2019 FA Step 1 Proposed Errata & Su...

	Page #	Chapter	Section	Fact Name	Supporting Reference(s)	Main Comment	Submission type	Date Submitted
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1	34	Biochemistry	Molecular	Chromatin structure	N/A	Heterochromatin --> column 2 --> Barr bodies (INACTIVATED X chromosomes) - Not inactivate X chromosomes	Spelling/formatting	01/01/19 11:34 AM
2	35	Biochemistry	Molecular	Nucleotides	FA 2019 Page 35	Why (-1 ring ) is colored in red?	Spelling/formatting	01/06/19 5:33 AM
3	35	Biochemistry	Molecular	Nucleotides	aaa	Purines (A, G); 2 rings -- PURe As Gold; Exchange 2 gold Rings in a wedding	Mnemonic	03/01/19 5:26 AM
4	36	Biochemistry	Molecular	De novo pyrimidine and purine synthesis	http://tmedweb.tulane.edu/pharmwiki/doku.php/proguanil https://www.uptodate.com/contents/antimalarial-drugs-an-overview#H14	Add proguanil (anti-malarial) to list list of medications that inhibit dihydrofolate reductase.	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 12:52 AM
5	37	Biochemistry	Molecular	Genetic code features	https://www.ugg.com/men-footwear/	Add mnemonic "when you wear your UGG, you Tryp (trip; for Tryptophan)" to remember that UGG codes for tryptophan and that it is an exception to the Degenerate/Redundant feature of the genetic code	Mnemonic	02/08/19 10:45 AM
6	38	Biochemistry	Molecular	DNA replication	Mnemonic	"2 'sides' to every 1 coin ['can']" hint for Etoposide/teniposide inhibit TOP II and irinotecan/topotecan inhibit TOP I. This can also be placed on page 434	Mnemonic	01/09/19 6:30 AM
7	38	Biochemistry	Molecular	DNA replication	Mnemonic	FlUORoquinolones inhibit TOP IV(4).	Mnemonic	01/12/19 7:15 AM
8	38	Biochemistry	Molecular	DNA replication	Mnemonic	To remember that DNA Polymerase reads DNA 3’ to 5’ and DNA is synthesized 5’ to 3’ write out the words “reads” and “synthesized” but replace every letter “E” with the number “3” and every “S” with the number “5”. This works both for prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication and synthesis. Clarifying image attached.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 8:28 PM
9	38	Biochemistry	Molecular	DNA replication	Mneumonic	DNA polymerase III (III, red color) proofreads with 3' (3, red color) --> 5' exonuclease. DNA I (I, red color) degrades RNA primer (prime, red color)	Mnemonic	02/19/19 12:51 AM
10	39	Biochemistry	Molecular	Mutations in DNA	N/A	In the image provided for "Mutations in DNA", the silent mutation coding DNA (GAA) is the same as the mRNA codon (GAA). This would be a correct translation... not a silent mutation.	Minor erratum	02/16/19 2:53 PM
11	40	Biochemistry	Molecular	DNA repair	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16238440	Fanconi Anemia is given as example under "homologous recombination", it is actually an example of "Non-Homologous End Joining" repair mechanism.	Minor erratum	01/16/19 9:09 AM
12	40	Biochemistry	Molecular	DNA repair	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining	NHEJ is also defective in many forms of SCID.	High-yield addition to next year	01/20/19 6:06 PM
13	41	Biochemistry	Molecular	Protein synthesis	Mnemonic	The directionality of protein synthesis proceeds from the amino (N) terminus to the carboxy (C) terminus. This can be remembered by “proteiNs are Created N → C terminus"	Mnemonic	03/01/19 7:43 AM
14	42	Biochemistry	Molecular	RNA polymerases	It's Mnemonic	Actinomycin *D* (also known as *D*actinomycin) inhibits RNA polymerase in *D*ual (both) prokaryotes and eukaryotes.	Mnemonic	01/12/19 8:13 AM
15	42	Biochemistry	Genetics	Splicing of pre-mRNA	mnemonic for existing material in book	GULAG - A mnemonic for the sequences at either end of an intron: FU at 3' end and AG at 5' end. The L stands for Lariat/Loop.	Mnemonic	02/07/19 8:25 AM
16	44	Biochemistry	Molecular	tRNA	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6236/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848691/ ;and also UWorld	In the diagram explaining the structure of a tRNA, the acceptor stem is incorrectly labeled; it should include the whole length of the vertical 3' end attached to the T arm (so basically the CCA end is only part of the acceptor stem)	Minor erratum	03/08/19 5:45 PM
17	46	Biochemistry	Cellular	Cell cycle phases	https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2443.1996.d01-234.x	EPO is Non-receptor tyrosine kinase, while insulin, PDGF, EGF are receptor tyrosine kinase of the family tyrosine kinases.	Minor erratum	02/06/19 6:26 AM
18	47	Biochemistry	Cellular	Cell trafficking	https://www.uniprot.org/locations/SL-0075	COPI transports from Golgi -> Endoplasmic Reticulum (currently says from Golgi -> Golgi)	Minor erratum	01/11/19 11:19 AM
19	47	Biochemistry	Cellular	Peroxisome	not needed	Zellweger syndrome: Renee Zellweger has WEAK PEX (hypotonia; PEX gene mutation) and SEIZES (seizures) big livers (hepatomegaly); Refsum disease: ALPHA (alpha-oxidation disorder) males are PHYTAN A LOT (buildup of phytanic acid) because the REF's SON (Refsum) made the team but is CLUMSY (ataxia) and CAN'T SEE (cataracts/night blindness); Adrenoleukodystrophy: ß-A-L-D for ß-oxidation	Mnemonic	01/02/19 1:06 PM
20	48	Biochemistry	Cellular	Microtubule	nature.com/subjects/dynein	Tie-Dye is retro: Tie-Dye (dynein) in Retro(grade)	Mnemonic	02/24/19 3:41 PM
21	49	Biochemistry	Cellular	Sodium-potassium pump	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2949520/	The cardiac glycosides activate the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger which results in the exit of 3 Na+ ions and the entry of 1 Ca2+ ion	Minor erratum	03/09/19 5:26 PM
22	50	Biochemistry	Cellular	Collagen synthesis and structure	none needed	Hosts Give Partygoers Champagne at their SOIREE. Each of the four first words corresponds with the step in collagen synthesis that has an associated deficiency/syndrome. SOIREE corresponds with the first letter in the associated problem. Hosts (hydroxylation) Give (glycosylation) Partygoers (proteolytic processing) Champagne (cross-linking) at their SOIREE (scurvy, osteogenesis imperfecta, SKIP step 4 (R), Ehlers-Danlos, Ehlers-Danlos and Menkes)	Mnemonic	03/10/19 5:23 PM
23	51	Biochemistry	Cellular	Menkes disease	It's Mnemonic	Menkes protein (ATP7A ,vs ATP7B in Wilson) --->M precedes W and A precedes B alphabetically ,so " Menkes =ATP7A ,,Wilson =ATP7B".	Mnemonic	01/12/19 8:36 AM
24	51	Biochemistry	Cellular	Menkes disease	not required	Please see attachment: W=copper goes up, M=copper goes down	Mnemonic	02/04/19 9:06 PM
25	55	Biochemistry	Laboratory Techniques	Fluorescence in situ hybridization	N/A	Second to last line states "(two blue arrows...)" but the arrows are not blue. Irrelevant wording.	Spelling/formatting	01/22/19 8:22 PM
26	55	Biochemistry	Genetics	Molecular cloning	Webster-Miriam Dictionary	Step two should say Add "reverse" transcriptase, not Add "reserve" transcriptase	Spelling/formatting	02/14/19 2:06 AM
27	56	Biochemistry	Genetics	Genetic terms	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/li-fraumeni-syndrome?search=li%20fraumeni&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~40&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Li-Fraumenia syndrome is listed as an example of loss of heterozygosity but more often functions as a dominant negative mutation as having one mutant allele creates 1/16th functional proteins in the final tetramer.	Minor erratum	01/08/19 9:02 AM
28	57	Biochemistry	Genetics	Genetic terms	www.Uworld.com	Heteroplasmy definition: It says ".....resulting in variable expression in mitochondrially inherited disease"............. UWorld says "Variable Expression is not a feature of Mitochondrial diseases" in QID: 596 Choice D, last line.	Major erratum	01/12/19 8:06 PM
29	57	Biochemistry	Genetics	Mutations in DNA	N/A	McCune-Albright Syndrome =3 "P"s: "P" recocious puberty, "P"igmentation, "P"olyostotic fibrous dysplasia	Mnemonic	01/28/19 3:50 PM
30	58	Biochemistry	Genetics	Disorders of imprinting	Mneumonic	AngelMan has no Mama. The M in AngelMan helps think of deletion in the allele of the Mother V	Mnemonic	01/24/19 11:13 AM
31	59	Biochemistry	Genetics	Fragile X syndrome	Fact Sheet 54| FRAGILE X SYNDROME This fact sheet ... PDFwww.genetics.edu.au › fact-sheet-54-frag...	According to Harrison'' Principles of Internal Medicine -20th edition page 3363, Fragile X syndrome is classified as X linked Recessive, Robbins Pathology latest edition also says it as X linked Recessive. Wikipedia says XD but both these books says XR. I am not sure about the error	Minor erratum	02/07/19 6:15 AM
32	59	Biochemistry	Genetics	Modes of inheritance	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mitochondrial-myopathies-clinical-features-and-diagnosis?search=gomori&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~20&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	Better classification of Mitocondrial diseases: add Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) and Leigh syndrome, and also the stain often used for diagnosis : GOMORI THRICOME STAIN	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 9:50 PM
33	60	Biochemistry	Genetics	Cystic fibrosis	https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB08820	Indication for Ivacaftor - not approved for patients with a Phe508 deletion UNLESS it's given in combination with lumacaftor. Indicated as monotherapy for other CF mutations, most notably, G551D, where the number of CFTRs is fine, but they just don't open enough.	Clarification to current text	12/27/18 6:39 PM
34	60	Biochemistry	Genetics	Cystic fibrosis	Found on update here: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cystic-fibrosis-assessment-and-management-of-pancreatic-insufficiency?search=cystic%20fibrosis%20treatment&source=search_result&selectedTitle=6~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=6#H9 and tested on in multiple UWorld questions	Treatment for Cystic Fibrosis includes pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) to correct for pancreatic insufficiency.	High-yield addition to next year	01/30/19 5:14 AM
35	60	Biochemistry	Genetics	Cystic fibrosis	simple illustration attached	"defect in CFTR gene on chromosome 7"; Write CFTR as "C7TF" (where 7 is a laterally inverted image of F)	Mnemonic	03/02/19 5:07 PM
36	62	Biochemistry	Genetics	Rett syndrome	mnemonic from my brain	Stereotyped hand-wringing (Rett-ers cramp)	Mnemonic	01/19/19 9:06 AM
37	63	Biochemistry	Genetics	Autosomal trisomies	Genetics: Glossary of terms - UpToDate	Nondisjunction in meiosis illustration: Replacing the words "Trisomy" with "Heterodisomy" and "Isodisomy" as specified in the attachment.	Minor erratum	01/02/19 11:41 AM
38	63	Biochemistry	Genetics	Autosomal trisomies	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25412855	<2% of cases of Down Syndrome are due to mosaicism.	High-yield addition to next year	01/25/19 5:24 PM
39	63	Biochemistry	Pathology	Genetic terms	Uworld	"DITCH" down syndrome for all the GI abnormalities listed in Uworld for trisomy 21 (D)Deuodenal atresia (most common) (I)Imperforate anus, (T)Transeophageal fistula ,(C)Celiacs Disease, (H)Hischsprungs disease	Mnemonic	02/06/19 3:23 PM
40	64	Biochemistry	Genetics	Cri-du-chat syndrome	It's Mnemonic	*Cri du* - CHat =*5 letters * - CHromosome 5	Mnemonic	01/11/19 10:58 AM
41	64	Biochemistry	Genetics	Cri-du-chat syndrome	mnemonic	Cats are born with closed eyes (think epicanthal folds), have so cute paws like 5 fingers (think chromosome 5), your heart melts (VSD)	Mnemonic	03/02/19 5:17 PM
42	65	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamins: water soluble	My brain	Proposed mnemonic for sorting B vitamins in order. TRN-PPB-FC "The RN - Placed Patient Bobs - Foley Catheter" Where there is a dash, the number skips. This covered B1-12 in order. I made this and have found it useful to keep the numbers straight with the names of the B vitamins.	Mnemonic	01/05/19 11:56 AM
43	66	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin B1	N/A	"ATP BReakdown" for the four enzymes. Combination of 2018 and 2019 since Be APT is awkward. A=Alpha-ketoglutarate, T=Transketolase, P=Pyruvate, BR=BRanched-chain ketoacid (also reminds you of glucose BReakdown). All together reminds you that it is a loss of ATP due to impaired glucose breakdown.	Mnemonic	01/23/19 4:36 PM
44	67	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin B3	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-gout?search=podagra&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	Podagra is not an excess of vitamin B3. Podagra is a manifestation of gout, literally meaning "painful toe." The book implies that an excess of B3 is called podagra, in parallel to how a deficiency of B3 causes pellagra. Rather, an excess of B3 can increase the risk of podagra (gout).	Clarification to current text	12/24/18 12:41 PM
45	67	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin B5	none	I remember that Vitamin B5 is pantothenic acid because it sounds like "pento-thenic acid" and pento means 5	Mnemonic	03/04/19 12:24 PM
46	69	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin C	n/a	Bold the 'C' in 'Vitamin C', and also bold/capitalize the 'C' in sCurvy.	Mnemonic	01/28/19 3:56 AM
47	69	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin C	Mnemonic	To remember which charged state of iron (Fe2+ or Fe3+) can and cannot be readily absorbed, use your fingers to represent each charge. Fe2+ = two fingers = peace sign = good; Fe2+ is readily absorbed. Fe3+ = three fingers = “read between the lines” = bad; Fe3+ cannot be absorbed.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 10:29 PM
48	69	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin C	Mnemonic	Fe3+ can be reduced by Vitamin C, the 3rd letter in the alphabet. Color coded image attached.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 10:34 PM
49	70	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin E	It's Mnemonic	*E*xcess of Vitamin *E* increases risk of *E*nterocolitis in *E*nfants (infants).\ Highlight in red letter "E".	Mnemonic	01/11/19 7:50 AM
50	70	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin E	It's Mnemonic	vitamin *E* ---> High-dose supplementation may alter metabolism of vitamin K : *E*nhanced anticoagulant effects of warfarin.	Mnemonic	01/11/19 7:58 AM
51	72	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Ethanol metabolism	On the same page, next to the diagram, it says " Fasting hypoglycemia - decreased gluconeogenesis due to INCREASED OAA --> malate', which is correct	The DIAGRAM doesn't match with the caption. The diagram shows "decreased" OAA but it should be shown as "increased" OAA	Minor erratum	03/03/19 3:05 PM
52	76	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex	You know this	I have a better way for remembering the 5 cofactors (please see the attached picture). “The FAmous Nerds Like CoenzymeA” goes in order (B1 thiamine pyrophosphate, B2 FAD riboflavin, B3 NAD niacin, Lipoic acid (and the L can be seen in part of the strokes for the number “4”), B5 CoA pantothenic acid	Mnemonic	01/12/19 1:27 PM
53	78	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation	It's Mnemonic	thermogenin in b*r*own fat (has mo*r*e mitochondria than white fat).	Mnemonic	01/11/19 8:09 AM
54	78	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation	It's Mnemonic	N*O* ATP is produced because electron transport st*O*ps ----> *O*ligomycin	Mnemonic	01/11/19 8:15 AM
55	80	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Disorders of galactose metabolism	http://www.jbc.org/content/280/7/5510.full	The metabolic pathway for galactose has an incorrect abbreviation for UDP-Glu when referencing glucose bound to UDP. The abbreviation for glucose is Glc, not Glu (glutamate), so the correct term to use is UDP-Glc.	Minor erratum	03/03/19 9:15 AM
56	81	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Amino acids	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_amino_acid	There are 5 Glucogenic/ketogenic amino acid: Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan, Threonine (some don't recognize it as ketogenic)	Major erratum	02/14/19 1:49 AM
57	82	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Urea cycle	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allosteric_regulation#Essential_activators	N-acetylglutamate is an OBLIGATE/ ESSENTIAL allosteric activator of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I. Unlike allosteric activators, which induce enzymatic activity, obligate activators are required for enzymatic activity.	Clarification to current text	03/11/19 2:51 AM
58	83	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Catecholamine synthesis/tyrosine catabolism	N/A	A mnemonic for remembering the order of catecholamine synthesis I use is "tldr". Tyrosine --> L-dopa --> Dopamine --> noRepinephrine. You can also expand it if you want: "Please TLDR Ever" = Phenylalanine --> Tyrosine --> L-dopa --> Dopamine --> noRepinephrine --> Epinephrine	Mnemonic	03/04/19 12:58 PM
59	84	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Alkaptonuria	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/941530-overview#a5	first aid says: "Congenital deficiency of homogentisate oxidase in the degradative pathway of tyrosine to fumarate".	Major erratum	01/25/19 6:02 AM
60	85	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Glycogen regulation by insulin and glucagon/epinephrine	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5195864/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylase_kinase	Glycogen phosphorylase kinase has calmodulin as one of its subunits. Therefore calcium binds directly to the enzyme and activates it. Furthermore, calcium is released from the endoplasmic reticulum in both muscle contraction and a1 receptor stimulation. This relationship can be summarized with the following arrows: Muscle contraction or a1 receptor stimulation -> Ca2+ (from endoplasmic reticulum) -> glycogen phosphorylase kinase (has calmodulin subunit). In the current graph in the book, the following sequence of arrows “calcium released from the endoplasmic reticulum -> Ca2+-calmodulin complex -> glycogen phosphorylase kinase” is conceptually wrong and unnecessary, as it is already shown with an arrow that calcium directly activates glycogen phosphorylase kinase.	Major erratum	01/07/19 1:45 AM
61	86	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Glycogen	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glycogen-debrancher-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease-iii	Glycogen debrancher is an enzyme with two catalytic activities (as already stated in the text). Cori disease is caused by congenital deficiency of glycogen debrancher, therefore none of these catalytic activities would occur. Thus, both steps 5 & 6 are inhibited (not only step 6).	Major erratum	01/07/19 1:51 AM
62	86	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Glycogen	1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextrin. "Depolymerization of glycogen by phosphorylase halts when glycogen branches have been reduced to two to four linked glucose molecules (limit dextrins). Glycogen debrancher enzyme has two catalytic activities. One is the cleavage of a dextrin branch from the remaining glycogen molecule (amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity). The other is the transfer of the dextrin to the free end of a dextran polymer (oligo-1,4-1,4-glucanotransferase activity). The transferred dextrin may then be further depolymerized by phosphorylase." 2. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glycogen-debrancher-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease-iii	Limit dextrin refers to 2-4 residues, not 1-4. The smallest form of a dextrin is a disaccharide.	Major erratum	01/07/19 1:55 AM
63	87	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Glycogen storage diseases	1. Already mentioned in the book on page 86, 2. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glycogen-debrancher-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease-iii	Cori disease is caused by glycogen debrancher deficiency, which has two catalytic activites (not only a-1,6-glucosidase).	Minor erratum	01/07/19 1:59 AM
64	87	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Glycogen storage diseases	1. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/7864/glycogen-storage-disease-type-1a, 2. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glucose-6-phosphatase-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease-i-von-gierke-disease, 3. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PEDS%2F54417	Von Gierke disease refers to the most common subtype of glycogen storage disease type 1, termed 1A, that is caused by glucose-6-phoshatase deficiency. Type 1B is caused by G6P transporter deficiency and is NOT termed Von Gierke disease.	Minor erratum	01/07/19 2:01 AM
65	87	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Glycogen storage diseases	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glycogen-branching-enzyme-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease-iv-andersen-disease	Differentiate Cori disease (GSD 3) from Andersen disease (GSD 4). A-B/C-D. Andersen- Branching enzyme/ Cori- Debranching enzyme	Mnemonic	03/02/19 8:14 AM
66	88	Biochemistry	Miscellaneous	Lysosomal storage diseases	N/A	Tay-Sachs and Niemann-Pick both have 2 parts in their names just like Cherry-Red which is present in both of them	Mnemonic	01/04/19 3:26 AM
67	88	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Lysosomal storage diseases	First Aid 2019	What is deficient and accumulated in Gaucher Disease? Gaucher = Groucher and needs sugar (glucose/glucocerebrosidase and glucocerebroside) What is deficient and accumulated in Krabbe disease? The krab is part of astrology/celestial galaxy signs, thus (galactocerebrosidae and galactocerebroside)	Mnemonic	03/12/19 12:37 PM
68	89	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Fatty acid metabolism	First Aid 2019 pg 73.	The rate determining enzyme for Fatty acid synthesis is Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (which is listed on pg 73). However it is not listed in the diagrams on page 89 and 74 despite its cofactor Biotin being listed.	High-yield addition to next year	01/25/19 3:15 PM
69	93	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Key enzymes in lipid transport	per figure in page 92	Hepatic lipase; degrades TGs remaining in IDL and "Chylomicron remnants"	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 6:36 PM
70	93	Immunology	Lymphoid Structures	Lymphatic drainage associations	First Aid 2017 Material	Para-Aortic Lymph Nodes - "you have a PAIR OF(para) testes, ovaries, kidneys"	Mnemonic	02/07/19 3:49 PM
71	93	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Major apolipoproteins	https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.rosalindfranklin.edu/contents/image?imageKey=PC%2F112742&topicKey=PC%2F4560&search=hdl&source=outline_link&selectedTitle=1~150	Currently, it is listed that the B-100 apolipoprotein is only on particles originating from the liver. However, HDL is synthesized in the liver and doesn’t contain B-100 which would contradict this statement.	Clarification to current text	01/16/19 4:27 PM
72	96	Immunology	Lymphoid Structures	Lymph node	Not needed	Replace the term "Postcapillary venule" with "High endothelial venule" in the lymph node schematic. High endothelial venules are mentioned in the text but not in the schematic. This can lead to confusion.	Clarification to current text	01/07/19 2:08 AM
73	96	Immunology	Lymphoid Structures	Lymph node	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1892634/	Medulla consists of medullary cords (closely packed lymphocytes and plasma cells) must be changed to (closely packed B lymphocytes and plasma cells)	Minor erratum	01/07/19 1:56 PM
74	98	Immunology	Lymphoid Structures	Spleen	Myself	9 10 11, keep the spleen livin	Mnemonic	02/22/19 7:36 AM
75	98	Immunology	Lymphoid Structures	Thymus	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16121185	text says; Medulla is pale with Mature T cells and Hassall corpuscles. I recommend adding "Hassall Corpuscles have lymphopoietin important for maturing T cells". And to add mnemonic "Thymus Medulla goes through the hassle (Hassall) to "Mature T cells utilizing lymphopoietin"	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 7:11 PM
76	100	Immunology	Cellular	HLA subtypes associated with diseases	It's Mnemonic	Psoriasis (there is a s*C*ale lession) --->HLA subtype *C* .	Mnemonic	01/05/19 2:53 PM
77	100	Immunology	Cellular	HLA subtypes associated with diseases	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29072309	In psoriasis, add the specific HLA-C allele that is strongly associated with the disease. All people have HLA-C in their genome. The specific allele that is associated with psoriasis is HLA-Cw6.	High-yield addition to next year	01/07/19 2:13 AM
78	100	Immunology	Cellular	HLA subtypes associated with diseases	It's Mnemonic	Psoriasis(Psoriati*C*) --->HLA subtype *C* .	Mnemonic	01/13/19 1:18 PM
79	100	Immunology	Immune Responses	HLA subtypes associated with diseases	Toxicity of NRTIs - First Aid 2019 Pg-203; Its good to have this fact together with the other HLA associated disorders.	HLA-B*5701 - Increased risk of Hypersensitivity with Abacavir (Anti RetroViral)	High-yield addition to next year	01/26/19 9:52 PM
80	100	Immunology	Cellular	HLA subtypes associated with diseases	https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra0808284?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed	T1DM also has a strong association with HLA DQ2 and DQ8. This is the reason patient with T1DM are at high risk for developing celiac disease (which is also associated with HLA DQ2 and 8) and the ADA recommends screening all patients T1DM for celiac disease once.	High-yield addition to next year	02/14/19 10:33 PM
81	100	Immunology	Immune Responses	HLA subtypes associated with diseases	n/a	A better Mnemonic for DR2 associated disease is "DRive 2 multiple hay pastures."	Mnemonic	03/01/19 7:45 AM
82	101	Immunology	Cellular	Differentiation of T cells	As per information on p. 102	Minor change to diagram. For Th17: add inhibited by IFN-gamma and IL-4. For Treg: add inhibited by IL-6.	Spelling/formatting	01/20/19 5:57 PM
83	101	Immunology	Cellular	Differentiation of T cells	Mnemonic	To remember which section of the thymus (cortex or medulla) is involved in positive vs negative T cell selection, think of the letter “t” as a plus sign (+) and the letter “l” as a minus sign (-). Clarifying image attached.	Mnemonic	02/10/19 9:39 AM
84	102	Immunology	Cellular	Cytotoxic T cells	https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2010/764542/	They also fight against intracellular Listeria	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 7:13 PM
85	102	Immunology	Lymphocytes	Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7751026	Macrophages, dendritic cells, and other APCs release IL-12, which stimulates T cells to differentiate into Th1 subtype. Th1 cells secrete IFN-gamma, which enhances the ability of monocytes and macrophages to kill microbes they ingest. This function is also enhanced by interaction of T cell CD40L with CD40 on macrophage. (This also explains how macrophages favour differentiation into Th1)	Clarification to current text	01/27/19 2:38 AM
86	105	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunoglobulin isotypes	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-humoral-immune-response	Maternal IgG starts to wane by birth and is almost completely gone by 6 months of age. It does not "start to wane after 6 months". As it is stated on page 110, the half-life of preformed antibodies is around 3 weeks.	Major erratum	01/07/19 2:17 AM
87	106	Immunology	Immune Responses	Complement	-	C5b activates MAC mnemonic: Big-MAC; B from Big is to remember it's C5b not C5a	Mnemonic	01/20/19 4:47 PM
88	107	Immunology	Physiology	Complement disorders	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC15187/	"decay-acclerating factor" should be replaced with "decay-accelerating factor"	Spelling/formatting	12/23/18 10:07 PM
89	107	Immunology	Pharmacology	Complement disorders	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ace-inhibitor-induced-angioedema?search=kallikrein%20inhibitor&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~22&usage_type=default&display_rank=4 - https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ace-inhibitor-induced-angioedema?search=kallikrein%20inhibitor&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~22&usage_type=default&display_rank=4	Benefit in the treatment of ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema: ECALLANTIDE : recombinant protein that inhibits plasma kallikrein.	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 11:06 PM
90	109	Immunology	Immune Responses	Respiratory burst (oxidative burst)	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-granulomatous-disease-pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=chronic%20granulomatous%20disease&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~117&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Under respiratory burst diagram it states that "phagocytes of patients with CGD can utilize H2O2" when it should be cannot utilize H2O2.	Minor erratum	01/25/19 4:28 PM
91	111	Immunology	Immune Responses	Vaccination	It's Mnemonic	*in*activated vaccine = typhoid (V*i* polysaccharide, *in*tramuscular).	Mnemonic	01/05/19 3:28 PM
92	111	Immunology	Immune Responses	Vaccination	Plotkin SA, Cam NB. A New Typhoid Vaccine Composed of the Vi Capsular Polysaccharide. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155(21):2293–2299. doi:10.1001/archinte.1995.00430210041007	The Vi typhoid vaccine is a subunit vaccine NOT an inactivated vaccine. Since it is composed of a capsular polysaccharide antigen and not the whole inactivated bacterium, it is by definition a subunit vaccine (similar to strep pneumo and H. influenza).	Minor erratum	02/07/19 10:52 AM
93	113	Immunology	Immune Responses	Hypersensitivity types	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-antiretroviral-agents-used-to-treat-hiv?search=HLAB57%20ABACAVIR&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~70&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 AND UWORLD	Type IV hypersensitivity reaction EXAMPLES: 1- TOUCH Contact dermatitis (poison,ivy,sumac,latex,nickel) 2- TRANSPLANT: graft vs host disease 3- TESTS : PPD (tuberculosis infection) ; IGRAS (Interferon gamma release assay); Abacavir HLAB57 hypersensitivity (100%NPV); Patch test (cause of contact dermatitis),T CELL FUNCTION: Candida extract (T cell inmune function)	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 11:41 PM
94	114	Immunology	Immune Responses	Blood transfusion reactions	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206885-overview https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?csi=e6afcaee-c28c-4e19-ab8d-320cbfd6a359&source=contentShare&imageKey=HEME%2F94399 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/immunologic-transfusion-reactions?csi=cf86246a-4478-4dfa-8128-e266eefc2666&source=contentShare	Allergic/anaphylactic transfusion reactions do NOT present with fever, contrary to what the "clinical presentation" column says.	Minor erratum	01/10/19 4:42 PM
95	114	Immunology	Immune Responses	Blood transfusion reactions	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-in-adults?search=DIC%20causes&sectionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H255175&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#H255175	Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction often present as DIC; as intravascular hemolysis is one of the causes of DIC.	High-yield addition to next year	01/16/19 2:27 PM
96	115	Immunology	Immune Responses	Autoantibodies	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-hashimotos-thyroiditis-chronic-autoimmune-thyroiditis	In Hashimoto thyroiditis, antimicrosomal & antithyroid peroxidase refer to the same antibody. Put one of them in a parenthesis next to the other one so this becomes clear. The way it is currently written can lead somebody to falsely believe that they are different antibodies.	Clarification to current text	01/07/19 2:19 AM
97	115	Immunology	Immune Responses	Autoantibodies	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-of-celiac-disease-in-adults	In celiac disease, anti-tissue transglutaminase could also be IgG. This is useful because the IgG autoantibodies are used for the diagnosis of celiac disease in selective IgA deficiency.	High-yield addition to next year	01/07/19 2:21 AM
98	115	Immunology	Immune Responses	Autoantibodies	Uworld, Becker Q bank, USMLE First Aid	Should add to the list: Autoantibody: "Anti-myelin antibodies"; Associated Disorder: "Multiple Sclerosis"	High-yield addition to next year	01/26/19 2:18 PM
99	116	Index	Index	22q11 deletion syndromes	N/A	DiGeorge syndrome is not listed in the index. Thymic aplasia is there but many people will be looking for DiGeorge.	Minor erratum	02/19/19 2:14 PM
100	116	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunodeficiencies	USMLE-Rx (QID: 3718.10); https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1050956-treatment	Treatment: IVIG; bone marrow transplant is not curative (differentiation of B cells would still not occur).	High-yield addition to next year	01/01/19 5:32 PM
101	116	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunodeficiencies	not needed	Highlight 22 in "22q11" to match mnemonic "CATCH-22".	Spelling/formatting	01/05/19 3:34 PM
102	116	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunodeficiencies	1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mendelian-susceptibility-to-mycobacterial-diseases-specific-defects, 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4357480/	I suggest renaming the IL-12 deficiency entry to Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD, mentioned on page 102 as well). IL-12 is the most common cause of MSMD (>50% of cases). Also list some other defects, especially INF-gamma receptor deficiency (seen it MULTIPLE times on different NBMEs and in UWorld).	High-yield addition to next year	01/07/19 2:24 AM
103	117	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunodeficiencies	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/137015-overview	Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: Mutation in WAS gene - should be WASp	Spelling/formatting	02/12/19 2:32 PM
104	117	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunodeficiencies	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ataxia-telangiectasia?search=radiation%20ataxia%20telangiectasia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Hypersensitivity to radiation cause multiple Double strand DNA breaks . Instead of what is in the book , just to clarify .	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 11:27 PM
105	117	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunodeficiencies	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/137015-overview	The mnemonic WATER is already used for the symptoms of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. It is useful to point out that the A and E in it can also be used to memorize that IgA and IgE are increased in this disease.	Mnemonic	03/03/19 6:01 AM
106	119	Immunology	Immune Responses	Transplant rejection	N/A	GVHD row, last column, line 9, the word "transfusion" is miss-spelled.	Spelling/formatting	12/22/18 8:12 AM
107	119	Immunology	Immune Responses	Transplant rejection	http://tpis.upmc.com/tpislibrary/kidney/KHAcuRej.html, also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis	to add "Fibrinoid" necrosis under the hyperacute rejection	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 5:54 PM
108	120	Immunology	Pharmacology	Immunosuppressants	Self-made mnemonic	Basiliximab mnemonic: The basilisk is in the 2nd Harry Potter movie (IL-2), when it bites someone they get scared (hypertension), swell up (edema), and shake in fear (tremor).	Mnemonic	02/11/19 1:44 PM
109	120	Immunology	Immunosuppressants	Immunosuppressants	minor missing detail in 2019 First Aid Text	Missing Daclizumab on page/column with Basiliximab. It is in previous versions but was left out in 2019 version. Despite this it is still found in the Index and refers to page 120.	Minor erratum	02/22/19 5:21 PM
110	121	Immunology	Immunosuppressants	Recombinant cytokines and clinical uses	It's Mnemonic	IFN-*β* --->Multiple sclerosis(demyelination of CNS (*B*rain and spinal cord)).\Highlight "β and letter B in Brain".	Mnemonic	01/02/19 2:08 PM
111	121	Immunology	Immunosuppressants	Recombinant cytokines and clinical uses	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-applications-of-thrombopoietic-growth-factors?search=oprelvekin&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~38&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	INTERLEUKIN - 11: AGENT: Oprelvekin MECANISM: stimulates megakaryocyte growth in vitro and increases platelet production in vivo CLINICAL USES: ly reduced the extent of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia and the need for platelet transfusions ADVERSE EFFECTS: luid retention with dilutional anemia, peripheral edema, pleural effusions, and atrial arrhythmias	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 11:57 PM
112	122	Immunology	Immunosuppressants	Therapeutic antibodies	It's Mnemonic	E is the 5th letter alphabetically -->Eculizumab Complement protein C*5* .	Mnemonic	01/13/19 1:14 PM
113	124	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Bacterial structures	Not needed.	Last sentence in the second column which reads ‘Lipoteichoic acid (gram positive) only extend from membrane to exterior.’ should read ‘’Lipoteichoic acids (gram positive only) extend from membrane to exterior.’	Spelling/formatting	01/01/19 8:14 AM
114	125	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Pleomorphic bacteria	My brain	CREAM does not have a shape	Mnemonic	01/12/19 6:50 PM
115	125	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Stains	NA	Primarily Intracellular Organisms Mnemonic: REAL intra-Cellular Body i.e. Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia, Bartonella	Mnemonic	01/22/19 2:25 AM
116	126	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Special culture requirements	menmonic only	mnemonic for culture media: Charcoa*L* for *L*egione*ll*a	Mnemonic	01/04/19 8:39 AM
117	126	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Special culture requirements	mnemonic only	mnemonic for culture media: Thayer-Marti*N*for *N*eisseria.	Mnemonic	01/04/19 8:40 AM
118	127	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Bordetella pertussis	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4264864/	Bordetella Pertussis has a capsule and should be added to the Encapsulated bacteria	Clarification to current text	03/10/19 9:49 PM
119	128	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Catalase-positive organisms	I made this mnemonic.	SHE PLANS BC (of her) Cat... that is a mnemonic that is more helpful for the catalase + organisms because all the letters (SHE PLANS BC) are bacteria. The current one is okay and relates to cats but everyone I know says it is hard to remember and this one is easier.	Mnemonic	01/10/19 1:09 PM
120	131	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Main features of exotoxins and endotoxins	N/A	under "Chemistry" of "Exotoxins", edit it to become: "Polypeptide with A and B components. A (active) component produces toxic effects and B (binding) components binds to cell surfaces."	High-yield addition to next year	02/27/19 12:47 PM
121	132	Microbiology	Molecular	Bacteria with exotoxins	https://iai.asm.org/content/73/5/2698	Text indicates "Pertussis Toxin Overactivates adenylate cyclase (t cAMP) by disabling C;, impairing phagocytosis to permit surviva l of microbe". However, it is misguiding as "Pertusis Toxin (PT) is an AB5 toxin that is uniquely produced by B. pertussis. It comprises an enzymatically active A subunit (S1) that ADP ribosylates the alpha subunit of heterotrimeric Gi proteins in mammalian cells, and a B heteropentamer that binds unidentified glycoconjugate receptors on cells. ADP ribosylation of G proteins by PT causes a wide range of effects on signaling pathways in mammalian cells and is responsible for the systemic symptoms of pertussis disease, such as lymphocytosis, insulinemia, and histamine sensitivity. PT is an important colonization factor for B. pertussis lower respiratory tract infection and that PT plays an early role in this host-pathogen interaction, including delaying the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection. PT acts as a soluble factor that can enhance B. pertussis respiratory tract colonization. PT also suppresses serum antibody responses to B. pertussis after respiratory tract infection and may play multiple immunosuppressive roles in the host-pathogen interaction. "	Major erratum	01/21/19 3:07 PM
122	132	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Bacteria with exotoxins	N/A	under mechanism of Diphteria toxin and Exotoxin A, edit it to: "Inactivates elongation factor (EF-2) by ADP-ribosylation"	High-yield addition to next year	02/27/19 12:48 PM
123	133	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Endotoxin	n/a	Lipopolysaccharide is made of Lipid A + O antigen + polysaccharide. Lip + O + polysaccharide (lipopolysaccharide) --> Lipid A + O antigen + polysaccharide	Mnemonic	02/21/19 12:30 PM
124	136	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci)	https://reference.medscape.com/calculator/jones-criteria-diagnosis-rheumatic	Major criteria for rheumatic fever: J-Joint involvement ♥-Carditis N-Nodules, subcutaneous E-Erythema marginatum S-Syndenham chorea Minor criteria for rheumatic fever: H-Heart block (↑PR interval) A-Arthralgia “L”-Elevated ESR/CRP, leukocytosis F-Fever Need 2 major criteria or 1 major and 2 minor criteria for diagnosis. (2 HALF make up for 1 J♥NES)	Mnemonic	01/01/19 5:56 PM
125	136	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Viridans group streptococci	N/A	Strep "M"utans and Strep "M"itis --> "M"outh --> dental caries	Mnemonic	03/01/19 9:05 AM
126	137	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Bacillus anthracis	1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/microbiology-pathogenesis-and-epidemiology-of-anthrax, 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4041834/	Multiple newer sources state that the anthrax toxin is not a single exotoxin composed of three molecules. Bacillus anthracis produces two anthrax toxins (exotoxins), edema toxin (ET) and lethal toxin (LT), each of which consists of two subunits. When the protective antigen (PA) combines with the edema factor (EF), it gives rise to the edema toxin. When the protective antigen (PA) combines with the lethal factor (LF) it gives rise to the lethal toxin. So to summarize: LT = LF + PA, ET = EF + PA. Please correct this on page 132 (footnote) as well.	Minor erratum	01/07/19 2:39 AM
127	138	Microbiology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Clostridia	https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-090816-093458?casa_token=ga1wCncZq4UAAAAA:6rU4x_nmFz-dAJ9q_iqIZOS1Ka0ezH43uV1IczlQ2Rihc7gqh_9WTsxvAaNCzuukflE2qSqiQDxygpJ-	Toxin A was initially considered Enterotoxin and Toxin B as cytotoxin. However, consensus has changed in last 2-3 years. Both Toxin A as well as Toxin B have enterotoxicity.	Minor erratum	01/02/19 11:17 AM
128	140	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Mycobacteria	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230802-overview	Mycobacterium tuberculosis DOES NOT stain with a gram stain. First Aid states that it is gram positive, this is false	Minor erratum	01/09/19 2:35 AM
129	140	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Mycobacteria	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tuberculosis-transmission-and-control-in-health-care-settings	Mode of transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis --> airborne	High-yield addition to next year	03/02/19 9:49 AM
130	141	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Gram-negative lab algorithm	https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1551&sectionid=94106931	Enterobacteriaceae(E. coli, serrate, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter) are oxidate test negative. Of the bacilli given in table on page 141, only 'P'seudomonas is oxidase 'P'ositive.(both starting with P)	High-yield addition to next year	01/01/19 12:35 PM
131	142	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Haemophilus influenzae	UWorld question id: 963 explanation; Koneman's Color Alas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology 6th ed, pg 446	Haemophilus Influenzae can also be grown with S aureus, which provides factor V DIRECTLY, and provides FACTOR X via RBC hemolysis.	Major erratum	01/16/19 7:58 AM
132	142	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Neisseria	https://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/lab/nmen.htm	Neisseria are oxdiase + yet it is not mentioned as important information in their classification or in the diagram made for Gram negative bacteria in the previous page	Minor erratum	02/24/19 11:23 PM
133	144	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria	see diagram on p.141	Add that Citrobacter is also a weak fermenter.	Clarification to current text	01/20/19 5:53 PM
134	144	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Yersinia enterocolitica	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/microbiology-and-pathogenesis-of-yersinia-infections	I found this to be mentioned alot in USMLE stem questions ""Conditions associated with iron-overload such as chronic liver disease, hemochromatosis, and thalassemias have been associated with an increased risk of invasive yersiniosis	High-yield addition to next year	12/31/18 5:42 AM
135	144	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Yersinia enterocolitica	1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/microbiology-and-pathogenesis-of-yersinia-infections 2. Uworld ID 15407 choice B explanation	Yersinia is NOT a rod, it is coccobacillus.	Minor erratum	02/22/19 11:53 PM
136	146	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Bacterial taxonomy	UWorld	V vulnificus has some interesting properties that would be beneficial to have in First Aid: Vibrio vulnificus grows in brackish coastal water and marine environments. transmission primarily occurs due to consumption of raw seafood or wound contamination. Manifestations are often mild but individuals with liver disease or iron overload are at very high risk of severe, fulminant infection (eg sepsis, necrotizing faciitis). Free iron acts as an exponential growth catalyst for the bacterium	High-yield addition to next year	01/15/19 11:06 AM
137	146	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Lyme disease	n/a	Change the E for the FACE mnemonic to : Erythema migrans/Encephalopathy	Mnemonic	01/20/19 5:52 PM
138	147	Microbiology	Miscellaneous	Syphilis	https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/tests/vdrl-test	VDRL False -ve possible in Syphilis less than 3 months. VDRL False +ve possible in Lyme disease, SLE, HIV, Malaria, Tuberculosis, certain types of pneumonia, and IV drug users.	High-yield addition to next year	01/22/19 2:46 AM
139	148	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	VDRL false positives	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312652/ and https://www.ama-assn.org/residents-students/usmle/heres-most-missed-usmle-test-prep-question-and-right-answer	"Drugs" here is referring to specific types of drugs (e.g., chlorpromazine, procainamide) or to IV drug users? I've found reference to both of them, I just need some clarification	Clarification to current text	12/27/18 10:49 PM
140	153	Microbiology	Pharmacology	Opportunistic fungal infections	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-oropharyngeal-and-esophageal-candidiasis?search=nystatin%20swish%20and%20swallow&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	In the Candida section, it makes the treatment of esophageal candida ambiguous. It implies that nystatin can be used to treat esophageal candida. systemic therapy with fluconazole is required for esophageal candidasis, not topical therapy with nystatin.	Minor erratum	01/31/19 12:45 AM
141	158	Microbiology	Parasitology	Protozoa—others	UWorld qid 15448	Rod-shaped kinetoplasts can be found on biopsy	High-yield addition to next year	03/11/19 10:45 PM
142	159	Microbiology	Parasitology	Nematodes (roundworms)	1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/toxocariasis-visceral-and-ocular-larva-migrans 2. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(17)30331-6/fulltext	Most pts w/ Visceral larva migrans (T. canis) are asymptomatic. MC occurs in children and results in hepatitis and pneumonitis (if symptomatic). Hepatic sx - hepatomegaly or nodular lesions. Lung sx - dyspnea, wheezing, and a chronic nonproductive cough in 20-80% of pts. Ocular larva migrans is common. CNS and cardiac involvement are rare but are potentially life-threatening complications. So the text should be corrected as "Most often asymptomatic. If symptoms arise (particularly in children), most commonly occur in lung (pneumonitis), eye (visual impairment, blindness - "Ocular larva migrans"), liver (hepatomegaly, nodular lesions). Disease can rarely affect heart (myocarditis) and CNS (seizures, coma)"	Clarification to current text	01/04/19 4:21 AM
143	159	Microbiology	Parasitology	Nematodes (roundworms)	https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/loiasis/treatment.html	Loa loa infection refractory to diethylcarbamazine may be treated with albendazole.	High-yield addition to next year	01/09/19 3:50 PM
144	161	Microbiology	Parasitology	Ectoparasites	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/scabies-management?search=scabies%20treatment&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~88&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Sarcoptes scabiei: Treatment: Topical permethrin and oral ivermectin are the most common first-line treatments	High-yield addition to next year	02/06/19 1:39 PM
145	163	Microbiology	Virology	Naked viral genome infectivity	page 167	There are no naked -ssRNA, they all are enveloped according to table page 167	Major erratum	03/01/19 6:48 PM
146	163	Microbiology	Virology	RNA viral genomes	n/a	For RNA viral genomes, change mnemonic to: "I went to a positively retro (retrovirus), toga (togavirus) party, where I drank flavored (flavivirus) Corona (coronavirus) and ate hippie (hepevirus) California (calicivirus) pickles (picornavirus), man."	Mnemonic	01/20/19 5:49 PM
147	164	Microbiology	Virology	DNA viruses	Myself	Adenovirus medical importance mnemonic "FAM Gets Pneumonia with Conjunctivitis" i.e. Febrile pharyngitis, Acute hemorrhagic cystitis, Myocarditis, Gastroenteritis, Pneumonia, Conjunctivitis	Mnemonic	01/31/19 4:46 PM
148	166	Microbiology	Virology	Viral structure—general features	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC112152/	It is stated that CMV interacts with integrins such as heparan sulfate, but I believe this should be RSV. It has been recognized that the RSV G protein attaches to heparan sulfate on host cells.	Minor erratum	01/11/19 12:51 PM
149	167	Microbiology	Virology	RNA viruses	n/a	All (+) RNA viruses are icosahedral, except for Corona. All (-) RNA viruses are helical, except for Delta.	High-yield addition to next year	01/20/19 6:44 PM
150	168	Microbiology	Virology	RNA viruses	https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/clinical.html	Please add that Rotaviruses are 'wheel-shaped' (this was a key feature in recognizing the virus in a NBME question). CDC also states that 'The name rotavirus is derived from the Latin word rota, meaning “wheel.”'	High-yield addition to next year	02/15/19 5:19 PM
151	169	Microbiology	Virology	Influenza viruses	www2.usmle-rx.com	Genetic "S"hift is more "S"erious than Genetic drift	Mnemonic	02/18/19 6:45 PM
152	175	Microbiology	Virology	HIV	pg 175 FA	gp "(F)orty" for (F)usion	Mnemonic	03/09/19 8:14 AM
153	181	Microbiology	Systems	Urinary tract infections	My brain	Usual pathogens- KEEPS = Klebsiella, E.coli, Enterococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Staph. Saprophyticus, Serratia	Mnemonic	02/01/19 12:24 PM
154	182	Microbiology	Systems	ToRCHeS infections	FA p. 182	Go to IT to fix your PC (Intraventricular calcifications with Toxoplasmosis; Periventricular calcifications with Cytomegalovirus)	Mnemonic	12/28/18 11:11 AM
155	183	Microbiology	Systems	Red rashes of childhood	i have no hyperlinks, i came up with that	after a Rad Party, CHug Milk and Sleep Vell ( Rubella virus , Parvovirus B19, Coxsackievirus type A, HHV-8, Measles virus, Strep. pyogenes, Vzv)	Mnemonic	12/25/18 1:44 PM
156	184	Microbiology	Systems	Sexually transmitted infections	N/A	Granuloma inguinale --> The character "A" which cites the picture, has a different font compared to elsewhere in the book.	Spelling/formatting	12/29/18 3:32 AM
157	187	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Antimicrobial therapy	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3457410/	mecA gene originally identified in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) encodes a PBP of 668 amino acid residues which is responsible for beta-lactam resistance	High-yield addition to next year	02/27/19 8:34 AM
158	188	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Penicillinase-resistant penicillins	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5517843/	Kindly add methicillin to the list of penicillase-resistant penicillins	High-yield addition to next year	12/31/18 3:11 AM
159	189	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Cephalosporins	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases?search=Ceftolozane&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~12&usage_type=default&display_rank=3	Add "Ceftolozane" in 3rd generation as it has enhanced activity against Pseudomonase and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobactericeae. Used with tazobactam	High-yield addition to next year	02/07/19 6:16 PM
160	189	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	β-lactamase inhibitors	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/combination-beta-lactamase-inhibitors-carbapenems-and-monobactams?search=vaborbactam&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~6&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Add "vaborbactam" to the list as used in Meropenem-vaborbactam for KPC	High-yield addition to next year	01/25/19 7:36 PM
161	190	Microbiology	Pharmacology	Clostridia	Uworld	Fidaxomicin is a macrocytic antibiotic that inhibits RNA polymerase and is bactericidal to C. difficile.	High-yield addition to next year	12/30/18 1:09 PM
162	191	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Aminoglycosides	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/aminoglycosides?search=aminoglycosides&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Add "Plazomicin" as a novel aminoglycoside used for KPC and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae	High-yield addition to next year	01/25/19 7:42 PM
163	191	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Aminoglycosides	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/aminoglycosides	The figure shows that aminoglycosides inhibit initiation complex formation. The following is from Uptodate: "The aminoglycosides primarily act by binding to the aminoacyl site of 16S ribosomal RNA within the 30S ribosomal subunit, leading to misreading of the genetic code and inhibition of translocation [3,4]. The initial steps required for peptide synthesis, such as binding of mRNA and the association of the 50S ribosomal subunit, are uninterrupted, but elongation fails to occur due to disruption of the mechanisms for ensuring translational accuracy".	Major erratum	03/13/19 4:34 AM
164	192	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Tetracyclines	Not needed.	For mechanism of resistance: Tetracyclines are treated as Trash by bacteria. You dont want to bring Trash inside (reduced uptake) you want to throw it out (increased efflux)	Mnemonic	01/01/19 6:51 AM
165	192	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Tetracyclines	None	To remember that Tetracyclines are contraindicated in pregnancy you can use the mnemonic "tetrogen" or "tetragen" (teratogen)	Mnemonic	03/05/19 3:57 PM
166	193	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Macrolides	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/azithromycin-clarithromycin-and-telithromycin?search=macrolides&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H12	On aminoglycosides, it is mentioned that they can cause neuromuscular blockade and are contraindicated in patients with myasthenia gravis. Telithromycin, a macrolide, can also cause exarcebation and it is contraindicated for MG patients.	High-yield addition to next year	01/25/19 7:59 PM
167	196	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Rifamycins	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/rifamycins-rifampin-rifabutin-rifapentine/print	Current text claims "Rifampin ramps up cytochrome P-450, but rifabutin does not." This is not true, as rifabutin is considered an inducer of CYP-450, although to a lesser extent than rifampin. I suggest the following rewrite: "Rifampin RAMPS up cytochrome P-450. So does Rifabutin, BUT less so."	Minor erratum	01/10/19 1:38 PM
168	197	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Ethambutol	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ethambutol-an-overview	Replace "may be reversible" with "usually reversible". Optic neuritis is reversible in most patients.	Clarification to current text	01/07/19 2:43 AM
169	199	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Amphotericin B	1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pharmacology-of-amphotericin-b, 2. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-cryptococcus-neoformans-meningoencephalitis-in-hiv-infected-patients	Replace "Intrathecally for fungal meningitis" with "Intrathecally for coccidioidal meningitis". Intrathecal administration is not used for cryptococcal meningitis.	Clarification to current text	01/07/19 2:45 AM
170	199	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Antifungal therapy	UWorld, UpToDate	Azoles specifically blocks 14-alpha-demethylase (the cytochrome P450 enzyme that converts lanosterol to ergosterol)	High-yield addition to next year	01/15/19 6:33 PM
171	200	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Anti-mite/louse therapy	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pediculosis-capitis?search=lice%20treatment&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~86&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H88337; https://www.uptodate.com/contents/lindane-drug-information?search=Lindane&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1~13&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1	Include topical ivermectin as treatment. Remove Lindane or clarify Lindane neurotoxicity. Lindane lotion has been discontinued in the US for more than 1 year. Only use lindane in patients who cannot tolerate or have failed first-line treatment.	Clarification to current text	02/06/19 1:51 PM
172	201	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Drug names	UpToDate Docosanol: Drug information	Docosanol is a topical agent that prevents viral entry and replication at the cellular level. It is used for orolabial herpes	High-yield addition to next year	01/15/19 6:00 PM
173	203	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	HIV therapy	not needed	For abacavir association with HLA-B*57:01, highlight AB in abacavir red and highlight the A-B in HLA-B*57:01 red for memory aid	Mnemonic	12/22/18 1:52 PM
174	203	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	HIV therapy	not needed	"miraviroCXX"; (CXX is roman numerals for 120, gp120)	Mnemonic	12/28/18 8:48 AM
175	203	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	HIV therapy	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3773846/	Maraviroc is not a fusion inhibitor. It is a co-receptor binding inhibitor. Both fusion inhibitors and co-receptor binding inhibitors are considered ENTRY inhibitors. I recommend changing "Fusion inhibitors" with "Entry inhibitors". This also applies to the chart on page 201.	Minor erratum	01/07/19 2:47 AM
176	203	Microbiology	Pharmacology	HIV therapy	myself	NRTI mnemonic: TESLA DZ Tenofovir, Emtricitabine, Stavudine, Lamivudine, Didanosine, Zidovudine	Mnemonic	01/29/19 7:47 AM
177	206	Pathology	Pathology	Cellular adaptations	https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.aub.edu.lb/contents/epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-of-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia; https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.aub.edu.lb/contents/overview-of-benign-breast-disease	Add "BPH" as an exception to neoplastic potential of hyperplasia, and add "apocrine metaplasia of the breast" as an exception to neoplastic potential of metaplasia.	High-yield addition to next year	01/12/19 11:30 AM
178	206	Pathology	Cellular	Cellular adaptations	n/a	To remember the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia: the LARGEST cells will win a TROPHY (larger cells in hyperTROPHY). A cell wants MORE cell friends to PLAY with (make more cells in hyperPLAYsia).	Mnemonic	02/19/19 11:29 AM
179	212	Pathology	Pathology	Amyloidosis	https://watermark.silverchair.com/ajcpath108-0289.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAk0wggJJBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggI6MIICNgIBADCCAi8GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMtlki02qZntdM7fHhAgEQgIICAKb0OCRLIttoA307SWFQyMWGFQoZqVdeyp0SkLJU_bBGQ1LsNYjblQkqprShv4Anu-BVtNaDFDb0rEbYMNMZXBtWrQDaA4M7c8yJnnw4foUc-bvHtLPYWVSVIC2Qh3PfD5EnrmDoXIXvTfGPHMM_J4sveANlPRx7tbznKpmhJR5k8_DeWhB77aU5zJVYBMbfbAxb-pC0mvK8IE68J81KaqBL6sUdXVfkrA29G3hFdi2LSLFJnrBw9IJ5eXtkcohaY7iCO5_U6tHizycQ6nPjk8FJIf13nexfkb_HL1YQ-MnPcpsgf5gwegWZQC59iJ6v9c8IVGi7q1dM9OGG7ePZJ09fVPlmJksMiE9Bz-dShJMh7FyzmJhUMd7HSwfkoB9X2_t1QjxJUKldo25HIUJrGbUvOMuoex97_F-_ZbBnv2GODQUnm-5J3_QwlCZLvQVulEJx9KiqvZrMn3ekybkZS0o9nNG8FNmOP62QnYUKeDCI2FTbQ9AUgIDjBeT5fhkRG0khUNeZo14hhMQqJAFMxni6KhS-W_Go6faMIsX6q6BTpOQDjbb4NTuNCtHgPC9KHPiWxV2izvxCKogPXbgAfa1V4sHICtoOHFr3DXWutRT4GFi5hVMjVIC7KY24T88bnaokEKP4xwWuKkIuhsd2B9fR-UZfh3JKoIpcBqK_Hmtq	Calcitonin amyloid is known as 'ACal' (There should be no space between 'A' and 'Cal')	Spelling/formatting	12/23/18 3:47 AM
180	213	Pathology	Inflammation	Acute phase reactants	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-phase-reactants	Next to Fibrinogen, the addition of an "upwards" arrow before ESR would clarify the result of increased fibrinogen.	Clarification to current text	01/02/19 4:22 AM
181	213	Pathology	Inflammation	Acute phase reactants	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-phase-reactants	The addition of an arrow pointing upwards and ESR (*increases ESR*) would be helpful if placed next to "Positive (Upregulated)". Otherwise, it would be helpful if "*upwards arrow* Acute Phase Reactants" was placed on Page 214 next to Inflammation under "increased ESR".	Clarification to current text	01/02/19 4:25 AM
182	213	Pathology	Inflammation	Inflammation	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1048887-overview#a3 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ace-inhibitor-induced-angioedema?search=bradykinin&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H4335305	Cardinal signs of inflammation: Tumor (swelling): ADD bradykinin	High-yield addition to next year	01/21/19 6:21 AM
183	224	Pathology	Pathology	Bone formation	https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-metastasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370191	the pneumonic painful bones kill the lungs should be painful breasts kill the lungs instead.	Mnemonic	02/16/19 5:33 AM
184	224	Pathology	Neoplasia	Common metastases	FA 2019 Page 224	remove highlight from these letters "ungs" in the word "Lungs" in the mnemonic(Painful Bones Kill The Lungs) , keep just "L" in red color.	Spelling/formatting	01/05/19 1:17 PM
185	225	Pathology	Neoplasia	Important immunohistochemical stains	https://www.nature.com/articles/nrc3893	S-100: is stated to be a target of Neural Crest cells in the table even though they can be seen to target more general Mesodermal tissue. You even specified on page 426 under the Islet Langerhans cells of Histiocytosis- t being mesodermal in origin in brackets. My supporting evidence is it staining breast cancer tissue as well!	Clarification to current text	02/26/19 11:40 AM
186	225	Pathology	Neoplasia	Neoplasia and neoplastic progression	https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-24310-5	Neurofibromin (Ras GTPase activating protein) and in neurology section p 513 NF1 ((encodes neurofibromin, a negative RAS regulator )	Clarification to current text	02/14/19 5:20 AM
187	225	Pathology	Neoplasia	Oncogenes	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19462461	JAK2 is a "Non-receptor" tyrosine kinase. This is clarified in case of BCR-ABL - that it is a "non-receptor" tyrosine kinase. However, JAK2 does not have this clarification	Clarification to current text	12/23/18 3:29 AM
188	225	Pathology	Neoplasia	Oncogenes	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23059849/	RET associated neoplasm is familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Many students think medullary carcinoma alone which is excluded here but a clarification to familial would help	High-yield addition to next year	01/10/19 9:51 PM
189	225	Pathology	Neoplasia	Tumor suppressor genes	N/A	For Li Fraumeni syndrome, a better mnemonic than SBLA would be "Check your LABS: Leukemia, Adrenal gland, Breast, Sarcoma"	Mnemonic	02/22/19 8:56 AM
190	226	Pathology	Neoplasia	Carcinogens	N/A	"Ionizing radiation" row --> please add "Blood" under organ column for "Leukemias"	Clarification to current text	01/09/19 8:07 AM
191	229	Pathology	Neoplasia	Hematopoiesis	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20237866	Approximately 95% of patients with polycythemia have a V617F mutation involving the JAK gene. This mutation replaces valine with phenylalanine at the 617 position, rendering hematopoietic cells more sensitive to growth factors such as EPO and TPO. So PV is not only about increased level of EPO, but about increased sensitivity to EPO	High-yield addition to next year	02/01/19 5:35 PM
192	232	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Enzyme kinetics	not needed	under the Lineweaver section I recommend modifying the text to " The closer to zero on Y axis, the higher the Vmax, the closer to zero on X axis the higher Km" and high Km means low affinity. More convenient to remember	Clarification to current text	03/01/19 6:37 PM
193	234	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Efficacy vs potency	http://tmedweb.tulane.edu/pharmwiki/doku.php/basic_principles_of_pharm	Under noncompetitive antagonist, it says that potency is decreased. Potency should remain unchanged.	Major erratum	01/30/19 9:43 PM
194	234	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Receptor binding	http://tmedweb.tulane.edu/pharmwiki/doku.php/basic_principles_of_pharm	Under agonist with noncompetitive antagonist it states that this would lead to a decrease in potency and efficacy. However, the ED50 would be equal for agonist alone or agonist with noncompetitive antagonist therefore the potency should be unchanged.	Minor erratum	01/05/19 1:32 PM
195	234	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Receptor binding	N/A	Noncompetitive antagonist should not change potency.	Major erratum	01/21/19 10:35 AM
196	234	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Receptor binding	N/A	I believe there is an error in the erratum: in the noncompetitive antagonist row, the potency column should be changed to "no change"; the efficacy column is correct	Minor erratum	03/09/19 4:37 PM
197	234	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Receptor binding	Not needed. Suggested errata spreadsheet supports this point.	Your recently posted official errata is incorrect. The proposed change to the text should be: “in the noncompetitive antagonist row, change potency from down arrow to no change”. The errata says to change efficacy to no change, but that would be incorrect.	Major erratum	03/10/19 12:54 PM
198	236	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Therapeutic index	FA 2019 Page 251	suggest making *The* in "Theophylline " and in the word "These" in mnemonic , in red color , like mnemonic in page 251.	Mnemonic	01/05/19 2:08 PM
199	237	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Acetylcholine receptors	UWorld Question ID 1360	Nicotinic ACh receptors are ligand gated NA/K and "Ca" too. there was a question on that on UWorld	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 6:52 PM
200	237	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Autonomic receptors	https://web.archive.org/web/20060907231522/http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/cns/histo/systems/cranialnerves/main.htm	on Diagram it is marked as Parasympathetic cell body located/ leave from "Medulla". Instead some paraSym nuclei originate from Midbrain (Edinger–Westphal nucleus) or in Pons (Super, inferior salivatory Nuclei). Suggest changing "Medulla" on Diagram to "Brainstem" to prevent confusion.	Major erratum	03/01/19 6:46 PM
201	237	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Autonomic receptors	Katzung, Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 14e, https://accessmedicine-mhmedical-com.arktos.nyit.edu/content.aspx?bookid=2249&sectionid=175216108#1148433103	Skeletal muscle uses a nicotinic receptor (Nn) not a muscarinic receptor as indicated by the "M" subscript in the figure (bottom right)	Minor erratum	03/03/19 9:35 AM
202	238	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	G-protein–linked second messengers	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-spontaneous-preterm-birth	Mention in the caption of the diagram in the bottom that Myosin light-chain kinase causes vascular smooth muscle contraction. Also in the diagram , next to myosin light-chain kinase(smooth muscle) , add an arrow that says "vasodilation of blood vessels".	Clarification to current text	01/02/19 1:52 PM
203	238	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	G-protein–linked second messengers	N/A	For H1 a1 V1 M1 M3: *HAV*e *1* *stiff* *M*&*M* boozy *smoothie* (emphasizes smooth muscle contraction). For M2 a2 D2: *I*’m (inhibit) *2 (too)* MAD and need to *relax* (emphasizes inhibition results in relaxation of smooth muscle).	Mnemonic	01/21/19 1:48 PM
204	238	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	G-protein–linked second messengers	https://www.cvpharmacology.com/vasoconstrictor/alpha-agonist	The major function of a1 receptors in FA (this year and last) says increase vascular smooth muscle contraction. Until Sketchy, I did not understand that that includes BOTH (a) arteriole/precapillary sphincter contraction w/ incr. MAP and (b) venous vasoconstriction & decreased capacitance / increased venous return. I wasn't aware of the veno-constriction effect from FA.	Clarification to current text	01/23/19 8:00 PM
205	239	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Anticholinesterase poisoning	FA 2019 Index pg. 790 listed Vesamicol @ pg. 239.	Vesamicol listed in index for page 239. It does not exist on this page. This must be from a previous edition and was not removed from the index.	Minor erratum	03/10/19 12:13 PM
206	241	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Atropine	not needed	DUMBBELSS in p240 is changed to DUMBBeLSS, I wonder if there is some story behind and suggest making it more clear.	Mnemonic	01/10/19 3:56 AM
207	241	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Atropine	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anticholinergic-poisoning?csi=5f1accf7-931f-49fb-a327-fe153c4efcf2&source=contentShare	The "e" in the DUMBBELLSS mnemonic should be capitalized. In the 2017 Edition the "E" was correctly left uncapitalized since it was for "Excitation of skeletal muscle and CNS" which is a nicotinic effect and is not blocked by Atropine. However in the 2019 edition the "E" is used for "Emesis" which is a muscarinic effect and is blocked by atropine.	Minor erratum	01/29/19 5:38 AM
208	242	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Sympathomimetics	Mnemonic	MiraB3gron - B3 stops your pee	Mnemonic	02/27/19 3:47 AM
209	244	Pharmacology	Pharmacology	α-blockers	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/2417047/	Under ‘α2 selective’ please add Clonidine and Alpha Methyl dopa. These drugs cause a decrease in generalised sympathetic outflow and a decrease in blood pressure. Rebound hypertension is a concern with abrupt cessation. (The index of the book says these drugs can be found on page 240 and 244 but they are NOT there on these pages!)	Clarification to current text	12/31/18 5:46 AM
210	245	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Heart failure	Improvised	When I survive (decr. mortality) HF, Buy Me a Car! (BIsoprolol = BUY / MEtopropolol = ME / CARvedilol = Car)	Mnemonic	01/23/19 5:55 PM
211	245	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	β-blockers	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-management-of-the-cardiovascular-complications-of-cocaine-abuse?search=cocaine%20toxicity&sectionRank=2&usage_type=default&anchor=H9004423&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#H9004423	Under adverse effects, it is stated that there is unsubstantiated concern for unopposed alpha stimulation after giving beta blockers for cocaine toxicity. Multiple other times in the book there are mentions of this affect. I do not believe unsubstantiated should be used, since there are studies showing the vasoconstriction seen in this setting.	Minor erratum	03/01/19 12:20 PM
212	246	Pharmacology	Pharmacology	Ingested seafood toxins	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-shellfish-and-pufferfish-poisoning?csi=109e1dce-e711-45db-8f40-b18da1147c4b&source=contentShare	It’s stated in the text that tetrodotoxin effects sodium channels in cardiac/nerve tissue. Tetrodotoxin does not effect sodium channels in cardiac tissue. The Na v 1.5 channels in cardiac tissue are not effected by this toxin.	Major erratum	01/30/19 1:37 PM
213	246	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Ingested seafood toxins	Not needed.	Tetradotoxin Terminates sodium channel activity while ‘Siguatoxin’ Starts sodium channel activity.	Mnemonic	01/01/19 6:55 AM
214	246	Pharmacology	Pharmacology	Seizures	First Aid, sketchy	Drugs that induce/lower the threshold for seizures: FABRICATE: (F)Flumazenil, (A) Amphotericin B, (B) Bupropion, (R) Reye's syndrome (aspirin), (I) Isoniazid, (C) Cocaine, Carbepenams, (A) antipsychotics, (T) Tricyclic antidepressants, (E) Enflurane	Mnemonic	02/06/19 3:29 PM
215	249	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Drug reactions—hematologic	not required	DCP = Direct Coombs Positive = methylDopa Cephalosporins Penicillin	Mnemonic	02/07/19 7:00 PM
216	249	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Drug reactions—hematologic	FA 2019 Page 249	Remove red color from the word "Coombs" , it's not needed.	Spelling/formatting	02/15/19 6:13 AM
217	249	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Drug reactions—musculoskeletal/skin/connective tissue	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/thiazolidinediones-in-the-treatment-of-diabetes-mellitus#H22	Add thiazolidinedione drugs to list of medications that can increase risk of osteoporosis and fracture (albeit the risk is small and only proven in postmenopausal women). This risk is mentioned in Endocrine Drugs.	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 1:53 AM
218	249	Pharmacology	Pharmacology	Fluoroquinolones	mnemonic	Drug reaction: tendon and cartilage damage with Fluoroquinolones; add mnemonic "FLOORoquinolone makes you drop to the floor without tendons and cartilage"	Mnemonic	03/06/19 3:51 PM
219	250	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Drug reactions—neurologic	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16449853	Under Visual Disturbances, Isoniazid does not cause "optic neuropathy/color vision changes." Only Ethambutol is known to do this.	Clarification to current text	01/06/19 12:05 AM
220	251	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Cytochrome P-450 interactions (selected)	My brain	"GRAMPPS CaN" -> See attachment for mnemonic breakdown. Everyone in my study group loves this mnemonic... People like mnemonics where every word means something!!!	Mnemonic	01/29/19 9:28 AM
221	252	Pharmacology	Miscellaneous	Drug names	Not needed	The table is missing fluoroquinolones: -floxacin / fluoroquinolones/ ciprofloxacin, gemifloxacin.	High-yield addition to next year	01/07/19 2:54 AM
222	252	Pharmacology	Miscellaneous	Drug names	my brain	put the AR of -sARtan in red because it stands for Angiotensin-2 Receptor blocker	Mnemonic	02/14/19 4:20 AM
223	253	Pharmacology	Miscellaneous	Drug names	Not needed	For drugs ending in "-limus", the category is listed as mTOR inhibitor (sirolimus, everolimus). However, tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor, also ends in "-limus". A more accurate description of the category would be to say that drugs ending in "-limus" bind to FK binding proteins.	Minor erratum	03/10/19 1:00 PM
224	258	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Quantifying risk	Sainani KL, Schmajuk G, Liu V. A caution on interpreting odds ratios. Sleep. 2009;32(8):976.	The example of Odds Ratio should be written as 'lung cancer patients have 8 times higher odds of having a history of smoking.' An OR is not directly interpreted as a change in likelihood, chance, risk, etc.	Minor erratum	02/12/19 11:51 PM
225	259	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Incidence vs prevalence	https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR175/12Chapter12.pdf	Therapy initiation may increase prevalence depending on what the disease is (eg, Cancer, Diabetes, HIV) as it prolongs survival time. Current text says it decreases prevalence.	High-yield addition to next year	01/29/19 3:32 AM
226	266	Public Health Sciences	Ethics	Ethical situations	https://www.deathwithdignity.org/terminology/	The situation where a terminally ill patient requests physician assistance in ending his/her life is currently being referred to as "physician assisted suicide," which is widely viewed as a biased term, as "suicide" does not accurately describe a terminally ill patient wishing to hasten their death. It would be more appropriate to refer to it as "physician assisted death"	High-yield addition to next year	01/15/19 9:19 AM
227	270	Public Health Sciences	Healthcare Delivery	Common causes of death (US) by age	First aid 2019	AIDS	Spelling/formatting	01/11/19 1:24 PM
228	270	Public Health Sciences	Healthcare Delivery	Medicare and Medicaid	It's Mnemonic	The 4(fou*R*) parts of Medica*R*e ,not Medicaid.	Mnemonic	01/06/19 3:19 PM
229	273	Index	Index	Orientation	FA2019	The page numbers in FA 2019 are still representative of FA 2018 on page 597 and do not align with page numbers in current edition	Spelling/formatting	02/03/19 10:28 AM
230	277	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Auscultation of the heart	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/physiologic-and-pharmacologic-maneuvers-in-the-differential-diagnosis-of-heart-murmurs-and-sounds?search=auscultation%20of%20heart%20sounds&sectionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H2&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=4~150&display_rank=4#H2	*I*nspiration increases intensity of r*I*ght heart sounds; *E*xpiration increases intensity of l*E*ft heart sounds	Mnemonic	01/05/19 12:30 PM
231	278	Cardiovascular	Embryology	Heart embryology	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5107421/	The posterior CARDINAL vein, and not "posterior vein", gives rise to the IVC.	High-yield addition to next year	01/07/19 2:56 AM
232	278	Cardiovascular	Embryology	Heart morphogenesis	https://www-uptodate-com.webproxy2.ouhsc.edu/contents/prenatal-assessment-of-gestational-age-date-of-delivery-and-fetal-weight?search=gestational%20age&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1	2019 version states cardiac looping begins in week 4 of "gestation", but this should instead be week 4 of "development" or week 6 of gestation since gestational age is calculated from the date of last menstrual period (see page 619 of the 2019 First Aid)	Minor erratum	01/25/19 11:14 AM
233	279	Cardiovascular	Embryology	Heart morphogenesis	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/893798-overview	In the figure showing the spiraling of the aorticopulmonary septum, the spiral is drawn in the wrong direction. The aorta should be spiraling over the pulmonary trunk, not under it.	Minor erratum	01/05/19 1:25 PM
234	281	Cardiovascular	Anatomy	Anatomy of the heart	http://www.vhlab.umn.edu/atlas/coronary-arteries/lad-left-anterior-descending-artery/index.shtml	LAD supplies the anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum, anterior left ventricle, anterolateral papillary muscle, and provides collateral circulation to the Right ventricle. It is the most commonly occluded. The left circumflex (LCX) supplies anterior of interventricular septum, anterolateral papillary muscle, left atrium, and the posterior and lateral sides of the left ventricle.	Major erratum	12/27/18 5:58 PM
235	281	Cardiovascular	Anatomy	Anatomy of the heart	Not Needed. It's Repititive	LAD(arises from LCA) supplies anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum, anterolateral papillary muscle, and anterior surface of LV. Most commonly occluded.	Clarification to current text	01/26/19 7:30 PM
236	281	Cardiovascular	Anatomy	Anatomy of the heart	uworld	according to UWORLD; Rt dominance is in 70%, Lt dominance in 10% and co-dominance in 20%	Minor erratum	03/01/19 6:23 PM
237	281	Cardiovascular	Anatomy	Cardiac and vascular function curves	www.usmle-rx.com	In Coronary Blood supply, there's a repeat on content regarding LAD supply.	Clarification to current text	12/27/18 9:36 AM
238	281	Cardiovascular	Anatomy	Myocardial infarction complications	N/A	Under CORONARY BLOOD SUPPLY on page 281, Cardiovascular - Anatomy, there is a description of the structures supplied by the LAD, followed immediately by a second sentence repeating the same information. It would help save space in the 2020 edition if these two sentences were condensed.	Clarification to current text	01/10/19 6:10 PM
239	282	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Cardiac output variables	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/surgical-management-of-heart-failure?search=laplace%27s%20law%20hypertrophy&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	LV compensates for ↑afterload by thickenin (hypertrophy) in order to ↓wall tension; wall tension should be changed into wall stress	Minor erratum	01/06/19 2:58 AM
240	283	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Cardiac output equations	https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jsr.12156	COPD also causes arterial stiffness leading to increased pulse pressure	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 6:25 PM
241	283	Renal	Embryology	Potter sequence (syndrome)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_sequence#Causes	I think the text should clarify that bilateral Renal agenesis leads to potter sequence, in the book it is stared under multi cystic dysplastic kidney	Clarification to current text	03/09/19 11:42 AM
242	285	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4253755/	In the ventricular volume curve of the second graph, it is shown that during the atrial systole the ventricular volume increases gradually and then decreases to the level that it was prior to the atrial systole. This is wrong. The ventricular volume increases and remains at that volume (isovolumetric contraction) until the aortic valve opens.	Major erratum	01/07/19 3:01 AM
243	286	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Heart murmurs	Self made mnemonic	The mnemonic BEAR for aortic regurgitation causes: Bicuspid aortic valve, Endocarditis, Aortic Root dilation, Rheumatic Fever (you can even put the R^2 for both the Root in Aortic Root and Rhuematic fever	Mnemonic	03/01/19 1:43 AM
244	288	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Auscultation of the heart	not needed	I recommend adding 3 rules to help understand how different bedside maneuvers affects heart murmurs; 1) Increase in Preload leads to increase intensity of all murmurs (except HCM and MVP; later click); Same for the opposite. 2) Increase in Afterload leads to increase intensity of Regurgitant murmurs and decrease intensity of stenotic murmurs (again except for HCM and MVP); Same for opposite. 3) HCM and MVP murmurs intensity always go opposite to Preload and afterload. This can be applied to all murmurs and will work!	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 6:32 PM
245	289	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Congenital cardiac defect associations	Not applicable	Romano-Ward syndrome can have an associated pneumonic of "RomaNO-ward syndrome", as in NO deafness.	Mnemonic	02/25/19 9:47 PM
246	290	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Myocardial action potential	RX express videos	Add in the image of the cardiac mm cell with the receptors that is used in the express videos. Makes easier to visualize and break down.	High-yield addition to next year	02/15/19 7:44 AM
247	290	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Pacemaker action potential	Boyett MR. Sophisticated architecture is required for the Sinoatrial node to perform its normal pacemaker function. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003	In Phase 0 there is a slow Na/Ca inward current (Type T Ca channels open at -50). Theres a decrease in K efflux as K channels close. In the book you have: "there's a slow Na/K inward current" which makes it confusing. Should remove the K from that sentence and maybe add closure of repolarizing K channels .	Clarification to current text	03/11/19 11:28 AM
248	291	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Electrocardiogram	https://www.cvphysiology.com/Arrhythmias/A003	Speed of conduction is incorrect, it is listed in the text as: Purkinje >atria > ventricles> bundle of His >AV node. It should be His-Purkinje > atria > ventricles > AV node	Minor erratum	02/16/19 5:55 AM
249	291	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Electrocardiogram	UWorld	AV node blood supply comes from PDA (mostly from RCA), but in Left dominant hearts, AV node blood supply would come from LCA	Clarification to current text	03/01/19 6:27 PM
250	292	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Electrocardiogram	https://step2.medbullets.com/cardiovascular/120019/supraventricular-tachycardia	Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Specifically atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia was refrenced in Boards and Beyond and was tested on Uworld. High yield to know slow pathway of AV node is used also that there is slow conduction of AV node and prolongs AV node refractory period.	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 10:00 AM
251	292	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Torsades de pointes	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157826-overview#a3	The QT interval predisposes to the Torsades de point (FA2019). It would be good idea to add the normal value/range of QT interval as a reference to this information. Usually cQT interval <0.44 msec in males and <0.046 msec in females is considered normal.	High-yield addition to next year	02/28/19 2:10 PM
252	295	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Capillary fluid exchange	Not needed.	Used as an example of a great number of facts that are not listed correctly in the index. Page numbers are off by quite a bit.	Clarification to current text	01/12/19 9:17 AM
253	295	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Capillary fluid exchange	Mnemonic	Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of a compartment/vessel = arrows pointing out from the tips of the "H". Oncotic pressure pulls fluid in to a compartment/vessel = arrows pointing in to the center of the "O" (like spokes on a wheel). Clarifying image attached.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 9:17 PM
254	296	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Congenital heart diseases	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tricuspid-valve-tv-atresia	Tricuspid atresia needs both an ASD and a VSD/PDA to survive (in patients without a VSD, a PDA is needed to get blood into the lungs	Minor erratum	02/27/19 7:13 PM
255	296	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Congenital heart diseases	not needed	Isolated Ebstein anomaly is not associated with any type of shunting, so I suggest putting it under the "other anomalies" along with the coarcation of Aorta on page 297	Major erratum	03/01/19 6:31 PM
256	297	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Cardiomyopathies	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/genetics-of-dilated-cardiomyopathy?search=Genetics%20of%20dilated%20cardiomyopathy&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy could be familiar: defect in gene TTN that codes for protein titin.	High-yield addition to next year	01/15/19 11:33 PM
257	298	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Congenital cardiac defect associations	Step prep question on USMLE RX.	The entry for Turner Syndrome under congenital cardiac defect associations should specify that these individuals are at risk for *juxtaductal* aortic coarctation.	High-yield addition to next year	01/11/19 2:40 PM
258	298	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Hypertension	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5634904/ https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-hypertension-in-adults?search=hypertension%20risk%20factors&sectionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H8&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#	Diabetes and smoking are not risk factors for hypertension. In fact, smoking is associated with lower blood pressure	Minor erratum	01/22/19 8:26 AM
259	300	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Atherosclerosis	Aorta. COronary. POpliteal. CArotid.	A COPy CAt	Mnemonic	02/08/19 9:47 AM
260	301	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Ischemic heart disease manifestations	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155919-overview#showall	STEMI have characteristic of ST elevation and pathological Q wave. FA2019 mentions Q wave but is missing term "Pathological". It is very important to differentiate between pathological and physiological Q waves.	Clarification to current text	03/03/19 9:47 AM
261	301	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Kussmaul sign	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/constrictive-pericarditis?search=Constrictive%20pericarditisConstrictive%20pericarditis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~95&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	Constrictive pericarditis could be a complication of radiation therapy of non-honking lymphoma.	High-yield addition to next year	01/17/19 1:08 AM
262	302	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Evolution of myocardial infarction	Pathoma	after reperfusion due to influc of Ca leads to contraction; that is called (contraction band necrosis)	Minor erratum	03/01/19 6:28 PM
263	303	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Diagnosis of myocardial infarction	https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2017/08/14/12/31/eliminating-creatine-kinase-myocardial-band-testing	CK-MB is no longer recommended in the diagnosis of reinfarction following acute MI (ACC/AHA 2013 Guidelines)	Major erratum	12/26/18 10:32 PM
264	305	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Cardiomyopathies	http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/23/3/586	Important cause of dilated cardiomyopathy is coronary artery disease	High-yield addition to next year	01/08/19 9:51 AM
265	305	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Cardiomyopathies	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153153-overview	I recommend changing the ABCCCD mnemonic to ABBCCCD (i.e. add a B). The extra B stands for "birth" -- thus incorporating peripartum cardiomyopathy as a cause of dilated CM. This also improves the mnemonic such that there is 1 A, 2 B's, and 3 C's to make it more memorable as the number corresponds to the letter position in the alphabet.	Mnemonic	01/19/19 5:04 PM
266	306	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Heart failure	https://www.cvphysiology.com/Heart%20Failure/HF006	Diastolic dysfunction causes Decrease in EDV and Increase in EDP according to the attached diagram , not normal EDV	Major erratum	03/01/19 6:34 PM
267	306	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Heart failure	Mnemonic	Drugs that decrease mortality : (ABC) 1)Ace inhibitors 2)Beta Blocker 3) Cpironolactone	Mnemonic	03/05/19 9:04 PM
268	307	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Bacterial endocarditis	Not needed	Mnemonic -> Owsler nodes. Ow indicates pain and helps differentiating the hand lesions in endocarditis (Osler vs Janeway).	Mnemonic	01/07/19 3:05 AM
269	308	Rapid Review	Pathology	Rheumatic fever	https://reference.medscape.com/calculator/jones-criteria-diagnosis-rheumatic	HALF (minor criteria for rheumatic fever): H-Heart block (↑PR interval) A-Arthralgia “L”-Elevated ESR/CRP, Leukocytosis F-Fever Need 2 major criteria or 1 major & 2 minor criteria for diagnosis. (2 HALF make up for 1 J♥NES)	Mnemonic	01/01/19 6:03 PM
270	309	Index	Pathology	Cardiac tamponade	N/A	The fact for 'Pulsus paradoxus' below cardiac tamponade is incorrectly said to be on page 315 in the index.	Spelling/formatting	01/04/19 11:34 AM
271	309	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Cardiac tamponade	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157096-overview	Constrictive pericardisit : Pericardium loses its elasticity, Stiff, Thickened, sticky. Results from : Pericarditis, Radiation, Heart surgery. Symptoms of congestion - Heart cannot fill properly: Dyspnea, Raised JVP, Edema. Pulsus Paradoxus & kussmaul sign. Rapid Y desent in Jugular venous pulse curve	High-yield addition to next year	01/10/19 1:55 PM
272	309	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Cardiac tamponade	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsus_paradoxus&ved=2ahUKEwiw9qv7ovzgAhVC6RoKHV8fAG4QFjAHegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw0q8O4IojznhFHl4KwkEiWs	Causes of pulsus paradoxus. CHACOT (Cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, Hypovolemic shock, Asthma, COPD, Obstructive sleep apnea, Tension pneumothorax	Mnemonic	03/12/19 4:21 AM
273	310	Index	Index	Vasculitides	FAS1 2019	Giant cell arthritis is listed as being on page 315, but it is actually on 310.	Major erratum	01/08/19 12:18 PM
274	310	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Vasculitides	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23663684/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/20457278/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23114585/	It would be good to add that the production of cytokines, in particular Interleukin-6 (IL-6), appears to closely correlate with the severity of the Giant Cell Arteritis. A monoclonal antibody against IL-6 (tocilizumab) is effective in treatiing GCA.	High-yield addition to next year	01/30/19 12:11 AM
275	310	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Vasculitides	index clariication	leukocytoclastic vasculitis is predominantly discussed on this page (310) but is only listed in the updated index as being on page 173. This should be corrected. Thank you.	Clarification to current text	02/15/19 2:13 PM
276	310	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Vasculitides	UWorld, Pathoma	for polyarteritis Nodosa; due to different stages of lumpy fibrosis (Nodosa) it gives the appearance of "String of Pearls". This appearance also found in renal FibroMuscular Dysplasia.	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 6:29 PM
277	310	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Vasculitides	Pathoma	for Kawasaki disease: since Cardiac compication is such unique to know (kids with MI like pictures), suggest thinking of "kid on Kawasaki motorcycle"; their hands and feets are red and their heart is excited or beating fast same with disease.	Mnemonic	03/01/19 6:30 PM
278	310	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Vasculitides	First Aid 2019	Vasculitis is listed as page 315, 316 in the index but it's covered on page 310, 311	Major erratum	03/03/19 12:19 PM
279	311	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Heart failure	N/A	On pg. 757 in the appendix, "heart failure" directs you to pg. 311. There is no mention of heart failure on pg 311. Additionally, under "heart failure - associations" on page 757, it directs you to page 690, which has no mention of heart failure.	Spelling/formatting	02/09/19 1:37 PM
280	311	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Vasculitides	Spelling error	Immunoglobulin A vasculitis is associated with BERGER disease (i.e. IgA nephropathy) not BUERGER disease (i.e. thromboangiitis obliterans)	Spelling/formatting	01/04/19 9:26 AM
281	311	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Vasculitides	N/A	Page 311 states that immunoglobulin A vasculitis is associated with IgA nephropathy (Buerger disease) when it should be *Berger* disease. Confusing because Buerger disease is another vasculidity.	Spelling/formatting	01/04/19 9:16 PM
282	311	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Vasculitides	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/239927-overview	In Immunoglobulin A vasculitis, "Associated with IgA nephropathy (Buerger disease)" must be "Associated with IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)"	Minor erratum	01/09/19 8:35 AM
283	311	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Vasculitides	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329255-overview	Mixed cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis due to mixed IgG and IgA immune complex deposition. This is incorrect, mixed cryoglobulinemia contain rheumatoid factors (RFs), which are usually IgM and, rarely, IgG or IgA	Major erratum	01/15/19 9:49 AM
284	312	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Cardiac tumors	FA2019 lists Myxomas as the most common primary cardiac adult tumor	"Adults make myxed drinks" to remember that myxomas are the most common primary cardiac tumors in adults, vs. rhabdomyomas in children.	Mnemonic	01/03/19 9:19 PM
285	312	Index	Pharmacology	Kussmaul sign	N/A	The index incorrectly lists this fact to be on page 319.	Spelling/formatting	01/04/19 11:30 AM
286	312	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Ulcer complications	https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/varicose-veins	Varicose veins: dilated tortuous veins most commonly found on the superficial system. cussed by chronic elevation of venous pressure or loss of the strength in vessel wall leading to incompetent of the venous valves. common complication includes. edema,infection, dermatitis, ski ulcer and poor wound healing.	High-yield addition to next year	02/10/19 2:48 AM
287	313	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Calcium channel blockers	.	Concerning dihydropyridines : MALO and NIMO are CLEaVIng and kNIFing each other in a CAR .All of them end with -dipine.	Mnemonic	01/02/19 2:57 PM
288	313	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Nitrates	Not needed	Add methemoglobinemia to the side effects of nitrates. Already mentioned on page 648 of FA2018. Knowledge of this fact is HY (seen on NBMEs).	High-yield addition to next year	01/07/19 3:07 AM
289	314	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Sacubitril	https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00886	captoPRIL- ACE inhibitor, sacubiTRIL- neprilyson inhibitor, omaPaTRILat- both ACE and NEP inhibitor. (Name contaim both PRIL and TRIL- PaTRIL. )	Mnemonic	02/25/19 6:07 PM
290	315	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Lipid-lowering agents	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pcsk9-inhibitors-pharmacology-adverse-effects-and-use?search=pcsk9&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~31&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1063920136	In the figure at the bottom of the page, an arrow going from PCSK9 to LDL receptor is marked with a ‘+’ which is misleading because PCSK9 works by reducing LDLR levels on the plasma membrane. Hence if PCSK9 is blocked, more LDLRs are recycled and are present on the surface of cells.	Clarification to current text	12/31/18 6:46 AM
291	315	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Lipid-lowering agents	https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/861024	Figure indicates that PCSK9 stimulated LDL-R. While in fact PCSK9 stimulated degradation of LDL-R. Text after arrow should read "LDL-R Degradation" to avoid confusion	Minor erratum	03/05/19 9:47 AM
292	317	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Antiarrhythmics—sodium channel blockers (class I)	https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/punctuation/quotation_marks/more_quotation_mark_rules.html	The mnemonic for Class IC is "'Can I have Fries, Please." It is a question, so it should end with a "?" instead of a "."	Spelling/formatting	02/03/19 8:31 PM
293	317	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Antiarrhythmics—sodium channel blockers (class I)	https://www.cvpharmacology.com/antiarrhy/sodium-blockers	sodium channel binding strength is a CAB to fastest dissociation. IC>IA>IB.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 3:43 PM
294	317	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Antiarrhythmics—sodium channel blockers (class I)	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159222-treatment	It should be added to the Clinical Use section within Class 1A that such antiarrhythmics, like procainamide, are used to treat Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. I have had many questions inquire about this concept, including the USMLE-Rx question bank. No where in first aid 2019 is the treatment for this syndrome included.	High-yield addition to next year	02/23/19 2:10 PM
295	317	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Antiarrhythmics—sodium channel blockers (class I)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Bae	Salt Bae Kills Cows - Na block, B block, K block, Ca block	Mnemonic	03/13/19 6:27 PM
296	322	Endocrine	Anatomy	Adrenal cortex and medulla	Mnemonic	"CorticOL" hormones are derived from "CholesterOL" (may also be placed on page 328)	Mnemonic	02/13/19 2:07 PM
297	322	Endocrine	Anatomy	Adrenal cortex and medulla	It's a mnemonic	“The deeper you go, the sweeter it gets, and out comes the 1^o hormones in alphabetical order; Aldosterone, Cortisol, DHEA, Epi, Ne”. (A, C, D, E, N marked in bold/red)	Mnemonic	02/25/19 11:09 AM
298	322	Endocrine	Embryology	Thyroid development	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/845125-overview	Parafollicular cells are neural crest (ectoderm derived), not endoderm derived	Minor erratum	12/28/18 6:57 PM
299	323	Endocrine	Pathology	Adrenal insufficiency	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/116467-clinical	In the hyperpigmentation induced by primary adrenal insufficiency (Addisons Disease), First Aid states that a-MSH is released by corticotrophs which is responsible for stimulating peripheral melanocytes and stimulating melanin production. However after consultation with multiple texts and Dr. Kathleen Giangiacomo (whom I would like acknowledged should this erratus submission be accepted), I have come to understand that while aMSH is cleaved from POMC along with ATCH, that process occurs peripherally as adrenal corticotrophs lack the protease necessary. Furthermore in the pathology of adrenal insufficiency it is ACTH binding to MC1R receptors in the dermis causing hyperpigmentation. I have provided some textbook references in the images attached.	Minor erratum	03/08/19 7:39 AM
300	324	Endocrine	Anatomy and Physiology	Insulin	N/A	GLUT1= remember "RBC" -- R=RBC, B=baby (placenta), brain, C=cornea; GLUT3=the 2Bs of GLUT1 (=baby (placenta) and brain)-- remember this since 2+1=3	Mnemonic	02/18/19 2:40 AM
301	325	Endocrine	Physiology	Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-of-adrenal-insufficiency-in-adults?search=addisons%20disease%20adult&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H3195785943	Under MSH. It is stated that MSH causes hyperpigmentation in Cushing's disease. This is only correct if it is ACTH hypersectretion is causing the excessive cortisol. The ACTH and MSH pathway is classically suppressed in Cushing's. Addison's Disease is classically associated with hyperpigmentation.	Major erratum	01/31/19 2:58 PM
302	325	Endocrine	Physiology	Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones	mnemonic for information already in text	"S-eye-ADH" - ADH (elevated in SIADH) is produced in the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus	Mnemonic	02/07/19 8:30 AM
303	326	Endocrine	Physiology	Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias	Costanzo	17a-hydroxylase --> DHEA via 17,20-lyase (NOT 17a-hydroxylase). Similarly, 17-hydroxyprogesterone --> Androstenedione via 17,20-lyase (NOT 17a-hydroxylase). This is correct on the online Rx flaschards, but incorrect in the book.	Minor erratum	02/26/19 1:12 PM
304	326	Endocrine	Physiology	Prolactin	None needed	In the figure "Primary hypothyroidism" is misspelled as "Primary hypothroidism"	Spelling/formatting	01/15/19 4:11 PM
305	327	Endocrine	Physiology	Antidiuretic hormone	N/A	Mnemonic for remembering that ADH is produced in the supraOPTIC nucleus: "S-eye-ADH"	Mnemonic	03/12/19 2:19 PM
306	328	Endocrine	Physiology	Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117140-overview	Wrong enzyme mentioned when moving from zona fasciculata to zona reticularis, should say 17,20 lyase instead of 17 alpha hydroxylase	Major erratum	01/03/19 6:44 AM
307	328	Endocrine	Physiology	Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias	n/a	"Girls read Seventeen Magazine" i.e. individuals with 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency will be phenotypically female due to sex hormone deficiency	Mnemonic	02/17/19 3:23 PM
308	328	Endocrine	Physiology	Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/920532-overview	17,20 lyase instead of 17 alpha hydroxylase for 17 hydroxypregnenolone to DHEA and 17- hydroxyprogesterone to Androstenedione	Major erratum	03/06/19 1:14 PM
309	329	Endocrine	Physiology	Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/920532-overview	The reactions of 17-hydroxypregnenolone to DHEA and 17-hydroxyprogresterone to Androstenedione are catalyzed by 17,20 Lyase not by 17a-hydroxylase. They are both catalyzed by the same enzyme complex (P450c17). 17,20 Lyase deficiency presents similar to 17a-hydroxylase deficiency	Clarification to current text	02/14/19 6:02 AM
310	330	Endocrine	Pathology	Thyroid cancer	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/papillary-thyroid-cancer?search=Papillary%20thyroid%20cancer&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~47&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Tall cell variant: folicular hiperplasia lined by tall epithelial cells, seen in adults with poor prognosis.	High-yield addition to next year	01/06/19 6:46 PM
311	331	Endocrine	Physiology	Thyroid hormones (T3/T4)	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/thyroid-hormone-synthesis-and-physiology?search=iodine%20thyroid&sectionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H3&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=4~150&display_rank=4#H3	It was stated in the first paragraph of this section, "organification of iodide...". However, the organification is with iodine (I2) not iodide.	Clarification to current text	02/07/19 4:20 PM
312	331	Endocrine	Physiology	Thyroid hormones (T3/T4)	eMedicine: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089554-overview#a2	The text says "decreased TBG in hepatic failure", however there is actually generally an increased TBG in chronic liver disease. (studies show increased TBG in all cases studied of liver disease, though eMedicine states it may be increased or decreased).	Minor erratum	02/27/19 9:39 PM
313	331	Endocrine	Physiology	Thyroid hormones (T3/T4)	https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/452667_5	Add dopamine (alongside somatostatin) as an inhibitor of TSH release. Dopamine is acknowledged as an inhibitor of TSH release in the schematic on page 325.	Clarification to current text	03/07/19 4:44 PM
314	332	Endocrine	Physiology	Signaling pathway of steroid hormones	Mnemonic	V1 receptor and H1 receptor use the 1P3 (IP3) signaling pathway. Bold the 1s and I in IP3	Mnemonic	02/14/19 12:24 PM
315	332	Endocrine	Physiology	Signaling pathways of endocrine hormones	not needed	I think it is better to delete "Think Growth Factor" ,we don't need it because the new mnemonic "Get Found In the MAP" is clear	Clarification to current text	12/30/18 1:19 PM
316	333	Endocrine	Pathology	Cushing syndrome	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5340771/	The text indicates that Cushing Syndrome may have a finding of pseudohyperaldosteronism. That is true. But it will be good to specify that it is an transient increase in aldosterone level. As the disease progress, the aldosterone level decreases. Hypothetically, the pseudohyperaldosteronism is due to acute rise in ACTH wherease decreased aldosterone later will be due to direct actions of increased Cortisol.	Clarification to current text	02/25/19 7:08 AM
317	334	Endocrine	Pathology	Adrenal insufficiency	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/216821	Adrenal insuffuciency metyrapone test-it says "In 1* adrenal insufficiency, ACTH is (arrow pointing up) but 11 deoxycortisol remains (arrow pointing down)" which I think should clarify that the ACTH is high before test even (not increased by metyrapone) and that after test it stays high too and the 11-deoxycortisol remains low after test.	Clarification to current text	01/03/19 11:17 AM
318	334	Endocrine	Pathology	Adrenal insufficiency	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/metyrapone-stimulation-tests?source=autocomplete&index=0~1&search=metyrapone#H3541141777	Under the metyrapone stimulation test, the text states that you would observe decreased ACTH if 2º/3º adrenal insufficiency. This is misleading; the ACTH response would still be elevated but just not as elevated as expected. It might also be useful to include a note that metyrapone stimulation test is most sensitive for detecting defects in ACTH secretion, whereas random serum ACTH is a better tool for differentiating between 1º and 2º/3º adrenal insufficiency.	Clarification to current text	01/16/19 10:31 AM
319	334	Endocrine	Pathology	Hyperaldosteronism	It's Mnemonic	Normal K (potassium) = No Konn’s (Conn’s) syndrome .	Mnemonic	01/22/19 12:47 PM
320	335	Endocrine	Pathology	Carcinoid syndrome	my brain	CARCINOID 5yndrome mnemonic	Mnemonic	01/12/19 11:45 AM
321	335	Endocrine	Pathology	Hypothyroidism vs hyperthyroidism	https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/91/3/1159/2843609 Radiology. 1993 Jul;188(1):115-8. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-graves-orbitopathy-ophthalmopathy?search=graves%20ophthalmopathy&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	In ocular findings of Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease), lid lag/ retraction is due to either thickening of the Levator Palpebrae Superioris or fibrosis of the Superior Tarsal muscle. However, the innervation of the levator palpebrae is totally by oculomotor nerve instead of sympathetic nerve. And the Superior Tarsal is innervated by sympathetic nerve. Pathologic changes of the Levator Palpebrae is for sure, (Radiology. 1993 Jul;188(1):115-8.), however it's mechanism is still under debate. According to Uptodate, this is due to thyroid hormone excess. (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-graves-orbitopathy-ophthalmopathy?search=graves%20ophthalmopathy&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2) And the pathologic change of the Superior Tarsal is also proved in this article. https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/91/3/1159/2843609 I think FA2019 page337 fail to demonstrate the exact neurological innervation of these two closely related eyelid muscle :-).	Major erratum	03/09/19 8:54 PM
322	336	Endocrine	Pathology	Pheochromocytoma	N/A	"Rule of 10's:" 10% of MEdullary, Chromaffin cells, Be, Kids (10% Malignant, 10% Extra-adrenal, 10% Calcify, 10% Bilateral, 10% Kids	Mnemonic	01/11/19 2:04 PM
323	336	Endocrine	Pathology	Pheochromocytoma	this is just a mnemonic revision suggestion, not a citable content revision.	Please change the Rule of 10's to the Rule of 90's: 90% are benign, 90% are unilateral, 90% are adrenal only, 90% are uncalcified, 90% occur in adults. It seems much more intuitive to describe the rule as that of the primary presentation the vast majority of the time (90%), and the exceptions to those rules are easy to remember as the 10% occurrences.	Mnemonic	03/01/19 5:45 PM
324	336	Endocrine	Pathology	Somatostatinoma	https://www-uptodate-com.webproxy2.ouhsc.edu/contents/pathology-classification-and-grading-of-neuroendocrine-neoplasms-arising-in-the-digestive-system?search=somatostatinoma&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~21&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	Also known to have psammoma bodies	High-yield addition to next year	03/02/19 9:56 AM
325	337	Endocrine	Pathology	Hypothyroidism vs hyperthyroidism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5384127/	Lid retraction is due to increased sympathetic stimulation of the SUPERIOR TARSAL MUSCLE (muller's muscle)	Clarification to current text	01/30/19 8:36 AM
326	337	Endocrine	Pathology	Hypothyroidism vs hyperthyroidism	None	No blue brackets present in image to indicate onycholysis	Spelling/formatting	01/02/19 8:47 PM
327	337	Endocrine	Pathology	Hypothyroidism vs hyperthyroidism	wiki	in Hyperthyroidism, lid lag is due to sympathetic stimulation of superior tarsal muscle or muller muscle, not levator palpebrae superiors, which is innervated by cranial nerve III	Major erratum	01/19/19 2:23 AM
328	337	Endocrine	Pathology	VIPoma	It's Mnemonic	V*1*poma --> associated with MEN *1*.	Mnemonic	12/30/18 7:36 AM
329	340	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Insulin	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/general-principles-of-insulin-therapy-in-diabetes-mellitus?search=General%20principles%20of%20insulin%20therapy%20in%20diabetes%20mellitus&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	regular insulin start its effect at 30 minutes and peek 4=6 hr andaréis acting insulin star at 15 minutes and peek at 2=4 hr.	High-yield addition to next year	01/08/19 8:33 PM
330	340	Endocrine	Pathology	Thyroid cancer	not needed	New table to more deep understanding of the topic	High-yield addition to next year	01/22/19 6:14 AM
331	340	Endocrine	Pathology	Thyroid cancer	none needed	Remember that Medullary Carcinoma is associated with MEN2A and MEN2B by writing it as "MENdullary" (with the two Ls highlighted to remember its association with type 2)	Mnemonic	03/11/19 4:14 PM
332	341	Endocrine	Pathology	Parathyroid hormone	Made up	Pseudohypoparathyroidism (alliteration/Stress the S)---> G"S" protein defect resulting in "S"hortened stature, "S"hortened 3/4th digits & Subnormal PTH response	Mnemonic	02/15/19 12:38 PM
333	343	Endocrine	Pathology	Hyperparathyroidism	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/127351-overview	Add that bone resorption in osteitis fibrosa cystica occurs in the SUBPERIOSTEAL layer of bone	High-yield addition to next year	03/07/19 6:16 PM
334	344	Endocrine	Pathology	Diabetes insipidus	It's Mnemonic	*N*ephrogenic DI --->* N*ormal ADH levels.	Mnemonic	01/05/19 8:42 AM
335	346	Endocrine	Pathology	Diabetes mellitus	Pathoma page 166: "Due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells by T lymphocytes." Other authoritative sources include Robbins. Also research articles: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16280652; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119381/; and many, many other reviews and research articles.	The autoimmune destruction of of beta cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus from T cells and macrophages, not the autoantibodies. The autoantibodies are present but they are not what causes the destruction. The text implies the antibodies cause the destruction.	Major erratum	02/16/19 10:35 AM
336	346	Endocrine	Pathology	Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1914705-overview	In this section, near the end where the "Labs" are reported. It says there is "ketone production inhibited by presence of insulin". However, there is no ketone production in hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. It should state "NO ketone production". This is an important fact.	Major erratum	03/04/19 3:28 PM
337	347	Endocrine	Pathology	Multiple endocrine neoplasias	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123447-overview	MEN 1(1 Person): Pituatry,Pancreas,Parathyroid. MEN 2(2 people=Male & Female): Feochromocytoma+Medullary thyroid. Male/Boy(2B) :(Mucosal neuromas/Marfanoid)	Mnemonic	01/09/19 4:05 AM
338	347	Endocrine	Pathology	Multiple endocrine neoplasias	First Aid 2019	MEN 1: there is 1 pituitary gland (pituitary tumor), and 1 pancreas (pancreatic tumor). MEN 2: there are 2 adrenal glands (pheochromocytoma) and 2 thyroid lobes (medullary carcinoma of thyroid)	Mnemonic	02/06/19 10:44 AM
339	349	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Diabetes mellitus management	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4620230/#!po=0.375940	In the 4th row, the adverse effects column reads ‘Not recommended if kidney function is impaired.’ This text should be deleted or modified as acarbose is considered an ideal candidate for patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.	Clarification to current text	12/24/18 11:51 PM
340	349	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Diabetes mellitus management	N/A	DPP-4 inhibitors: "GLIPTIN suffix= GLP-1 LifTIN"	Mnemonic	02/18/19 9:20 AM
341	350	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Cinacalcet	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-secondary-hyperparathyroidism-in-adult-nondialysis-patients-with-chronic-kidney-disease?search=cinacalcet&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3~31&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	Under secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD should include the specification that it’s approved for dialysis patients only, as it’s not recommended, according to UpToDate, for nondialysis patients.	Clarification to current text	02/19/19 7:11 PM
342	350	Endocrine	Pathology	Hypothalamic/pituitary drugs	It's Mnemonic	pronounce (Cinacalcet) like (Sena*Ca*lcet )= *Sen*sitizes *Ca*2+-sensing receptor.\highlight "sen" and "ca".	Mnemonic	01/05/19 8:58 AM
343	350	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Hypothalamic/pituitary drugs	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/947954-overview	In addition to treatment of GH deficiency and Turner syndrome, GH is also used in Prader-Willi Syndrome	High-yield addition to next year	02/17/19 2:08 PM
344	354	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Pancreas and spleen embryology	First Aid 2019	Pancreas and spleen embryology (that contains annular pancreas and pancreas divisum) is mistakenly placed in the first part of the anatomy section instead of the embryology section.	Clarification to current text	02/28/19 12:00 AM
345	354	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Pancreas and spleen embryology	Boards and Beyond	Annular pancreas complications include duodenal obstruction, polyhydramnios, and pancreatitis.	High-yield addition to next year	02/28/19 12:03 AM
346	355	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Spleen	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948863-overview#a2	The fact "splenorenal ligament" says that it connects the spleen to the posterior abdominal wall. However, as per the name, the splenorenal ligament is known to connect the spleen to the anterior surface of the left kidney. Per emedicine "The splenorenal ligament extends from the hilum of the spleen to the anterior surface of the left kidney; it contains the tail of the pancreas and splenic vessels."	Major erratum	03/03/19 9:02 AM
347	356	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Digestive tract anatomy	not needed	To help remember frequencies of basal electric rhythm, fast to slow: "digestion is slow (stomach), mixing is fast (duodenum), absorption is in between (ileum)"	Mnemonic	01/09/19 9:40 AM
348	356	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Digestive tract anatomy	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3603487/ and Dr. Jason Ryan of Boards & Beyond	Slow waves originate in the interstitial cells of Cajal	High-yield addition to next year	01/20/19 7:28 AM
349	356	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Digestive tract anatomy	N/A	For Muscularis layers: Bold and color "i" in both inner and circular then bold and hi-light "o" for outer and longitudinal (for the different layers)	Mnemonic	03/09/19 9:32 PM
350	357	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Abdominal aorta and branches	N/A	Order of anterior-branching arteries of the abdominal aorta = CSI [Crime Scene Investigation], for Celiac, SMA, IMA.	Mnemonic	01/10/19 10:29 AM
351	358	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Celiac trunk	Netter's Clinical Anatomy, 3rd Ed (p. 181); Essential Anatomy 5; https://www.imaios.com/en/e-Anatomy/Thorax-Abdomen-Pelvis/Digestive-system-Illustrations (slide 63)	In the figure of the celiac trunk, the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery appear to wrap around the duodenum. Instead, they should wrap around the pancreas: (1) the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery would fit more appropriately at the current location of the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, and (2) the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery could be depicted as faded behind the pancreas, branching from the gastroduodenal artery at the branchpoint of the current anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery.	Minor erratum	03/09/19 1:53 PM
352	360	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Pectinate line	There was an erratun provided and approved for page 97 dated 2/14/18 for switching internal iliac to common iliac LN	Lymphatics for above the line drain into internal iliac LN; It should be Common iliac LNs based on newly approved erratum	Major erratum	03/01/19 6:51 PM
353	361	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Liver tissue architecture	Mnemonic	Distinguishing which type of hepatitis (viral or alcoholic) affects which hepatic zone (Zone I or Zone III) = the # of single full downwards pen strokes made when writing the word “viral” or “alcoholic”, as if you are writing roman numerals of the affected Zone. Clarifying image attached.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 7:42 PM
354	361	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Liver tissue architecture	https://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/LIVEHTML/LIVER003.html	Addition of a histological picture illustrating the zones of the liver, with accompanying text illustrating which area is affected by what. For example- the picture would be as attached, with under "zone 1"; viral hepatitis, ingested toxins, and so on.	Clarification to current text	02/27/19 10:52 AM
355	364	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Hernias	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/classification-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-inguinal-and-femoral-hernias-in-adults?search=inguinal%20hernia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~119&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H4	Move the most common in males to the top of the paragraph to read: "Most common in males. Goes through the...scrotum." Or, change the word scrotum to groin to reflect that it can occur in both sexes.	Clarification to current text	02/01/19 4:34 PM
356	365	Gastrointestinal	Physiology	Gastrointestinal regulatory substances	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/physiology-of-gastrin ,	Negative regulation of gastrin is by somatostatin which is missing from the list of regulators. It is especially worth adding here in the table because of its clinical utility as treatment in gastrinomas.	High-yield addition to next year	02/11/19 12:25 AM
357	367	Gastrointestinal	Physiology	Carbohydrate absorption	not needed	All are t(2)ransported to blood by GLUT 2 .( Highlight "t" and "2")	Mnemonic	12/30/18 7:24 AM
358	367	Gastrointestinal	Physiology	Carbohydrate absorption	Not needed.	'Fructose' is spelt as 'Frutose' in the diagram of the enterocyte.	Spelling/formatting	02/10/19 8:21 AM
359	367	Gastrointestinal	Physiology	Gastrointestinal secretory products	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10433005	ECL cells are illustrated outside the stomach diagram and it gives the impression that they are not found in the stomach, when in fact, they are.	Minor erratum	02/06/19 11:05 AM
360	367	Gastrointestinal	Physiology	Pancreatic secretions	Mnemonic	The only pancreatic enzyme that does not require cleavage/activation by trypsin is ɑ-amylase because “ɑ-amylase is ɑlways active” (or “ɑlready active”). Clarifying image attached.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 8:34 PM
361	371	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Esophageal pathologies	None	The 'New image' annotation box was left in next to the picture of pseudomembrane, on the bottom of the page. It is a yellow box in the margin. Just a formatting error, I don't believe this was supposed to be left in.	Spelling/formatting	12/22/18 8:53 PM
362	371	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Esophageal pathologies	First Aid	Plumber DIES instead of Plumbers DIE. The S for increase risk for "S"quamous cell carcinoma.	Mnemonic	01/11/19 10:47 AM
363	371	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Esophageal pathologies	First Aid 2018	Boerhaave Syndrome along with its description is completely missing from the 2019 edition. It is indexed correctly but seems to be deleted.	Major erratum	01/30/19 8:41 PM
364	371	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Esophageal pathologies	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2639970/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5387146/	GERD does not show signs of dysphagia. Signs of dysphagia only appears when the patient has progressed to esophageal adenocarcinoma, as they also show signs of weight loss. I think this point should be stated clearly, as it can help students differentiate if a patient has GERD or cancer based on presentation	Major erratum	02/04/19 1:28 PM
365	371	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Esophageal pathologies	Mnemonic	To remember that Boerhaave syndrome is a transmural esophageal rupture caused by excessive vomiting, think of it like all those episodes of vomiting have bored a hole through the esophagus and into the mediastinum; like miners drill boreholes into the wall of a cave or mine shaft.	Mnemonic	02/08/19 7:14 AM
366	371	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Esophageal pathologies	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/eosinophilic-esophagitis-eoe-genetics-and-immunopathogenesis?search=eosinophilic%20esophagitis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=4	For eosinophilic esophagitis, it is now known that many patients will respond to PPIs (it is not necessarily "typical"), From UpToDate: It is now appreciated that a substantial number of patients with esophageal eosinophilia can respond to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy, an entity that is now referred to as PPI-responsive esophageal eosinophilia (PPI-REE)	Minor erratum	03/08/19 5:28 AM
367	373	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Gastric cancer	Mnemonic	Krukenberg tumors are metastases to the ovaries from gastric adenocarcinoma. There are two more common metastases (Virschow- supraclavicular node, Sister Mary Joseph- periumbilical metastases) and the locations are difficult to remember along with the names. If you remember "Krack the Eggs" then it helps to remember that Krukenberg tumor is a metastasis to the ovaries as eggs are made in the ovaries.	Mnemonic	02/07/19 10:20 AM
368	373	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Ménétrier disease	Not needed	For -Men-etrier think mens (Latin for mind) —> brain —> brain-looking stomach	Mnemonic	02/02/19 11:43 AM
369	374	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Peptic ulcer disease	http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/smallbowelbrunnersgland.html	Duodenal ulcers are associated with Brunner gland hyperPLASIA NOT hyperTROPHY.	Major erratum	02/16/19 10:57 AM
370	375	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Malabsorption syndromes	Pathoma (‎Fundamentals of Pathology) 2016	mucosal absorption affects the jejunum (duodenum is less commonly involved)	Minor erratum	02/01/19 9:23 PM
371	375	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Malabsorption syndromes	Mnemonic	ABCDE mnemonic for celiac disease: Ig”A” antibodies destroy intestinal “B”illi (villi) to cause “C”eliac disease. “D”uodenum is most commonly affected. May lead to “E”ATL.	Mnemonic	02/08/19 12:54 PM
372	375	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Malabsorption syndromes	Mnemonic	To remember what celiac disease is and that is it associated with HLA-DQ2/HLA-DQ8: "People with CELIAC disease H8 2 eat GLUTEN"	Mnemonic	02/26/19 6:26 PM
373	376	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Inflammatory bowel diseases	https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.med.nyu.edu/contents/clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-prognosis-of-ulcerative-colitis-in-adults?search=ulcerative%20colitis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1844647392	In comparing UC and Crohns, the text says aphthous ulcers are found in both diseases. But we were taught (and UptoDate seems to confirm) that aphthous ulcers are only seen in Crohn's disease.	Minor erratum	03/05/19 9:06 PM
374	376	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Inflammatory bowel diseases	N/A	Crohn (1 word)= Th1 mediated vs Ulcerative Colitis (2 words)= Th2 mediated	Mnemonic	03/09/19 9:20 PM
375	377	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Appendicitis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=SURG%2F115333&topicKey=SURG%2F1383&search=appendicitis&source=outline_link&selectedTitle=1~150	Treatment for appendicitis is only listed as appendectomy. However, treatment for appendicitis has now been shown to include either appednectomy OR	Major erratum	02/11/19 10:15 AM
376	380	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Volvulus	First Aid versions 2018, 2019, and this NCBI article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2780196/.	Mnemonic suggestion: Midgut volvulus more common in infants/children (Midgut=Minors); Sigmoid volvulus more common in elderly (Sigmoid=Seniors)	Mnemonic	01/16/19 6:52 PM
377	381	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Polyposis syndromes	It's Mnemonic	*P*eutz-Jeghers syndrome ----> hyper*p*igmented .\highlight "P".	Mnemonic	01/11/19 11:19 AM
378	381	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Polyposis syndromes	uworld, uptodate: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/peutz-jeghers-syndrome-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=peutz%20jeghers%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~47&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H2	Gene mutations associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: STK11	High-yield addition to next year	01/16/19 8:33 PM
379	382	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Lynch syndrome	uworld, uptodate: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/lynch-syndrome-hereditary-nonpolyposis-colorectal-cancer-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=lynch%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~99&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H345552210	Gene mutations associated with Lynch syndrome: MSH2/6, MLH1	High-yield addition to next year	01/16/19 8:25 PM
380	382	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Lynch syndrome	N/a (Just a mnemonic, not stating any new facts)	I think of this is as: you CLOSE the genes involved in DNA mismatch repair, where CLOSE is an acronym standing for: (C)olorectal, (L)ynch Syndrome, (O)varian, (S)kin, and (E)ndometrial cancer.	Mnemonic	02/17/19 9:09 AM
381	383	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Cirrhosis and portal hypertension	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/185856-overview	Cirrhosis increases estrogen effects (which is the cause of gynecomastia, palmar erythema, testicular atrophy and impotence)	High-yield addition to next year	02/25/19 9:59 AM
382	386	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Hepatocellular carcinoma/hepatoma	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7694895	Polycythemia is just listed as a finding of HCC, while the other findings can be inferred based on the decreased function of the liver, polycythemia is not. It should be added that the proposed mechanism is increased EPO from the malignant cells (also referred to in PCV section in secondary causes).	High-yield addition to next year	02/27/19 1:44 PM
383	386	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Other liver tumors	UWorld	Per UWorld, cavernous hemangiomas are described as "abnormally dilated capillaries separated by thin connective tissue septa" and can occur in both the liver and brain.	High-yield addition to next year	02/05/19 5:21 PM
384	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Biliary tract disease	Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease ninth edition , page 858 , table 18 - 11	- Most common autoimmune association with Primary biliary cholangitis is Sjogren syndrome	High-yield addition to next year	01/23/19 2:43 PM
385	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Biliary tract disease	brain	primary (S)clerosing cholangitis (= Sperm for Men) // primary (B)iliary cholangitis (= Breasts for Women) .|| only way I can differentiate the two	Mnemonic	01/31/19 8:26 AM
386	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Hemochromatosis	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177216-differential	Hemochromatosis is associated with increased susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio vulnificus and Yersinia enterolitica infections.	High-yield addition to next year	01/25/19 6:00 PM
387	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Hemochromatosis	Mnemonic	To remember that Prussian blue stains iron deposits, imagine a Russian weightlifter turning blue while “pumping iron”. (Also may be applied to the “Sideroblastic Anemia” section on pg. 411). Colored image attached.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 11:05 PM
388	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Hemochromatosis	not needed	currently H"FE" is highlighted in red to reflect "iron", but down the road this can be forgotten especially with too many genes to memorize as you study the book. I suggest changing it to; HFE stands for human “Ferrous Enterocytes” and by that you remember that the problem with intestinal enterocytes absorbing Fe!	Mnemonic	03/01/19 6:13 PM
389	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Hemochromatosis	not needed	medications: deFERasirox, deFERoxamine, deFERiprone for ferrous, is for Fe	Mnemonic	03/01/19 6:13 PM
390	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Wilson disease	Mnemonic	To remember Wilson Disease results from impaired copper transport/excessive deposition, picture 28th U.S. President Woodrow Wilson on the penny. Image attached.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 11:33 PM
391	390	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Cholelithiasis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gallstones-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-prevention?search=tpn%20gallstone&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H2608614826	TPN is mainly a risk factor for cholesterol stones not pigment stones	Minor erratum	02/09/19 8:57 AM
392	392	Gastrointestinal	Pharmacology	Histamine-2 blockers	https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00455	The mnemonic currently is "table for 2" because H2 blockers have "dine" in it and block H2 receptors. The issue is that Loratadine and Terfenadine also have "dine" in it and are H1 blockers. I would suggest just changing it to include the "idine" to add accuracy. So the new mnemonic can be "I dine with H2o" because most of us do have water when we eat or "I dine at 2" which is a bit weird since 2 is a weird time to eat. Either way, you get the drift.	Mnemonic	01/17/19 11:38 AM
393	394	Gastrointestinal	Pharmacology	Laxatives	N/A	Senna turns the colon black like Henna (melanosis coli). Colonoscopy pictures of melanosis coli actually look strangely like they are coated with Henna!	Mnemonic	02/18/19 1:58 AM
394	397	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Blood groups	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/red-blood-cell-antigens-and-antibodies?search=Red%20blood%20cell%20antigens%20and%20antibodies&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	In the table , row “Antibodies in plasma” , column “Rh-“ , replace the image of the anti-D igG with None. In fact the Anti-D igG is an immune antibody and not a natural antibody like anti-ABO antibodies. It’s clearly stated in the paragraph “Rh antibodies” of the UpToDate article “Red blood cell antigens and antibodies”.	Major erratum	01/23/19 4:57 AM
395	397	Hematology and Oncology	Embryology	Blood groups	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system	Anti-A and anti-B antidodies that RBC Type O are most likly IgG and not IgM as the text picture indicates	Minor erratum	02/23/19 5:00 PM
396	397	Hematology and Oncology	Embryology	Hemolytic disease of the newborn	not needed	Type O mother; typer A or B fetus. To add Type AB fetus too	Major erratum	03/01/19 6:19 PM
397	398	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy	Hematopoiesis	https://books.google.com/books?id=zolYg-SsVhQC&pg=PA358&lpg=PA358&dq=myeloblast+lineage&source=bl&ots=pLKZqP70bt&sig=ACfU3U3TlfSFnczw3ff4w0zIiK-MBtBrXg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwipmuHE-PzgAhUHP6wKHQ6LCAcQ6AEwFnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=myeloblast%20lineage&f=false	Most people use BEN (basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil) to remember myleoblast lineage - next year's book can list the cells in that order, and add the mnemonic!	Mnemonic	03/12/19 10:45 AM
398	399	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy	Macrophages	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19388527	It mentions that Langerhans cells are macrophages derivatives. Whereas in old first aid (2016) and on uworld it says that Langerhans cells are dendritic cells.	Major erratum	01/14/19 6:37 PM
399	399	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy	Macrophages	https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(03)14323-1/fulltext	Change Langerhans cells to Langhans cell. Langhans cells is a are large cells found in granulomatous conditions. They are formed by the fusion of epithelioid cells (macrophages), and this cells is different than langeRhans cells, which are mononuclear epidermal dendritic cells derived (like Langhans cells) from monocytes.	Major erratum	01/30/19 12:10 PM
400	399	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy	Macrophages	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16405098	to add "Langhans cells" when describing granuloma formation, and to remind not to mix it with "Langerhans" dendritic cells in skin	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 5:57 PM
401	399	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy	Thrombocytes (platelets)	not needed	platelet factor *f*our (4) \suggest writing "four" and highlight *f* or highlight *4* to match mnemonic.	Mnemonic	12/31/18 2:30 PM
402	399	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy	Thrombocytes (platelets)	N/A	Think DenCe granules ( aDp, Ca )	Mnemonic	01/04/19 3:31 AM
403	400	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy	Eosinophils	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/embolism-from-atherosclerotic-plaque-atheroembolism-cholesterol-crystal-embolism PS* photo attached is from Pocket Medicine, 6th	Cholesterol emboli syndrome is a cause of eosinophilia. Add to one of the causes and add to the mnemonic: PACCCMAN	High-yield addition to next year	02/08/19 11:59 PM
404	402	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Hemoglobin electrophoresis	my brain	Can Santa Fly Around the world ?	Mnemonic	02/03/19 2:33 PM
405	403	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Thrombogenesis	uptodate.com, UWorld	add Desmopressin activate release of vWF from endothelial cells	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 6:01 PM
406	404	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Coagulation and kinin pathways	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-hemostasis?search=hmwk&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~17&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	Add HMWK = High-molecular-weight kininogen to the image caption	Clarification to current text	01/02/19 12:29 PM
407	404	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Coagulation and kinin pathways	http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/bloodjournal/100/3/743.full.pdf?sso-checked=true	Factor XIII requires calcium to convert to XIIIa.	Minor erratum	01/11/19 7:13 AM
408	404	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Coagulation and kinin pathways	UWORLD question banks	For Fibrinolytic system: to add the following thrombolytics (Urokinase, Kallikerin, Hageman faxtor XII), also both tPA and Urokinase are inhibited by PAI( Plasminogen activator inhibitor). Also the following are direct PLASMIN inhibitors (Tranexamic Acid, Aprotinin, alpha 2 microglobulin, alpha 2 atitrypsin)	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 5:59 PM
409	404	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Coagulation and kinin pathways	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27906870	under anti IIa (tmrombin) meds box: it say heparin (greatest efficacy). Actually there is obvious conflict in literature regarding the effictivness of H vs LMWH and the general sense is that there is no superiority in effectivness of one over the other although many practitioners claim that LMWH is more effective than Heparin. LMWH is associated with less HIT. I recommend removing "Greatest Efficay"	Major erratum	03/01/19 6:10 PM
410	404	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Coagulation and kinin pathways	n/a	I remember that Hemophilia B is aka as Christmas disease and is due to factor IX deficiency, by the mnemonic "NINE Before CHRISTMAS" = factor NINE, hemophilia B, CHRISTMAS disease	Mnemonic	03/04/19 1:08 PM
411	405	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Vitamin K–dependent coagulation components	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19141161	The inactive vitamin K dependent coagulation factors are listed as II, VII, IX, C, S. Factor X was neglected. It is, however, listed as a mature, carboxylated factor.	Minor erratum	01/04/19 11:15 AM
412	405	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy	Vitamin K–dependent coagulation components	Fa 2017	Factor 10 should be included for the inactive state	Minor erratum	02/22/19 10:15 AM
413	408	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	Information taken from First Aid	Burkitt Lymphoma, a t(8:14) of C-myc with a starry sky appearance. "At 8:14pm look up and SEE(c-myc) the STARRY SKY"	Mnemonic	02/07/19 3:45 PM
414	409	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Anemias	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/780334-overview ; https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2086146-overview	Consider adding "acute blood loss" to the graphic depicting the differential diagnosis of anemia. Acute blood loss typically presents as a normocytic anemia with an elevated reticulocyte index. This addition should be considered since acute blood loss is stated as "the most common cause of acute anemia seen in the emergency department (ED)" in Medscape. Links provided in the "supporting references" section.	High-yield addition to next year	01/04/19 6:42 PM
415	409	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Anemias	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-anemia?search=Approach%20to%20the%20adult%20with%20anemia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	In normocytic hemolytic anemia, the bone marrow response is usually normal so the reticulocyte index is > 3% and not > 2% according to the UpToDate article “Approach to the adult with anemia”, paragraph “decrease in effective red cell production”, line 4. So In the diagram, under “hemolytic”, replace reticulocyte index > 2% with > 3%.	Minor erratum	01/23/19 4:28 AM
416	409	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Anemias	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hereditary-spherocytosis?search=hereditary%20spherocytosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~87&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1623571274	'Hereditary Spherocytosis' is listed as an Intrinsic (Intravascular) Hemolytic, Normocytic Anemia. I believe it is more properly categorized as an 'Extrinsic' (Extravascular) Hemolytic, Normocytic Anemia. While progressive cell membrane loss does impair RBC ability to traverse microcirculation, the spleen is where the ultimate destruction (phagocytosis) of the Spherocytes takes place.	Minor erratum	02/19/19 3:27 PM
417	409	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Anemias	FA 2017	Sideroblastic Anemia is not included among Microcytic Anemias in the chart	Minor erratum	02/22/19 12:12 PM
418	410	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Microcytic, hypochromic anemias	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22200/	Alpha thalassemia is more commonly due to defect on chromosome 16	High-yield addition to next year	12/30/18 2:31 AM
419	410	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Microcytic, hypochromic anemias	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22200/	Beta thalassemia is more commonly due to defect on chromosome 11	High-yield addition to next year	12/30/18 2:32 AM
420	410	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Microcytic, hypochromic anemias	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-overview#showall (as well as Pathoma [2018] pg. 42 . Dr. Husain Sattar)	Hookworms (namely Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator Americanus) cause Iron Deficiency Anemia	High-yield addition to next year	01/06/19 12:41 PM
421	411	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Microcytic, hypochromic anemias	N/A	Exposure risk in Lead Poisoning should include exposure to batteries (like workers in a factory), or exposure to ammunition. Both of these exposure risks are included in the Lead Poisoning section on page 417.	High-yield addition to next year	01/06/19 12:38 PM
422	411	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Microcytic, hypochromic anemias	Dr. Sattar's Pathoma	Clarify the increase in RBC protoporphyrin for lead poisoning as inhibited ALAD should lead to a decrease (hence why lead poisoning can lead to a sideroblastic anemia	Clarification to current text	01/06/19 5:57 PM
423	413	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Heme synthesis, porphyrias, and lead poisoning	mnemonic	To remember intermediates in heme synthesis and porphyrias: Pour Hot Ugandan Coffee Pronto (Porphobilinogen, Hydroxymethylbilane, uroporphyrinogen III, Coproporphyrinogen III, Protoporphyran)	Mnemonic	12/22/18 1:31 PM
424	414	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Intrinsic hemolytic anemias	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206107-overview	Under Intrinsic hemolytic anemias there is hereditary spherocytosis listed. Hereditary spherocytosis is an intrinsic defect in the RBC but it is an extravascular hemolytic anemia. I suggest moving hereditary spherocytosis to page 415 under extrinsic anemia.	Minor erratum	01/20/19 1:48 PM
425	416	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Interpretation of iron studies	Goljan 4th edition page 295, Pathoma 2018 edition page 43	For anemia of chronic disease the % transferrin saturation is decreased.	Major erratum	01/12/19 10:48 PM
426	416	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Interpretation of iron studies	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-and-diagnosis-of-iron-deficiency-and-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-adults?search=iron%20deficiency%20stages&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	In the table it’s indicated that the first disturbance of iron deficiency is decreased serum iron. In fact, the first disturbance of iron deficiency is low ferritin (iron stores) , so the down arrow next to ferritin should be in red and the one next to serum iron should be in black. It is clearly specified in the UpToDate article (Causes and diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in adults) in “Progressive Iron depletion” and illustrated in table 4.	Minor erratum	01/23/19 3:56 AM
427	416	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Interpretation of iron studies	Mnemonic	To remember which iron storage molecule is exclusively intracellular and which is found in serum, remember that HemoSIDErin “Hides inSIDE” the cell, while FERRitin is FREE to Float in the serum. Color coded image attached.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 10:51 PM
428	417	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Heme synthesis, porphyrias, and lead poisoning	UpToDate: Porphyria cutanea tarda and hepatoerythropoietic porphyria: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis; https://www-uptodate-com.proxy1.lib.tju.edu/contents/porphyria-cutanea-tarda-and-hepatoerythropoietic-porphyria-pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=porphyria%20cutanea%20tarda&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~58&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	acquired not autosomal dominant	Minor erratum	01/17/19 7:56 AM
429	417	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Heme synthesis, porphyrias, and lead poisoning	https://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/heme-porphyrin.php#synthesis	leaD poisoning= ALA(D) deficiency. Vitamin B Six deficiency= ALA(S) deficiency	Mnemonic	02/07/19 2:26 AM
430	417	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Heme synthesis, porphyrias, and lead poisoning	n/a	To remember the enzymes related to the two main porphyrias (PBG for AIP and UROD for PCT): It is INTERMITTENTLY necessary to Pull out the Big Guns. U were TARDy (tarda) becase U ROD the bus to stay out of the sun.	Mnemonic	02/22/19 2:12 PM
431	418	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Coagulation disorders	N/A	Hemophilia A is deficient in factor Aight ( 8 )	Mnemonic	01/04/19 3:29 AM
432	418	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Iron poisoning	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6215844/	Replace "Seen in patients with 1 (hereditary ) " to "Seen in patients with 1 (hereditary hemochromatosis)".	Clarification to current text	01/04/19 1:45 PM
433	418	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Iron poisoning	not needed	Iron (Ferrous) chalting agents: IV deFERoxamine, oral deFERasirox	Mnemonic	03/01/19 6:20 PM
434	418	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	https://www-uptodate-com.proxy.medlib.uits.iu.edu/contents/epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-pathologic-features-and-diagnosis-of-burkitt-lymphoma?search=burkitt%20lymphoma&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~74&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Burkitt Lymphoma - t(8;14) - translocation of c-myc (8) and heavy-chain Ig (14). "C-my-crush? We had our first kiss (EBV) when we were in 8th grade, at age 14."	Mnemonic	03/08/19 2:35 PM
435	419	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Platelet disorders	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4989643/ as well as Dr. Hussien Satar (Pathoma)	IgG against the platelet antigens (GpIIb/IIIa) can cross the placenta and cause a short-lived thrombocytopenia in the newborn	High-yield addition to next year	01/03/19 4:59 AM
436	419	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Platelet disorders	UWORLD, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/platelet-dysfunction-in-uremia	Uremic Platelet Dysfunction: Excessive bleeding in patients with renal dysfunction due to accumulation of uremic toxins that impair platelet aggregation and adhesion. Increase BT with normal PC. Patients improve with dialysis	High-yield addition to next year	01/04/19 3:42 AM
437	419	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Platelet disorders	Uptodate and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3136592/	Add in: "Treatment dependent on severity of thrombocytopenia; observation only for those with mild cases." Also note that ITP is most commonly caused by IgG against GPIIb/IIIa (there are other platelet glycoproteins that can be targeted resulting in ITP as well as T-cell/cell-mediated route opposed to just antibody mediated).	Clarification to current text	01/11/19 6:23 PM
438	419	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Platelet disorders	N/A	Symptoms of TTP mnemonic: FAT RN (Fever, microangiopathic hemolytic Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Renal Failure, Neurologic symptoms)	Mnemonic	01/12/19 10:53 AM
439	419	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Platelet disorders	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acquired-ttp-initial-treatment	A new drug has been approved in Europe for acquired TTP (US FDA most likely to approve on Feb 6th, 2019 - currently on fastrack) - Anti-von Willebrand factor Caplacizumab (Cablivi™) is set to become the first line treatment for acquired TTP (vs existing plasmapheresis). *The target action date for the FDA decision is February 6, 2019.*	High-yield addition to next year	01/19/19 2:53 PM
440	420	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-in-adults?search=DIC%20causes&sectionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H255175&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#H255175	Transfusion is too generic. DIC often occurs in the setting of intravascular hemolysis, often due to an Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (AHTR).	Clarification to current text	01/16/19 2:31 PM
441	420	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-in-adults?search=DIC%20causes&sectionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H255175&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#H255175	Intravascular hemolysis is one of the causes of DIC (e.g., AHTR and malaria).	High-yield addition to next year	01/16/19 2:32 PM
442	421	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Blood transfusion therapy	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/red-blood-cell-transfusion-in-infants-and-children-selection-of-blood-products?search=irradiated%20blood%20SCID&usage_type=default&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~145&display_rank=2	Irradiated packed RBCs: Preserve RBCs, platelets, but remove any inmune cells which may cause a reaction. CLINICAL USE: SCID	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 11:15 PM
443	422	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCL6	for the Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma please include that "BCl-6 is on chromosome 3"	High-yield addition to next year	12/30/18 11:48 PM
444	422	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-pathologic-features-and-diagnosis-of-adult-t-cell-leukemia-lymphoma 2. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/human-t-lymphotropic-virus-type-i-virology-pathogenesis-and-epidemiology	1. Only approximately 25% of the adult T-cell lymphoma patients will have skin lesions at diagnosis. So the text should be corrected as "Adults may present with cutaneous lesions", as 75% of the patients do not experience this symptom. 2. HTLV-I is primarily transmitted by breastfeeding, although spread via blood transfusion, sharing of needles, and sexual intercourse also occurs. So authors should add "breastfeeding" to the "associated with IV drug abuse" sentence, as it is the most common method of transmission.	Clarification to current text	01/25/19 2:48 PM
445	423	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Multiple myeloma	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204369-overview#a3; Dr. Jason Ryan of Boards and Beyond mentions this as an important fact in his reputable board-review series.	Multiple Myeloma, and the growth of myeloma cells, is highly dependent on IL-6. It is required required for myeloma cell proliferation.	High-yield addition to next year	01/06/19 5:08 AM
446	423	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Multiple myeloma	https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/17/9/2533; uworld	The filtered light chains may cause intrarenal obstruction in the distal nephron by co-aggregating with the carbohydrate moiety of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, which is produced in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle	High-yield addition to next year	02/27/19 8:20 AM
447	423	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Myelodysplastic syndromes	lecture slides	Would be helpful to mention that MDS has increased bone marrow cellularity (cells don't leave marrow). and the 100-age for normal cellularity estimation. This is in contrast to aplastic anemia which is hypocellular.	High-yield addition to next year	01/16/19 11:14 AM
448	423	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Myelodysplastic syndromes	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-the-myelodysplastic-syndromes?search=myelodysplastic%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H37	if Blast in bone marrow is high but less than 20% so it suggests MDS. Bone marrow blasts of >20% suggest AML. improtant way to diffrentiate between them.	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 6:15 PM
449	424	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Leukemias	Mnemonic	AML - "A*uer rods, M*yeloperoxidase positive, myeL*oblasts" (bolded pathognomonic signs)	Mnemonic	01/11/19 6:01 AM
450	424	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Leukemias	https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1300874	arsenic +ATRA treatment is specific to acute promyelocytic leukemia	Clarification to current text	01/16/19 11:01 AM
451	424	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Leukemias	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30030507; https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2018/us-fda-approves-lumoxiti-moxetumomab-pasudotox-tdfk-for-certain-patients-with-relapsed-or-refractory-hairy-cell-leukaemia.html	add in Moxetumomab pasudotox for treatment for relapse/ refactory hairy cell leukemia	High-yield addition to next year	01/16/19 9:31 PM
452	424	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Leukemias	Pathoma	Hairy cell leukemia; stain positive for TRAP. these cells get TRAPped in spleenic redbulb causing spleenomegaly. so less Lymphadenopathy found, also bone marrow gets dry (fibrosis) as they are TRAPped in Spleen	Mnemonic	03/01/19 6:17 PM
453	425	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Chronic myeloproliferative disorders	FA2018	I saw that the JAK2 mutation (V617F) was removed from FA2019. While it makes sense that it was removed from the general section description as it does not pertain to ET or myelofibrosis, it should be readded under the subsection of polycythemia vera as it is present in ~95% of cases)	Clarification to current text	01/16/19 12:36 PM
454	426	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Langerhans cell histiocytosis	First Aid p 228, Uworld	"Cells express S-100 (mesodermal origin)" should say "Cells express S-100 (neural crest origin)" because Langerhans cells are of neural crest origin, not mesodermal origin. The stain S-100 also only stains for cells of neural crest origin.	Major erratum	02/06/19 9:11 PM
455	426	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Tumor lysis syndrome	N/A	PUcK for remembering the electrolytes imbalances in TLS. Capitalization means hyper and lowercase means hypo. P (hyperphosphatemia) U (hyperuricemia) c (hypocalcemia) K (hyperkalemia)	Mnemonic	01/14/19 11:26 AM
456	426	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Tumor lysis syndrome	N/A	Tumor lysis syndrome is associated with chemotherapy which often makes you vomit/puke: so remember hyperPUKe for TLS--> hyperPhosphatemia, hyperUricemia, hyperKalemia	Mnemonic	01/14/19 2:19 PM
457	427	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Direct thrombin inhibitors	https://reference.medscape.com/refdrug-srch/angiomax-angiox-bivalirudin-342137	bivaliruDIN - direct inhibitor of thrombin., dabigaTRAN- ThRombin antagonist.	Mnemonic	02/25/19 6:14 PM
458	427	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-hemophagocytic-lymphohistiocytosis?search=lymphohistiocytosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~86&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Add "Associated with Chediak-Higashi Syndrome", as this is nogted in the Chediak-Higashi section in the Immunology section in first aid on page 117.	High-yield addition to next year	01/22/19 2:24 PM
459	427	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Heparin	UWorld	Protamine is isolated from Salmon Sperm; contraindicated in case of shell-fish allergy. Causes HSR type I	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 6:03 PM
460	427	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Heparin	uptodate.com	Antithrombin decrease the action of activated IIa, IXa, Xa, XIIa and XIIa (not only IIa and Xa)	Major erratum	03/01/19 6:06 PM
461	429	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	ADP receptor inhibitors	not needed	mechanism is inhibiting platelets "activation" (no expression of p2y12 R) which leads to inhibition of platelets "aggregation"	Minor erratum	03/01/19 6:05 PM
462	429	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Direct factor Xa inhibitors	not needed	Apixaban, rivaroxaban (Api-Xa-BAN because it bans Xa)	Mnemonic	01/09/19 12:35 PM
463	429	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Direct factor Xa inhibitors	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-bleeding-in-patients-receiving-direct-oral-anticoagulants?sectionName=Rivaroxaban,%20apixaban,%20edoxaban,%20betrixaban%20(reversal)&search=direct%20factor%20Xa%20inhibitors&topicRef=1370&anchor=H3105446&source=see_link#H3105446	Antidote for rivaroxaban and apixaban toxicity was FDA approved in 2018. It's called Andexanet.	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 12:23 AM
464	429	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Direct factor Xa inhibitors	https://reference.medscape.com/refdrug-srch/xarelto-rivaroxaban-999670	rivaroxaban- RIVAR-read like reversible O- oral, XA- XA , B- blocker, or AN - antagonist.	Mnemonic	02/25/19 6:20 PM
465	429	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors	Mnemonic	TEA at 2 or 3? (Tirofiban, Eptifibatide, Abciximab bind to Gp2b3a)	Mnemonic	02/20/19 7:54 AM
466	429	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors	not needed	IIb/IIIa is a FIBrinogen receptor; to highlight eptiFIBatide and tiroFIBan	Minor erratum	03/01/19 6:02 PM
467	430	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Cancer drugs––cell cycle	First Aid	Cladribine is not S-phase specific. It is cell-cycle independent. This is clarified on page 432 but the current diagram is not consistent with the clarification.	Minor erratum	12/26/18 11:37 PM
468	431	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Antitumor antibiotics	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3461790/	Bleomycin is also used as an intra-lesional sclerotherapy agent in lymphangiomas. Add this clinical use will also reinforce the idea that it promotes fibrosis (pulmonary fibrosis).	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 1:41 AM
469	432	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Antimetabolites	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fluoropyrimidine-associated-cardiotoxicity-incidence-clinical-manifestations-mechanisms-and-management	5-fluorouracil-induced coronary artery spasm is a potentially lethal side effect that needs to be addressed here.	High-yield addition to next year	01/10/19 11:50 AM
470	434	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Etoposide, teniposide	N/A	Move II the -side. To memorize that etoposide and teniposide are topoisomerase II inhibitors.	Mnemonic	01/13/19 5:50 AM
471	434	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Imatinib, dasatinib	N/A	"Im -abl to inhibit tyrosine kinase". In order to remember that IMatinib is an inhibitor of bcr-abl.	Mnemonic	01/13/19 5:56 AM
472	434	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Irinotecan, topotecan	N/A	"I -can". To memorize that Irinotecan and Topotecan are topoisomerase I inhibitors	Mnemonic	01/13/19 5:53 AM
473	435	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Tamoxifen, raloxifene	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mechanisms-of-action-of-selective-estrogen-receptor-modulators-and-down-regulators "Both raloxifene and tamoxifen also induce hot flashes (an estrogen antagonist effect)"	Hot flashes can be caused by raloxifene as well, not only tamoxifen.	Clarification to current text	01/07/19 3:10 AM
474	435	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Trastuzumab	https://reference.medscape.com/drug/herceptin-ogivri-trastuzumab-342231	In adverse effects, it says that "Heartceptin" damages the heart. I didn't understand what heartceptin was referring to so I googled and found out it is another name for trastuzumab. In First Aid 2018 there is herceptin written next to the fact title but in First Aid 2019 there isn't.	Clarification to current text	12/28/18 3:51 PM
475	436	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Key chemotoxicities	FA 2018 page 431, Antitumor antibiotics section	Add daunorubicin next to doxorubicin (same format with the D capitalized and in red color).	High-yield addition to next year	01/07/19 3:12 AM
476	438	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Rotator cuff muscles	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teres_minor_muscle. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/rotator-cuff-tendinitis-and-tear-beyond-the-basics#H1	Rotator cuff muscles: Teres minor: (axillary nerve) Adducts* and externally rotate arm I would like to suggest a correction over here, it should be abduction, I have gone through multiple resources and it confirms that it should be Abduction. Referred Books: Textbook of Orthopedics by JOHN EBNEZAR,HARRISON MEDICINE ,GRAYS ANATOMY	Minor erratum	02/14/19 10:43 PM
477	438	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Spinal cord—lower extent	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-low-back-pain-in-adults?search=Evaluation%20of%20low%20back%20pain%20in%20adults&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Differential diagnosis of back pain.	High-yield addition to next year	01/15/19 11:52 PM
478	439	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Wrist region	FA 2019 for Usmle step 1 Text Book, Page 439	on line 11th, after the phrase "the radial artery", there are two dots: (..) instead of one at the end of the sentence.	Spelling/formatting	01/06/19 6:32 PM
479	440	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Upper extremity nerves	https://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/muscles/upper-arm/ https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-upper-extremity-peripheral-nerve-syndromes?search=musculocutaneous%20nerve&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H7507770	The musculocutaneous nerve supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm, not the triceps and thus the triceps reflex should not be affected although it is supplied by C7 (radial nerve)	Major erratum	01/13/19 3:23 AM
480	440	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Upper extremity nerves	Zorrilla S. de Neira, J., Prada-Cañizares, A., Marti-Ciruelos, R. et al. International Orthopaedics (SICOT) (2015) 39: 2287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-015-2975-4	Supracondylar fractures that are anterolateral may damage the radial nerve. If it is anteromedial, it will affect the median nerve.	Clarification to current text	02/04/19 5:58 PM
481	440	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Upper extremity nerves	Zorrilla S. de Neira, J., Prada-Cañizares, A., Marti-Ciruelos, R. et al. International Orthopaedics (SICOT) (2015) 39: 2287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-015-2975-4	Supracondylar fractures that are anterolateral may damage the radial nerve. If it is anteromedial, it will affect the median nerve.	Clarification to current text	02/04/19 7:40 PM
482	440	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy	Upper extremity nerves	Mnemonic	To remember the directional movements of supination and pronation, use your left hand and position it with your palm facing the floor. From this position, thumbs up = supination (“super”nation) and thumbs down = pronation (your hand makes the shape of a “P”). Clarifying image attached.	Mnemonic	02/08/19 7:22 AM
483	441	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Movement disorders	https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/510573_9	under erb palsy, the teres minor muscle and serratus anterior are also affected but it is not mentioned under muscle deficit.	Major erratum	01/19/19 7:49 PM
484	442	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Distortions of the hand	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1243669-overview	To remember that clawing is best elicited with distal lesions while extending the fingers: "The lion must EXTEND his CLAWS to catch DISTAL prey."	Mnemonic	02/14/19 11:13 AM
485	444	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Lower extremity nerves	Gray's Anatomy for Students, http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/413852, https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/book/3-s2.0-B9780702051319000067?scrollTo=%23hl0003000	While the pectineus is part of the adductor muscle group of the medial thigh, it is not innervated by the obturator nerve. It is in fact majorly innervated by the femoral nerve and should be classified as such. Anatomical literature reflects conflicting evidence as to the existence of an accessory obturator nerve (AON), which is believed to contribute to pectineus function. However the AON is an anatomical variant infrequently expressed among the population. While obturator nerve damage will result in loss of adduction and medial thigh sensation, the vats majority of this pathology will be caused by denervation of the other adductor muscles, not the pectineus.	Clarification to current text	01/30/19 5:55 PM
486	445	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy	Actions of hip muscles	Netter Atlas	Under the flexors category, rectus femoris is listed, which is one of the muscles considered part of the quadriceps. Although, under the femoral nerve section the innervated muscle is the "quadriceps"- without explanation that this is actually 4 muscles, or that one of these is the rectus femoris (which is the flexor the hip), which is listed later. In short- suggestion to make consistent either just using quadriceps, or saying rectus femoris (quadriceps)- so that it is clear what its innervation is.	Clarification to current text	02/27/19 6:56 PM
487	448	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Achondroplasia	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/achondroplasia?search=achondroplasia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~114&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	"Membranous ossification is affected", should instead be "Membranous ossification is NOT affected". Endochondral ossification is affected while membranous ossification is not affected, hence leading to a large head relative to limbs.	Minor erratum	12/27/18 7:50 AM
488	449	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Osteopetrosis	http://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-73/issue-9/839.html	Also known as "Marble Bone Disease". was a question about in UWorld	High-yield addition to next year	12/22/18 9:35 PM
489	450	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Muscle proprioceptors	not needed	the title "Muscle proprioceptors" is highlighted in yellow ,I suggested removing the highlight , It's not in the book style.	Clarification to current text	01/01/19 10:15 AM
490	450	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Muscle proprioceptors	FA	Muscle Spindle--- bold in red the LE at the end of muscle and spindle and the LE of length. Golgi Tendon organ-- Golgi "Tension" organ	Mnemonic	02/27/19 7:14 PM
491	450	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Osteitis deformans	https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/713989_9	Pagets disease is caused by: Paramyxovirus (measles and RSV)	High-yield addition to next year	12/24/18 5:37 PM
492	451	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Overuse injuries of the elbow	Myself	Golfer's try to put ball in Middle of the holes. Tennis players try to hit balls in Lateral court. Hence, Golfer's have medial epicondyle injury while tennis players have lateral epicondyle injury.	Mnemonic	01/31/19 9:08 AM
493	451	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Wrist and hand injuries	1- https://www.uptodate.com/contents/metacarpal-neck-fractures , 2-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer%27s_fracture , 3-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6060459/ ,, 4-https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/boxers-fracture#1	boxer's fracture :most commonly seen in 5th metacarpal ,then in 4th metacarpal .(to be more precise).	Clarification to current text	01/24/19 1:22 PM
494	452	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Common musculoskeletal conditions	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431095/	In the description of the "unhappy triad" it is described as "due to lateral force applied to a planted foot" and the zoomed out (full leg) picture next to it shows that described "lateral force". HOWEVER, the force is actually a medially directed force applied to the lateral leg. The zoomed in picture correctly shows this. Technically the medial foot has a lateral force from friction against the ground, but that isn’t what the picture is describing. So the zoomed in picture correctly shows a medially directed force to the lateral leg, however the full-leg picture shows the opposite. The best description of this would be a “Valgus force” which is equally accurate for both the lateral force applied to the medial ankle, and medial force applied to the lateral knee. Both result in Valgus stress that would tear the MCL. (The importance of this is that in the abnormal passive abduction test for MCL tear on page 443, the force is correctly described as a lateral force, so the force description on page 452 would directly contradict that)	Clarification to current text	03/03/19 1:23 AM
495	453	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy	Childhood musculoskeletal conditions	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imhI6PLtGLc	The text mentions "Ortolani and Barlow maneuvers" but by convention it is named "Barlow and Ortolani Maneuvers". The reason for specific order lies in fact that Barlow Maneuver is always performed before Ortolani maneuver to confirm the developmental dysplasia of hip. Also, this maneuver is usually performed at the age 0-3 months as it comes negative usually after the age of 3 months.	Minor erratum	01/10/19 6:41 AM
496	453	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy	Childhood musculoskeletal conditions	https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/slipped-capital-femoral-epiphysis-scfe	Slipped Femoral Capital Epiphysis indicates age as approximately 12 yo. and does not provide direction. Usually, the age of occurrence is 12-16 yo for Boys and 10-14 yo for girls. The Epiphysis is shifted downwards compared to femoral neck.	Minor erratum	01/10/19 7:05 AM
497	453	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Common musculoskeletal conditions	not needed	the phrase "Patellofemoral" is highlighted in yellow ,I suggested removing the highlight , It's not in the book style.	Clarification to current text	01/01/19 10:17 AM
498	455	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Osteitis deformans	It's Mnemonic	Paget disease --> 4 H's : Hat size , Hearing loss , High-output cardiac failure , High risk of osteosarcoma	Mnemonic	01/22/19 12:47 PM
499	455	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Osteopetrosis	http://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-73/issue-9/839.html	Also known as "Marble Bone Disease". was a question about in UWorld	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 6:59 PM
500	456	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Primary bone tumors	It's Mnemonic	osteoBlastoma : verteBrae , Big size( > 2cm) , Bad response to NSAIDS.	Mnemonic	01/22/19 12:49 PM
501	456	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Primary bone tumors	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255364-overview	The Giant cell tumor is locally aggressive benign tumor in most cases but they have potential of metastasis (NCI as well as Robbins Pathology text book). The chances of metastasis to distant sites is 1-9% (Medscape)	Minor erratum	02/02/19 6:11 AM
502	456	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Primary bone tumors	Myself.	Osteoblastomas vs. Osteoid Osteomas. "osteoBlastomas are Bigger, Badder, and Backer than Osteoid Osteomas" Meaning= Bigger: Osteoblastomas (>2 cm vs. <2 cm=Osteois Os); Badder: OBs don't respond to Aspirin but OstOmas do respond; Backer: OsteoBs located in Vertebrae	Mnemonic	02/17/19 5:54 PM
503	457	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Primary bone tumors	FA 2019 Page 457	white arrow*s* in (F).	Spelling/formatting	01/04/19 12:33 PM
504	457	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Primary bone tumors	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27265835	Ewing sarcoma was originally thought to be neuroectodermal in origin but is now believed to arise from a mesenchymal stem cell.	Major erratum	02/04/19 2:16 PM
505	457	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Primary bone tumors	UW question #15635	Ewing Sarcoma is of mesenchymal stem cell origin (previously thought to be neuroectodermal in origin)	Major erratum	02/05/19 1:43 PM
506	458	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hla-and-other-susceptibility-genes-in-rheumatoid-arthritis	Rheumatoid Arthritis is associated with HLA-DR4. However, it will be good to specify the gene locus HLA-DRB1 too. It will help reduce the confusion if question asks about gene locus.	High-yield addition to next year	02/16/19 10:54 AM
507	458	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis	n/a	Hand joints affected by each type of arthritis: O, BRO starting from fingertips and moving proximally. DIP joints = O (osteoarthritis), PIP joints = B (both osteo and rheumatoid arthritis), MCP joints = R (rheumatoid arthritis), CMC joint of thumb = O (osteoarthritis). See figure for clarification.	Mnemonic	02/17/19 3:31 PM
508	459	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Gout	n/a	"Get OUT is an INDY film" i.e. treat gout with indomethacin	Mnemonic	02/17/19 3:26 PM
509	461	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Seronegative spondyloarthritis	not needed	the phrase "spondylarthritis" is highlighted in yellow ,I suggested removing the highlight , It's not in the book style.	Clarification to current text	01/01/19 10:21 AM
510	461	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Seronegative spondyloarthritis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/heel-pain-in-the-active-child-or-skeletally-immature-adolescent-overview-of-causes; https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-differential-diagnosis-of-axial-spondyloarthritis-ankylosing-spondylitis-and-nonradiographic-axial-spondyloarthritis-in-adults	add that "Enthesitis presents as heel pain"	High-yield addition to next year	02/06/19 11:48 AM
511	462	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Systemic lupus erythematosus	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000991209290354U?via%3Dihub # https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3561694/	drug induced lupus : autoantibodies to nuclear histone present in 95% of cases, less renal and neural symptoms	High-yield addition to next year	02/19/19 1:46 PM
512	463	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Neuromuscular junction diseases	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjx4_mah5HgAhUMTY8KHeDZC7wQFjAAegQIChAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uptodate.com%2Fcontents%2Flambert-eaton-myasthenic-syndrome-treatment-and-prognosis&usg=AOvVaw3o4iXbgW-ZZND2oy_ugYdP	FDA approved Amifampridine (oral potassium channel blocker) as the first drug for the treatment of Lambert Eaton syndrome.	High-yield addition to next year	01/28/19 12:08 PM
513	463	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Polymyositis/dermatomyositis	First Aid	Dermatomyositis is CD4 mediated. D is the 4th letter of the alphabet.	Mnemonic	03/04/19 6:51 PM
514	466	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy	Dermatologic macroscopic terms	https://courses.washington.edu/hubio567/lang/vesicle.html	The text mentions vesicle<1cm and Bulla>1cm. However several references mentions Vesicle size < 0.5 cm and Bulla size > 0.5 cm	Minor erratum	01/17/19 11:49 AM
515	466	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy	Dermatologic macroscopic terms	http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/skinnontumoracanthosisnigricans.html	Orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis (NOT ACTUALLY ACANTHOSIS ) and papillomatosis of stratum spinosum	Minor erratum	02/13/19 6:26 PM
516	466	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Dermatology	Dermatologic macroscopic terms	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=DERM%2F70809	The image letter C seems to be referring to a nevus currently but the image shows an acne pustule (as seen in attached reference), so the letter C should be moved after acne.	Minor erratum	03/04/19 5:21 PM
517	468	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Dermatology	Common skin disorders	I have seen this mentioned in other resources including Pathoma and Boards & Beyond. I will include this paper from Nature as well as an earlier characterization of this association published in the American Journal of Human Genetics. (1) https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.694 (2) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16642438	Psoriasis has been found to be associated with HLA-C	High-yield addition to next year	01/24/19 9:13 PM
518	469	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Dermatology	Vascular tumors of skin	https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6234/cystic-hygroma	cystic hygroma - cavernous lymphangioma of the neck,assoiated with turner syndrome	Major erratum	02/06/19 9:00 PM
519	470	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Dermatology	Skin infections	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/910570-workup	The histologic picture of Molluscum Contagiosum cytoplasmic bodies is very high yield to know for step1	High-yield addition to next year	01/10/19 10:33 AM
520	470	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Dermatology	Skin infections	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788199-overview ALSO SEE Vivian H Chu, MD, MHS. Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. https://www.uptodate.com (Accessed on February 24, 2019.)	The majority of clinically reported cases of Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome are due to S. aureus	Minor erratum	02/24/19 8:42 PM
521	470	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Dermatology	Skin infections	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/oral-leukoplakia?search=hairy%20leukoplakia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~138&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	It is inferred that Hairy Leukoplakia is non-cancerous by the last sentence of "Contrast with thrush (scrapable) and leukoplakia (precancerous)", but it is not stated that hairy leukoplakia is not pre-cancerous, as it is stated that it cannot be scraped away. Possibly add after "cannot be scraped off", "not-precancerous". Then the last sentence would be more clear.	Clarification to current text	02/28/19 8:51 AM
522	471	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Dermatology	Autoimmune blistering skin disorders	First Aid	Vulgar words come from the mouth so there's oral involvement	Mnemonic	01/11/19 1:56 PM
523	471	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Dermatology	Autoimmune blistering skin disorders	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-pemphigus?search=pemphigus%20vulgaris&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~43&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Pemphigus vulgaris always has desmoglein-3 antibodies with or without desmoglein-1. However, it cannot be desmoglein 1 without desmoglein 3 as that would be a different entity (pemphigus foliaceous)	Minor erratum	01/29/19 12:14 PM
524	471	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Dermatology	Autoimmune blistering skin disorders	Mnemonic	To remember which skin blistering disorders stimulate specific IgG vs IgA antibodies, just look at the letters in the name of each disease. DermAtitis herpetiformis produces specific IgA antibodies, while bullous pemphiGoid and pemphiGus vulGaris both produce specific IgG antibodies (don’t let the lone “A” in “vulgaris” fool you; “pemphigus vulgaris” has two “G”s to emphasize production of IgG antibodies).	Mnemonic	02/08/19 12:16 PM
525	471	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Dermatology	Other blistering skin disorders	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-pathogenesis-classification-and-clinical-features-of-epidermolysis-bullosa	Include information about epidermolysis bullosa, which is one of the topics specifically mentioned in the USMLE content outline (https://www.usmle.org/pdfs/usmlecontentoutline.pdf, page 12). I think mentioning that the simplex type is the most common, involves blisters in areas of trauma or mechincal stress, and involves an autosomal dominant mutation in keratin genes.	High-yield addition to next year	03/10/19 7:26 PM
526	472	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Dermatology	Miscellaneous skin disorders	n/a	Lichen grows on GRANite = Lichen planus results in increased thickness (growth) of the stratum GRANulosum.	Mnemonic	02/22/19 9:20 AM
527	474	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pharmacology	Arachidonic acid pathways	Myself	Non-selective NSAID mnemonic: KIDIN i.e. Ketorolac, Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Indomethacin, Naproxen	Mnemonic	02/02/19 7:28 PM
528	474	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pharmacology	Arachidonic acid pathways	Not needed	all prostaglandin agonists have "PROST" in their name short for PROSTaglandin or PROSTacyclin; to make "prost" in RED. Same for "LEU" or "LUK" in LEUKotrienes antagonists. Makes it easier to remember	Clarification to current text	03/01/19 5:50 PM
529	475	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pharmacology	Aspirin	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8397891	Under side effects of Aspirin, tinnitus is listed. In parenthesis it says CN 7. However, the tinnitus is due to CN 8.	Minor erratum	12/22/18 8:46 PM
530	475	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pharmacology	Aspirin	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948907-overview	in adverse effect part, after the word "tinnitus", CN VII should be corrected as: CN VIII	Major erratum	01/02/19 9:30 PM
531	475	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pharmacology	Aspirin	N/A	tinnitus would be caused by CN VIII instead of CN VII	Minor erratum	01/19/19 3:18 PM
532	475	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pharmacology	Bisphosphonates	Firs Aid itselft	Highlight the suffix "dronate" as it is common suffix to bisphophonates	Mnemonic	02/02/19 8:01 PM
533	475	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pharmacology	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs	myselft	NSAID mnemonic: KID IN My Picture i.e. Ketorolac, Ibuprofen, Diclfenac, Indomethacin, Naproxen, Meloxicam, Piroxicam	Mnemonic	02/02/19 7:49 PM
534	475	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8397891	in asprin side effects: tinnitus (CN VII) but it's VIII not VII	Minor erratum	02/21/19 7:21 AM
535	476	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pharmacology	Gout drugs	https://www.ebmconsult.com/articles/allopurinol-azathioprine-interaction-mechanism-wbc	Text says "increase concentrations of xanthine oxidase active metabolites, azathioprine, and 6-MP.". This text is confusing. It should be replaced by "Increases the concentrations of drugs metabolized by xanthine oxidase e.g. 6-MP (and it's prodrug Azathioprine) and increases the potential toxicity of these drugs if their concentration is not reduced"	Clarification to current text	01/12/19 6:07 PM
536	479	Neurology and Special Senses	Embryology	Holoprosencephaly	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815046/	Trisonomy 18 accounts for 1-2% cases of holoprosencephaly.	High-yield addition to next year	02/14/19 8:32 PM
537	481	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Neurons	First Aid 2018 vs First Aid 2019 (p. 481)	In the index, you stated information on Wallerian degeneration was located on p. 481. It's missing in the new 2019 First Aid section.	Clarification to current text	01/20/19 6:54 PM
538	482	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Sensory receptors	Current first aid 2019	Instead of “pacinian corpuscle” call it a press-in-ian corpuscle, because its for pressure and vibration	Mnemonic	02/12/19 3:23 PM
539	483	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Neurotransmitter changes with disease	https://accessmedicine-mhmedical-com.vcom.idm.oclc.org/content.aspx?sectionid=147035958&bookid=1969&jumpsectionID=147036058&Resultclick=2#1137636972	In this section, the location of serotonin synthesis is written as Raphe Nucleus (medulla). I have found other resources that say that the raphe nuclei are located in both the medulla and the pons. In fact, some resources have said that they are more substantial in the pons.	Clarification to current text	01/16/19 6:48 PM
540	485	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Sleep physiology	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC181172/	According to Kaplan, Benzos only suppress REM sleep at very high (beyond clinical) doses and therefore are less likely to cause REM rebound. The article I linked seems to contradict this so I'm unclear. Regardless, would be great if you could include something in this section next year about REM rebound since it is a pretty testable concept.	High-yield addition to next year	02/03/19 9:39 AM
541	487	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Limbic system	n/a	Neural structures involved in: Emotion, Behavior modulation, Olfaction, Long-term memory, ANS function. Mnemonic: EBOLA (first letter of each function)	Mnemonic	03/04/19 7:23 AM
542	488	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Basal ganglia	https://neurology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1049&sectionid=59138673	The basal ganglia figure and text need to updated to reflect that the primary input to the striatum is cortical rather than from the SNc through the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway (see figure 43-2 in Principles of Neural Science 5th edition)	Clarification to current text	02/01/19 5:24 AM
543	488	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy	Basal ganglia	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-and-pathogenesis-of-parkinson-disease?search=basal%20ganglia%20indirect%20pathway&sectionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H3&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=2~150&display_rank=2#H3	In indirect pathway> SNc input to the striatum via the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway stimulates D2 receptors in striatum which in turn "SHOULD DECREASE" the release of GABA from striatum which further cannot inhibit the GPe resulting in continuous inhibition of STN resulting in NO inhibition of movements, It concludes the inhibition of inhibitory pathway via SNc. But its mentioned in FA19 in indirect pathway SNc input to the striatum would release GABA from striatum ( which is basically an Excitatory input that comes from Cortex which results in decreased movements) which in further would inhibit the GPe resulting in disinhibition of STN>stimulates GPi>inhibits thalamus>decreased movements. ( contrary to what's supposed to be the function of the D2 pathway that's stimulating the movements).	Major erratum	03/09/19 3:26 AM
544	490	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Ischemic brain disease/stroke	http://revistaneurociencias.com.br/edicoes/2009/RN%2017%2002/10.pdf	there is NO lower extremity weakness in man in barrel syndrome. man-in-the-barrel syndrome” (MBS) is characterized by bilateral upper extremity paresis with intact motor function in the lower extremities. The patient is unable to move his arm to any stimulus, appearing as if the upper limbs are confined within a barrel. It was originally attributed to cerebral infarctions in the watershed zones between the middle and anterior cerebral artery distributions . [seen as the blue area in the first aid picture]	Major erratum	01/28/19 2:27 PM
545	491	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Circle of Willis	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1877617-overview https://radiopaedia.org/articles/anterior-choroidal-artery?lang=us	On the Circle of WIllis diagram on page 491, the ant. choroidal A. comes from the MCA, but in reality it is a branch of the ICA.	Minor erratum	01/07/19 11:40 AM
546	494	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy	Cranial nerves	https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cranial-nerves-mnemonic?lang=us	Mnemonic: Oof, Oop, Ouch, Touch Try And Feel Very Good Velvet Accessing Heaven! Description: First 3 words are in alphabetical order and give idea of first 3 Cranial Nerves i.e. Oof (Olfactory), Oop (Optic), Ouch (Oculomotor) Next comes other nerves: Touch (Trochlear), Try (Trigeminal), Feel (Facial), Very (vestibulocochlear), Good (Glossopharyngeal), Velvet (Vagus), Accessing (Accessory), Heaven (Hypoglossal). This mnemonic is an improvisation of existing online mnemonic (that was confusing to most) Adding alphabetical order and caring for similar phonetics helped improve existing mnemonic. For your reference online mnemonic was " Ooh Ooh Ooh to touch and feel very good velvet! Such Heaven". You can notice the the difference and use whichever one you find better.	Mnemonic	01/02/19 11:26 AM
547	494	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Vagal nuclei	Just a mnemonic suggestion	"In aMbiguus situations, be safe and call 9-11" --> Cranial nerves 9, 10, and 11 belong to the nucleus ambiguus	Mnemonic	03/08/19 2:16 PM
548	495	Index	Anatomy and Physiology	Spinal nerves	First Aid 2019	Index Indicates that "Vertebral Disc Herniation" is on page 495. However, there is nothing related to vertebral disc herniation on that page	Major erratum	02/04/19 9:14 AM
549	498	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Clinical reflexes	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1147993-overview	Mnemonics are missing from reflexes.	Spelling/formatting	12/30/18 11:13 AM
550	499	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Brain stem—ventral view	Mnemonic	Decerebrate posturing has extension of both upper and lower extremities (dEcErebrate - two E's means double extension) while Decorticate has an E and an O with only extension of the lower extremities	Mnemonic	02/07/19 10:28 AM
551	499	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Common brain lesions	not needed	in frontal eye lid lesion, (or at the hemiplegia) should be changed into "away from the hemiolegia"	Major erratum	01/08/19 12:36 AM
552	499	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Common brain lesions	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/internuclear-ophthalmoparesis?csi=4e09571d-2500-4a0e-b534-f89be1463f01&source=contentShare	Paramedian pontine reticular formation should read: Eyes looks AWAY FROM side of hemiplegia.	Major erratum	01/14/19 12:13 PM
553	499	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Neurons	https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-are-the-effects-of-a-frontal-lobe-stroke-3146431	frontal eye field lesion: eyes look toward the side of lesion (or at the hemiplegia) that's not right it looks at the opposite side of hemiplegia	Major erratum	02/21/19 7:32 AM
554	502	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Effects of strokes	Referencing symptom from the PICA infarct 'symptom' column	The addition of "wobbly (vertigo, ataxia)" to mnemonic about Lateral Medullary (Wallenberg) Syndrome: "Don' t pick a (PICA) wobbly (nystagmus, ataxia) horse (hoarseness) that can't eat (dysphagia)."	Mnemonic	01/23/19 2:33 PM
555	504	Neurology and Special Senses	Neuropathology	Aneurysms	UpToDate and Boards and Beyond. UpToDate link: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-aneurysmal-subarachnoid-hemorrhage?search=saccular%20aneurysm&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~32&usage_type=default&display_rank=4	Berry Aneurysms rupture hemorrhage DOES NOT cause focal neurologic symptoms except after several days when vasospasm occurs "Vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia".	Major erratum	02/22/19 4:32 AM
556	505	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Seizures	https://www.epilepsy.com/article/2016/12/2017-revised-classification-seizures	The operational classification of seizure types on this page is outdated. As of 2017, according to the ILAE (International League Against Epilepsy), there is a new classification of seizure types (Focal, Generalized, Unknown) and a new set of features to focus on when differentiating between seizures (Onset, Awareness, and "other features" such as motor/non-motor onset). Both the organization and diagram needs to be updated to reflect this revision.	Major erratum	01/21/19 2:32 AM
557	505	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Seizures	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/convulsive-status-epilepticus-in-adults-classification-clinical-features-and-diagnosis?search=status%20epilepticus&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	Status epilepticus: continuous (>=5 min) or recurring seizures BETWEEN WHICH THERE IS INCOMPLETE RECOVERY OF CONSCIOUSNESS	Clarification to current text	01/30/19 1:25 PM
558	505	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Seizures	N/A	Within the figure, under tonic-clonic seizures, there is a spelling error. Alternating is spelt altenating. Missing the R.	Spelling/formatting	03/13/19 12:01 PM
559	506	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Headaches	It's Mnemonic	*T*ension ---> *Bi*lateral =Two lateral.	Mnemonic	01/04/19 5:56 AM
560	506	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Headaches	https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2720121?guestAccessKey=dc65fc07-7bc7-4530-b864-94399937b0e7&fbclid=IwAR1JSsJK_PtyafnAnqJ6ipp8itIDNzeU_pP0vj0sgvZmLqBN_mwlPEBx-vo	Fremanezumab and Erenumab, 2 newly FDA approved antimigraine CGRP monoclonal antibodies, should be reserved for patients with disabling high-frequency episodic migraine or Chronic migraine who have not benefited from or cannot tolerate 1st-line preventive treatments, like propranolol or topiramate (for episodic migraine) or botulinum toxin (for chronic migraine).	High-yield addition to next year	01/19/19 10:08 AM
561	506	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Headaches	1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-treatment-of-migraine-in-adults 2. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/head.12835 (American Headache Society)	Antiemetics acting as dopamine receptor antagonists are also among effective treatment options for acute migraine, particularly prochlorperazine (IV) and metoclopramide (IV). Both very commonly used in ERs, and their effectiveness are based on high quality of evidence (see references). Chlorpromazine also seems to be effective, although data are more limited compared to the other two drugs. These dopamine receptor antagonist antiemetics should be added to the text in the acute migraine rx table.	High-yield addition to next year	02/26/19 5:47 AM
562	506	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Headaches	1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-treatment-of-migraine-in-adults 2. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/head.12835 (American Headache Society)	When added to standard acute migraine therapy, parenteral treatment with dexamethasone reduces the rate of early headache recurrence (from 24 to 72 hours after treatment). Both UpToDate and American Headache Society recommend adjunctive therapy with parenteral dexamethasone for patients with acute migraine headaches, so it should be added to the acute migraine rx (note that even though it doesn't provide immediate pain relief).	High-yield addition to next year	02/26/19 6:06 AM
563	507	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Movement disorders	Mnemonic	To remember asterixis is the “flapping” motion of uncontrollable repeating wrist and upper extremity extension, picture an asterisk and imagine it as a person flapping their arms like wings. Images attached.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 11:19 PM
564	510	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Hypothalamus	boards and beyonds , https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4436859/ ; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25560696 ;	the effect on lateral and medial hypothalamic areas are mediated via orexigenic and anorexigenic neurons of arcuate nucleus respectively. These mediate their effects via NPY and POMC respectively. I am submitting an original simplified illustration showing the same. Also mentioned is the control of leptin and ghrelin on hunger and satiety . You are free to modify the illustration and use as per convenience	High-yield addition to next year	02/05/19 8:32 PM
565	511	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Multiple sclerosis	https://www.dictionary.com/browse/spasticity	6th line on this page (3rd bullet) I believe there is a spelling error. Instead of 'Spasticity', currently, the word is spelled as "spacticty."	Spelling/formatting	02/06/19 2:08 PM
566	512	Neurology and Special Senses	Neuropathology	Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/guillain-barre-syndrome-pathogenesis	Causes of Guillain-Barre: MC CHiVE Mycoplasma, Campylobacter jejuni, Cmv, Hemophilus influenzae, Varicella zoster virus, Epstein-barr virus.	Mnemonic	12/28/18 10:19 AM
567	512	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Other demyelinating and dysmyelinating diseases	Mnemonic	Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: Charcot-Marie-Foot associated with Foot deformities and Foot drop	Mnemonic	02/12/19 4:00 PM
568	513	Pathology	Neoplasia	Neoplasia and neoplastic progression	https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-24310-5	Neurofibromin (Ras GTPase activating protein) and in neurology section p 513 NF1 ((encodes neurofibromin, a negative RAS regulator )	Clarification to current text	02/14/19 5:15 AM
569	513	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Neurocutaneous disorders	FA 2019 Page 513	Highlight the letter *T* and *S* in "Tuberous sclerosis" to match the mnemonic.	Mnemonic	01/04/19 8:22 AM
570	513	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Neurocutaneous disorders	nil	NF1 chromosome can be remembered as chr 17 by writing F1 as a mirror image (inverted). This is a better memory aid as no one will count the letters in von recklinghausen during exam	Mnemonic	02/12/19 12:47 AM
571	516	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Childhood primary brain tumors	I just tried to find a way to differentiate between Pilocytic astrocytoma and Medulloblastoma	"Pilocytic" astrocytoma is Cystic+Solid (vs Medulloblastoma), just like a "Pillow" stuffed with cottons!	Mnemonic	01/05/19 2:08 PM
572	516	Neurology and Special Senses	Neuropathology	Neuroblastoma	http://www.ajnr.org/content/27/3/488	The histology picture of Homer-Wright Rosettes in the referenced picture in part D does not have an adequate depiction of what these structures look like in regards to a Medulloblastoma/PNET or a Pinealoma. When I researched a Homer Wright Rosette in the American Journal of Neuroradiology I came across an image that I feel would be a better representation.	High-yield addition to next year	01/22/19 8:21 AM
573	517	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Herniation syndromes	http://www.uptodate.com.medproxy.hofstra.edu/contents/evaluation-and-management-of-elevated-intracranial-pressure-in-adults?search=kernohan+notch&sectionRank=1&anchor=H8&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~1#H8	You say Kernohan Phenomenon would lead to contralateral blown pupil. However it is still the ipsilateral blown pupil, and the side of hemiparesis flips only.	Major erratum	01/27/19 4:00 PM
574	517	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Herniation syndromes	http://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-and-management-of-elevated-intracranial-pressure-in-adults?search=kernohan	Kernohan’s notch is not an anatomic structure that’s compressed against by the cerebral peduncle. Kernohan’s notch equals Kernohan’s phenomenon. It results from compression of contralateral cerebral peduncle against the free edge of the tentorium.	Clarification to current text	03/08/19 7:12 AM
575	520	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Common cranial nerve lesions	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4239699/#S11title	change to "weak side of palate collapses" -- current language is ambiguous and makes it seem like weak side of uvula collapses, which would lead the uvula to deviate towards lesion	Clarification to current text	02/26/19 3:21 PM
576	520	Neurology and Special Senses	Neuropathology	Meninges	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-acute-bacterial-meningitis-in-adults	Add a new section on "Meningitis" in Neuropathology. Microbiology section covers common pathogens and lab findings but Neuropathology should cover clinical aspects of meningitis. I attached a picture of the information I added on my First Aid while watching Boards & Beyond Videos (by Dr. Jason Ryan).	High-yield addition to next year	01/08/19 11:09 AM
577	522	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	22q11 deletion syndromes	Intra university exams;	It wouldn't let me pick NEW FACT; but it is a high yield addition to add explanations of stye and chalazion to structural eye disorders. Especially since they are tested in normal in-medical school exams and are very common conditions	High-yield addition to next year	03/11/19 10:42 AM
578	522	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Vertigo	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441861/	need to differentiate the direction of nystagmus (horizontal vs any direction) associated with each kind of vertigo (peripheral vs central respectively). And also whether it occurs immediately (central vertigo) or delayed (peripheral). These facts are mentioned for central vertigo but have been skipped for peripheral vertigo. My proposal is to present them in a tabular format (see the file attachment). Also I am suggesting a mnemonic to remember the peripheral vertigo characteristics : PHD Peripheral Horizontal Delayed	High-yield addition to next year	02/25/19 2:56 AM
579	522	Neurology and Special Senses	Otology	Vertigo	boards and beyond ; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441861/	Peripheral vertigo is associated with delayed nystagmus occuring in horizontal direction Mnemonic : PHD Peripheral Horizontal Delayed	High-yield addition to next year	02/25/19 3:04 AM
580	524	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Age-related macular degeneration	nil	to remember dry AMD is a/w gradual decrease in vision vs Wet AMD sudden ---- mnemonic 1 . Dry = graDual ; 2. It takes longer for clothes to DRY but get WET quickly	Mnemonic	02/24/19 4:55 AM
581	524	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Uveitis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/uveitis-etiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=uvea&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~16&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	In the description of uveitis- there is discussion on what components make up the uvea (therefore it can somewhat be inferred that the iris, choroid, retina make up the uvea)- but there is no clarification of this saying exactly what is considered the uvea.	Clarification to current text	02/26/19 4:23 PM
582	526	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Retinitis	First AId 2018	Entry on Retinitis excluded	High-yield addition to next year	01/07/19 5:08 PM
583	527	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Marcus Gunn pupil	First AID 2019	You really should talk about Argyll-Robertson pupil on the same page as Marcus-Gunn pupil as they are both common pupil disorders. It makes sense to put them next to each other.	High-yield addition to next year	02/11/19 9:27 PM
584	527	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Marcus Gunn pupil	First AID 2019	You should include Adie Pupil as a condition. Adie pupil is a unilaterally dilated pupil that reacts sluggishly to light, but better to accommodation. A result of ciliary ganglion lesion.	High-yield addition to next year	02/11/19 9:39 PM
585	527	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Pupillary control	Mnemonic	To remember miOsis is pupillary cOnstriction, think of how your mouth shrinks in size when pronouncing the letter “O”. Clarifying image attached.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 9:49 PM
586	527	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Pupillary control	Mnemonic	To remember that MYDRIasis is pupillary dilation, think “MY eye “dri”lates”. To remember that the sympathetic nervous system dilates the pupil (mydriasis) and decreases lacrimation, think “my dry eye dilates”. Clarifying image attached.	Mnemonic	02/06/19 9:54 PM
587	528	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Ocular motility	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1189759-overview	The image on the right shows incorrect eye movements for SO, SR, IR, and IO. Both the superior and inferior rectus muscles adduct the eye, not abduct. Also, both the superior and inferior oblique muscles abduct the eye and not aduct. The image could also be demonstrating the torsion directions, but those would also be pointing incorrectly if that was the case.	Major erratum	02/28/19 10:50 PM
588	531	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Parkinson disease drugs	https://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/sites/www.pharma.us.novartis.com/files/comtan.pdf	First Aid states that Entacapone acts centrally and peripherally. However, my schools resources, Boards and Beyond, and Novartis (the company who makes the drug) state that it only acts peripherally. It is TOLCAPONE that acts both centrally and peripherally, NOT Entacapone.	Major erratum	03/03/19 6:08 PM
589	532	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Epilepsy drugs	not needed	vigabatrin = "Irreversible GABA TRansaminase INhibitor" (moa)	Mnemonic	01/14/19 1:51 PM
590	532	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Epilepsy drugs	FA 2019 chart	To remember that valproic acid and lamotrigine both treat all 3 types of seizures (excluding status epilepticus) you can remember them as vALLproic acid and lamictALL (brand name of lamotrigine).	Mnemonic	01/27/19 12:39 PM
591	533	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Intravenous anesthetics	opinion	Etomidate should be included in this list	High-yield addition to next year	01/30/19 6:48 PM
592	534	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Triptans	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-migraine-in-children?search=sumatriptan%20mechanism&source=search_result&selectedTitle=5~25&usage_type=default&display_rank=5	Under mechanism, it reads that triptans induce vasoconstrition, which is a typo meaning to say induce vasoconstriction	Spelling/formatting	02/12/19 7:43 AM
593	535	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Drug names	https://livertox.nih.gov/Entacapone.htm	"Entacapone inhibits COMT activity only peripherally, unlike tolcapone which acts both peripherally and centrally."	Major erratum	01/10/19 12:23 AM
594	535	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Parkinson disease drugs	https://www.pdr.net/drug-summary/Tasmar-tolcapone-1605	Entacapone does not inhibit central COMT. The current text states that it does under the heading 'Prevent dopamine breakdown.' This drug should be Tolcapone NOT Entacapone. The diagram is correct but the current text is not.	Major erratum	12/23/18 3:57 AM
595	535	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Parkinson disease drugs	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pharmacologic-treatment-of-parkinson-disease?search=entacapone%20peripheral%20COMT&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Under the strategy "Prevent dopamine breakdown," Entacapone is said to inhibit central COMT and block dopamine conversion to 3-MT. However, Entacapone works in the periphery and converts dopamine to 3-OMD. Instead of Entacapone, Tolcapone would be a more appropriate correction since this drug blocks the conversion of dopamine to 3-MT via inhibition of central COMT. Also, in another strategy on the same page, “increase L-DOPA availability,” Entacapone is already mentioned to prevent peripheral L-DOPA degradation, which is the correct mechanism of action.	Major erratum	01/04/19 4:38 PM
596	535	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Parkinson disease drugs	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pharmacologic-treatment-of-parkinson-disease?search=entecapone%20tolcapone&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~8&usage_type=default&display_rank=4#H204803	Under prevent dopamine breakdown it says entecapone works by inhibiting central COMT but only tolcapone inhibits central, entecapone just does peripheral (which is correct in the diagram)	Minor erratum	01/10/19 4:55 PM
597	535	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Parkinson disease drugs	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pharmacologic-treatment-of-parkinson-disease?search=entacapone&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~3&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	On prevent dopamine breakdown, entacapone is listed as a central COMT inhibitor but it should be peripheral COMT inhibitor	Clarification to current text	01/18/19 3:03 PM
598	535	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Parkinson disease drugs	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pharmacologic-treatment-of-parkinson-disease?search=entacapone&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~3&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	On prevent dopamine breakdown, entacapone is listed as a central COMT inhibitor but it should be peripheral COMT inhibitor. I think FA meant to say Tolcapone in it's place	Clarification to current text	01/18/19 3:07 PM
599	535	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Parkinson disease drugs	Uworld and UpToDate - https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-nonmotor-symptoms-in-parkinson-disease	Psychotic symptoms are a frequent complication in Parkinson disease (especially when dopaminergic drugs are used, which are first line for PD), and are the strongest predictor for nursing home placement of patients with PD. Drugs for psychosis in PD are Quetiapine, Clozapine and Pimavenserin (other antipsychotics worsen underlying Parkinson disease due to their extrapyramidal symptoms). Definitely high yield for what-drug-would-you-use kind of questions on the USMLE.	High-yield addition to next year	01/20/19 4:56 PM
600	535	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Parkinson disease drugs	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11440283	Text is right in specifying "Entacapone- blocks conversion of dopamine to 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) by inhibiting central COMT." Howver, it will be good to specify that Entacapone is only a weak inhibitor of COMT in CNS. Tolcapone is stronger inhibitor of COMT in CNS and hence can be used to produce effect both centrally as well as in periphery.	High-yield addition to next year	02/14/19 7:28 AM
601	535	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Parkinson disease drugs	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9917075	Under the strategy "increase the L-DOPA availability," Tolcapone should be added as an agent that prevents peripheral L-DOPA degradation. It is added in the diagram but not the text.	Major erratum	02/26/19 6:17 PM
602	535	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Parkinson disease drugs	mnemonic	Parkinson disease drug strategy "curb excess cholinergic activity"; mnemonic "Park your Mercedes-Benz". Suggestion: Add to existing mnemonic: " Mercedes-Benz by the CURB". (since the drug strategy is "Curb excess cholinergic activity"). May also add: "...Benz with TRIpointed emblem" in reference to TRIhexyphenidyl	Mnemonic	03/06/19 4:03 PM
603	535	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Parkinson disease drugs	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12573869 eMedicine mentions these drugs, but it does not mention peripheral vs central actions as this paper does.	Under "Parkinson Disease Drugs", it mentions that Entacapone prevents peripheral break down of L-DOPA by inhibiting COMT (which is correct), but underneath that, it mentions entacapone as acting centrally to inhibit COMT as well. From my understanding, entacapone's effects are mostly limited to the periphery, while tolcapone is more noted for inhibiting both peripheral *and* central degradation of L-DOPA through inhibition of COMT. I hope I am not splitting hairs with this point, but I thought it may be worth reaching out and notifying you. Thank you for the great material!	Minor erratum	03/11/19 9:18 AM
604	536	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Neurodegenerative disease drugs	Mnemonic	Tetrabenazine for huntington disease. TETRAbenazine (4): Hunting 4 food, Chromosome 4	Mnemonic	02/12/19 4:07 PM
605	537	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Inhaled anesthetics	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23324809 and https://www.openanesthesia.org/cbfcmro2_drug_effects/	N20 does not cause an increase in cerebral metabolic demand, but it does cause an increase in cerebral blood flow. The fluorinated inhaled anesthetics (eg. halothane, desflurane) cause an increase in cerebral blood flow and a decrease in cerebral metabolic demand.	Clarification to current text	02/18/19 5:48 PM
606	538	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Opioid analgesics	https://reference.medscape.com/drug/sublimaze-fentanyl-343311	In the index it is stated that the drug Fentanyl is on page 538 when it is not. It is a potent opioid which has a short duration but can also be used transdermally for chronic pain.	Clarification to current text	02/02/19 11:31 AM
607	538	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Spasmolytics, antispamodics	It's Mnemonic	Tiz*a*nidine --> *α*2 *a*gonist .\highlight "a" in red color.	Mnemonic	01/04/19 9:47 AM
608	538	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Spasmolytics, antispamodics	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519505/ ,, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizanidine	Tizanidine is more Tolerable than baclofen .(*T*izanidine -->*T*olerable).	Mnemonic	01/04/19 9:52 AM
609	545	Psychiatry	Pathology	Childhood and early-onset disorders	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-in-children-and-adolescents-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis#H5	ADHD has Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) as a comorbidity (prevalence is very high at 50-80%). Can be listed as a comorbid association.	High-yield addition to next year	01/20/19 6:12 PM
610	545	Psychiatry	Pathology	Orientation	https://www.english.illinois.edu/-people-/faculty/debaron/essays/epicene.htm	Wording is "patient's ability to know who he or she is, where he or she is..." We should instead consider using less binary pronouns and having the text read, "patient's ability to know who they are, where they are..." as the use of singular "they" is now widely accepted and was even made word of the year in 2015 by the American Dialect Society.	Spelling/formatting	02/24/19 5:26 PM
611	549	Psychiatry	Pathology	Major depressive disorder	https://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/atypical-depression#1	It is important to specify that Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) need to be present only for 1 year in children for diagnosis. The adults patients need to have symptoms lasting 2 years or more.	High-yield addition to next year	02/10/19 2:10 PM
612	553	Psychiatry	Pathology	Cluster A personality disorders	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639232/ ,,,First aid 2018	you should put these paragraph "Paranoid Pervasive distrust (Accusatory) and suspiciousness of others and a profoundly cynical view of the world."	High-yield addition to next year	01/04/19 11:00 AM
613	553	Psychiatry	Pathology	Cluster A personality disorders	See First Aid 2018 - pg 549 which includes Paranoid personality disorder vs pg 553 First Aid 2019 does not include "paranoid"; however mnemonic on First Aid 2019 pg 553 still includes "Accusatory".	Cluter A personality disorders - mnemonic includes Accusatory; however, "Paranoid personality disorder" has been removed in First Aid 2019 pg 553.	Minor erratum	12/30/18 3:37 PM
614	553	Psychiatry	Pathology	Cluster A personality disorders	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-personality-disorders	This year's version has missed explanation of "paranoid" concept in cluster A personality disorder	High-yield addition to next year	03/02/19 10:17 PM
615	553	Psychiatry	Pathology	Personality	First Aid 2018 has the disorder	Paranoid personality disorder omitted from the book	Major erratum	01/02/19 11:19 AM
616	553	Psychiatry	Pathology	Personality	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/294307-overview	Paranoid Personality Disorder is missing from the Cluster A personality disorders	Major erratum	01/18/19 12:15 PM
617	553	Psychiatry	Pathology	Personality	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/294307-overview	Cluster A Paranoid Personality Disorder is missing	Major erratum	02/15/19 1:24 PM
618	553	Psychiatry	Pathology	Personality	FA 2018	Paranoid Personality Disorder was removed	Major erratum	02/24/19 6:39 PM
619	554	Psychiatry	Pathology	Malingering	FA	A 2x2 table comparing the disorders- malingering vs. factitious vs. somatic symptom would be useful in having a visual to aid with the new added bolded words- see attached picture	Clarification to current text	02/27/19 9:00 AM
620	554	Psychiatry	Pathology	Somatic symptom and related disorders	https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000954.htm	Conversion disorder are neurological symptoms that cannot be explained by neurological diagnosis. Later part is not there in First Aid 2019	Clarification to current text	02/10/19 11:17 AM
621	560	Renal	Pathology	Renal clearance	N/a, this is tested even throughout USMLE-Rx relatively frequently. You could even make the First Aid as short as the one on this Rx question explanation (image attached, image belongs to USMLE-rx not me), with a quick list of expected lab findings.	A few students and myself feel there should be, either in the renal or MSK section, a short outline of Rhabdomyolysis and expected findings. Aside from it's current and minimal mention in renal under "potassium shifts." This concept presents frequently and seems worth of its own short discussion.	Clarification to current text	02/22/19 9:34 AM
622	561	Psychiatry	Pharmacology	Atypical antipsychotics	1- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459248/ . 2-http://www.differencebetween.net/science/health/disease-health/differences-between-dyslipidemia-and-hyperlipidemia/	Replace "hyperlipidemia" with "dyslipidemia" , it is more accurate because dyslipidemia( abnormal amount, whether higher or lower, of lipids) associated with metabolic syndrome (elevated triglyceride level, low HDL level, and elevated low-density lipoprotein level) . Hyperlipidemia, on the other hand, is a condition wherein the level of fat and cholesterol in your body is too high	Minor erratum	01/22/19 8:54 AM
623	561	Psychiatry	Pharmacology	Atypical antipsychotics	UWorld and First Aid page 557	On page 557, Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is caused by "antipsychotics + genetic disposition". However, on page 561, Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is only listed for typical antipsychotics but not for atypical antipsychotics. Please add Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome to the list of adverse effects for atypical antipsychotics. This was also a question on UWorld. Thank you.	Clarification to current text	02/06/19 5:44 PM
624	562	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Opioid analgesics	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0955395914000887 (another: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/words-matter-language-addiction-life-saving-treatments-2016081510130)	"Heroin addicts" is a stigmatizing term (see references below) that is generally not accepted by the harm reduction community as well as most people who use drugs. PWUD (people who use drugs) and PWID (people who inject drugs) are preferred alternatives.	Major erratum	01/22/19 11:37 PM
625	563	Psychiatry	Pharmacology	Tricyclic antidepressants	https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/tricyclic-antidepressant	The text indicates "3° TCAs (amitriptyline) have more anticholinergic effects than 2° TCA5 (nortriptyl ine)." It may be confusing for students and it would be better to clarify that Text is talking about tertiary (amitriptyline, doxepine, and imipramine) and secondary (desipramine and nortriptyline) amine respectively	Clarification to current text	02/10/19 1:59 PM
626	565	Renal	Abbreviations and Symbols	Renal clearance	https://academic.oup.com/ajh/article/30/4/339/2623060 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2018.00440/full	Throughout the renal section, the Term "AT-II Receptor Blocker" is used to denote Angiotensin II receptor blocker medications. However, although the term AT-II can imply Angiotensin II, to denote ARBs as AT-II Receptor Blocker is incorrect. This is because the notation “ATII-R” does not signify the only “Angiotensin II receptor blocker.” More-so, Angiotensin Receptor Blockers actually block AT1R bringing. This is a common misnomer, but is crucial in clarifying receptor binding, as new medications regarding which receptors bind are in clinical trials. Regarding the physiology, Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II via ACE (and is inhibited by ACE-Inhibitors). Angiotensin II, however, binds to 2 receptors, AT1R (which is the target site of ARB’s), and ATIIR. The AT1R is actually the interaction targeted by ARBs. The notation “AT-II receptor blocker” denotes the incorrect binding, and as such, the common notation is rather: Ang-II receptor blocker. In summary: If you wish to denote Angiotensin II receptor blockers as ARB's, the abbreviation Ang-II must be used, rather than the misleading AT-II, as the latter denotes a separate entity Please reference Figure 1 in Carey, 2017, for visual clarification, as well as the distinction noted in Gebre et al., 2018.	Clarification to current text	01/08/19 12:02 PM
627	568	Renal	Anatomy	Kidney anatomy and glomerular structure	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29083626	The lobar artery of the kidney is neither mentioned in the text nor shown in the picture: The text should change to read like this "Segmental artery -> lobar artery -> interlobar artery -> ..."	High-yield addition to next year	01/07/19 3:14 AM
628	568	Renal	Anatomy	Kidney anatomy and glomerular structure	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29494007 https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948775-overview	In the figure showing a cross-section of the kidney, the renal vein is shown between the renal artery and renal pelvis. However, the renal vein should be the most anterior structure, with the renal pelvis most posterior and the renal artery traveling between the two.	Minor erratum	01/23/19 11:42 PM
629	568	Renal	Anatomy	Kidney anatomy and glomerular structure	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459158/	The image shown for the kidney anatomy and glomerular structure suggests that the renal artery is anterior to the renal vein. However, the correct anatomical position in the following order of anterior to posterior should be the renal vein, then the renal artery, and the renal pelvis as the most posterior. Since there is no text clarifying this, the image in First Aid makes it incorrectly seem that the renal artery is most anterior in terms of kidney anatomy.	Minor erratum	02/04/19 5:47 PM
630	570	Renal	Physiology	Glomerular filtration rate	My recommendation + First Aid 2019	The formula indicates P & pi value used for GFR. Even though most students understand what they are but it will be better to specify that they are hydrostatic and oncotic pressure. It will be helpful to save time for those students who do not remember it	High-yield addition to next year	02/12/19 5:28 AM
631	570	Renal	Physiology	Glomerular filtration rate	Myself	Highlight CRE of Creatinine and secreted. It will help learn CREatinine is seCREted and hence overestimates GFR.	Mnemonic	02/12/19 5:40 AM
632	571	Renal	Physiology	Filtration	my self + First Aid	In the diagram, the equation for net filtration pressure, It will be good idea to specify that P & pi are hydrostatic & Oncotic pressure respectively.	High-yield addition to next year	02/12/19 6:12 AM
633	572	Renal	Physiology	Glucose clearance	not needed	on Diagram I suggest to add to Y axis parameter the "filtration load" to make it easier to understand	Minor erratum	03/01/19 6:39 PM
634	574	Renal	Physiology	Renal tubular defects	not needed	I think we don't need to highlight the letter "a" in "Fanconi" ,in red color, in the table and in the image.	Spelling/formatting	01/03/19 2:50 PM
635	574	Renal	Physiology	Renal tubular defects	not required	Order of disorders: the FAN speed at the BAR GOT a LIDDLE EXCESSIVE	Mnemonic	02/01/19 1:11 PM
636	574	Renal	Physiology	Renal tubular defects	not required	Gitelman syndrome: GET ALL MEN DOWN to CAMP: levels of Calcium-Acid-Magnesium-Potassium go DOWN	Mnemonic	02/01/19 1:13 PM
637	574	Renal	Physiology	Renal tubular defects	not required	Acid, Potassium, and Aldosterone levels go down to "just a LIDDLE bit"	Mnemonic	02/01/19 1:16 PM
638	576	Renal	Physiology	Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system	Mnemonic	RAAS activation RAAiSes blood pressure	Mnemonic	02/20/19 10:57 PM
639	576	Renal	Physiology	Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system	First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, 2019 edition	RENAL - Receptor effects (angiotensin II receptor type I), Efferent arteriolar constriction, Na/H exchange, ADH secretion, "L"dosterone secretion	Mnemonic	03/01/19 10:17 AM
640	577	Renal	Physiology	Juxtaglomerular apparatus	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17686376	The text mentions "In addition to vasodilatory properties, ~-blockers can decrease BP by inhibiting ~1-receptors of the JCA - I renin release." However, not all beta blockers cause vasodilation. It will be better to clarify that text is talking about Beta blockers with additional alpha blocking properties such as labetolol & Carvedilol	High-yield addition to next year	02/12/19 9:37 AM
641	578	Renal	Physiology	Potassium shifts	not needed	Nice way to remember hyperkalemia states; Imagine a chronic Diabetic Heart Failure Hypercholestronemia patient; 1/ for HF: taking Beta blocker and Digoxin (both can increase serum K). 2/ DM: Low insulin high Glc cause high K, also Diabetic ketoacidosis, as acidosis causes high K, also in DKA there is high osmolarity which also causes elevated K. 3/ statins cause rhabdomyolysis which will remind you with cell lysis which in turn causes elevated K!	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 6:43 PM
642	579	Renal	Physiology	Electrolyte disturbances	It's a mnemonic. Information taken from UWorld question bank, april 2018.	Sodium = 6 Letters, Eq Na+ = +60 mV. Potassium = 9 letters, Eq K+ = -90 mV. Eq = Equilibrium potential.	Mnemonic	02/25/19 9:58 AM
643	579	Renal	Physiology	Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bartter-and-gitelman-syndromes#H53269181	In the renal disorders table, there should be a column for urinary Magnesium. Both barter and gitleman syndrome have renal magnesium wasting. The urinary magnesium wasting column for gitleman can read 'severe', while that for bartter can read 'mild/moderate'. In addition, the serum magnesium entry for bartter can read 'normal or mildly reduced'. This can help people use just the urinary magnesium values when trying to differentiate between gitleman and bartter when the urine calcium is not given, and it also helps in understanding the pathophysiology behind bartter since it makes sense that it involves urinary magnesium wasting.	High-yield addition to next year	01/18/19 4:17 AM
644	580	Renal	Physiology	Acid-base physiology	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/simple-and-mixed-acid-base-disorders?search=acid-base%20physiology,%20metabolic%20vs%20respiratory%20acidosis%20vs%20alkalosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	CO2 + H2O <=> HCO3- + H+ (This is a very important equation that helps understand acid-base physiology. Could additionally include: CO2 is maintained by lungs, HCO3- is maintained by kidneys, and H+ determines pH)	High-yield addition to next year	02/18/19 8:16 AM
645	581	Renal	Pathology	Nephritic syndrome	Uworld	Should clarify that good pasture targets type IV collagen AND is a type 2 hypersensitivity	Clarification to current text	12/26/18 12:50 AM
646	581	Renal	Physiology	Renal tubular acidosis	FA page 594	RTA type 2 (Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor will alkalanize urine compared to other causes of RTA II)	Minor erratum	03/01/19 6:44 PM
647	583	Renal	Pathology	Glomerular diseases	Myself, First Aid	NephrItic syndrome mnemonic: MARIA: i.e. MPGN, Alport Syndrome, RPGN, IgA nephropathy, APSGN. Also, highlight I in NephrItic as well as MARIA for easy association.	Mnemonic	02/25/19 8:53 AM
648	583	Renal	Pathology	Glomerular diseases	Myself, First Aid 2019	NephrOtic Syndrome mnemonic: FOcus Minimum on Membrane in Diabetic Amyloidosis i.e. O is highlighted for Nephrotic. Conditions included are FSGN, MCD, MPGN, Diabetic glomerulonephropathy, Amyloidosis	Mnemonic	02/25/19 8:58 AM
649	583	Renal	Pathology	Glomerular diseases	Myslef, FA2019	Correction of mnemonic explaination for one I just submitted: NephrOtic Syndrome mnemonic: FOcus Minimum on Membrane in Diabetic Amyloidosis i.e. O is highlighted for Nephrotic. Conditions included are Focal segmental Glomerulosclerosis, MCD, Membranous Nephropathy, Diabetic glomerulonephropathy, Amyloidosis	Mnemonic	02/25/19 9:03 AM
650	584	Renal	Pathology	Nephritic syndrome	Having Nephiritic on the left on both pages would make recalling facts easier.	Page 585 and 584 should be switched in order to match the position of Nephritic and Nephrotic syndromes in the diagram on page 583.	Spelling/formatting	02/01/19 4:25 PM
651	584	Renal	Pathology	Nephrotic syndrome	Mnemonic	mInImal CHange disease - caused by "I"nfection or "I"mmune (-ization/stimulus) in "CH"ildren. (bold the I's and CH in minimal change disease)	Mnemonic	02/03/19 6:38 AM
652	585	Renal	Pathology	Nephritic syndrome	I just thought of it one day.	ALPORT met his eX (-linked dominant) gf at a BASKET-WEAVING class in an IVy COLLAGEn.	Mnemonic	02/01/19 11:06 AM
653	585	Index	Pathology	Nephritic syndrome	N/A	Alport syndrome is not in the index at all; page 585 is the main entry. It is also mentioned in a couple other places	Minor erratum	02/15/19 1:15 AM
654	585	Renal	Pathology	Nephritic syndrome	Suggestion	I think it would be helpful if abbreviations used on a page could be included on that page as a footnote in small font. On the page in question LM, IF, and EM are used frequently. It would be convenient for the reader to have quick access without having to flip to the back of the book to the acronym section.	Clarification to current text	02/21/19 7:33 AM
655	585	Renal	Pathology	Nephritic syndrome	NA	For both RPGN and IgA Nephropathy- the formatting for the microscopic findings if missing a tab down- as seen with the other disorders. Specifically, for both the LM findings are given, and then there is a semicolon and the EM findings are given in the same line- as opposed to their own new line as seen in the other disorders.	Spelling/formatting	02/22/19 4:44 PM
656	587	Renal	Pathology	Acute kidney injury	My brain	Mnemonic for the causes of nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis is CLEAR: Cisplatin, Lead, Ethylene glycol, Aminoglycosides, Radiocontrast agents	Mnemonic	01/14/19 1:17 PM
657	588	Renal	Pathology	Nephroblastoma	First Aid	Addition of W11ms tumor as a mnemonic (since i and l look like 1s). " "Loss of function" mutations of tumor suppressor genes WTJ or WT2 on chromosome 11 (W11ms tumor)"	Mnemonic	02/24/19 10:09 AM
658	589	Renal	Pathology	Acute cystitis	not needed	+nitrates (indicate gram - organisms). Surrgest changing it to + "N"itrates indicates gram "N"egative organisms	Minor erratum	03/01/19 6:41 PM
659	591	Renal	Pathology	Acute tubular necrosis	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238064-overview	There is a loss of tubular cell polarity in ATN due to Na/K ATPase switching from basolateral side to lumenal side. This also increases sodium reabsorption which affects macula densa cells and further exacerbate constriction of afferent arteriole.	High-yield addition to next year	12/27/18 4:01 PM
660	591	Renal	Pathology	Diffuse cortical necrosis	no link	misspeling the word CORTICAL, in the boook it's written as ORTICAL	Spelling/formatting	01/13/19 2:52 AM
661	592	Renal	Pathology	Genetic disorders by chromosome	Mnemonic	ADPKD can be caused by a mutation in PDK1 (chromosome 16) or PKD2 (chromosome 4) - 4^2 = 16 and 16*1=16 allows you to remember the locations of PKD1 and PKD2	Mnemonic	02/07/19 10:34 AM
662	592	Renal	Pathology	Renovascular disease	It's Mnemonic	*F*ibromuscular dysplasia ---> *F*emales.	Mnemonic	01/04/19 5:21 AM
663	593	Renal	Pharmacology	Diuretics site of action	Dude trust me	Change "Thiazide" to "Thiazide diuretics".	Spelling/formatting	01/07/19 3:16 AM
664	594	Renal	Pharmacology	Loop diuretics	http://austinpublishinggroup.com/nephrology/fulltext/ajnh-v1-id1025.php	Loop diuretics do not cause PGE release, but rather prevent its degradation by inhibiting prostaglandin dehydrogenase. "Loop diuretics have been shown to decrease renal vascular resistance and therefore increase renal blood flow. This is likely due to the inhibition of prostaglandin dehydrogenase by loop diuretics, resulting in diminished breakdown of PGE 2 (a potent vasodilator), subsequently resulting in decreased renal vascular resistance and increased renal blood flow [17]."	Major erratum	01/07/19 3:18 AM
665	597	Renal	Physiology	Nephron transport physiology	First Aid 2019	Principal cells Pump Potassium into Pee	Mnemonic	03/08/19 3:44 PM
666	598	Reproductive	Embryology	Important genes of embryogenesis	not required	HCSAWD = HaCkSAWeD = Homeobox (craniocaudal axis), Sonic Hedgehog (anteroposterior axis), Wnt-7 (dorsal-ventral axis)	Mnemonic	01/29/19 6:11 PM
667	598	Reproductive	Embryology	Important genes of embryogenesis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/presentation-diagnosis-and-staging-of-wilms-tumor?search=PAX%206&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~17&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 AND UWORLD	ADD--------->PAX GENE (PAX6): Key regulatory gene for gene of eye and brain development. Associated with ocular defects (aniridia) ------>Homeobox genes (HOXA 13) : Hand-foot -genital syndrome. Malformation of distal limbs(hypoplastic first digits), mullerian fusion anormalities (uterus didelfos)	High-yield addition to next year	02/19/19 12:07 AM
668	598	Reproductive	Embryology	Neural tube defects	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-and-clinical-manifestations-of-myelomeningocele-spina-bifida?sectionName=EMBRYOLOGY%20OF%20THE%20NEURAL%20TUBE&search=neural%20tube%20close&topicRef=460&anchor=H2&source=see_link#H2	Neural tube being closed would be more helpful in the week 4 section than 3-8 weeks	High-yield addition to next year	02/11/19 7:39 AM
669	599	Reproductive	Embryology	Embryologic derivatives	Don't have one, made it up	Surface ectoderm mnemonic: GOOAALEE Glands (parotid, sweat, mammary), Oral cavity epithelial lining, Olfactory epithelium, Adenohypophysis, Anal canal below pectinate line, Lens of eye, Epidermis, Ear (sensory organs)	Mnemonic	01/18/19 12:45 PM
670	599	Reproductive	Embryology	Embryologic derivatives	not needed	in "neural crest" subsection, "tracheal" lining" has been mentioned in the 2nd column as derivative of neural crest, which means tracheal epithelium , and that's incorrect	Clarification to current text	03/06/19 8:26 PM
671	600	Reproductive	Embryology	Embryologic derivatives	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614953/	To remember that caudal regression syndrome (colloquially known as mermaid syndrome) is caused by maternal diabetes, use the mnemonic "Maternal diabetes Makes Mermaids"	Mnemonic	02/20/19 11:51 PM
672	606	Reproductive	Embryology	Pharyngeal arch derivatives	Mnemonic	To remember that the GREATER horn of the hyoid is a derivative of the 3rd pharyngeal pouch and the LESSER horn of the hyoid is a derivative of the 2nd pharyngeal pouch: "3 is GREATER than 2"	Mnemonic	03/04/19 9:45 PM
673	606	Reproductive	Embryology	Pharyngeal arch derivatives	Mnemonic	To remember that the GREATER horn of the hyoid is a derivative of the 3rd pharyngeal arch and the LESSER horn of the hyoid is a derivative of the 2nd pharyngeal arch: "3 is GREATER than 2"	Mnemonic	03/04/19 9:48 PM
674	606	Reproductive	Embryology	Pharyngeal arch derivatives	https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Neural_-_Cranial_Nerve_Development#CN_VII_Facial	The sensory nerves of the cranial nerves in the pharyngeal arches derive from neural crest cells (NCCs), not the neuroectoderm that the motor nerve portions derive from.	Minor erratum	03/06/19 12:49 AM
675	608	Reproductive	Pathology	Sexual differentiation	https://www.medscape.com/answers/252928-32489/what-is-the-pathogenesis-of-swyer-syndrome and Dr. Ryan of Boards and Beyond	Absence of Sertoli cells/lack of mullerian inhibitory factor is called Swyer Syndrome (or XY gonadal dysgenesis). The primary high-yield symptom is streak ovary.	Clarification to current text	03/01/19 7:23 AM
676	610	Reproductive	Anatomy	Congenital penile abnormalities	me	When you have "H"ypospadias you pee on your "H"igh tops (shoes) or you pee down a "h"ole	Mnemonic	02/16/19 11:20 AM
677	610	Reproductive	Anatomy	Congenital penile abnormalities	me	H mnemonic for "h"ypospadias; "h"idden testes and bowels (cryptorchidism and inguinal hernia); "H"ooked shape penis (chordee); pee on "h"eels	Mnemonic	02/16/19 11:30 AM
678	610	Reproductive	Anatomy	Gonadal drainage	It's Mnemonic	Cerv*i*x* ---> *I*nternal and e*X*ternal iliac nodes.	Mnemonic	12/30/18 7:41 AM
679	610	Reproductive	Anatomy	Gonadal drainage	UWorld Q ID 2021	Glans penis drains to deep inguinal nodes; Also "Clitoris" does according to UWORLD. which makes sense as they both originates from Urogenital Tubercle	High-yield addition to next year	03/01/19 6:54 PM
680	615	Reproductive	Physiology	Human placental lactogen	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4233258/	Maternal hyperglycemia from insulin resistance leads to lipolysis	Minor erratum	12/29/18 5:58 AM
681	616	Reproductive	Physiology	Estrogen	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4397276/	Estrogen causes closure of epiphyseal plates. This is mentioned under Testosterone on page 622 ("via estrogen converted from testosterone"), but not under Estrogen itself.	High-yield addition to next year	01/06/19 12:29 AM
682	623	Reproductive	Physiology	Tanner stages of sexual development	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2020314/	The first mound formation in females occurs in stage II NOT in stage III.	Minor erratum	12/31/18 4:57 AM
683	626	Reproductive	Pathology	Placenta	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/placenta-previa-epidemiology-clinical-features-diagnosis-morbidity-and-mortality?search=partial%20placenta%20previa&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Placenta Previa: attachment of placenta OVER the internal cervical os. A placenta <2 cm away from the internal cervical os but NOT over it is now known as a "Low-lying placenta"	Minor erratum	01/29/19 10:04 AM
684	627	Reproductive	Pathology	Amniotic fluid abnormalities	made this up	"O"ligohydraminos=can't pee it "O"ut	Mnemonic	02/16/19 11:14 AM
685	628	Reproductive	Pathology	Hydatidiform mole	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20673583	For the karyotypes for a complete mole, FA lists 46 XX and 46 XY as the main types which is partially correct. It should be both 46 XX and 46 YY. The reason being, If one sperm fertilize an empty ovum and the Paternal DNA is replicated twice it would only be XX or YY and not XY. If two sperm fertalize and empty ova then you can achieve an XX or XY karyotype but the text is unclear in this regard and this last from is much more rare.	Clarification to current text	02/28/19 10:37 PM
686	629	Reproductive	Pathology	Hypertension in pregnancy	not needed	suggest making this mnemonic "Hypertensive Moms Love Nifedipine" like this mnemonic ,in Page 312, "He likes my neonate" ,i think it's simpler .	Mnemonic	01/01/19 12:52 PM
687	631	Reproductive	Pathology	Cervical pathology	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cervical-intraepithelial-neoplasia-terminology-incidence-pathogenesis-and-prevention#H8037165	Current First Aid text (2019) says that the #1 risk factor for cervical dysplasia is multiple sexual partners. Article from UptoDate and a question on another question bank indicates that the #1 risk factor is HPV infection with a high-risk serotype.	Minor erratum	01/21/19 8:34 PM
688	631	Reproductive	Pathology	Polycystic ovarian syndrome	Made up.	PCOS needs PCOS treatments oK. P=Playing/Weight reduction; C=Clomiphene citrate; O=OCPs; S=Spironolactone; K=Ketoconazole	Mnemonic	02/15/19 12:07 PM
689	632	Reproductive	Pathology	Ovarian neoplasms	UWorld Question ID: 6441 (UWSA1)	Mature cystic teratomas are derived from "totipotent germinal cells". That's why they can form meso/endo/ectodermal tissue.	High-yield addition to next year	02/08/19 9:54 AM
690	632	Reproductive	Pathology	Ovarian neoplasms	Made up	Cystic teratoma-Struma Ovarii causes Over-yyy acting Thyroid hormone (Hyperthyroidism)	Mnemonic	02/15/19 12:11 PM
691	633	Reproductive	Pathology	Cancer epidemiology	none	Yolk Sac tumors: SAC: S(Schiller-Duval), A (AFP tumor marker), C (children/young)	Mnemonic	01/24/19 5:34 PM
692	633	Reproductive	Pathology	Ovarian neoplasms	Made up	(Alliteration) Young Yolk-sac tumor (=most common in young children)	Mnemonic	02/15/19 12:15 PM
693	633	Reproductive	Pathology	Ovarian neoplasms	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25605680	Granulosa cell tumors will have "coffee bean nuclei" as seen with Brenner tumors.	High-yield addition to next year	03/06/19 6:40 AM
694	634	Reproductive	Pathology	Testicular non–germ cell tumors	http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/testis.html	The information for Leydig cell tumors and Sertoli cell tumors are switched i.e. Sertoli cell tumors commonly present with gynecomastia and precocious puberty.	Major erratum	02/14/19 8:45 PM
695	634	Reproductive	Pathology	Uterine conditions	https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/ashermans-syndrome ; https://www.uptodate.com/contents/intrauterine-adhesions-clinical-manifestation-and-diagnosis	Causes secondary amenorrhea. Loss of basalis layer (decreased regenerative capacity)	High-yield addition to next year	02/21/19 8:55 PM
696	636	Reproductive	Pathology	Breast cancer	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathology-of-breast-cancer	Tubular & mucinous carcinomas are NOT subtypes of invasive ductal carcinoma, but rather subtypes of breast cancer (invasive carcinoma).	Major erratum	01/07/19 3:21 AM
697	636	Reproductive	Pathology	Breast cancer	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2628841/	Inflammatory breast cancer usually presents with a palpable mass in at least 70% of cases. This contradicts what the text is saying ("usually lacks a palpable mass"). "Underlying tumour masses might be palpable in IBC, but up to 30% of patients will present with no underlying masses."	Major erratum	01/07/19 3:22 AM
698	640	Reproductive	Pharmacology	Control of reproductive hormones	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cyproterone-united-states-not-available-drug-information	Delete cyproterone. It is not mentioned anywhere else in the book. Also this drug is not available in the US. It is very unlikely that it will come up in the exam.	High-yield addition to next year	01/07/19 3:25 AM
699	641	Reproductive	Pharmacology	Tamoxifen, raloxifene	as per Uworld	Tamoxifen causes hot flashes due to anti-estrogen effects on the anterior hypothalamus causing thermoregulatory dysfunction.	High-yield addition to next year	01/19/19 8:55 AM
700	643	Reproductive	Pharmacology	Testosterone, methyltestosterone	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-burn-injury-in-older-patients	I suggest deleting the phrase "stimulate anabolism to promote recovery after burn or injury" because neither testosterone nor methyltestosterone are indicated for the stimulation of the anabolism in catabolic conditions (eg, burn injuries). Oxandrolone is used instead for these conditions.	Minor erratum	01/07/19 3:27 AM
701	647	Respiratory	Physiology	Lung and chest wall	N/A	The description is redundant with "inward pull of lung is balanced by outward pull of chest wall, and system pressure is atmospheric" written twice.	Clarification to current text	02/03/19 12:15 PM
702	648	Respiratory	Physiology	Hemoglobin modifications	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1281520/	Under Carboxyhemoglobin; Causes decrease in oxygen binding capacity with left shift in oxygen curve. I suggest modifying it to "for the reminder of Hb (not bound to CO) the affinity becomes higher to oxygen so the curve will shift to the Left in the presence of CO in blood". this will prevent confusion that might arise by the original parapgraph	Clarification to current text	12/22/18 1:24 AM
703	648	Respiratory	Anatomy	Lung anatomy	Paragraph above, previous editions of First Aid	The bronchioles are made up of columnar epithelium, not cuboidal epithelium. The text next to the illustration mislabels the illustration.	Minor erratum	01/09/19 4:15 PM
704	649	Respiratory	Anatomy	Diaphragm structures	It's a mnemonic.	The *C*ommon *C*arotid bi*four*cates at *C*4. • The *T*rachea bi*four*cates at *T*4. • The abdomina*L* aorta bi*four*cates at *L*4.	Mnemonic	01/26/19 1:28 PM
705	649	Respiratory	Anatomy	Diaphragm structures	Not needed.	A mnemonic for "Structures perforating the diaphragm" could be: "I 8 (ate) 10 Eggs At 12" IVC at T8, Esophagus (Eggs) at T10, Aorta (At) at T12.	Mnemonic	01/28/19 8:37 AM
706	649	Respiratory	Anatomy	Lung anatomy	https://www.anatomyatlases.org/HumanAnatomy/Topography/Lungs.shtml	posterior border of the lung ends at the 10th rib not the 9th as illustrated in the diagram	Minor erratum	03/11/19 1:18 PM
707	649	Respiratory	Anatomy	Lung anatomy	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/353329-overview	If you aspirate a peanut: - while supine: usually enters superior segment of right lower lobe "or posterior segment of right upper lobe"	High-yield addition to next year	03/12/19 9:25 AM
708	651	Respiratory	Physiology	Lung and chest wall	the information is correct, just duplicated.	Inward pull of lung is balanced by outward pull of chest wall, and system pressure is atmosphere was duplicated in this section.	Spelling/formatting	01/18/19 8:25 PM
709	651	Respiratory	Physiology	Lung and chest wall	http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/physio/resp-web/sect9.htm	The graph showing lung and chest wall compliance is labeled "transpulmonary static pressure" on the x-axis. However, transpulmonary pressure is defined as alveolar pressure minus intrapleural pressure. For the chest wall, this would not represent the pressure difference across it, which is more accurately the pressure at the body surface minus the pleural pressure. Therefore, I believe the label of the x-axis should read "transmural pressure," not transpulmonary static pressure.	Minor erratum	03/11/19 4:17 PM
710	651	Respiratory	Physiology	Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve	n/a	To remember right shift: "O2 falls right off"	Mnemonic	02/23/19 7:02 PM
711	652	Respiratory	Physiology	Cyanide vs carbon monoxide poisoning	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1281520/	Under Carboxyhemoglobin; Causes decrease in oxygen binding capacity with left shift in oxygen curve. I suggest modifying it to "for the reminder of Hb (not bound to CO) the affinity becomes higher to oxygen so the curve will shift to the Left in the presence of CO in blood". this will prevent confusion that might arise by the original parapgraph	Clarification to current text	03/01/19 6:57 PM
712	652	Respiratory	Physiology	Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499818/	Given as "decreased oxygen-binding capacity with left shift", but it should be "increased"	Major erratum	02/06/19 4:42 PM
713	652	Respiratory	Physiology	Response to high altitude	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/structure-and-function-of-normal-hemoglobins#H9	"increased 2,3-BPG (binds to Hb causing left shift so that Hb releases more O2)" should be "increased 2,3-BPG (binds to Hb causing right shift so that Hb releases more O2)"	Minor erratum	01/26/19 11:21 AM
714	653	Respiratory	Physiology	Oxygen content of blood	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/carbon-monoxide-poisoning	% O2 Saturation of Hb is, of course, decreased in CO poisoning; however, in CO poisoning, this decrease in O2 saturation is not reflected in the pulse oximetry, which cannot be used for diagnosis of CO poisoning. Pulse oximetry can even be elevated in CO poisoning, because pulse oximetry cannot differentiate between Hb bound to O2 (oxyhemoglobin) and Hb bound to CO (carboxyhemoglobin). The chart reads that in CO poisoning there is a decrease in % O2 Saturation of Hb, which can mislead students to believing that this decrease would be revealed via pulse oximetry, the standard measure of O2 saturation. Suggestion/Correction to remove this misunderstanding: place a “*” or “a” in the chart that leads to a note below the chart that states: “This decrease in % O2 saturation is not seen via pulse oximetry, which cannot be used for diagnosis of CO poisoning, because pulse oximetry cannot distinguish between oxyhemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin. An arterial blood gas sample is needed to confirm diagnosis of CO poisoning.”	Clarification to current text	02/13/19 6:17 AM
715	653	Respiratory	Physiology	Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195245/ ,, https://media.lanecc.edu/users/driscolln/RT127/Softchalk/Oxygen_transport_softchalk/Oxygen_Transport_Lesson4.html	suggest adding "HbS" in the column of "Right shift" .	High-yield addition to next year	01/03/19 10:05 AM
716	653	Respiratory	Physiology	Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve	It's Mnemonic	Le*F*t shift = Hb*F* .	Mnemonic	01/03/19 10:07 AM
717	653	Respiratory	Physiology	Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve	It's Mnemonic	*R*ight shift =*R*ise.	Mnemonic	01/03/19 10:08 AM
718	653	Respiratory	Physiology	Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve	It's Mnemonic	Right shift =Ri*S*e =Hb*s*	Mnemonic	01/03/19 10:10 AM
719	654	Respiratory	Physiology	Pulmonary circulation	https://books.google.com/books?id=xZswDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=diffusion+and+gas+%3D+A+x+D+X+p1-p2&source=bl&ots=jcKLyVYnCe&sig=NpTNtppgNg3Dzw4iz3aNVVv915w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyhOL35NHfAhUHKuwKHehgCtYQ6AEwEnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=diffusion%20and%20gas%20%3D%20A%20x%20D%20X%20p1-p2&f=false	Replace( *T* ↑ in pulmonary fibrosis )with (* ∆x * ↑ in pulmonary fibrosis ).	Minor erratum	01/03/19 8:22 AM
720	655	Respiratory	Physiology	Ventilation/perfusion mismatch	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PULM%2F103089&topicKey=PULM%2F101436&search=physiologic%20dead%20space%22&source=outline_link&selectedTitle=1~150	For blood flow obstruction the text parenthetical names the defect "physiologic dead space". Without clarification that this includes both anatomic and alveolar dead spaces this description is confusing. I propose that it should read "alveolar dead space" since this is more specific to the defect. Thank you for your consideration!	Minor erratum	01/02/19 6:41 PM
721	657	Respiratory	Pathology	Epistaxis	https://radiopaedia.org/articles/kiesselbach-plexus	Kiesselbach drives his Lexus with his LEGS: superior Labial artery, anterior and posterior Ethmoidal arteries, Greater palatine artery, Sphenopalatine artery. HERE , POSTERIOR ETHMOID ARTERY IS NOT A CONTRIBUTOR OF KIESSELBACH PLEXUS	Minor erratum	01/27/19 2:27 PM
722	657	Respiratory	Pathology	Rhinosinusitis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-bacterial-rhinosinusitis-in-children-microbiology-and-treatment	It has been mentioned on FA 2019 that S pneumoniae is the most common cause of Rhinosinusitis, but due to the replacement of PCV7 by PCV13 in 2010, it is no longer the leading cause. H influenza takes the first spot now as per new guidelines (Nov 18, UpToDate). H influenza (40-50%), S Pneumo (20-25%), M catarrhalis (25%). This is very high yield for most common organism type of questions on USMLE.	Clarification to current text	01/13/19 4:37 PM
723	658	Respiratory	Pathology	Flow-volume loops	https://obgynkey.com/respiratory-pathophysiology-and-regulation/	Flow voume loop is correct but adding a directional arrow will be helpful to identify inspiration and expiration loop direction.	Clarification to current text	03/07/19 9:58 AM
724	658	Respiratory	Pathology	Pulmonary emboli	not needed	change order of images from " A--C--B " to "A--B--C" in accordance with alphabet.	Spelling/formatting	01/03/19 1:14 PM
725	658	Respiratory	Pathology	Pulmonary emboli	N/A	S1Q3T3 -> "if you SQuaT 133 pounds, then you'lll get a PE" OR just "SQuaT 133 pounds"	Mnemonic	03/09/19 11:05 AM
726	659	Respiratory	Systems	Mediastinal pathology	https://teachmeanatomy.info/thorax/areas/posterior-mediastinum/	Middle mediastinal mass: esophegeal cancer !! esophegus located in posterior not middle mediastinum	Clarification to current text	02/14/19 5:25 AM
727	660	Respiratory	Pathology	Mesothelioma	http://jpma.org.pk/full_article_text.php?article_id=741	Nearly all mesotheliomas stain +ve for cytokeratin and may also stain +ve for calretinin	High-yield addition to next year	01/26/19 5:59 PM
728	660	Respiratory	Pathology	Obstructive lung diseases	not needed	change order of images from " D--A--B--C--E--F--G " to "A--B--C--D--E--F--G" in accordance with alphabet.	Spelling/formatting	01/03/19 1:32 PM
729	661	Respiratory	Pathology	Sarcoidosis	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4521279/	Sarcoidosis also has hepatic involvement including cirrhosis, granulomas in the liver and abnormal Liver function tests.	High-yield addition to next year	02/08/19 2:59 AM
730	662	Respiratory	Pathology	Sarcoidosis	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4521279/	Sarcoidosis is A Bad Harsh GRUELING Disease. A- African American women, elevated ACE enzymes. B- B/L adenopathy, Bells palsy. Harsh- Hepatic granulomas, cirrhosis. G- Gammaglobulinemia. U- Uveitis, E- erythema nodosum. L- Lupus pernio, I- Interstitial fibrosis. N- noncaseating, G- granulomas. D- increased Vit. D	Mnemonic	02/08/19 3:38 AM
731	662	Respiratory	Pathology	Sarcoidosis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-pulmonary-sarcoidosis?csi=6a5e09dd-58eb-452f-8767-38ea380d40d8&source=contentShare	ACE has been found to be of unclear or limited use in Sarcoid diagnosis although helpful in disease progression	High-yield addition to next year	03/02/19 10:03 AM
732	665	Respiratory	Pathology	Sleep apnea	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-obesity-hypoventilation-syndrome	In Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome the PaO2 can be decreased during the day when the patient is awake. This is unclear in the text as the introduction to Sleep Apnea section states "normal PaO2 during the day". Would be good to highlight that PaO2 can be low in Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome.	Clarification to current text	03/06/19 9:13 PM
733	666	Respiratory	Pathology	Atelectasis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/atelectasis-types-and-pathogenesis-in-adults	Atelectasis :Alveolar collapse, which can be due to multiple etiologies: • Obstructive -airway obstruction prevents new air from reaching distal airways, old air is resorbed (eg, foreign body, mucous plug, tu mor) • Compressive-external compression on lung decreases lung volumes (eg, space-occupying lesion, pleural effusion) • Contraction (cicatrization) -scarring of lung parenchyma that distorts alveoli (eg, sarcoidosis) • Adhesive-due to lack of surfactant (eg, NRDS in premature babies) Now I would like to suggest few changes in it. Instead of "ALVEOLAR COLLAPSE" it should be "LOSS OF LUNG VOLUME" because when there is external compression like pleural effusion it pushes the lung inside and due to that pressure alveoli collapse. What I mean to say is with alveolar collapse it could be either few alveoli or more the term gets generalised but what happens at the end is that lung loses its volume either one whole lobe or entire lung. Now coming to causes it could be Divided into: A) Obstructive Causes B) Non Obstructive Causes Compression Adhesive Cicatrization Relaxation : loss of contact between parietal and visceral tissue (Pneumothorax) C) Post-op Atelectasis: Most common cause within 48-72 hours post-op. D) Rounded Atelectasis: As in asbestosis, folding of lobe with fibrous band and adhesion there is loss of lung volume.	High-yield addition to next year	02/14/19 11:48 PM
734	682	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	Vasculitides	n/a	On page 682, the index references page 585 for Wegener granulomatosis but page 585 is on renal pathology	Minor erratum	02/18/19 1:18 AM
735	684	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	Clostridia	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clostridioides-formerly-clostridium-difficile-infection-in-adults-treatment-and-prevention	Metronidazole is no longer recommended as any initial treatment of Clostridium Difficle. Recommended first line treatment for C. Difficile is now oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin for both severe and non-severe CDI	Minor erratum	01/01/19 2:19 PM
736	685	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	Syphilis	n/a	Page 685 Under the Heading condition: Degeneration of dorsal column Fibers Under the heading Common Treatments: Tabes dorsalis.... This point should probably be under Disease/finding and Most common/important associations instead	Clarification to current text	02/18/19 12:39 AM
737	685	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	Warfarin	https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.lib.utah.edu/contents/reversal-of-anticoagulation-in-warfarin-associated-intracerebral-hemorrhage?search=warfarin%20reversal%20pcc&sectionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H168423846&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~100&display_rank=1#H168423846	In addition to reversing warfarin with FFP and vitamin K. Reversal also includes administration of prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC) for immediate reversal.	High-yield addition to next year	01/29/19 12:17 PM
738	690	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	Childhood primary brain tumors	See UWORLD and pg 516 of First Aid	Page 690 says that the most common supratentorial brain tumor in kids is a medulloblastoma, but both page 516 and UWORLD say that the most common tumor of childhood is the pilocytic astrocytoma	Clarification to current text	02/22/19 5:01 PM
739	732	Index	Index	Acute pericarditis	N/A	Listed in the index to be on page 314 but is found on page 308.	Spelling/formatting	01/04/19 6:32 PM
740	734	Index	Index	Androgens	Page 644 in First Aid 2019 is a notes page	Androgenetic alopecia is indicated in the revised index to be on page 644 when it is actually on page 643.	Spelling/formatting	03/03/19 8:55 AM
741	736	Index	Index	Aortic dissection	no reference needed	The wrong page number is listed in the index for aortic dissection. The main "aortic dissection" section is on page 301, but in the index it is listed as 306. However, there is no mention of "aortic dissection" on page 306.	Spelling/formatting	01/19/19 1:45 PM
742	736	Index	Index	Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia	N/A	Two issues. 1) In the index, "hereditary hemorrhagic telangectasia" is written twice under Arteriovenous malformations (AVM). 2) The reference page number is wrong, it should be to page 312 instead of page 319.	Spelling/formatting	01/13/19 6:29 PM
743	737	Index	Index	Atrial natriuretic peptide	N/A	ANP is listed as being on page 298, when it is actually on page 294.	Spelling/formatting	03/04/19 12:12 PM
744	737	Index	Index	Autoregulation	First Aid 2019 pg. 295	Every time autoregulation of blood flow appears in the index (737, 739, 740, 752, 757) it is listed as pg. 300, however it is actually on pg. 295	Spelling/formatting	01/18/19 1:14 AM
745	737	Index	Index	Syphilis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/syphilis-screening-and-diagnostic-testing?search=syphilis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Syphilis is spelled "syphillis" in the index	Spelling/formatting	01/27/19 3:56 PM
746	738	Index	Miscellaneous	Diffuse axonal injury	First AID 2019	Axonal Injury, Diffuse is actually talked about on page 503	Spelling/formatting	02/10/19 5:06 PM
747	739	Index	Pathology	Congenital cardiac defect associations	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-turner-syndrome?search=turner%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Under the Bicuspid aorta valve-->Turner syndrome sub-listing page 303 is one of the pages listed but should be replaced by 298	Spelling/formatting	03/11/19 2:08 PM
748	741	Index	Index	Cardiomyopathies	N/A	There are many errors in page numbering for the index. This is particularly true for pages in the Cardiovascular section. For example, in the index "Cardiomyopathy" is listed as page 310 but the entry for cardiomyopathy is on page 305. There have been several similar errors of incorrect page numbering in other sections as well, including microbiology.	Spelling/formatting	02/26/19 11:08 AM
749	742	Index	Index	Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/guillain-barre-syndrome-in-children-epidemiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis?search=cerebrospinal%20fluid%20albuminocytologic%20dissociation&sectionRank=1&usage_type=default&anchor=H603783422&source=machineLearning&selectedTitle=1~150&display_rank=1#H603783422	Currently is spelled "Cerebrospial fluid (CSF) albuminocytologic dissociation" but should be "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) albuminocytologic dissociation"	Spelling/formatting	03/05/19 3:02 PM
750	742	Index	Index	Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors	N/A	Carotid Massage is listed as being on page 299, when it is actually on page 294.	Spelling/formatting	03/04/19 12:10 PM
751	743	Index	Index	Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors	N/A	Chemoreceptors are listed in the index as being on page 299. This section is actually found on papge 294	Spelling/formatting	01/12/19 10:38 AM
752	744	Index	Index	Sympatholytics (α2-agonists)	Not required	Clonidine can be found on Page 242 and under Tourette syndrome on Page 545 but not on Pages 240 and 244	Spelling/formatting	12/31/18 7:45 AM
753	744	Index	Index	Vasculitides	n/a	Page 744 Churg-Strauss syndrome index notes page 317 but page 317 is on cardiovascular pharmacology.	Spelling/formatting	02/18/19 12:46 AM
754	746	Index	Index	Cystic fibrosis	FA page 437	Cystic hygroma is not on page 437 as indicated * it was not available in the drop down menu to choose from*	Spelling/formatting	02/28/19 4:10 PM
755	751	Index	Index	Sympathomimetics	N/A	Under Epinephrine it states "for anaphylactic reaction, 114" but there is no mention of epinephrine's use in anaphylaxis on that page.	Spelling/formatting	03/05/19 11:56 AM
756	753	Index	Index	Fibromyalgia	none (index error)	"Fibromuscular dysplasia, 303" does NOT appear on page 303	Spelling/formatting	02/06/19 8:34 PM
757	758	Index	Index	Hepatitis viruses	Page 683: Chronic hepatitis B or C	Hepatitis B treatment is referenced to page 684, when it is actually on page 683	Spelling/formatting	03/05/19 11:53 AM
758	758	Index	Index	Vasculitides	First Aid pg. 676	Henoch-Schonlein purpura is erroneously listed as pg. 318, however it is actually on pg. 311	Spelling/formatting	01/13/19 6:10 AM
759	760	Index	Index	Hydralazine	None	On p 760 within the index, under "Hydralazine", it says p. 311 and 319 however there is no mention of the drug on either of those pages, instead "Hydralazine" can be found on p. 313	Spelling/formatting	02/26/19 2:52 PM
760	763	Index	Index	Torsades de pointes	none	The index states that Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome is on page 297, when it is actually on page 292.	Spelling/formatting	01/11/19 2:29 PM
761	763	Index	Systems	Vasculitides	na	fix page number for kawasaki disease to 310 and also rheumatic fever to 308	Spelling/formatting	02/17/19 4:09 PM
762	772	Index	Index	RNA viruses	N/A	In the index under "Norovirus" in the first column, "medical importance" is spelled incorrectly. It is spelled "medical improtance"	Spelling/formatting	03/10/19 7:36 PM
763	774	Index	Pathology	Personality	-	On page 774, the index references "Paranoid Personality Disorder" as being on page 541, which is the title page for the Psychiatry section. From looking at the edition, I see that the "Paranoid Personality Disorders" section has been completely omitted, hence the index reference is quite misleading. I even checked the newer published index with corrections and it was still showing that said entry can be found on page 541. It took me some time of scouring around the section and book to realize there is no such entry, hence I would like to formally request you to remove it from the index. Thank you!	Spelling/formatting	03/12/19 2:30 PM
764	775	Index	Index	Drug reactions—musculoskeletal/skin/connective tissue	n/a	Page 775 Penicillamine related myopathy is listed as page 250 but it's 249	Spelling/formatting	03/06/19 7:05 AM
765	778	Index	Index	Protein synthesis	https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/24-4-protein-metabolism/	Under the category of protein synthesis, "metaboilic site" is listed, this should be spelled correctly as metabolic site	Spelling/formatting	01/09/19 12:17 AM
766	779	Index	Index	Receptor binding	Not needed	on page 779, it says receptors are on page 231 but they are actually on page 238	Spelling/formatting	01/05/19 6:47 PM
767	781	Index	Index	Urinary tract infections	None	Index says Sabouraud agar is found on pg 153 but there's no mention of this on pg 153.	Spelling/formatting	02/10/19 1:12 AM
768	785	Index	Index	Syphilitic heart disease	N/A	Listed to be on page 315 in index but is found on page 309.	Spelling/formatting	01/04/19 6:31 PM
769	785	Index	Index	Triptans	None	On p 785 within the index, under "Sumatriptan", "coronary vasospasm with" reads p 248 and it should be p 247	Spelling/formatting	01/07/19 12:32 PM
770	788	Index	Index	Congenital cardiac defect associations	N/A	In the index, Turner's Syndrome cardiac association is said to be found on page 303 but it is found on page 298.	Spelling/formatting	01/11/19 2:36 PM
771	791	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Neurons	First Aid 2019	Information on Wallerian degeneration is actually on page 483, not 481 as implied by the 2019 index	Spelling/formatting	01/20/19 7:01 PM
772	566,569.00	Renal	Embryology	Kidney stones	https://www.emjreviews.com/urology/article/renal-stones-a-clinical-review/	Clarify that the ureteropelvic junction is the most common site of obstruction IN THE KIDNEY. The ureterovesical junction is narrower and a more common site of obstruction. "The three narrowest parts of the ureter are at the pelvo-ureteric junction, the mid-ureter, where the ureter crosses the iliac vessels, and the vesico-ureteric junction (VUJ). The VUJ is the most common site of obstruction."	Spelling/formatting	02/16/19 2:00 AM
773	46-47	Biochemistry	Cellular	Rough endoplasmic reticulum	aaa	N-glycosylation occurs in the eNdoplasmic reticulum; O-glycosylation occurs in the gOlgi apparatus	Mnemonic	03/02/19 2:34 AM
774	588 (based on 2018 edition)	Renal	Pathology	Renal cyst disorders	Saw it in class/UW QID 3	Adults are dominants (autosomal dominant) and infants are not (autosomal recessive)	Mnemonic	01/15/19 5:51 PM
775	590 and 591	Renal	Pathology	Acute tubular necrosis	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238064-overview	BUN/Cr ratio increases in phase 2 of ATN and decreases in phase 3. The text has it as only decreased in phase 3 on page 591. The text also has it decreased in general on page 590 under intrinsic renal failure. This should be clarified that it is only phase 3 that the ratio decreases and it increases in phase 2.	Spelling/formatting	12/27/18 3:56 PM
776	Index	Index	Index	Cardiomyopathies	not needed	I think the whole book's Index needs to be re-made, I've recorded too many errors to keep submitting errata.	Spelling/formatting	01/11/19 7:04 PM
777	Index	Index	Index	Heart failure	n/a	The page numbers in the index are grossly incorrect -- often off by 6 or more pages. Which makes the entire index difficult to use. For instance paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is listed as page 312 but it on page 306.	Spelling/formatting	01/16/19 6:08 PM
778	p.328	Endocrine	Physiology	Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117140-overview	I submitted for the 2018 and it was ignored	High-yield addition to next year	02/02/19 10:32 AM
779	Pg 379	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Intussusception	Uworld question, https://step1.medbullets.com/gastrointestinal/110050/intussusception,	Treatment should be added to Intussuseption- Barium enema is diagnostic/therapeutic and surgical intervention is mandated if intussusception does not resolve with enema	High-yield addition to next year	03/10/19 12:43 PM
780	Pg72	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Ethanol metabolism	https://step1.medbullets.com/biochemistry/102041/ethanol-metabolism	In ethanol metabolism under point number 2 it reads - “ 2) Fasting hypoglycaemia - decreases gluconeogenesis due to increased OAA—> malate. The correction is a decrease in OAA.Alcohol inhibits gluconeogenesis by depleting the pool of cytoplasmic NAD+. Depletion of cytoplasmic NAD+ by alcohol metabolism affects the re-oxidation of cytoplasmic malate to oxaloacetate by the cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase, inhibiting gluconeogenesis. The inhibition of gluconeogenesis in response to alcohol ingestion results in alcohol-induced hypoglycemia	Spelling/formatting	02/07/19 10:39 PM
781	vi	Index	Index	Heart embryology	See FA 19 textbook, page 273.	The contents incorrectly labels section III as starting on page 269, when it actually starts on page 273. Approaching the organ systems starts on page 274, and cardiovascular starts on page 277. These 3 contents are listed with incorrect page numbers.	Spelling/formatting	12/24/18 2:25 PM
782								03/08/19 10:49 PM
783	313	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Bacterial endocarditis	Index error	in the index,under Staph Aureus, bacterial endocarditis is said to be on pg 313 but it is on pg 307	Minor erratum	03/14/19 9:17 AM
784	624	Reproductive	Pathology	Sex chromosome disorders	Mnemonic	Mnemonic for Turner Syndrome - Tina Turner loves hugs and kisses (XO)	Mnemonic	03/14/19 9:54 AM
785	744	Index	Index	Sympathomimetics	N/A	Cocaine's sympathomimetic action is listed as being on page 243 but is actually on page 242	Clarification to current text	03/14/19 10:05 AM
786	530	Psychiatry	Pathology	Schizophrenia spectrum disorders	Myself	Increase DOPamine = smoking "Dope"	Mnemonic	03/14/19 10:55 AM
787	578	Renal	Physiology	Hormones acting on kidney	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116377/	In addition to aquaporins, ADH increases apical expression of Urea transporters in the collecting duct, which are critical for maintaining the osmotic gradient used by the Loop of Henle throughout the renal medulla.	High-yield addition to next year	03/14/19 12:30 PM
788	578	Renal	Physiology	Hormones acting on kidney	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3775849/	ADH increases the expression specifically of Aquaporin 2, specifically on the apical side of the collecting duct. ADH does not increase aquaporin expression on the lumenal side of the collecting duct and does not affect expression of AQP 1, 3, or 4.	Clarification to current text	03/14/19 12:35 PM
789	588	Renal	Pathology	Urinary incontinence	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-course-and-prognosis-of-multiple-sclerosis-in-adults?source=autocomplete&index=2~4&search=multiple%20sc ; https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1146199-clinical	Neurogenic bladder with MS as an example is listed on page 588 under "Overflow Incontinence". Despite that MS patients can present with either type of neurogenic bladder (urge or overflow); it is well established that the majority of patients with MS are classically seen with an overactive bladder (urge incontinence) as typically seen with any upper motor neuron lesion (spasticity). If MS has to be listed as an example under one of the two, it should definitely be under "urgency incontinence" type as opposed to the overactive type. This is how we see it across the references.	Major erratum	03/14/19 4:41 PM
790	588	Renal	Pathology	Urinary incontinence	N/A	Stress Sneeze Surgery Super active Stick Stream or Slow Sphincter Urgency UTI Ultra active bladder Overflow Obstruction OFF Bladder	Mnemonic	03/14/19 5:22 PM
791	306	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Heart failure	none needed	In the pressure-volume loop diagrams, it would be helpful if the abbreviations were written out with their abbreviation in parentheses following. (I.e., "Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)" and "Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF"). This is the only place where these abbreviations are used.	Clarification to current text	03/15/19 12:00 AM
792	669	Respiratory	Pathology	Lung cancer	myself	SCLC characteristics mnemonic: SMALl Cell lung cancer: SIADH, c-Myc gene, ACTH, Lambert-eaton, Chromogranin A	Mnemonic	03/15/19 9:03 AM
793	587	Renal	Pathology	Renal cell carcinoma	https://www.explainmedicine.com/article/General/Varicocele	Specifying that occlusion of the left spermatic vein is the reason left-sided RCC may cause a varicocele. Suggested revision to current phrasing: "... may develop varicocele if left-sided; obstruction of left spermatic vein)..."	High-yield addition to next year	03/15/19 10:32 AM
794	258	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Statistical distribution	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glossary-of-common-biostatistical-and-epidemiological-terms?search=Odds%20ratio&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Error: "If in a case-control study, 20/30 lung cancer patients and 5/25 healthy individuals report smoking, the OR is 8; so the lung cancer patients are 8 times more likely to have a history of smoking." Correction [ "If in a case-control study, 20/10* lung cancer patients and 5/20* healthy individuals report smoking, the OR is 8; so the lung cancer patients are 8 times more likely to have a history of smoking.	Spelling/formatting	03/15/19 12:11 PM
795	76	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex	N/A	Recommend red-bolding of "Ar"senic and G"ar"lic breath. This clinical finding is often mentioned in question stems and could help us quickly differentiate from Cyanide poisoning with Almond breath.	Mnemonic	03/15/19 1:23 PM
796	64	Biochemistry	Genetics	Genetic disorders by chromosome	Mnemonic	Chromosome 3: Von-Hippel-Lindau Gene, associated with Renal Cell Carcinoma -Both VHL and RCC have 3 letters Chromosome 5: Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) -APC gene mutation Read as: "Five-APC" or "FAPC" Chromosome 6: Hemochromatosis - associated w/ HLA A3 Read as: "HA3mochromatoSIX" Chromosome 11: Wilms tumor -Read as "W11ms tumor" Chromosome 13: Wilson Disease -Wilson Disease has 13 letters in total (same with Patau Syndrome, chromosome 13)	Mnemonic	03/15/19 3:53 PM
797	66	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin A	Mnemonic	Chronic toxicity from PHAAD diets: pseudotumor cerebri, hepatoxicity/megaly, alopecia, arthralgias, dry skin	Mnemonic	03/15/19 4:37 PM
798	63	Biochemistry	Genetics	Autosomal trisomies	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1684265/. Also UWorld question 8328	please add that the majority of cases of Down syndrome result from nondisjunction in Meiosis I specifically	High-yield addition to next year	03/16/19 5:40 PM
799	525	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Retinitis	https://nei.nih.gov/faqs/retina-cotton-wool-spots	Cotton wool spots are found in diabetic retinopathy too	High-yield addition to next year	03/16/19 9:02 PM
800	285	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/auscultation-of-heart-sounds	It states that S4 should be considered abnormal, regardless of patient age. According to uptodate and UWorld, S4 is normal in healthy older adults.	Major erratum	03/17/19 1:05 AM
801	306	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Hydralazine	First aid 2019	Hydralazine with nitrate therapy improves both symptoms and mortality in 'selected' patients. Text in the book says 'select'. Selected patients could be specified eg: African patients	Spelling/formatting	03/17/19 6:14 AM
802	513	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Neurocutaneous disorders	Goljan- Rapid review of pathology. Also in https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/950151-overview#a1 NF1 is highly penetrant but not 100%. On the other end, NF-2 shows complete penetrance	NF shows incomplete penetrance, not 100% penetrance	Major erratum	03/17/19 7:10 AM
803	50	Biochemistry	Cellular	Collagen synthesis and structure	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093059/	Clarify on the sentence: Glycine content best reflects collagen synthesis. For example, If i have two tissue samples, one of which is primarily made up of collagen (i.e, Bone or cartilage) and another one is devoid of collagen or containg negligible amount of collagen (i.e, synovial fluid). In this case, using glycine content reflects the amount of collagen present in these tissues. However, if i have two tissue samples, both made up of more or less collagen (let's say skin and ligaments). In this case, I can not use glycine to reflect the collagen amount present in these tissues as glycine though not abundant as much as in collagen, is still present in various other protiens such as elastin. Therefore, measuring glycine content could give me false results. In these cases, measuring hydroxylated proline (i.e, hydroxyproline) would be the best choice since it is very specific for collagen only.	Clarification to current text	03/17/19 7:21 AM
804	588	Renal	Pathology	Multiple sclerosis	UWorld Question ID : 11464	FA says MS causes overflow incontinence (Detrusor Underactivity) but Uworld says that patients develop a spastic bladder and bladder hypertonia (Urge Incontinence)	Major erratum	03/17/19 8:45 AM
805	241	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Atropine	SketchyMedical - autonomic drugs	under atropine, add a "heart" subtitle and include the fact that it can reverse fatal bradycardia (increase HR)	High-yield addition to next year	03/17/19 10:46 AM
806	389	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Hemochromatosis	none needed	HemochromatoSIX as a reminder that the mutation is located on chromosome 6.	Minor erratum	03/17/19 2:35 PM
807	50	Biochemistry	Cellular	Collagen synthesis and structure	NA	Vitamin C deficiency leads to a problem with Hydrox"C"lation.	Mnemonic	03/17/19 3:52 PM
808	592	Renal	Pathology	Renal cyst disorders	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-of-and-screening-for-autosomal-dominant-polycystic-kidney-disease	Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is due to a mutation in PKD1 (on chromosome 16) or PKD2 (on chromosome 4) So, to remember the specific chromosomes 16^1= 16 and 4^2= 16	Mnemonic	03/17/19 5:28 PM
809	260	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Bias and study errors	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evidence-based-approach-to-prevention?search=lead-time%20bias%20definition&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~19&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H20178015	To differentiate between "lead-time bias" and "length-time bias," you can think "If a disease is detected early, you get a 'head start' on the treatment, and therefore take the 'lead.'" This draws comparison to a race.	Mnemonic	03/17/19 5:34 PM
810	571	Renal	Physiology	Glomerular filtration rate	Boards and Beyond by Dr. Jason Ryan.	It would be helpful to add an 'Afferent arteriole dilation' row in the 'Changes in glomerular dynamics' section at the bottom of the page. Here the both the GFR and RPF increase and FF remains the same. This may help further strengthen the concept.	High-yield addition to next year	03/18/19 5:35 AM
811	480	Neurology and Special Senses	Embryology	Syringomyelia	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2078323/	As the disease progresses, syringomyelia can affect the anterior horns (LMN symptoms), which leads to SCOLIOSIS (due to paresis of paravertebral bodies). **"teenager w/scoliosis + loss of pain/temp in cape-like distribution" is a common presentation in board questions	High-yield addition to next year	03/18/19 8:14 AM
812	499	Neurology and Special Senses	Neuropathology	Common brain lesions	Without errata, It is contradicting with the following describing in Paramedian pontine reticular formation-Eyes look toward side of hemiplegia. I got from Kaplan and UWorld that FEF control contralateral PPRF, so the consequences of both lesions should not be same.	Frontal eye fields-Eyes look toward the side of lesion (or at the hemiplegia), Please revise "at" to "away from"	Major erratum	03/18/19 1:40 PM
813	281	Cardiovascular	Anatomy	Anatomy of the heart	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158064-overview	SA node is supplied by SA Nodal Artery which is perfused by branches of the RCA in ~60% of cases whereas in ~40% it is perfused by the LCX. This is in great contrast to the printed statement of, "RCA supplies SA node" in FA 2019. The parenthetical that follows "(blood supply independent of dominance)" remains a true statement and should be kept. This fact is supported by the eMedicine link as a supporting reference with the relevant information in the Etiology subsection titled "Childhood and familial diseases," italicized heading "SA nodal artery disease." An additional journal article has been included corroborating the same anatomical fact.	Major erratum	03/18/19 2:36 PM
814	315	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Lipid-lowering agents	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gemfibrozil-drug-information?search=gemfibrozil&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1~73&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1	Gemfibrozil is spelled incorrectly. It is "Gemfi rozil" on the book.	Spelling/formatting	03/18/19 5:34 PM
815	448	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Actions of hip muscles	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20625501	Fact name is incorrect because "NEW FACT" wasn't available. Add titin to sarcomere graphic. Titin connects myosin to the Z-line.	High-yield addition to next year	03/18/19 6:23 PM
816	573	Renal	Physiology	Nephron transport physiology	Not needed	A short note or a one-liner can or a pictorial representation can be made about Hartnup disease under early PCT. Would be a good tie in to biochemistry and the student can read it in more detail under the nutrition chapter on Pg.67.	High-yield addition to next year	03/19/19 3:22 AM
817	187	Pharmacology	Pharmacology	Antimicrobial therapy	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nitrofurantoin-drug-information?search=nitrofurantoin&topicRef=8065&source=see_link#F201984	Nitrofurantoin - first line therapy in Acute uncomplicated cystitis >or= 12 years of age and chronic recurrent UTIs. It is a High risk medication in Geriatric patients (>or = 65 years) as it is included in Beers criteria. Contraindications: Anuria, oliguria, or significant impairment of renal function (creatinine clearance [CrCl] <60 mL/minute or clinically significant elevated serum creatinine) or previous history of cholestatic jaundice or hepatic dysfunction associated with prior nitrofurantoin	High-yield addition to next year	03/19/19 3:46 AM
818	574	Renal	Physiology	Renal tubular defects	Myself	Under the notes column(which is empty) of Fanconi syndrome, it would be beneficial to mention - May present similar to Diabetes Mellitus with polyuria and polydipsia secondary to osmotic diuresis from glucose. However, serum glucose level remains normal in contrast to DM.	High-yield addition to next year	03/19/19 3:51 AM
819	187	Microbiology	Pharmacology	Antimicrobial therapy	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nitrofurantoin-drug-information?search=nitrofurantoin&topicRef=8065&source=see_link#F201984	Nitrofurantoin - first line therapy in Acute uncomplicated cystitis >or= 12 years of age and chronic recurrent UTIs. It is a High risk medication in Geriatric patients (>or = 65 years) as it is included in Beers criteria. Contraindications: Anuria, oliguria, or significant impairment of renal function (creatinine clearance [CrCl] <60 mL/minute or clinically significant elevated serum creatinine) or previous history of cholestatic jaundice or hepatic dysfunction associated with prior nitrofurantoin	High-yield addition to next year	03/19/19 3:53 AM
820	141	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Gram-negative lab algorithm	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1829097/ & https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vibrio-vulnificus-infections?search=vibiro%20vulnificus&topicRef=7646&source=see_link#H11	Vibrio Vulnificus - motile, comma-shaped, gram-negative bacillus, The organism is isolated in high concentrations from shellfish (especially oysters), High iron levels appear to be a marked predictor of the severity of infection with Vibrio vulnificus. Laboratory diagnosis of Vibrio vulnificus infection can be performed by using stool, blood, or lesion cultures. The Gram stain shows a mildly pleomorphic, slightly curved gram-negative bacillus. It grows well in peptone water enrichment broth and can then be subcultured on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS) agar, which exhibits green colonies. Causes Rapidly Spreading cellulitis which is difficult to treat.	High-yield addition to next year	03/19/19 4:15 AM