systemic therapy. However, the value of this prognostic information in clinical practice is questionable, particularly with the earlier use of HER2-directed agents in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant setting. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/her2-and-predicting-response-to-therapy-in-breast-cancer?search=breast%20cancer%20prognosis&topicRef=782&source=see_link#H36 -Vasily | Not a major erratum. But agree that the current text is misleading and unclear. Triple negative breast cancer is extremely aggressive with a poor prognosis. Same with HER2-positive ones. I think Vasily's clarification is best and I propose modifying the text to reflect that. Accepting for credit, as Vasily has already migrated over to Annotate and a change has been implemented. Can certainly consider official errata addition. -Matt | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 05/14/19 9:29 PM | Dr Priya | Shenwai | drpriyashenwai@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1699 | 636 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Epistaxis | ![]() | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/woodruff-plexus | The text says " Life- threatening hemorrhages occur in posterior segment (sphenopalatine artery, a branch of maxillary artery). " Specify that posterior bleeds occur in Woodruff's plexus | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 07/27/19 5:05 PM | Judith | Vásquez | judith.vasquez.11@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1700 | 637 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Penile pathology | ![]() | Its a mnemonic bro | PEyROUNDie: PEnis shaft curvature becomes more ROUNDed | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Don't think this is necessary. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/30/19 3:39 PM | Joshua | Ladella | josh.ladella@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1701 | 638 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Testicular germ cell tumors | ![]() | First Aid 2019, pg. 638 | SPAY - Seminoma, PALP, AFP, Yolk Sac tumor. Mnemonic to remember germ cell tumor hormone markers based on SPAY, which refers to removing reproductive organs | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/20/19 9:39 AM | Philip | Brauer | prb63@case.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1702 | 639 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Benign prostatic hyperplasia | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3762036/ | Characterized by non-nodular enlargement, in the book it states nodular enlargement, which is characteristic of tumor in 25-50% cases, and needs to rule out prostate cancer. | Major erratum | Reject. "Nodular" here refers to the histology (hyperplasia in this case). A "nodule" detected grossly obviously raises concern for cancer. Different concepts. No change needed. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/18/19 11:58 PM | Temur | Duschanov | dnatima@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1703 | 639 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pathology | Testicular non–germ cell tumors | ![]() | Mnemonic | "Leydies dig crystals" mnemonic for Leydig cell tumor and Reinke Crystals | Mnemonic | Verified | I like this mnemonic and think it is helpful. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 03/27/19 5:16 AM | Nathaniel | Borochov | nateboro8@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1704 | 640 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pharmacology | Control of reproductive hormones | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cyproterone-united-states-not-available-drug-information | Delete cyproterone. It is not mentioned anywhere else in the book. Also this drug is not available in the US. It is very unlikely that it will come up in the exam. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Accept. If the drug is not available in the US, I do not think it is high yield for the test. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 4:25 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1705 | 641 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pharmacology | Estrogens | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8732994 | Estrogens are associated with hypertension due to increased angiotensinogen synthesis by estrogen during first-pass metabolism | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 12/07/19 6:36 PM | Hadi | Siddique | hadis@auamed.net | |||||||||||||||||
1706 | 641 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pharmacology | Selective estrogen receptor modulators | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/abnormal-uterine-bleeding-and-uterine-pathology-in-women-on-tamoxifen-therapy?search=Tamoxifen+increase+the+risk+for+endometrial+polyp&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2 | Tamoxifen increase the risk for endometrial polyp | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 05/08/19 11:19 AM | Halima | Aloum | raababneh153@med.just.edu.jo | |||||||||||||||||
1707 | 641 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pharmacology | Selective estrogen receptor modulators | ![]() | https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/raloxifene-oral-route/side-effects/drg-20065760 https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/tamoxifen-oral-route/side-effects/drg-20066208 | Ovarian enlargement, multiple simultaneous pregnancies and visual disturbances are basically adverse effects for clomiphene not all of SERMs do that | Minor erratum | Agree. A simple word change can actually fix that. Would just delete "SERMs" here to make this better. Note that the side effects can be caused by the other SERMs, but the current wording is confusing. Will just deleted 'SERMs" from the clomiphene text. Not official errata worthy. -Matt | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 05/09/19 10:58 PM | Raed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1708 | 641 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pharmacology | Tamoxifen, raloxifene | ![]() | as per Uworld | Tamoxifen causes hot flashes due to anti-estrogen effects on the anterior hypothalamus causing thermoregulatory dysfunction. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | I think this can be inferred knowing that tamoxifen is a SERM. What do others think? -GS | I agree with the student and think this should be included. I don't think this is necessarily "inferred" just by knowing that tamoxifen is a SERM. - MK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/19/19 9:55 AM | Yoseli | Ventura | yoseli.ventura14@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1709 | 642 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pharmacology | Combined contraception | ![]() | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/13625187.2010.513071 | Mestranol is the other form of estrogen that can be found in combined contraception. Only ethinyl estradiol is acknowledged. (Golan Pharmacology, pg. 516). | Minor erratum | Mestranol is FDA approved, but marketing status is "discontinued". Likely LY. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=010976 -Vasily | Agree, likely LY. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/01/19 3:01 PM | Joseph | Yasmeh | jyasmeh@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1710 | 643 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pharmacology | Antiandrogens | ![]() | Self-written | SPIROnolactone - Sironolactone SPIRALS up and down to affect 2 levels of testosterone. First decreases testosterone PROUCTION higher up, then INHIBITS androgen-receptor complex lower down as well. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 8:58 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1711 | 643 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pharmacology | Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanopsia | one of the adverse effects of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors is Cyanopsia by s NOT Cynopia. | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 08/13/19 5:03 AM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1712 | 643 | Reproductive | ![]() | Pharmacology | Testosterone, methyltestosterone | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-burn-injury-in-older-patients | I suggest deleting the phrase "stimulate anabolism to promote recovery after burn or injury" because neither testosterone nor methyltestosterone are indicated for the stimulation of the anabolism in catabolic conditions (eg, burn injuries). Oxandrolone is used instead for these conditions. | Minor erratum | Verified | I disagree with this student. Testosterone can be used to increase protein synthesis as well as oxandrolone. - MK | I disagree as well. Testosterone can be used for this purpose and merits testing/inclusion in the book. -Matt | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 4:27 AM | Panagiotis | Kaparaliotis | panagiotiskap@gmail.com | |||||||||||||
1713 | 646 | Reproductive | ![]() | Embryology | Congenital lung malformations | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/prelabor-rupture-of-membranes-before-and-at-the-limit-of-viability?search=pulmonary%20hypoplasia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~142&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | In fact, pulmonary hypoplasia is associated with bilateral renal agenesis (triggering the Potter sequence). But I'd suggest swapping "bilateral renal agenesis" with "oligohydramnios (from any cause)". Potter's sequence is a SEQUENCE of events triggered by oligohydramnios that ultimately leads to pulmonary hypoplasia, a common cause of death in these patients. Bilateral renal agenesis is only one of the causes, but there are several other ones, like prelabor preterm rupture of membranes (e.g., rupture of membranes before 20w of GA) that are way more common clinically speaking. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 09/04/19 12:56 PM | Nicolas | Curi Gawlinski | nicolascurii@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1714 | 647 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Lung and chest wall | ![]() | N/A | The description is redundant with "inward pull of lung is balanced by outward pull of chest wall, and system pressure is atmospheric" written twice. | Clarification to current text | Verified | TM - Yes. Delete redundant statement. | Agreed, it is verbatim written twice. Would delete the first time it is written. -MK | Agree, delete redundant statement. | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | Tisha Wang | i agree | ![]() | ![]() | 02/03/19 1:15 PM | Angela | W | angela.wu@som.umaryland.edu | ||||||||||
1715 | 648 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Hemoglobin modifications | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1281520/ | Under Carboxyhemoglobin; Causes decrease in oxygen binding capacity with left shift in oxygen curve. I suggest modifying it to "for the reminder of Hb (not bound to CO) the affinity becomes higher to oxygen so the curve will shift to the Left in the presence of CO in blood". this will prevent confusion that might arise by the original parapgraph | Clarification to current text | Verified | See below, this person is looking at the wrong page and more confusing. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | Tisha Wang | probably less wordy to just say "increased affinity to oxygen with left shift in curve" | ![]() | ![]() | 12/22/18 2:24 AM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||
1716 | 648 | Respiratory | ![]() | Anatomy | Lung anatomy | ![]() | Paragraph above, previous editions of First Aid | The bronchioles are made up of columnar epithelium, not cuboidal epithelium. The text next to the illustration mislabels the illustration. | Minor erratum | Verified | - Reject We have correctly stated that the bronchioles are made of up cuboidal epithelium. (1) Moreover, the entry is not supported by good supporting evidence. 1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/bronchiole - Vivek | Agree, reject. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/09/19 5:15 PM | Katie | Li | katieli@umich.edu | |||||||||||||
1717 | 648 | Respiratory | ![]() | Anatomy | Respiratory tree | ![]() | n/a | Resistance is HI at broncHI Resistance in LO at bronchiOLes | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Weak mnemonic. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 12:46 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1718 | 648 | Respiratory | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Respiratory tree | ![]() | By definition in First aid gave it as a pseudo stratified ciliated columnar but in picture its represented as simple ciliated cuboidal. | Simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium need to changes to pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium in the picture next to bronchiole in respiratory tree picture. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/16/19 1:38 AM | Sathish kumar | Ramesh Babu | sathish_kumar@doctor.com | |||||||||||||||||
1719 | 648 | Respiratory | ![]() | Anatomy | Respiratory tree | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O | brOnchi: 1 "O" = gOblet , pseudOstratified // brOnchiOle: 2 "O" = smOOth cell, (cubOidal+squamOus) // bronChioLe=CL=CLub cells | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/29/19 2:37 PM | Esat | Gunay | md.esatgunay@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1720 | 648 | Respiratory | ![]() | Anatomy | Respiratory tree | ![]() | https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/respiratory/respiratory.php | There should be cilia on the cuboid cells on the picture where it shows respiratory bronchioles | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 11:38 AM | Esat | Gunay | md.esatgunay@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1721 | 649 | Respiratory | ![]() | Anatomy | Diaphragm structures | ![]() | It's a mnemonic. | The *C*ommon *C*arotid bi*four*cates at *C*4. • The *T*rachea bi*four*cates at *T*4. • The abdomina*L* aorta bi*four*cates at *L*4. | Mnemonic | Verified | *Reject. [~Accept. I think it would be a good, simple modification to the existing mnemonic. -Mitchell Katona~] *I guess after thinking about the fact that it should already be obvious which vertebral region these three structures would be in, the value of the mnemonic is a lot less than I was originally considering. Agree with MA that may not be worth it, unless someone else thinks differently. -Mitchell Katona | I'm not a fan TBH. It's easy to figure out where theses structures are in relation to the spine. This would complicate our very simple mnemonic. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 01/26/19 2:28 PM | Abdulrhman | Alghamdi | abdulalghamdi94@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1722 | 649 | Respiratory | ![]() | Anatomy | Diaphragm structures | ![]() | Not needed. | A mnemonic for "Structures perforating the diaphragm" could be: "I 8 (ate) 10 Eggs At 12" IVC at T8, Esophagus (Eggs) at T10, Aorta (At) at T12. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. This mnemonic is already in the 2019 edition. -Mitchell Katona | Reject. Agree with MK -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 01/28/19 9:37 AM | Najat | Fadlallah | najat.fadlallah@lau.edu | ||||||||||||||
1723 | 649 | Respiratory | ![]() | Anatomy | Diaphragm structures | ![]() | None needed. | The mnemonic can be updated to help remember the vagus and phrenic nerve's passage through the diaphragm as well. The new mnemonic can be "I frenetically ate ten vulgar eggs at twelve." This will cover IVC, phrenic nerve at T8 (I, frenetically), esophagus and vagus nerve at T10 (vulgar, eggs), and aorta at T12 (at). | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 11/25/19 11:01 PM | Abhishek | Gami | agami@jhu.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1724 | 649 | Respiratory | ![]() | Anatomy | Lung anatomy | ![]() | https://www.anatomyatlases.org/HumanAnatomy/Topography/Lungs.shtml | posterior border of the lung ends at the 10th rib not the 9th as illustrated in the diagram | Minor erratum | Agree. -Alireza | Verified | Accept. This is a minor but not insignificant correction to an existing illustration. I confirmed with the Atlas of Human Anatomy by Netter and plate 194 does show the base of the lungs intersecting the 10th rib posteriorly. -Mitchell Katona | Accept. Agree with MK. -MA | Agree, the illustrating needs minor tweaking. - Sarah | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/11/19 2:18 PM | ahamd | Obeidat | obeidat.amd@hotmail.com | |||||||||||
1725 | 649 | Respiratory | ![]() | Anatomy | Lung anatomy | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/353329-overview | If you aspirate a peanut: - while supine: usually enters superior segment of right lower lobe "or posterior segment of right upper lobe" | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Leaning towards accept. UpToDate (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/aspiration-pneumonia-in-adults?search=aspiration&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1) also mentions posterior segment of right upper lobe as being implicated in supine aspiration. On the other hand, I anecdotally recall superior segment being the "classically" affected segment. -Mitchell Katona | We already discuss which lobes are more likely to be involved on p670 under lung abscess. I'm not really sure if it's HY to know the exact segment of each lobe though. I feel that it's LY for Step 1. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 03/12/19 10:25 AM | Arpit | Jain | arpitjaindr@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1726 | 649 | Respiratory | ![]() | Anatomy | Lung anatomy | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/353329-overview | Due to gravity, SUPINE patients typically aspirate into the POSTERIOR SEGMENTS OF THE UPPER LOBE and SUPERIOR SEGMENTS OF THE LOWE LOBE | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 12/08/19 9:19 PM | Windsor University School of medicine | Okenabirhie | gregory.okenabirhieMD@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1727 | 650 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Lung volumes | ![]() | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_volume | I think it would be better if arrange Tidal volume to be first in the column before Inspiratory reserve volume and writing the standard abbreviation between brackets on the same column for example: Tidal Volume (TV) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), Residual volume (RV)……etc. | Spelling/formatting | Reject. The formatting is better in its current form with volumes in physiologic order. The abbreviations are obvious. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 3:54 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1728 | 651 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Lung and chest wall | ![]() | the information is correct, just duplicated. | Inward pull of lung is balanced by outward pull of chest wall, and system pressure is atmosphere was duplicated in this section. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | Repeat. -MK | ![]() | ![]() | 01/18/19 9:25 PM | Tina | Nguyen | tina.on.earth@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1729 | 651 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Lung and chest wall | ![]() | http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/physio/resp-web/sect9.htm | The graph showing lung and chest wall compliance is labeled "transpulmonary static pressure" on the x-axis. However, transpulmonary pressure is defined as alveolar pressure minus intrapleural pressure. For the chest wall, this would not represent the pressure difference across it, which is more accurately the pressure at the body surface minus the pleural pressure. Therefore, I believe the label of the x-axis should read "transmural pressure," not transpulmonary static pressure. | Minor erratum | Verified | Reject. Transpulmonary pressure is merely one of three transmural pressures. Changing this would make the x axis vague and less accurate. Need editor or expert input. -Mitchell Katona | I suggest changing "transpulmonary static pressure" to simply "Airway pressure". Ref: Physiology by Constanzo 6e p 201 -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 03/11/19 5:17 PM | Nida | Bajwa | nab016@jefferson.edu | ||||||||||||||
1730 | 651 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Lung and chest wall | ![]() | Uworld and Dr. Ryan | Compliance is decreased w aging, written correctly under the Changes in elderly section but in the Lung/chest wall portion it says compliance is increased. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/23/19 3:16 PM | Belice | Cabrera | cabreranena@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1731 | 651 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve | ![]() | n/a | To remember right shift: "O2 falls right off" | Mnemonic | Verified | Leaning towards reject. There is nothing wrong with this suggestion, but it is a weak mnemonic for something that seems like it is relatively intuitive/does not require rote memory. -Mitchell Katona | Not a fan. Vote to reject. MA | ![]() | ![]() | 02/23/19 8:02 PM | Douglas | Moss | douglas.moss@my.rfums.org | ||||||||||||||
1732 | 652 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Cyanide vs carbon monoxide poisoning | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1281520/ | Under Carboxyhemoglobin; Causes decrease in oxygen binding capacity with left shift in oxygen curve. I suggest modifying it to "for the reminder of Hb (not bound to CO) the affinity becomes higher to oxygen so the curve will shift to the Left in the presence of CO in blood". this will prevent confusion that might arise by the original parapgraph | Clarification to current text | Verified | Need others input. The fact as written does seem ambiguous. A suggestion for a more clear version is now in Annotate. Need to make it clear that in carbon monoxide poisoning: 1) total oxygen bound to hemoglobin is low due to competition with CO, 2) the curve shifts to the left indicating a high affinity for oxygen. -Mitchell Katona | Duplicate. Already addressed in published errata. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 03/01/19 7:57 PM | Ala | Jamal | ala.aljamal@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1733 | 652 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Cyanide vs carbon monoxide poisoning | ![]() | UWORLD, Uptodate | First row of the text mentions hypoxia unresponsive to supplement O2, but the treatment for CO poisoning is 100% O2/hyperbaric O2 (third row). | Minor erratum | Verified | Leaning towards accept with qualifications. Both are true. Hypoxia will not correct with supplemental O2, yet it remains the treatment as it increases HbO2 in the setting of competitive inhibition with HbCO formation. I think we could consider changing "unresponsive to" to "does not correct with" to be more accurate, but even so this is not an erratum, only a clarification. See below rows 35 and 36 for similar suggestions. This is clearly a point of confusion for some readers. I feel more strongly given three submissions of the same type that "does not correct with" would still convey the same information without suggesting that supplemental oxygen is entirely without benefit which seems to be some readers' interpretation of "unresponsive to". -Mitchell Katona | I actually agree with this. I think we should specify that it's the cyanide induced hypoxemia that would not correct with supplemental O2. High-flow O2 would help with CO poisioning and should be the first step in management after removing the source. Ref: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/carbon-monoxide-poisoning?search=co%20poisoning&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~80&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H11 -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 03/23/19 1:38 AM | Soon Khai | Low | khai50017@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1734 | 652 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Cyanide vs carbon monoxide poisoning | ![]() | Info under column is correct but heading line gives counterintuitive info | The first line in the heading says that both kinds of toxicities cause "hypoxia unresponsive to supplemental oxygen." However, this contradicts what is later written under the carbon monoxide heading - treatment is 100% oxygen. A friend of mine recently got a question wrong on an NBME due to the heading line, suggest changing or rephrasing. | Major erratum | Verified | See above row 32 and below row 36. Readers seem to interpret "unresponsive to" as meaning supplemental oxygen provides no benefit. Recommend rewording this phrase to "does not correct with" which still accurately conveys that hypoxia will still be present even with supplemental oxygen, but is less likely to be interpreted as contradicting the indicated treatment. Either way, not errata but rather a clarification. -Mitchell Katona | Duplicate. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 03/29/19 5:45 PM | Jerrin | Bawa | jerrin.bawa@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1735 | 652 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Cyanide vs carbon monoxide poisoning | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cyanide-poisoning#H23 | For cyanide poisoning, the treatment should be clarified. Giving sodium thiosulfate is a totally separate step from inducing methemoglobinemia but the wording makes it sound like sodium nitrite plus sodium thiosulfate are both used for methemoglobinemia induction. Thiosulfate is a sulfur donor for the rhodanese enzyme which converts cyanide to thiocyanate, which is then renally excreted. FA 2018 explains it correctly (pg. 648). | Clarification to current text | Verified | Accept. Student is correct as UpToDate confirms. Should clarify each of the three treatments, which have three MOAs. The 2018 edition had a wordier description but was more accurate. -Mitchell Katona | Agree. Let's bring back 2018 text. -Ma | Agree - it is somewhat confusing and should be clarified. Let's migrate this to Annotate to discuss further, ideally with crowdsourcer input. We should aim to keep the text as succinct as possible but without compromising clarity. - Sarah | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 04/01/19 8:07 PM | Rebecca | Xu | rebecca.xu@northwestern.edu | ||||||||||||
1736 | 652 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Cyanide vs carbon monoxide poisoning | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5363978/ | This is a correction of a Major Errata approved here. Oxygen binding capacity in Carbon monoxide IS decreased as written in the book and shouldn't be changed | Major erratum | Addressed already. -Majed | ![]() | ![]() | 06/03/19 3:27 PM | Ahmad | Mashlah | a7hmad@live.com | ||||||||||||||||
1737 | 652 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Cyanide vs carbon monoxide poisoning | ![]() | Self-written | 'C'arb'O'xyhemoglobin loves 'CO' so binds it with much stronger affinity. Needs 'O'2 to fix issue. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 9:02 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1738 | 652 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Oxygen content of blood | ![]() | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carbon-monoxide/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370646 | In the line cyanide vs CO poisoning it says that both unresponsive to supplemental O2. And straight after it is suggested to treat CO poisoning with O2. | Major erratum | Verified | See above rows 32 and 35. -Mitchell Katona | -Duplicate. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 03/29/19 5:47 PM | Sergii | Sakhno | sakhnomd@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1739 | 652 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499818/ | Given as "decreased oxygen-binding capacity with left shift", but it should be "increased" | Major erratum | Verified | See above. -Mitchell Katona | Change " [down arrow] oxygen-binding capacity with left shift in curve, [down arrow] O2 unloading in tissues." to [up arrow] oxygen-binding capacity with left shift in curve, [down arrow] O2 unloading in tissues." | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Tisha Wang | see previous errata/comment on same section | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 5:42 PM | Nikhila | Gandrakota | nikhila.gandrakota@emory.edu | ||||||||||
1740 | 652 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Response to high altitude | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/structure-and-function-of-normal-hemoglobins#H9 | "increased 2,3-BPG (binds to Hb causing left shift so that Hb releases more O2)" should be "increased 2,3-BPG (binds to Hb causing right shift so that Hb releases more O2)" | Minor erratum | Verified | Reject. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | Tisha Wang | it already says rightward shift in the book that i have | ![]() | ![]() | 01/26/19 12:21 PM | Tiffany | Wang | tw8ee@virginia.edu | ||||||||||||
1741 | 653 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Oxygen content of blood | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/carbon-monoxide-poisoning | % O2 Saturation of Hb is, of course, decreased in CO poisoning; however, in CO poisoning, this decrease in O2 saturation is not reflected in the pulse oximetry, which cannot be used for diagnosis of CO poisoning. Pulse oximetry can even be elevated in CO poisoning, because pulse oximetry cannot differentiate between Hb bound to O2 (oxyhemoglobin) and Hb bound to CO (carboxyhemoglobin). The chart reads that in CO poisoning there is a decrease in % O2 Saturation of Hb, which can mislead students to believing that this decrease would be revealed via pulse oximetry, the standard measure of O2 saturation. Suggestion/Correction to remove this misunderstanding: place a “*” or “a” in the chart that leads to a note below the chart that states: “This decrease in % O2 saturation is not seen via pulse oximetry, which cannot be used for diagnosis of CO poisoning, because pulse oximetry cannot distinguish between oxyhemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin. An arterial blood gas sample is needed to confirm diagnosis of CO poisoning.” | Clarification to current text | Verified | Agreed with student and Vivek. This is an important, high yield distinction (many CO poisoning vignettes will try to distract student with a pulse ox at 100%) but not errata. -Mitchell Katona | While the student is right, but the chart is not intended to discuss regarding pulse oximetry findings and not high yield IMO. We can take this discussion for the 2020 revision. No errata at this moment. - Vivek | Agree to discuss in Annotate. Not errata. | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 02/13/19 7:17 AM | Warren | Teltser | wkt5@georgetown.edu | ||||||||||||
1742 | 653 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195245/ ,, https://media.lanecc.edu/users/driscolln/RT127/Softchalk/Oxygen_transport_softchalk/Oxygen_Transport_Lesson4.html | suggest adding "HbS" in the column of "Right shift" . | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. HbS has normal affinity at normal PaO2. It is only decreased when polymerization is significant, which only occurs in hypoxic conditions. Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18249588 -Mitchell Katona | LY IMHO. The ones classically tested are all mentioned. If we receive more feedback that it's being tested then we may consider adding polymerized HbS -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 01/03/19 11:05 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
1743 | 653 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | Le*F*t shift = Hb*F* . | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Weak mnemonic. -Mitchell Katona | Agree with MK. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 01/03/19 11:07 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
1744 | 653 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | *R*ight shift =*R*ise. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Weak mnemonic. -Mitchell Katona | Agree with MK. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 01/03/19 11:08 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
1745 | 653 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve | ![]() | It's Mnemonic | Right shift =Ri*S*e =Hb*s* | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Weak mnemonic. Also, see row 12 regarding affinity of HbS for O2 in normoxic conditions. -Mitchell Katona | Agree with MK. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 01/03/19 11:10 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
1746 | 653 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve | ![]() | mnemonic | Left shift: causes Loading of O2 in Lungs. Right shift: causes Release of O2 from Hb. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/30/19 2:38 PM | Paola | Del Cueto | paoladelcueto@outlook.com | ||||||||||||||||
1747 | 654 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Alveolar gas equation | ![]() | "PaCO2 is partial pressure of carbon dioxide in alveoli (in normal physiological conditions around 40 to 45 mmHg)." from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482268/ | The Equation contains Pa Co2 wrongly, it should be PA Co2. Also in the right hand column. it must be PAco2= Alveolar Pco2 ( mmHg ) instead of wrongly printed Paco2=arterial Pco2. | Minor erratum | Reject. Appears correctly written as is. - Mitchell Katona | Can't find an error either. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/alveolar-gas-equation - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 06/18/19 10:26 PM | Sukriti | Rana | sukriti.rana@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1748 | 654 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Pulmonary circulation | ![]() | https://books.google.com/books?id=xZswDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=diffusion+and+gas+%3D+A+x+D+X+p1-p2&source=bl&ots=jcKLyVYnCe&sig=NpTNtppgNg3Dzw4iz3aNVVv915w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyhOL35NHfAhUHKuwKHehgCtYQ6AEwEnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=diffusion%20and%20gas%20%3D%20A%20x%20D%20X%20p1-p2&f=false | Replace( *T* ↑ in pulmonary fibrosis )with (* ∆x * ↑ in pulmonary fibrosis ). | Minor erratum | Verified | Replace( *T* ↑ in pulmonary fibrosis ) with "∆x ↑ in pulmonary fibrosis" | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Tisha Wang | agree | Charles Dela Cruz | Agree | Accept | ![]() | ![]() | 01/03/19 9:22 AM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | |||||||||
1749 | 654 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Pulmonary circulation | ![]() | Not needed | In the explanation for diffusion equation, change T to delta X (T is not defined anywhere as thickness and may be misunderstood as tension, etc.) | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 09/02/19 8:13 PM | Abhishek | Gami | agami@jhmi.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1750 | 654 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Pulmonary circulation | ![]() | First Aid Usmle Step 1 2019 page 654 | "Alveolar thickness" in diffusion formula and its explanation could be replaced with letter "T" for convenience. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 09/04/19 10:14 PM | Alsu | Zagorulko | alsu.zagorulko@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1751 | 655 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Pulmonary hypertension | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-pulmonary-hypertension-of-unclear-etiology-in-adults?search=pulmonary%20hypertension&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H3504609253 | The cutoff for Pulmonary hypertension is listed as >25 mmHg in First Aid, however this cutoff has been changed to >20 mmHg. "Hemodynamically, a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP; supine and at rest) >20mmHg [37] is now considered diagnostic of PH based upon data measuring mPAP in healthy individuals, which confirmed that an mPAP of 8 to 20 mmHg at rest is normal [25]. While in the past, PH was hemodynamically defined by a mPAP ≥25 mmHg [38], this cutoff was somewhat arbitrary and targeted at avoiding the over-detection of PH." | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/06/19 10:25 PM | Gabriela | Frid | gaby.frid@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1752 | 655 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Ventilation/perfusion mismatch | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PULM%2F103089&topicKey=PULM%2F101436&search=physiologic%20dead%20space%22&source=outline_link&selectedTitle=1~150 | For blood flow obstruction the text parenthetical names the defect "physiologic dead space". Without clarification that this includes both anatomic and alveolar dead spaces this description is confusing. I propose that it should read "alveolar dead space" since this is more specific to the defect. Thank you for your consideration! | Minor erratum | Verified | Not necessary, agree with Dr. Wang this is defined earlier in the chapter. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | Tisha Wang | i think this is fine since physiologic dead space is defined earlier in the chapter | ![]() | ![]() | 01/02/19 7:41 PM | Jasraj | Marjara | jmarjara8@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1753 | 656 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Carbon dioxide transport | ![]() | n/a | Haldane effect: HaLdane take H+ away in Lungs. | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Weak mnemonic. -Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 12:49 PM | A | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1754 | 656 | Respiratory | ![]() | Physiology | Response to high altitude | ![]() | www.uworld.com | In the first line of the topic Response to high altitude, it says " decreased atmospheric oxygen (PiO2)". But there is a mistake in that sentence. PiO2 and atmospheric oxygen are not the same. The fraction of oxygen in the atmosphere (atmospheric oxygen) remains constant (21%) at different terrestrial elevations (it's the same atmosphere) but the barometric pressure drops with increasing altitude, leading to decrease PiO2 and therefore PaO2. For this reason I suggest to use " Decreased PiO2 (due to decreased barometric (atmospheric) pressure, normal FiO2)... | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 05/07/19 10:52 AM | George Amaury | Lara Collado | amaurylarac@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1755 | 657 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Epistaxis | ![]() | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/kiesselbach-plexus | Kiesselbach drives his Lexus with his LEGS: superior Labial artery, anterior and posterior Ethmoidal arteries, Greater palatine artery, Sphenopalatine artery. HERE , POSTERIOR ETHMOID ARTERY IS NOT A CONTRIBUTOR OF KIESSELBACH PLEXUS | Minor erratum | Verified | Accept. Most sources seem to exclude the posterior ethmoidal including the one I have linked here. The illustration also seems to show that the posterior ethmoidal does not supply branches to Keisselbach plexus unlike the other four. This may be a good opportunity for a new illustration. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3096213/ Here is another illustration from the Atlas of Emergency Procedures showing the exclusion of the posterior ethmoidal https://www.google.com/search?q=kiesselbach+plexus&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbh4jJtP7hAhVHPK0KHevDCW8Q_AUIDigB&biw=1440&bih=789#imgrc=8xi8fcOt4NNtGM: -Mitchell Katona | Clinically oriented anatomy 7e states that posterior ethomoidal participates in the anastamosis. Needs expert review. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 01/27/19 3:27 PM | Rup | Kun | rupayan.kundu1928@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1756 | 657 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Epistaxis | ![]() | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/woodruff-plexus | The text says " Life- threatening hemorrhages occur in posterior segment (sphenopalatine artery, a branch of maxillary artery). " Specify that posterior bleeds occur in Woodruff's plexus | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 08/26/19 6:02 PM | Judith | Vasquez | judith.vasquez.11@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1757 | 657 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Rhinosinusitis | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-bacterial-rhinosinusitis-in-children-microbiology-and-treatment | It has been mentioned on FA 2019 that S pneumoniae is the most common cause of Rhinosinusitis, but due to the replacement of PCV7 by PCV13 in 2010, it is no longer the leading cause. H influenza takes the first spot now as per new guidelines (Nov 18, UpToDate). H influenza (40-50%), S Pneumo (20-25%), M catarrhalis (25%). This is very high yield for most common organism type of questions on USMLE. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Agree with Vivek. It is rare but not unheard of for USMLE to ask for most common organism without a contextual clue to distinguish between, for example, H influenzae and S pneumoniae. Not errata but worth reordering with H influenzae first. Don't think including the percentages is needed as the student includes. -Mitchell Katona | Thank you for your updated reference. I agree with your statement. But we did not rank S pneumoniae as the only most common cause of Rhinosinusitis. However, I suggest aligning them as follow in order of high to low prevalence: ",most commonly H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis." Evidence (UTD): "It is estimated that in 2017, H. influenzae account for approximately 50 to 60 percent, S. pneumoniae for 15 to 25 percent, and M. catarrhalis for 12 to 15 percent of middle ear isolates in AOM" Recommendation: Can be updated in 2020. - Vivek | Agree, we don't say anything about which is more common. We can clarify to say "most commonly H influenzae, S pneumoniae, M catarrhalis." | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/13/19 5:37 PM | Anil | A Kumar | anil_kumarans@yahoo.co.in | ||||||||||||
1758 | 657 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Rhinosinusitis | ![]() | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/sphenoid-sinus | shenoid sinus drains into spheno-ethmoidal recess not superior meatus | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 09/12/19 5:03 PM | Etebong | Udoh | etebong95@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1759 | 658 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Flow-volume loops | ![]() | https://obgynkey.com/respiratory-pathophysiology-and-regulation/ | Flow voume loop is correct but adding a directional arrow will be helpful to identify inspiration and expiration loop direction. | Clarification to current text | Reject. Agree with MK. -Alireza | Verified | Leaning towards reject. It seems the direction would be intuitive. Inspiration clearly would go right-to-left as lung volume increases and vice-versa. On the other hand, would be a small change and might help clarify for some. Can get illustration team input. -Mitchell Katona | Agree with MK. Deferring to illustration team. -MA | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/07/19 10:58 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1760 | 658 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Flow-volume loops | ![]() | n/a | RESTrictive lung disease = All DECREASED at REST and the loop shifts to the Right. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 12:50 PM | A | p | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1761 | 658 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Flow-volume loops | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/flow-volume-loops, https://www.jfmed.uniba.sk/fileadmin/jlf/Pracoviska/ustav-fyziologie/3ZH-Deter.oop.pdf, https://derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-exam/required-reading/respiratory-system/Chapter%20556/interpreting-shape-flow-volume, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ea83/08837b1dd3ea002dc143116e874828427094.pdf | Any flow-volume loop that demonstrates a "scoop/coved" shape should be considered representative of an obstructive lung disease until proven otherwise. Given how common obstructive lung disease is, it would make sense to add some descriptors to the flow-volume curve. Of course, in addition to an obstructive lung disease, the scoop shape could also represent a mixed obstructive/restrictive lung disease (though perhaps this is less high-yield) | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 08/27/19 6:09 AM | Anthony Martin | Lim | anthony.m.lim@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1762 | 658 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Flow-volume loops | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/flow-volume-loops, https://www.jfmed.uniba.sk/fileadmin/jlf/Pracoviska/ustav-fyziologie/3ZH-Deter.oop.pdf, https://derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-exam/required-reading/respiratory-system/Chapter%20556/interpreting-shape-flow-volume, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ea83/08837b1dd3ea002dc143116e874828427094.pd | [SEE PREVIOUS SUBMISSION - just reclassified as "clarification to current text"; will re-add comments here: Any flow-volume loop that demonstrates a "scoop/coved" shape should be considered representative of an obstructive lung disease until proven otherwise. Given how common obstructive lung disease is, it would make sense to add some descriptors to the flow-volume curve. Of course, in addition to an obstructive lung disease, the scoop shape could also represent a mixed obstructive/restrictive lung disease (though perhaps this is less high-yield) | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 08/27/19 6:14 AM | Anthony Martin | Lim | anthony.m.lim@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1763 | 658 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Pulmonary emboli | ![]() | not needed | change order of images from " A--C--B " to "A--B--C" in accordance with alphabet. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | Accept; agree with Vivek and student. -Mitchell Katona | Agree that we need to re-arrange in-text figure numbers as well and re-sequence figure positions accordingly. Currently, C is coming in between A and B. This can be deferred to 2020. -Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/03/19 2:14 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
1764 | 658 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Pulmonary emboli | ![]() | N/A | S1Q3T3 -> "if you SQuaT 133 pounds, then you'lll get a PE" OR just "SQuaT 133 pounds" | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Probably not HY enough to warrant a mnemonic and in any case this one does not help you remember that its 1-3-3 any more than rote memorizing S1Q3T3. -Mitchell Katona | Reject. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 03/09/19 12:05 PM | Siamak | Kohan | skhakshoor@mednet.ucla.edu | ||||||||||||||
1765 | 658 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Pulmonary emboli | ![]() | https://www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/ecg-review/ecg-topic-reviews-and-criteria/pulmonary-embolism, https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300901-workup#c20, https://litfl.com/right-ventricular-strain-ecg-library/ | While S1Q3T3 is "classic," it is rare, not particularly easy to find, and ignores the other more common ECG findings: sinus tachycardia + right heart strain pattern (e.g. right axis deviation, RVH V1-V2/3, ST depression/TWI in V1-3 and inferior leads). | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 08/27/19 6:41 AM | Anthony Martin | Lim | anthony.m.lim@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1766 | 659 | Respiratory | ![]() | Systems | Mediastinal pathology | ![]() | https://teachmeanatomy.info/thorax/areas/posterior-mediastinum/ | Middle mediastinal mass: esophegeal cancer !! esophegus located in posterior not middle mediastinum | Clarification to current text | Verified | Defer to expert, I am seeing middle in my research. | Disagreement/need expert | Tisha Wang | esophageal tumors are generally in the middle mediastinum - uptodate corroborates this as does https://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/pulmonary-medicine/mediastinal-tumors/article/661072/ | Reject | ![]() | ![]() | 02/14/19 6:25 AM | nehal | khalid | nehalnasser55@gmail.com | |||||||||||
1767 | 659 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Mediastinal pathology | ![]() | UWORLD CK, Anatomy textbook. | The image of mediastinal compartment in the first column is incorrect. Posterior mediastinum includes the part with esophagus and descending aorta. Thereby, the pathologies associated with esophagus and aorta should also be considered under posterior mediastinum mass, not middle. | Major erratum | Verified | Reject. Unable to review student's references. UpToDate confirms that esophagus and descending aorta are middle mediastinal and not posterior mediastinal structures. I do see some sources with illustrations that include esophagus in posterior, but most reputable sources put it in middle. Source: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-patient-with-a-mediastinal-mass?search=mediastinal%20mass&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~128&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H3598114789 -Mitchell Katona | I agree with Mitchell. Most sources I could find confirm that the esophagus and descending aorta are located in the middle mediastinum. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780323523578/iaslc-thoracic-oncology https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9781416058977/leibel-and-phillips-textbook-of-radiation-oncology - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/23/19 1:33 AM | Soon Khai | Low | khai50017@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||
1768 | 659 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Mediastinal pathology | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/425308-overview#a10, https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/426659-overview#a12 | The anatomy of middle mediastinum does not include the esophagus and other structures that lie posterior to the heart. The diagram and written text in first aid about the middle mediatinum are incorrect.From emedicine: The posterior compartment, or posterior mediastinum, comprises the area posterior to the heart and trachea and includes the paravertebral sulci. It contains the descending thoracic aorta and ligamentum arteriosum, the esophagus, the thoracic duct, the azygos vein, and numerous neural structures (including the autonomic ganglion and nerves, lymph nodes, and adipose tissue). | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 05/10/19 8:47 AM | David | Thomas | davidthomas708@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1769 | 660 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Mesothelioma | ![]() | http://jpma.org.pk/full_article_text.php?article_id=741 | Nearly all mesotheliomas stain +ve for cytokeratin and may also stain +ve for calretinin | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. Cytokeratin is sensitive but not specific for mesothelioma because it is also positive in adenocarcinoma and SCC. The point of this the way it is written is to point out the distinguishing marker for mesothelioma. Calretinin is sensitive but also specific for mesothelioma. Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11038661 -Mitchell Katona | ![]() | ![]() | 01/26/19 6:59 PM | AISHA | ADIGUN | tashadings@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||||
1770 | 660 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Obstructive lung diseases | ![]() | not needed | change order of images from " D--A--B--C--E--F--G " to "A--B--C--D--E--F--G" in accordance with alphabet. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | Accept; agree with student and Vivek. | Agree that we need to re-arrange in-text figure numbers as well and re-sequence figure positions accordingly. Currently, D is coming before A. This can be deferred to 2020. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/03/19 2:32 PM | Moatasem | Al-Janabi | assoomi88@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
1771 | 661 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Restrictive lung disease | ![]() | UWorld explanation Q. ID 7, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4925784/ "Pulmonary function test usually shows a restrictive pattern while DLCO is increased during the episodes of haemorrhage." | Even though Goodpasture syndrome is a restrictive lung disease and DLCO decreases in restrictive lung diseases, in Goodpasture DLCO will increase during episodes of hemoptysis, due to alveolar hemorrhage. The hemoglobin in the alveoli will bind some CO, decreasing the amount expired during the test. So even though that amount of DLCO never diffused across the membrane, the decrease in the amount of CO expired will lead to an increased DLCO and not decreased. | High-yield addition to next year | Student is correct, their references as well as UpToDate confirm DLCO is increased in setting of alveolar hemorrhage 2/2 to Goodpasture syndrome. Source: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-and-diagnosis-of-anti-gbm-antibody-goodpastures-disease?search=goodpasture%20dlco&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H5 Could consider adding this parenthetically in the bulletpoint for Goodpasture syndrome as an exception to decreased DLCO in restrictive disease. On the other hand, this may not be HY enough to include. Would like others' opinions. -Mitchell Katona | Differential of increased DLCO is LY for Step 1 IMHO. For Step 1, Goodpasture = restrictive lung disease = ↓ DLCO -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 03/27/19 11:45 PM | Antonis | Costeas | tonis125@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1772 | 661 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Restrictive lung disease | ![]() | No hyperlink needed | Missing red arrow and blue arrow for picture A and picture B respectively for restrictive lung diseases | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/15/19 6:57 PM | Tho | Nguyen | tnguyen27@kumc.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1773 | 661 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Sarcoidosis | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4521279/ | Sarcoidosis also has hepatic involvement including cirrhosis, granulomas in the liver and abnormal Liver function tests. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Accept. I agree with student that hepatic sarcoidosis is HY. Anecdotally, recall abnl LFTs in vignettes for sarcoidosis cases. Their source also indicates this occurs in 70% of cases. Would simply add one sentence to this fact describing hepatic sarcoidosis. -Mitchell Katona | Agree, let's consider adding this year. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 02/08/19 3:59 AM | Rukmini | Kulkarni | rukushammi.k@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1774 | 662 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Sarcoidosis | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4521279/ | Sarcoidosis is A Bad Harsh GRUELING Disease. A- African American women, elevated ACE enzymes. B- B/L adenopathy, Bells palsy. Harsh- Hepatic granulomas, cirrhosis. G- Gammaglobulinemia. U- Uveitis, E- erythema nodosum. L- Lupus pernio, I- Interstitial fibrosis. N- noncaseating, G- granulomas. D- increased Vit. D | Mnemonic | Verified | Leaning towards reject. I don't think this mnemonic adds much to the existing mnemonic and is more redundant (e.g. N for noncaseating granuloma, G for granuloma). Would like others' opinions. -Mitchell Katona | Agree with MK. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 02/08/19 4:38 AM | Rukmini | Kulkarni | rukushammi.k@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1775 | 662 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Sarcoidosis | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-pulmonary-sarcoidosis?csi=6a5e09dd-58eb-452f-8767-38ea380d40d8&source=contentShare | ACE has been found to be of unclear or limited use in Sarcoid diagnosis although helpful in disease progression | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Leaning towards reject. Student is correct, however it's unlikely a student would need to know this distinction for S1, so I think it's LY. Knowing the association is the HY fact, knowing how to utilize ACE for sarcoidosis is probably only useful for wards. -Mitchell Katona | Agree with MK. LY for Step 1. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 03/02/19 11:03 AM | Raul | Orozco Villalobos | raulcollege@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1776 | 663 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Pneumoconioses | ![]() | Mnemonic | Asbestosis affects the lower lobes because *F*erruginous bodies *F*all | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. Weak memory hook. Existing mnemonic is stronger. -Mitchell Katona | Agree with MK. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 03/31/19 7:51 PM | Maria | Gentry | mg3w3@health.missouri.edu | ||||||||||||||
1777 | 663 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Pneumoconioses | ![]() | Made it up | "ABC'S" of Pneumoconioses = Asbestosis, Berylliosis, Coal worker's pneumoconiosis, and Silicosis. Only "A" = Asbestosis is NOT in the upper lobes | Mnemonic | Verified | Reject. I don't think the mnemonic helps students with difficult-to-remember facts. Which conditions are pneumoconioses does not seem to be something that needs a mnemonic in my opinion. -Mitchell Katona | Reject. Agree with MK. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 04/03/19 5:41 PM | Nanki | Hura | nanki.hura@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1778 | 663 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Pneumoconioses | ![]() | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296759-clinical | Berylliosis is from space (beryllium exposure in aerospace) -> affects upper lobes. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/07/19 4:42 PM | Jason | Soares | jsoares@mail.sjsm.org | ||||||||||||||||
1779 | 663 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Pneumoconioses | ![]() | Not Required | Best Miso Soup= Asbestosis increases risk for mesothelioma, (Soup) Supradiaphragmatic Plaques | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 06/07/19 4:47 PM | Mir | Inzamam Ali | mirinzamamali86@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1780 | 665 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Sleep apnea | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-obesity-hypoventilation-syndrome | In Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome the PaO2 can be decreased during the day when the patient is awake. This is unclear in the text as the introduction to Sleep Apnea section states "normal PaO2 during the day". Would be good to highlight that PaO2 can be low in Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome. | Clarification to current text | Verified | Accept; agree with student. Actually, low daytime PaO2 would be a useful distinction in a vignette between OHS and OSA. Would remove "Normal PaO2 during the day." from the "Sleep apnea" section and move it to OSA section. -Mitchell Katona | Correct but not sure if HY for Step 1. This is more like Step 2 ck info. -MA | I agree with the authors and UTD confirms the user's comment. This is definitely not an erratum but a helpful clarification and worthwhile implementing. - Sarah | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 03/06/19 10:13 PM | Beth Anne | George | Elisabeth_George@brown.edu | ||||||||||||
1781 | 665 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Sleep apnea | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20116305 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11587602 | electrical stimulation of hypoglossal nerve in obstructive sleep apnea can improve the situation. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 4:02 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1782 | 666 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Atelectasis | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/atelectasis-types-and-pathogenesis-in-adults | Atelectasis :Alveolar collapse, which can be due to multiple etiologies: • Obstructive -airway obstruction prevents new air from reaching distal airways, old air is resorbed (eg, foreign body, mucous plug, tu mor) • Compressive-external compression on lung decreases lung volumes (eg, space-occupying lesion, pleural effusion) • Contraction (cicatrization) -scarring of lung parenchyma that distorts alveoli (eg, sarcoidosis) • Adhesive-due to lack of surfactant (eg, NRDS in premature babies) Now I would like to suggest few changes in it. Instead of "ALVEOLAR COLLAPSE" it should be "LOSS OF LUNG VOLUME" because when there is external compression like pleural effusion it pushes the lung inside and due to that pressure alveoli collapse. What I mean to say is with alveolar collapse it could be either few alveoli or more the term gets generalised but what happens at the end is that lung loses its volume either one whole lobe or entire lung. Now coming to causes it could be Divided into: A) Obstructive Causes B) Non Obstructive Causes Compression Adhesive Cicatrization Relaxation : loss of contact between parietal and visceral tissue (Pneumothorax) C) Post-op Atelectasis: Most common cause within 48-72 hours post-op. D) Rounded Atelectasis: As in asbestosis, folding of lobe with fibrous band and adhesion there is loss of lung volume. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | Reject. There are two suggestions in this submission. First, changing the description of atelectasis from "alveolar collapse" to "loss of lung volume"; disagree with this as it is less specific than current description. Loss of lung volume occurs 2/2 to alveolar collapse, which is the important, HY concept to understand and already implies a loss of lung volume (student's source reflects this). Second, changing organization of etiologies; relaxation atelectasis is really a variant of compressive, it is the only one I would consider adding but still feel that it is LY and would make the distinction between PTX and most etiologies of atelectasis confusing; post-op atelectasis is not an etiology just a description of (usually) obstructive atelectasis from mucous plugging; rounded atelectasis is a LY etiology in my opinion. -Mitchell Katona | Reject. Current text is accurate and I see no need to change it as proposed by user. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 02/15/19 12:48 AM | Tirth | Patel | tirthpatelb@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1783 | 668 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Pneumonia | ![]() | Aspiration pneumonia develops commonly either in the posterior segment of the upper lung, or in superior segment of the lower lung. When you have pneumonia, you basically have pus (infection) in your lungs. Thus, In aspiration pneumonia there will be "PUS in the Lung" (=Posterior Upper and Superior Lower). | Aspiration Pneumonia | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 05/10/19 5:12 PM | Eliran | Dahan | elirandah@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1784 | 669 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Lung cancer | ![]() | myself | SCLC characteristics mnemonic: SMALl Cell lung cancer: SIADH, c-Myc gene, ACTH, Lambert-eaton, Chromogranin A | Mnemonic | Verified | Leaning towards accept. Existing mnemonic for these HY associations is relatively weak. To make chromogranin A fit the suggested mnemonic, could make the mnemonic "SMAL Cell". With S = SIADH, M = myc, A = ACTH, L = Lambert, C = chromgranin. Would like others' opinions. There are three suggestions regarding this fact and the mnemonic, which makes me feel stronger about making the above change. See below rows 33 and 42. -Mitchell Katona | I don't think it's a very good mnemonic. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 03/15/19 10:03 AM | Murli | Mishra | mm.murli@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1785 | 669 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Lung cancer | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1656520 | Small cell carcinoma produces ADH, not SIADH. SIADH is a result of an increased production of ADH, just like ACTH causes Cushing syndrome for SCC. | Minor erratum | Verified | See above suggestion on row 29 and below row 42. Student is arguing semantics of what small cell carcinoma "produces", i.e. it produces ADH and causes SIADH. If we deicide to change the mnemonic per row 29, we can make this clarification there. If we decide to leave the mnemonic as is, we can format it so that it is consistent, i.e. "May produce ACTH (Cushing syndrome), ADH (SIADH),...". Either way this is a syntactical issue not errata. Would like others' opinions. -Mitchell Katona | Duplicate. -MA | I can see why the user is taking an issue with this, even though it is a minor clarification. It is easy to implement as Mitchell suggested. - Sarah | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 03/23/19 11:19 AM | Heewon | Choi | hxc326@case.edu | ||||||||||||
1786 | 669 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Lung cancer | ![]() | Mnemonic | sCuamous cell carcinoma - associated with Central location, Cavitations, Cigarettes and hyperCalcemia | Mnemonic | Verified | Leaning towards reject. The existing mnemonic already includes all of this except for tying the C's to the phonetic misspelling of sCuamous. I don't really feel that tie in is necessary to be able to use the mnemonic. Would like others' input. -Mitchell Katona | Reject. Agree with MK. -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 4:22 PM | Muhammad Danyal | Ahsan | danyalo.97@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1787 | 669 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Lung cancer | ![]() | Mnemonic | Small cell lung carcinoma associated with A's (ACTH, SIADH, Antibodies etc.) - read small cell as smaaaal cell or smAll cell carcinoma | Mnemonic | Verified | See above rows 29 and 33. -Mitchell Katona | Duplicate - MA | ![]() | ![]() | 04/16/19 4:27 PM | Muhammad Danyal | Ahsan | danyalo.97@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1788 | 669 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Lung cancer | ![]() | n/a | Take LUNGS to LABB and ADD C-PRO for BEST treatment to the LUNGS. Mets from LUNGS to Liver, Adrenals, Bone, Brain Mets to LUNGS from blADDer, Colon, PROstate, BrEaST. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 07/10/19 12:52 PM | a | Pandey | aranikopandey@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1789 | 669 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Lung cancer | ![]() | Mnemonic | To remember that squamous cell cancer of the lung is the main lung cancer causing hypercalcemia, write it out as "SCa+mous" Cell Carcinoma. Small Cell Cancer on the other hand is already known to cause the other paraneoplastics like ACTH, SIADH. | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 10/27/19 5:30 AM | Khalid | Alattar | khalid_alattar@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1790 | 670 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Pancoast tumor | ![]() | Clarification | Mentions that Pancoast tumor can cause "brachiocephalic syndrome (unilateral symptoms)" but doesn't explain what these symptoms are - this is also the only mention of "brachiocephalic syndrome" in the book | Clarification to current text | Verified | Leaning towards accept. The unilateral symptoms would mostly be ipsilateral edema of arm, shoulder, breast, or neck with later complications of ulceration or infection. Source: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/thoracic-central-vein-occlusion-associated-with-hemodialysis-access?search=brachiocephalic%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~56&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H1234101750 Might be more clear without being too wordy by simply replacing "unilateral symptoms" with "ipsilateral arm edema". Would like others' input. -Mitchell Katona | Reject. Already covered on p670 under Pancoast tumor. -MA | I agree with Majed. This information is covered in sufficient detail on p. 670. No need to repeat this information elsewhere in the chapter. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 04/03/19 10:10 PM | Nanki | Hura | nanki.hura@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1791 | 670 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Pancoast tumor | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4930518/ | Pancoast tumors involves the following roots of brachial plexus = C8 - T2 ; mnemonic for this is its nice to have Tea(T) on the sea(C) coast (C8-T2) | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 11/23/19 9:22 AM | anubhav | sood | anubhavsood89@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1792 | 670 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pathology | Superior vena cava syndrome | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-and-evaluation-of-goiter-in-adults?search=pemberton%20maneuver§ionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H6514249&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#H6514249 | The Pemberton maneuver is a physical examination tool used to demonstrate the presence of latent pressure in the thoracic inlet. The maneuver is achieved by having the patient elevate both arms until they touch the sides of the face. A positive Pemberton's sign is marked by the presence of facial congestion and cyanosis, as well as respiratory distress after approximately one minute. A positive Pemberton's sign is indicative of superior vena cava syndrome (SVC), commonly the result of a mass in the mediastinum | Clarification to current text | This was discussed on Annotate and deemed LY for Step 1. - Sarah | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 07/31/19 8:49 PM | Pavel | Aksionav | pavlusha_aksenov@mail.ru | |||||||||||||||
1793 | 671 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pharmacology | Pulmonary hypertension drugs | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-pulmonary-hypertension-in-adults?search=pulmonary%20htn&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=3#H167513175 | Pulmonary hypertension drugs should be edited to Pulmonary arterial hypertension (group 1) drugs, as other causes of pulmonary hypertension are treated by treating the underling cause | Clarification to current text | Verified | Accept, partially. Very minor clarification, but student is technically correct. Would just add the word "arterial" before "hypertension" and not include "group 1" as this would only muddy the waters and is not used in the "Pulmonary hypertension" section on p665 to describe PAH. -Mitchell Katona | Agrre with MK. Let's add "arterial". -MA | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 8:05 AM | Hasan | Alarouri | hassan.arouri@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1794 | 672 | Respiratory | ![]() | Pharmacology | Asthma drugs | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3269605/ https://www.cochrane.org/CD001490/AIRWAYS_magnesium-sulfate-treating-exacerbations-acute-asthma-emergency-department | Magnesium sulfate can be used for Asthma | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 05/16/19 4:11 PM | Muhanad | Shaib | mohanad.shaib@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1795 | 677 | Rapid Review | ![]() | Rapid Review | Platelet disorders | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-adults-with-cutaneous-lesions-of-vasculitis?search=petechiae&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Petechiae misspelled as "Petichiae" | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 10/30/19 6:57 AM | Hasan | Alarouri | hassan.arouri@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1796 | 681 | Rapid Review | ![]() | Laboratory Techniques | Scleroderma | ![]() | First Aid Usmle Step 1 2019 page 464 | put "anti-Scl-70 antibody (anti-DNA topoisomerase-I antibody) and anti-RNA polymerase III" to table near "diffuse scleroderma" | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 09/04/19 6:15 PM | Alsu | Zagorulko | alsu.zagorulko@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1797 | 682 | Rapid Review | ![]() | Rapid Review | Vasculitides | ![]() | n/a | On page 682, the index references page 585 for Wegener granulomatosis but page 585 is on renal pathology | Minor erratum | Verified | Index is already being fixed. | Reject by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 02/18/19 2:18 AM | Jumoke | Dickson | drfierce12@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1798 | 684 | Rapid Review | ![]() | Rapid Review | Clostridia | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clostridioides-formerly-clostridium-difficile-infection-in-adults-treatment-and-prevention | Metronidazole is no longer recommended as any initial treatment of Clostridium Difficle. Recommended first line treatment for C. Difficile is now oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin for both severe and non-severe CDI | Minor erratum | Verified | Change to "oral vancomycin, metronidazole, or fidaxomicin, recurrent cases-repeat prior regimens or fecal microbiota transplant" per Microbio chapter. | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | ![]() | ![]() | 01/01/19 3:19 PM | Fares | Ani | Fares.Ani.SIA@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1799 | 685 | Rapid Review | ![]() | Rapid Review | Heparin | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/venous-thromboembolism-initiation-of-anticoagulation-first-10-days?search=anticoagulation%20renal%20failure§ionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H1225023498&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=2~150&display_rank=2#H1225023498 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/venous-thromboembolism-anticoagulation-after-initial-management?search=anticoagulation%20renal%20failure&source=search_result&selectedTitle=5~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=5 | Drug of choice for anticoagulation in renal failure is not LMWH. Instead, unfractionated heparin is preferred for initiation of anticoagulation, and warfarin is the drug of choice for long term anticoagulation. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 05/05/19 11:18 AM | Alanna | Hickey | alanna.hickey@umassmed.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1800 | 685 | Rapid Review | ![]() | Rapid Review | Neural tube defects | ![]() | https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/folic-acid-for-the-prevention-of-neural-tube-defects-preventive-medication | Prevention of neural tube defects requires preconceptional rather than prenatal folic acid supplementation. The USPSTF recommends that all women who are planning or capable of pregnancy take a daily supplement containing 0.4 to 0.8 mg (400 to 800 µg) of folic acid. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/09/19 2:20 PM | Ali | Ibrahim | aokamal@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1801 | 685 | Rapid Review | ![]() | Rapid Review | Spinal cord lesions | ![]() | Not applicable | "Degeneration of dorsal column fibres" is erroneously placed under the "Classic/relevant treatments" section. It should be listed under the "Key associations" section. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 08/08/19 8:09 PM | Mehreen | Ali | dr.mehreenali@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1802 | 685 | Rapid Review | ![]() | Rapid Review | Syphilis | ![]() | n/a | Page 685 Under the Heading condition: Degeneration of dorsal column Fibers Under the heading Common Treatments: Tabes dorsalis.... This point should probably be under Disease/finding and Most common/important associations instead | Clarification to current text | Verified | Agree. The entire row belongs to Lab/diagnostic findings-diagnosis/disease rapid review table. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 02/18/19 1:39 AM | Jumoke | Dickson | drfierce12@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1803 | 685 | Rapid Review | ![]() | Rapid Review | Warfarin | ![]() | https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.lib.utah.edu/contents/reversal-of-anticoagulation-in-warfarin-associated-intracerebral-hemorrhage?search=warfarin%20reversal%20pcc§ionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H168423846&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~100&display_rank=1#H168423846 | In addition to reversing warfarin with FFP and vitamin K. Reversal also includes administration of prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC) for immediate reversal. | High-yield addition to next year | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 01/29/19 1:17 PM | Nicholas T. | Gamboa | nicktgamboa@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1804 | 690 | Rapid Review | ![]() | Rapid Review | Childhood primary brain tumors | ![]() | See UWORLD and pg 516 of First Aid | Page 690 says that the most common supratentorial brain tumor in kids is a medulloblastoma, but both page 516 and UWORLD say that the most common tumor of childhood is the pilocytic astrocytoma | Clarification to current text | Verified | In both page 690 and 516, we have correctly mentioned that in kids most common infrantentorial (cerebellum) tumor is medulloblastoma (not supratentorial). According to UTD, the most common CNS tumor types in children include medulloblastomas (63.7%) and pilocytic astrocytomas (15.5%). Ref: UTD- epidemiology of central nervous system tumors in children. I think it is slightly confusing for the reader to read different versions around this particular epidemiological aspect that: - most common 1° brain tumor in childhood is pilocytic astrocytonomas. (which is benign) - most common malignant brain tumor in childhood. is medulloblastoma - the most common infratentorial brain tumor in childhood is a medulloblastom Final comment: - no errata - may need clarification during 2020 revision. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 02/22/19 6:01 PM | Areeka | Memon | amemon@vcom.edu | |||||||||||||||
1805 | 702 | Abbreviations and Symbols | ![]() | Abbreviations and Symbols | Chromatin structure | ![]() | https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=euthrochromatin | E* presently 'euthrochromatin' should be 'euchromatin' | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/12/19 3:56 PM | Kelly | Roe | email@kellyroe.org | |||||||||||||||||
1806 | 702 | Abbreviations and Symbols | ![]() | Abbreviations and Symbols | Scleroderma | ![]() | https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/12430/crest-syndrome | The "S" in CREST syndrome stands for "sclerodactyly," not "sclerosis" | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 06/15/19 6:34 PM | Yolanda | Zhang | yolandazhang43@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1807 | 704 | Abbreviations and Symbols | ![]() | Abbreviations and Symbols | Heart failure | ![]() | https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=HFpEF | HFpEF entry should have 'fraction' rather than 'fracture' | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 11/12/19 4:01 PM | Kelly | Roe | email@kellyoe.org | |||||||||||||||||
1808 | 716 | Section IV Top-Rated Review Resources | ![]() | Pathology | Vasculitides | ![]() | Clarification of text | I would like clarrification regarding the text on pages 310/311 ; their corrisponding alphabetical images, and the extended information provided about the images on page 716. For example "polyateritis nodosa" on page 310 is linked to image F in column 3 (page 310) , but on page 716 "vasculitides: Image F. Gangrene as a consequence of Buerger disease" is discused. this is noted for all of the images in this section. | Clarification to current text | This is a section IV issue that we should address after revisions are completed. I do see this discrepancy in the 2019 edition. -Lilit | Agreed, this is a section IV issue that should be addressed once revisions are completed. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 06/30/19 3:37 AM | Mishal | Bawa | mishalbawa@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1809 | 731 | Index | ![]() | Index | Intussusception | ![]() | FA 2019 | Intussusception is misspelled as "intussussception" under the sub-entry, "Abdominal pain" | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 07/13/19 1:54 PM | Yolanda | Zhang | yolandazhang43@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1810 | 732 | Index | ![]() | Index | Acute pericarditis | ![]() | N/A | Listed in the index to be on page 314 but is found on page 308. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 7:32 PM | Halley | Alberts | halley8236@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||||
1811 | 732 | Index | ![]() | Index | Heart embryology | ![]() | See FA 19 textbook, page 273. | The contents incorrectly labels section III as starting on page 269, when it actually starts on page 273. Approaching the organ systems starts on page 274, and cardiovascular starts on page 277. These 3 contents are listed with incorrect page numbers. | Spelling/formatting | Agree with the student, listing of pages, section and chapters are not correct. -Victor Martinez | Staff accepts | Agree, in the contents (Page VI), Section III should be 273 not 269. Approaching organ systems should be page 274 not 270. Cardiovascular should be 277, not 273. | Prelim accept by 2 authors + 1 editor | Reject | ![]() | ![]() | 12/24/18 3:25 PM | Sarah Kiran | Grewal | sa178658@atsu.edu | ||||||||||||
1812 | 733 | Index | ![]() | Index | α1-antitrypsin deficiency | ![]() | clarification | alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency is noted as being on page 51 - it isn't. Also, perhaps it doesnt need to be listed twice? | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 07/16/19 4:10 AM | Mishal | Bawa | mishalbawa@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1813 | 734 | Index | ![]() | Index | Androgens | ![]() | Page 644 in First Aid 2019 is a notes page | Androgenetic alopecia is indicated in the revised index to be on page 644 when it is actually on page 643. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 03/03/19 9:55 AM | Max | Yudovich | max.yudovich@osumc.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1814 | 734 | Index | ![]() | Index | Aromatase inhibitors | ![]() | n/a | The index says anastrozole is referenced on page 642. Anastrozole is referenced on page 641. | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 03/24/19 11:00 AM | Lisa-Qiao | MacDonald | llm012@jefferson.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1815 | 734 | Index | ![]() | Index | Aromatase inhibitors | ![]() | https://firstaidteam.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/fas1_2019_index_revised_january2019.pdf | In the index, Anastrozole is listed as page 642 when in the 2019 book it is on page 641 | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 07/23/19 4:01 PM | Fatima | Siddiqui | fatima_aman_97@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1816 | 734 | Index | ![]() | Index | Drug names | ![]() | N/A | Amlodipine is listed to be on page 319. This is incorrect. Amlodipine is on page 313. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 06/03/19 4:28 PM | Marco | Lawandy | mlawandy@student.touro.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1817 | 734 | Index | ![]() | Index | Trimethoprim | ![]() | FA 2019 | "Trimethoprim" is misspelled as "trimethroprim" on page 734 (under "Anemia"), page 765 (under "Leukopenia"), and page 785 (under "Sulfonamides") | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 07/02/19 11:46 PM | Yolanda | Zhang | yolandazhang43@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1818 | 736 | Index | ![]() | Index | Aortic dissection | ![]() | no reference needed | The wrong page number is listed in the index for aortic dissection. The main "aortic dissection" section is on page 301, but in the index it is listed as 306. However, there is no mention of "aortic dissection" on page 306. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 01/19/19 2:45 PM | Corinna | Fukushima | corinna_m_fukushima@rush.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1819 | 736 | Index | ![]() | Index | Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia | ![]() | N/A | Two issues. 1) In the index, "hereditary hemorrhagic telangectasia" is written twice under Arteriovenous malformations (AVM). 2) The reference page number is wrong, it should be to page 312 instead of page 319. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 01/13/19 7:29 PM | Julie | Tran | julietran@email.arizona.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1820 | 737 | Index | ![]() | Index | Atrial natriuretic peptide | ![]() | N/A | ANP is listed as being on page 298, when it is actually on page 294. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 03/04/19 1:12 PM | Jacob | Sieger | jsieger93@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1821 | 737 | Index | ![]() | Index | Autoregulation | ![]() | First Aid 2019 pg. 295 | Every time autoregulation of blood flow appears in the index (737, 739, 740, 752, 757) it is listed as pg. 300, however it is actually on pg. 295 | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 01/18/19 2:14 AM | Alita | Teitz | alita.teitz@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1822 | 737 | Index | ![]() | Physiology | ECG tracings | ![]() | Index | Atrial fibrillation is listed as page 297. This is wrong; it should be listed as page 293. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 06/10/19 7:38 PM | Magda | Aziz | marcolawandy@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1823 | 737 | Index | ![]() | Index | Syphilis | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/syphilis-screening-and-diagnostic-testing?search=syphilis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Syphilis is spelled "syphillis" in the index | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 01/27/19 4:56 PM | Chelsea | HAyman | chelsea.hayman@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||||
1824 | 738 | Index | ![]() | Miscellaneous | Diffuse axonal injury | ![]() | First AID 2019 | Axonal Injury, Diffuse is actually talked about on page 503 | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 02/10/19 6:06 PM | Adithya | Nagaraja | adityangrj776@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1825 | 738 | Index | ![]() | Index | Vasculitides | ![]() | None | Behcet syndrome is on page 310, not 317. | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 04/17/19 9:55 PM | John | Doe | action-reaction@rakuten.jp | |||||||||||||||||
1826 | 739 | Index | ![]() | Pathology | Congenital cardiac defect associations | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-turner-syndrome?search=turner%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Under the Bicuspid aorta valve-->Turner syndrome sub-listing page 303 is one of the pages listed but should be replaced by 298 | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 03/11/19 3:08 PM | David | Sin | davidesin@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1827 | 741 | Index | ![]() | Index | Calcium channel blockers | ![]() | not applicable | effect of calcium on myocardial action potential and effect on pacemaker action potential should be corrected from P 295 to the corresponding page on the next edition p 290 in the current edition | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 04/05/19 4:55 PM | Awab | Elnaeem | awab.kamal@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1828 | 741 | Index | ![]() | Index | Cardiomyopathies | ![]() | N/A | There are many errors in page numbering for the index. This is particularly true for pages in the Cardiovascular section. For example, in the index "Cardiomyopathy" is listed as page 310 but the entry for cardiomyopathy is on page 305. There have been several similar errors of incorrect page numbering in other sections as well, including microbiology. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 02/26/19 12:08 PM | James | Hunker | jimh3472@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1829 | 742 | Index | ![]() | Index | Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/guillain-barre-syndrome-in-children-epidemiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis?search=cerebrospinal%20fluid%20albuminocytologic%20dissociation§ionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H603783422&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#H603783422 | Currently is spelled "Cerebrospial fluid (CSF) albuminocytologic dissociation" but should be "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) albuminocytologic dissociation" | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 03/05/19 4:02 PM | David | Sin | des144@case.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1830 | 742 | Index | ![]() | Index | Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors | ![]() | N/A | Carotid Massage is listed as being on page 299, when it is actually on page 294. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 03/04/19 1:10 PM | Jacob | Sieger | jsieger93@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1831 | 743 | Index | ![]() | Index | Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors | ![]() | N/A | Chemoreceptors are listed in the index as being on page 299. This section is actually found on papge 294 | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 01/12/19 11:38 AM | Jasmin | Shahrestani | jshahrestani@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1832 | 744 | Index | ![]() | Index | Sympatholytics (α2-agonists) | ![]() | Not required | Clonidine can be found on Page 242 and under Tourette syndrome on Page 545 but not on Pages 240 and 244 | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 12/31/18 8:45 AM | Muhammad Faizan | Ali | faizanali.93@hotmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1833 | 744 | Index | ![]() | Index | Sympathomimetics | ![]() | N/A | Cocaine's sympathomimetic action is listed as being on page 243 but is actually on page 242 | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 03/14/19 11:05 AM | Jacob | Sieger | jsieger93@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1834 | 744 | Index | ![]() | Index | Vasculitides | ![]() | n/a | Page 744 Churg-Strauss syndrome index notes page 317 but page 317 is on cardiovascular pharmacology. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | Defer to 2020. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 02/18/19 1:46 AM | Jumoke | Dickson | drfierce12@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1835 | 746 | Index | ![]() | Index | Cystic fibrosis | ![]() | FA page 437 | Cystic hygroma is not on page 437 as indicated * it was not available in the drop down menu to choose from* | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 02/28/19 5:10 PM | FARZIN | ESHAGHI | farzin@uw.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1836 | 747 | Index | ![]() | Index | Danazol | ![]() | www2.usmle-rx.com/proposed-errata-and-suggestions-fa-step-1 | The page number for Danazol should be 642. This typo is also on pages 731, 750, 751, 758, 759, 791. | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 03/26/19 4:00 PM | David | Sin | davidesin@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1837 | 748 | Index | ![]() | Pharmacology | Cardiac glycosides | ![]() | First Aid hard copy | Digoxin for dilated cardiomyopathy is referenced in the index on page 311, however in the 2019 edition it is found on page 305. I also think it should be indexed to include page 316 as it is the main drug listed under cardiac glycosides. | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 08/15/19 4:26 PM | Savina | Reid | reidsa93@rowan.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1838 | 748 | Index | ![]() | Index | Dermatologic microscopic terms | ![]() | FA 2019 | There is no mention of "Desmoplakin" on page 465 | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 06/20/19 9:42 PM | Yolanda | Zhang | yolandazhang43@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1839 | 751 | Index | ![]() | Index | Sympathomimetics | ![]() | N/A | Under Epinephrine it states "for anaphylactic reaction, 114" but there is no mention of epinephrine's use in anaphylaxis on that page. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 03/05/19 12:56 PM | Jacob | Sieger | jsieger93@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1840 | 752.00 | Index | ![]() | Index | Seizures | ![]() | FA 2019 | "Ethosuximide" is incorrectly spelled as "Ethosuxamide" on pages 752 and page 789 (sub-entry under "Urticaria") | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 06/21/19 3:01 AM | Yolanda | Zhang | yolandazhang43@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1841 | 753 | Index | ![]() | Index | Fibromyalgia | ![]() | none (index error) | "Fibromuscular dysplasia, 303" does NOT appear on page 303 | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 02/06/19 9:34 PM | Claire | Donnelley | clairedonnelley@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1842 | 755 | Index | ![]() | Ophthalmology | Glaucoma | ![]() | Index | Index for glaucoma displayed wrong page number. FA2019 version should be 524 for glaucoma, not 242. On the same note, in terms of one-angle and close-angle, it should be 524. | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/09/19 11:58 PM | Tho | Nguyen | tnguyen27@kumc.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1843 | 758 | Index | ![]() | Index | Hepatitis viruses | ![]() | Page 683: Chronic hepatitis B or C | Hepatitis B treatment is referenced to page 684, when it is actually on page 683 | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 03/05/19 12:53 PM | Mara | Bezerko | marabezerko@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1844 | 758 | Index | ![]() | Index | Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia | ![]() | Not needed | Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is put as P.319 in the index when it should be P.312. And 676 should be added to HHT in the index as it is a rapid review case of HHT (check P.751 and notice how only Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome is put there, whereas in P.773, OWR syndrome is referred back to HHT) | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 04/18/19 4:02 AM | Abdulrahman | Al Kotob | abdulrahman.alkotob@lau.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1845 | 758 | Index | ![]() | Index | Vasculitides | ![]() | First Aid pg. 676 | Henoch-Schonlein purpura is erroneously listed as pg. 318, however it is actually on pg. 311 | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 01/13/19 7:10 AM | Alita | Teitz | alita.teitz@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1846 | 760 | Index | ![]() | Index | Hydralazine | ![]() | None | On p 760 within the index, under "Hydralazine", it says p. 311 and 319 however there is no mention of the drug on either of those pages, instead "Hydralazine" can be found on p. 313 | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 02/26/19 3:52 PM | Rich | Dowd | jrdowd4@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1847 | 763 | Index | ![]() | Index | Torsades de pointes | ![]() | none | The index states that Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome is on page 297, when it is actually on page 292. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 01/11/19 3:29 PM | Kelly | Olsen | kelly_olsen@med.unc.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1848 | 763 | Index | ![]() | Systems | Vasculitides | ![]() | na | fix page number for kawasaki disease to 310 and also rheumatic fever to 308 | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | Defer to 2020. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 02/17/19 5:09 PM | Sabrina | Tabone | sdtabone1@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1849 | 767 | Index | ![]() | Index | Polymyositis/dermatomyositis | ![]() | FA 2019 | Even though there are 2 index entries for "Mechanic's hands," there is no mention of it in the text | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 06/21/19 6:16 AM | Yolanda | Zhang | yolandazhang43@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1850 | 768 | Index | ![]() | Index | Hypertension treatment | ![]() | n/a | The index says that Minoxidil is on page 644 (respiratory notes page). I can't find minoxidil anywhere. | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 03/21/19 10:07 AM | Lisa-Qiao | MacDonald | llm012@jefferson.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1851 | 772 | Index | ![]() | Index | RNA viruses | ![]() | N/A | In the index under "Norovirus" in the first column, "medical importance" is spelled incorrectly. It is spelled "medical improtance" | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 03/10/19 8:36 PM | Cori | Fukushima | corinna_m_fukushima@rush.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1852 | 774 | Index | ![]() | Pathology | Personality | ![]() | - | On page 774, the index references "Paranoid Personality Disorder" as being on page 541, which is the title page for the Psychiatry section. From looking at the edition, I see that the "Paranoid Personality Disorders" section has been completely omitted, hence the index reference is quite misleading. I even checked the newer published index with corrections and it was still showing that said entry can be found on page 541. It took me some time of scouring around the section and book to realize there is no such entry, hence I would like to formally request you to remove it from the index. Thank you! | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 03/12/19 3:30 PM | Paridhi | Ghai | paridhighai94@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1853 | 774 | Index | ![]() | Index | Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors | ![]() | N/A | PDE-5 inhibitors are listed as being on page 644 on multiple occasions in the index, when they are really on page 643. | Clarification to current text | ![]() | ![]() | 03/24/19 4:07 PM | Jacob | Sieger | jsieger93@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1854 | 775 | Index | ![]() | Index | Drug reactions—musculoskeletal/skin/connective tissue | ![]() | n/a | Page 775 Penicillamine related myopathy is listed as page 250 but it's 249 | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 03/06/19 8:05 AM | Jumoke | Dickson | drfierce12@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1855 | 775 | Index | ![]() | Index | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | This entry for Pseudomonas aeruginosa is not listed alphebetically (it is between "Pes cavus" and "Petechiae"). It should be with the other Pseudomonas aeruginosa entry in the index on page 778. Also the sub-entry of "splenic dysfunction and, 98" may need to be removed because page 98 does not mention Pseudomonas aeruginosa explicitly. | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 03/24/19 11:02 AM | David | Sin | davidesin@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1856 | 778 | Index | ![]() | Index | Protein synthesis | ![]() | https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/24-4-protein-metabolism/ | Under the category of protein synthesis, "metaboilic site" is listed, this should be spelled correctly as metabolic site | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 01/09/19 1:17 AM | Alita | Teitz | alita.teitz@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1857 | 778 | Index | ![]() | Index | β-blockers | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search?search=Propanolol (link shows no results for "propanolol"; instead redirects to results for "propranolol") | The index has an entries for both "propanolol" and "propranolol"; however, the former appears to be a misspelling of the latter. This error is also present in older versions of First Aid as well as the revised index found online. | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 09/01/19 1:01 AM | Junu | Bae | junu.bae@osumc.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1858 | 779 | Index | ![]() | Index | Receptor binding | ![]() | Not needed | on page 779, it says receptors are on page 231 but they are actually on page 238 | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 01/05/19 7:47 PM | Janki | Panchmatia | jpanchma@nyit.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1859 | 780 | Index | ![]() | Index | Heart failure | ![]() | its on book | in index there is regadenoson, 307 but it should be 301 as the drug is on page 301 | Minor erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 05/22/19 8:25 AM | Manjil | Basnet | basnetmanjil@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1860 | 780 | Index | ![]() | Index | Paramyxoviruses | ![]() | None | Under the entry for “Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)” in the index, under its sub-entry “paramyxovirus," the correct page numbers should be 167, 169 (not 170) | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 06/12/19 12:27 AM | Yolanda | Zhang | yolandazhang43@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1861 | 781 | Index | ![]() | Index | Rheumatic fever | ![]() | n/a | The page reference for rheumatic fever says 314, it should be 308. | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 07/05/19 11:36 PM | Alex | Meilech | meilecha@email.arizona.edu | |||||||||||||||||
1862 | 781 | Index | ![]() | Index | Urinary tract infections | ![]() | None | Index says Sabouraud agar is found on pg 153 but there's no mention of this on pg 153. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 02/10/19 2:12 AM | Max | Sheng | mms199@case.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1863 | 785 | Index | ![]() | Index | Syphilitic heart disease | ![]() | N/A | Listed to be on page 315 in index but is found on page 309. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | Already addressed in index errata report. -Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/04/19 7:31 PM | Halley | Alberts | halley8236@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||||
1864 | 785 | Index | ![]() | Index | Triptans | ![]() | None | On p 785 within the index, under "Sumatriptan", "coronary vasospasm with" reads p 248 and it should be p 247 | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | ![]() | ![]() | 01/07/19 1:32 PM | Rich | Dowd | jrdowd4@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1865 | 788 | Index | ![]() | Index | Congenital cardiac defect associations | ![]() | N/A | In the index, Turner's Syndrome cardiac association is said to be found on page 303 but it is found on page 298. | Spelling/formatting | Agree with the student, the congenital cardiac defect associated with Turner's syndrome is found on page 298 instead of 303. -Victor Martinez | Staff accepts | Already addressed in index errata report. -Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/11/19 3:36 PM | Halley | Alberts | halley8236@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||
1866 | 789 | Index | ![]() | Index | Auscultation of the heart | ![]() | not needed | Valsalva maneuver is not in page 293 as it mentioned in the index | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 06/29/19 3:28 PM | Ra'ed | Ababneh | raedababneh@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1867 | 790 | Index | ![]() | Index | Vasculitides | ![]() | na | Vasculitis is listed to be found in pag 315 and 316; while they are actually in pg 310 and 311. It should also be changed to ''Vasculitides" in the index for consistency with how it's acknowledged in pg 310. | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 08/06/19 6:15 PM | Francisco | Duenas | francisco.duenasmd@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1868 | 791 | Index | ![]() | Index | Chromatolysis | ![]() | corrected page number | Wallerian degeneration mention as page number - 481 to be corrected to 483 ( correct page number) | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 10/04/19 11:28 AM | Ashwini | Mahadevaiah | ashwini_mahadev@yahoo.co.in | |||||||||||||||||
1869 | 791 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Anatomy and Physiology | Neurons | ![]() | First Aid 2019 | Information on Wallerian degeneration is actually on page 483, not 481 as implied by the 2019 index | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | User is correct. Index problem. - Humood | Yes agree, we can address it in 2020 revision. - Vivek | Correct. Definitely needs to be addressed during 2020 cycle. | Prelim accept but NOT publishable errata | ![]() | ![]() | 01/20/19 8:01 PM | B | Nguyen | brenda.m.nguyen@gmail.com | ||||||||||||
1870 | 791,756.00 | Index | ![]() | Pathology | Granulomatous inflammation | ![]() | USMLErx.com | Wegener granulomatosis is listed on pages 218 and 317. It is actually on page 311, not 317. This is a mistake on both pages 791/756. If you search wegeners (791) or granulomatosis with polyangitis (wegener) (756) | Spelling/formatting | ![]() | ![]() | 07/07/19 1:47 AM | Shelbie | Scharf | Shelbie828@hotmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1871 | 305 (it's in the 2018 version but the fact probably has not changed) | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Bacterial endocarditis | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/culture-negative-endocarditis-epidemiology-microbiology-and-diagnosis?search=culture%20negative%20endocarditis§ionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H6&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~43&display_rank=1#H6 | If culture negative most common are Coxiella and Bartonella. HACEK, however, do grow in cultures and don't cause culture negative IF.. | Major erratum | ![]() | ![]() | 09/23/19 2:05 AM | Gideon | Linden | gideon.linden@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1872 | 319-3 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pharmacology | Ivabradine | ![]() | I thought of this mnemonic myself. | IvaBRADIne affects FUNNY channels. BRADY Bunch is a FUNNY show. | Mnemonic | Verified | I like out IVabradine = phase "IV" much better than this. -Lilit | Reject. Hard to remember. - Huzaifa | ![]() | ![]() | 07/05/19 9:18 PM | Sina | Moridzadeh | sinamorid91@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||
1873 | 336 (2018 edition) | Endocrine | ![]() | Pathology | Hypothyroidism | ![]() | First Aid 2018 (2019 is in the mail now) | Riedel Thyroiditis presents with rock-hard goiter. I have always remembered this because of the movie, “Grease.” They rock at Riedel High. I have told this to multiple other students at my school and it has really seemed to help them. Figured I would let you all know and see if it could help other students out there. It would be a pretty quick one-liner to help remember the pathology. | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/05/19 1:28 PM | Zachary | Jodoin | zacharyjodoin@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||||
1874 | Index | Index | ![]() | Index | Cardiomyopathies | ![]() | not needed | I think the whole book's Index needs to be re-made, I've recorded too many errors to keep submitting errata. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | CVS is already addressed in index errata report and other section can addressed in 2020 revision. -Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/11/19 8:04 PM | Janki | Panchmatia | jpanchma@nyit.edu | |||||||||||||||
1875 | Index | Index | ![]() | Index | Heart failure | ![]() | n/a | The page numbers in the index are grossly incorrect -- often off by 6 or more pages. Which makes the entire index difficult to use. For instance paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is listed as page 312 but it on page 306. | Spelling/formatting | Staff accepts | Already addressed in index errata report. -Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 01/16/19 7:08 PM | Elizabeth | Albert | Elizabeth.beatrice@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||
1876 | n/a | Immunology | ![]() | Immune Responses | Immunodeficiencies | ![]() | n/a | To remember the x-linked immunodeficiencies more common in boys (Hyper IgM, Wiskott-Aldrich, CGD, Bruton's agammaglobulinemia ): Boys are Hyper When it Comes to Butts | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/13/19 1:04 AM | Nico | Bivona | nico.bivona@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1877 | P 48 | Biochemistry | ![]() | Cellular | Microtubule | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3972880/ | Dynein carries to the DNA | Mnemonic | Verified | ![]() | ![]() | 09/14/19 9:26 AM | Ana Luiza | Mapurunga Goncalves | Analuizamapurunga@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||
1878 | p. 203 | Microbiology | ![]() | Antimicrobials | HIV therapy | ![]() | uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-hiv-2-infection#H356294 " | On p.203, it is mentioned that "All ARTs are active against HIV-1 and HIV-2 with the exception of of NNRTIs", however, HIV-2 viruses are intrinsically resistant to both NNRTIs and Fusion inhibitors | Major erratum | Added as major erratum to annotate. Will likely eligible for acknowledgement. - Vivek | ![]() | ![]() | 09/25/19 4:12 PM | Sally | El Sammak | sjs24@mail.aub.edu | ||||||||||||||||
1879 | p. 594 | Renal | ![]() | Pharmacology | Loop diuretics | ![]() | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1117548/ | Loops are the BeFT to tx CHF symptomatology! (Bumetanide, ethacrynic acid (?), Furosemide, Torsemide) | Mnemonic | Verified | CHF drugs are discussed in great detail in the cardiovascular chapter. No need for a mnemonic in this chapter. -Lilit | ![]() | ![]() | 07/20/19 11:05 AM | Nicola | Duzak | nhampel@mail.sjsm.org | |||||||||||||||
1880 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | 03/08/19 11:49 PM | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1881 | 536 | Neurology and Special Senses | ![]() | Pharmacology | Parkinson disease drugs | ![]() | FA 2019, UWORLD QBANK, USMLE RX QBANK, KAPLAN QBANK, NBMEs, USMLE MEDBULLETS, WIKIPEDIA | Amantadine (↑ dopamine release, ↓ dopamine reuptake, NMDA-receptor antagonism); toxicity = peripheral edema, livedo reticularis, ataxia. Formerly prescribed as an antiviral medication against Influenza A (inhibits viral uncoating by binding to the M2 protein). | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 12/16/19 1:04 AM | Virginia | Alvarado-Jones | valvara2@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1882 | 564 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pharmacology | Opioid analgesics | ![]() | FA 2019, UWORLD QBANK, USMLE RX QBANK, KAPLAN QBANK, NBMEs, USMLE MEDBULLETS, WIKIPEDIA | Methadone Long-acting oral opiate used for heroin detoxification or long-term maintenance therapy. Additional NMDA-receptor antagonism effective for central, chronic, and neuropathic pain. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 12/16/19 1:11 AM | Virginia | Alvarado-Jones | valvara2@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1883 | 559 | Psychiatry | ![]() | Pharmacology | Psychoactive drug intoxication and withdrawal | ![]() | FA 2019, UWORLD QBANK, USMLE RX QBANK, KAPLAN QBANK, NBMEs, USMLE MEDBULLETS, WIKIPEDIA | Phencyclidine (PCP) Violence, impulsivity, psychomotor agitation, nystagmus, tachycardia, hypertension, analgesia, psychosis, delirium, seizures. Trauma is most common complication. NMDA-receptor antagonist. | High-yield addition to next year | ![]() | ![]() | 12/16/19 1:13 AM | Virginia | Alvarado-Jones | valvara2@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||
1884 | 308 | Cardiovascular | ![]() | Pathology | Acute pericarditis | ![]() | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-of-pericardial-disease?search=acute%20pericarditis%20causes&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~93&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H2638284 | Listed causes of Acute Pericarditis: Radiation therapy, Idiopathic, Infectious, Neoplasm, Uremia, and Cardiovascular (Post-MI) could be remembered as RAIIN Umbrella/Coat | Mnemonic | ![]() | ![]() | 12/16/19 2:14 AM | Skyler | Harrison | Sharr013@ucr.edu |