2024 FA Step 1 Proposed Errata & Suggestions

	Page #	Chapter	Section	Fact Name	Supporting Reference(s)	Main Comment	Submission type
	Collaboration powered by Smartsheet   |   Report Abuse
1	5	Section IV Top-Rated Review Resources	Section IV Top-Rated Review Resources	Section IV Top-Rated Review Resources	Noticed it while reading	Hello! Bringing a typo from the Pixorize section to your attention- Comparable "to to" Sketchy and Picmonic.	Spelling/formatting
2	7	Section I	Section I	NEW FACT	https://www.usmle.org/bulletin-information/scoring-and-score-reporting	Your score report will remain available on the website of the organization that registered you for your examination for approximately 365 days (not 120 days that mentioned in the book) from the date of the e-mail notification.	Major erratum
3	13	Section I Supplement (on FA Team blog)	Section I Supplement	Section I Supplement	According to the previous sentences	Each block ( not subsection) consists of 200 questions to be completed within four hours.	Major erratum
4	35	Biochemistry	Molecular	Purine salvage deficiencies	UWorld	Hello! Elevated PRPP amidotransferase activity is observed in Lesch Nyhan syndrome, this has been mentioned in the text but it would be helpful to have it added to the diagrams as well. UWorld has illustrated this	Clarification to current text
5	36	Biochemistry	Molecular	DNA replication	N/A	"There are two sides to every story" - etopoSIDE and tenipoSIDE inhibit topoisomerase TWO	Mnemonic
6	40	Biochemistry	Abbreviations and Symbols	NEW FACT	its a normal adenine bind with thymine it could not be transversion	Transversion—purine to pyrimidine (eg, A to T) or pyrimidine to purine (eg, C to G).	Major erratum
7	46	Biochemistry	Cellular	Microtubule	Self-study	Hello! We can mention Chediak Higashi syndrome here as it is associated with microtubule dysfunction	High-yield addition to next year
8	52	Biochemistry	Laboratory Techniques	Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay	none	In the illustration for indirect ELISA, an enzyme is mistakenly drawn for the primary antibody.	Minor erratum
9	55	Biochemistry	Genetics	Population genetics	none	Genetic drift: chance instead of change	Spelling/formatting
10	57	Biochemistry	Genetics	Modes of inheritance	Practical Genetic Counseling , Edition 7 , by Peter S. Harper . Chapter 2 Page 40 and the link below https://www.nature.com/scitable/students-page/164/#:~:text=Females%20with%20an%20X%2Dlinked%20dominant%20disorder%20can%20be%20either,daughters%20will%20have%20the%20disorder.	in X-linked Dominant ; children of affected mothers each have a 50% chance of being affected . It should indicate that case in heterozygous mothers but in homozygous mothers the chance is 100%.	Minor erratum
11	58	Biochemistry	Genetics	Cystic fibrosis	just a mnemonic, the book itself contains the information.	the names of all CFTR modulators contains all CFRT letters: ivaCaFToR, lumaCaFToR, tezaCaFToR. You may highlight these letters or type them in capital letters or in a different color in the next FA edition.	Mnemonic
12	60	Biochemistry	Genetics	Trinucleotide repeat expansion diseases	Not needed	Mnemonic- "Hunt Trisha's Fragrance At Mayo clinic" 1) Hunt - HUNTington, 2) Trisha's - TRInucleotide, 3)Fragrance - FRAGile X, 4)At - friedreich ATaxia, 5) Mayo clinic - MYOtonic dystrophy.	Mnemonic
13	62	Biochemistry	Genetics	NEW FACT	Not needed	familial adenomatous polyposis. Polyp (5 letters so chromosome number 5)	Mnemonic
14	64	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin A	N/A	Under function, "all-trans retinoic acid" has "all" italicized instead of "trans"	Spelling/formatting
15	64	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Vitamin B1	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-water-soluble-vitamins?search=wet%20beriberi&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	WET beriberi causes peripheral EDEMA (excess fluid) secondary to high-output cardiac failure	Mnemonic
16	65	Section I Supplement (on FA Team blog)	Nutrition	Vitamin B5	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://multiplesclerosisnewstoday.com/multiple-sclerosis-symptoms/dysesthesia/%23:~:text%3DDysesthesia%2520is%2520an%2520abnormal%2520sensation,are%2520usually%2520painless%2520and%2520temporary.&ved=2ahUKEwj6h4vN1IOHAxWKD1kFHShtBRAQFnoECAMQBQ&usg=AOvVaw2yzVFF7e8jhebGUUuc-exE	Dysesthesia occurs when paresthesia becomes intense or painful.	Clarification to current text
17	71	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Enzyme terminology	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylase&ved=2ahUKEwjx5qfS94WHAxWkEVkFHR32DwQQmhN6BAgZEAc&usg=AOvVaw1gqFNYL1lS-RnK1-kGF-_0	Adding "phosphate group from" between adds and inorganic phosphate for phosphorylase enzyme	Clarification to current text
18	74	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Glycolysis regulation, key enzymes	It is impossible that a reaction produces ATP in two directions.	The arrow pointing to 1,3-BFG should be deleted.	Minor erratum
19	75	Biochemistry	Metabolism	TCA cycle	N/A	To remember TCA cycle enzymes that require NADs: "I am an alpha male" (isocitrate, alpha ketoglutarate, malate dehydrogenase). To remember the enzyme requiring FAD: "Fads suck" (succinate dehydrogenase).	Mnemonic
20	76	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation	N/A	A mnemonic to remember what happens at each complex of ETC: Now Full Cycle Has ATP - NADH, FADH, Cytochrome C, H2O, ATP	Mnemonic
21	78	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Disorders of galactose metabolism	No such term as “galacitol” exists in medical literature.	Under classic galactosemia “galactitol” is mentioned as “galacitol” twice.	Spelling/formatting
22	83	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Cystinuria	N/A	A mnemonic to remember that cystine stones have 6 sides: SIXstine	Mnemonic
23	84	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Glycogen	Supporting evidence: Page 72 of USMLE First Aid has the correct direction of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis	In the second figure, the arrows in glycolysis is going from G1P to G6P to Glucose. These should be flipped. The arrows under gluconeogenesis should be flipped as well	Minor erratum
24	84	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Glycogen	No reference	Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are wrongly labelled in the diagram. They need to be interchanged	Minor erratum
25	84	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Glycogen	First Aid pg 72 Summary of Pathways Glycogenesis/Glycogenolysis	There should be an additional arrow drawn from Glycogen to Glucose-1-P in the orange box to indicate the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase which is one of the Rate Limiting Steps. There should also be a star at step 3 to represent the other Rate limiting step.	Clarification to current text
26	84	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Glycogen	https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/glycolysis-and-gluconeogenesis/	The arrows in the diagram are reversed regarding gluconeogenesis and glycolysis (as I have made clear in the box drawn in the attachment)	Major erratum
27	85	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Glycogen storage diseases	N/A	Not sure how high yield this is, but Glycogen Storage Disease type VI is knows as Hers disease, which is classified by a deficiency in Hepatic glycogen phosphorylase. Hers for Hepatic (H for H).	Clarification to current text
28	86	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Lysosomal storage diseases	For Everything Else: First Aid and For Danon Disease: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/lysosome-associated-membrane-protein-2-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease-iib-danon-disease?search=danon%20disease%20x%20linked%20dominant&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	To Remember the Inheritance of Lysosomal Storage Diseases: stoRAge-AR-Majority are Autosomal Recessive eXcept three are X-linked(Xception). Danon is X-linked Dominant(D for Dominant) and HunteR and FabRy are X-Linked Recessive.(R for recessive)	Mnemonic
29	86	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Lysosomal storage diseases	Not needed	[Note- Only mnemonic letters are taken in capital letters] sphingolipidoses: 1) " TEXaS GANG " - Tay Sachs, hEXosaminidase, GANGleoside 2) " FACT " - FAbry, Angiokeratomas, Ceramic Trihexoside 3) " MET ARYA in CAR SUv " - METachromatic leukodystrophy, Arylsulfatase A, CERebroside (CAR) SUlfate. 4) " GALena PSYCHOlogist IN KRABi " - GALactocerebroside PSYCHOsINe, KRABbe 5) " GAUtaM LIkes GLUe " - GAUcher, Macrophages, LIpid, GLUcocerebroside 6) " NICKy in SPaIN " - NIemann piCK, SPhINgomyelin. mucopolysaccharidoses: 1) " HURt ALIson DERMATologist " - HURler syndrome, A-L-Iduronidase, DERMATan sulfate. 2) " HUNT IDriS " - HUNTer syndrome, IDuronate-2 Sulfatase.	Mnemonic
30	86	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Lysosomal storage diseases	Spelling	Sulfatides should be changed to sulfatide (Removing of plural s)	Spelling/formatting
31	88	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Ketone bodies	https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/02%3A_Unit_II-_Bioenergetics_and_Metabolism/16%3A_The_Citric_Acid_Cycle/16.03%3A_Regulation_of_the_Citric_Acid_Cycle#:~:text=Citrate%20synthase%20is%20regulated%20in,inhibitor%20of%20acetyl%2DCoA%20binding.	Chronic alcohol overuse creates a high NADH state which inhibits citrate synthase, thus leading to an accumulation of oxaloacetate. The First Aid text states only that high NADH state leads to an accumulation of oxaloacetate and fails to explain why a buildup of oxaloacetate would downregulate the TCA cycle. Without the knowledge that NADH inhibits citrate synthase, it is not intuitive to grasp that an increase in oxaloacetate would downregulate rather than fuel further iterations of the TCA cycle.	Clarification to current text
32	91	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Major apolipoproteins	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22028427/ (i will attach the photo of the table of apolipoproteins)	IDL don't have CII apolipoprotein (only in chylomicrons, VLDL, HDL )	Minor erratum
33	92	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Familial dyslipidemias	N/A	A Mnemonic to remember Type 2 Dyslipidemia: Type TWO is a deficiency in the SECOND letter of the alphabet (B100)	Mnemonic
34	92	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Familial dyslipidemias	N/A	A Mnemonic to remember Type 1 Dyslipidemia: Type ONE is a deficiency in the FIRST step after VLDL synthesis (LPL/C2) binding	Mnemonic
35	92	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Familial dyslipidemias	N/A	A Mnemonic to remember Type 4 Dyslipidemia: Type FOUR is getting MORE VLDL out the DOOR	Mnemonic
36	92	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Familial dyslipidemias	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519567	Type III Dysbetalipoproteinaemia results mostly in increased Chylomicron Remnants, IDL and a remnant form of VLDL called beta-VLDL and the resulting rise in triglycerides and cholesterol. This is because it affects ApoE, hence the lipoproteins that enter the liver are the main ones affected.The mixed rise in TGs and cholesterol is a notable sign. (Original text has chylomicrons, VLDL and TGs)	Major erratum
37	92	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Familial dyslipidemias	DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad197	Type 2 hypercholesterolemia for homozygotes the cut off is >400 mg/dL.	Major erratum
38	95	Immunology	Lymphoid Structures	Lymphatic drainage associations	Self Made MNEMONIC	For para-aortic structures we can add a mnemonic "The kid goes and falls for fun" (Kid=kidney; go=gonads(ovaries,testes); falls=fallopian tubes; fun= fundus of uterus)	Mnemonic
39	98	Immunology	Cellular	Major histocompatibility complex I and II	self understood	In the "DIAGRAM OF MHC II, Remove the LABEL OF SHORT AND LONG ARM", MHC-II has 2 arms of EQUAL LENGTH.	Minor erratum
40	98	Immunology	Cellular	Major histocompatibility complex I and II	Same table	In the drawing for MHC II, instead of indicating that they are both equal sized chains, it is shown that there is a long and short one, copying the previous drawing.	Minor erratum
41	98	Immunology	Lymphoid Structures	Major histocompatibility complex I and II	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHC_class_II OR ( it's actually stated in First Aid itself above the drawing )	On the drawing located in the right hand side displaying the MHC II molecule, it incorrectly states that there is a "long chain" and a "short chain". MHC II actually has two equal length chains.	Major erratum
42	101	Immunology	Cellular	B cells	Boards and Beyond	The second figure regarding B-cell activation and class switching, Binding of ‘CD28’ ( from activated CD4+ T-cell) with ‘B7’ (from B -cell).	Clarification to current text
43	103	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunoglobulin isotypes	Spelling	Closing quotation mark should be added after AGE.	Spelling/formatting
44	105	Immunology	Pathology	Complement disorders	Deficiency or dysfunction of C1 inhibitor (previously referred to as C1 esterase inhibitor) leads to elevated bradykinin, which causes edema due to vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. - UWorld	C1 esterase inhibitor is now called C1 inhibitor.	Clarification to current text
45	106	Immunology	Immune Responses	Important cytokines	N/A	for interleukin 12, we make Th1, not 2. good way to remember what IL-12 does, aids to differentiate to Th1 not Th2	Mnemonic
46	106	Immunology	Immune Responses	Important cytokines	Mnemonic	Interferon Gamma induces igG isotype switching.	Mnemonic
47	106	Immunology	Immune Responses	Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction	Nothing	You have written: Acute (IL-1, IL6, TNF-alfa), then recruit (IL-8, IL-12) in front of important cytokines but you should move it to the next line and put it in front of : Secreted by macrophages	Spelling/formatting
48	107	Immunology	Immune Responses	Respiratory burst	https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/phagolysosome	In the picture, Phagolysosome should be changed with phagosome.	Minor erratum
49	108	Immunology	Immune Responses	Cell surface proteins	1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2924742/	CD 94 as a new and important marker for Natural Killer cell (NK cell) along with CD 16 and CD 56.	High-yield addition to next year
50	111	Immunology	Immune Responses	Hypersensitivity types	1.ROBBINS&COTRAN PATHOLOGIC OF DISEASE (tenth edition) 2.RAPID REVIEW PATHOLOGY EDWARD F. GOLJAN (fifth edition) 3. BASIC IMMUNOLOGY ABUL K. ABBAS (sixth edition) (I will provide photo from the books in the file attachements section))	In type III reaction Examples: Rheumatoid arthritis. But Rheumatoid arthritis is in type IV reaction (T cell-mediated diseases))	Minor erratum
51	114	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunodeficiencies	N/A	"GRANny's CATs keep her positive"-Chronic GRANulomatous disease has a high susceptibility to CATalase positive organisms.	Mnemonic
52	114	Immunology	Immune Responses	Thymus	not needed	DiGeorge --> D1George is a 11q microdeletion on chromosome 22 due to failure to develop 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches (mnemonic is 1-2-3-4)	Mnemonic
53	115	Immunology	Pathology	Antiphospholipid syndrome	USMLE step 1 First aid	Anti B2 glycoprotein can be said as anti BaBy glycoprotein as it causes recurrent pregnancy loss	Mnemonic
54	115	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunodeficiencies	n/a	the car SKIDs 2 a stop. SCID associated with IL-2R gamma defect.	Mnemonic
55	119	Immunology	Abbreviations and Symbols	Recombinant cytokines and clinical uses	n/a	"Filgrastim and sargramostim" = both have GRA and STIM in the name --> GRAnulocyte STIMulating	Mnemonic
56	124	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Special culture requirements	Formatting	"Buffered charcoal yeast extract agar with cysteine and iron" is better than "Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron" because the latter is confusing( buffering with cysteine and iron)	Spelling/formatting
57	126	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Pigment-producing bacteria	https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/1/14/intent-in-the-genocide-case-against-israel-is-not-hard-to-prove	"Israel has yellow sand" has got to go. Perhaps using a genocidal state for a mnemonic is not the best way to remember things. Why not something more along the lines of Isra-yellow-ii, to remember that A israelii has yellow granules	Mnemonic
58	126	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Pigment-producing bacteria	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinomyces_israelii	Israel has yellow sand. Needs to be removed, the bacterium itself was named after a German scientist, nothing to do with Israel. I also don’t like to use mnemonics that remind me of genocide thank you very much	Mnemonic
59	128	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Bacterial genetics	no need	conjugation (the word "conjugal" is misspelled "congugal" in the illustration)	Spelling/formatting
60	128	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Bacterial genetics	Abbreviations	F stands for fertility which can be added in parenthesis.	Clarification to current text
61	135	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Enterococci	https://pro.uptodatefree.ir/show/3163, https://clsi.org/standards/products/microbiology/documents/m100/ https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/cmr.00058-18#:~:text=In%20the%20clinical%20setting%2C%20ampicillin,who%20can%20tolerate%20this%20agent.&text=Enterococcal%20resistance%20to%20%CE%B2%2Dlactams,PBP)%20designated%20PBP4%20in%20E. (under acquired antimicrobial resistance)	It says ''Enterococci (E faecalis and E faecium) are normal colonic microbiota that are penicillin G resistant''. Here statement Penicillin G resistant is wrong and they are susceptible to Penicillin G though not as much as other Streptococci. In fact Penicillin (Ampicillin better) + Gentamicin is treatment of choice in sever penicillin susceptible Enterococcal infection like endocarditis. They do acquire drug resistance to Penicillin via either change in PBP or rarely Beta lactamase production, but they are not intrinsically resistant to Penicillin as implied by your statement.	Major erratum
62	138	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Tuberculosis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bone-and-joint-tuberculosis#H6; Clinical Microbiology Made Ridiculously Simple, 9th ed, p 146	In the miliary TB section of the figure, Pott disease is shown in the cervical vertebrae. Pott disease most commonly affects the lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae. This could be made more clear by illustrating it lower in the vertebral column.	Clarification to current text
63	141	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Bordetella pertussis	Mnemonic	Tdap vaccine used in adulT and Dtap vaccine used in chilD	Mnemonic
64	142	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Salmonella vs Shigella	UWorld	Important pathophysiology of Salmonella Typhi	High-yield addition to next year
65	142	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Salmonella vs Shigella	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-salmonella-gastroenteritis#:~:text=The%20typhoidal%20Salmonella%2C%20such%20as,with%20little%20or%20no%20diarrhea.	It is mentioned that the spread of salmonella typhi is hematogenous while it is mostly due to feco oral transmission which is not mentioned	Minor erratum
66	142	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Salmonella vs Shigella	Self Made MNEMONIC	"In order of decreasing toxin severity: S dysenteriae, S flexneri, S boydii, S sonnei" the MNEMONIC ==> "Die Flexing, Boy Son" (die=dysenteriae; flexing=flexneri; boy=boydii; son=sonnei)	Mnemonic
67	143	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Campylobacter jejuni	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article%3Fid%3D10.1371/journal.ppat.1002420%23:~:text%3DCampylobacter%2520jejuni%2520produces%2520amphitrichous%2520	It should be better to add "at each pole" after polar flagella	Clarification to current text
68	145	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Leptospira interrogans	Formatting	In "the" tropics not in tropics	Spelling/formatting
69	145	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Syphilis	https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/Content.aspx?bookid=369&sectionid=39914797	In the text, you mentioned Neurosyphilis in the section about tertiary syphilis, which can be confusing in board questions. This is because Neurosyphilis can occur during secondary syphilis, which is a common occurrence. However, students often incorrectly link it to the tertiary stage. The supportive text from AccessMedicine: The nervous system is affected early in syphilis, and 10–25% of patients have CSF abnormalities at the time of the development of the secondary stage.	Clarification to current text
70	148	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Rickettsial diseases and vector-borne illnesses	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/rickettsiae-and-related-organisms/q-fever%23:~:text%3D(See%2520also%2520Overview%2520of%2520Rickettsial,no%2520longer%2520classified%2520as%2520Rickettsia.&ved=2ahUKEwjxqJHsh6WHAxW29AIHHf4nChcQFnoECA0QBQ&usg=AOvVaw0_ngprvURVGNkZ3P1qZatu	Coxiella burnetii is no longer classified as Rickettsia.	Minor erratum
71	148	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Rickettsial diseases and vector-borne illnesses	no need	"mulberrylike inclusions" is a typo, it should be "mulberry-like" or "mulberry like" + "inclusions"	Spelling/formatting
72	149	Microbiology	Mycology	Systemic mycoses	Self-study	Hello! I was studying systemic mycoses and created a small diagram to help clarify the different forms fungi can take. Hope it helps!	Clarification to current text
73	149	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	Self-made with reference to First aid step 1, UWorld.	Diagram/Image for "ORGANISMS & DISEASES CAUSED BY THEM around the world (GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION)"	High-yield addition to next year
74	152	Microbiology	Parasitology	Protozoa—gastrointestinal infections	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cryptosporidiosis-treatment-and-prevention	Hello, first and foremost, I have to say that the edition I'm studying with is the 2023 edition, so I'm unsure if this suggested correction was already mentioned and added into the 2024 edition. But nonetheless, thank you very much for your consideration of this suggestion. In the Cryptosporidium entry under Protozoa—gastrointestinal infections, the treatment has listed "nitazoxanide in immunocompromised hosts". However, after looking online, it seems that nitazoxanide, while approved by the FDA for use in immunocompetent patients, currently has uncertain/unconfirmed findings in the treatment of cyrptosporidium in immunocompromised hosts. Whether this is something that should be changed in future additions or not, thank you very much for your consideration and for making First Aid such a helpful study source for Step 1.	Clarification to current text
75	156	Microbiology	Parasitology	Nematodes (roundworms)	N/A	ANcylostoma causes microcytic ANemia	Mnemonic
76	156	Microbiology	Parasitology	Nematodes (roundworms)	N/A	"Enterobius VERMIcularis makes you SQUIRMY" (causes anal pruritus)	Mnemonic
77	156	Microbiology	Parasitology	Nematodes (roundworms)	N/A	"Ethyl the witch loves to luau luau" - diETHYLcarbamazine treats WUCHereria bancrofti and LOA LOA	Mnemonic
78	158	Microbiology	Parasitology	Ectoparasites	This was simply a spelling error.	In the 2022 Edition of First Aid USMLE Step 1, "Cimex Hemipterus" is misspelled "Climex Hemipterus."	Spelling/formatting
79	161	Microbiology	Virology	DNA viruses	Mnemonic	HepaDNAvirus is a DNA virus.	Mnemonic
80	164	Microbiology	Virology	Paramyxoviruses	https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/4/4/613	RSV is listed twice in the families Paramyxovirus and Pneumovirus. It looks like Pneumovirus is a subfamily within Paramyxovirus.	Minor erratum
81	164	Microbiology	Virology	RNA viruses	https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/book/3-s2.0-B9780702079597000257?scrollTo=%23hl0000318	"Human pathogens from the family Pneumoviridae include RSV and human metapnuemovirus (hMPV). Both are common causes of respiratory illness, only occurring in humans and particularly in infants and young children. Previously, they belonged to the family Paramyxoviridae." This excerpt is taken from Manson's Tropical Diseases Chapter 25. Since RSV is no longer considered part of the paramyxoviridae family, I believe it would be beneficial to students to remove it from the "Paramyxoviruses" row in this table and only have it present in the "Pneumoviruses" in order to prevent confusion.	Minor erratum
82	164	Microbiology	Virology	RNA viruses	Mnemonic	PicoRNAvirus is a RNA virus.	Mnemonic
83	164	Microbiology	Virology	RNA viruses	Mnemonic	Flavus means yellow in Latin. (For remembering of yellow fever)	Mnemonic
84	164	Microbiology	Virology	RNA viruses	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease&ved=2ahUKEwj44MKV5K6HAxV0F1kFHYZBBi0QFnoECBkQAQ&usg=AOvVaw34eeFqv9Mn-unfZwOZYa01	The name of Marbug hemorrhagic fever changed to "marburg virus disease".	Minor erratum
85	171	Microbiology	Virology	Hepatitis viruses	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-e-virus-infection?search=Hepatitis%20viruses%20lack%20envelope&source=search_result&selectedTitle=13%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=13#H496154696	nAkEd viruses (HAV and HEV), the two hepatitis viruses that lack an envelope can be used to spell naked, the A and E in naked could be higlighted in red to help remember.	Mnemonic
86	171	Microbiology	Virology	Hepatitis viruses	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4208707/	Superinfection of HDV on a HBV is associated with high risk of sever chronic liver disease while co infection is associated with higher risk of sever acute disease and this is the opposite of what would be understood form the incubation period that is written in the book so i think that this needs to be clarified to prevent misunderstanding. Thank you	Major erratum
87	172	Microbiology	Virology	Hepatitis serologic markers	UpToDate: Hepatitis B virus: Screening and diagnosis	On the table in the Recovery Phase the Anti-HBc should be +(IgG)	Major erratum
88	176	Microbiology	Systems	Bugs causing diarrhea	N/A	Causes of watery diarrhea: "VIRAL PRO TRAVELERS PReFer a DIFFerent Concierge" (VIRUSES, PROtozoa, ETEC (TRAVELER'S diarrhea), C PeRFringens, C DIFF, Cholerae)	Mnemonic
89	176	Microbiology	Systems	Bugs causing diarrhea	https://medinaz.com/blog/2022/08/24/bloody-diarrhea-causing-pathogens-mnemonic/	Causes of bloody diarrhea: bloodY CASES	Mnemonic
90	177	Microbiology	Systems	Common causes of meningitis	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232915-overview	meningitis has a classical triad of headache, fever and nuchal rigidity and has typical signs known as kernigs sign and brudzinski sign addition of which to the upcoming edition would be a high yield	High-yield addition to next year
91	179	Microbiology	Systems	Common vaginal infections	Not needed	1) Bacterial Vaginosis: "Fish in Garden Call Michelle" - Fishy odor, Gardnerella, Clindamycin, Metronidazole. 2) Trichomonas Vaginitis: "Michelle Try Greek Yogurt with Fresh Fruit " - Metronidazole, Trichomonas, Green-Yellow, Frothy, Foul. 3) Candida Vulvovaginitis: "Canadian Cheese is Fabulous" - Candida, cottage Cheese, Fluconazole.	Mnemonic
92	180	Microbiology	Systems	Herpesviruses	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-genital-herpes-simplex-virus-infection?search=herpes%20genitalis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2%7E111&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	HERPes HURTs, mnemonic to remember that ulcers caused by HSV are painful	Mnemonic
93	181	Microbiology	Systems	TORCH infections	uWorld Question Id: 12292	Beside Sexual contact and organ transplants, body fluid exposure (eg, urine and saliva) is a major source of maternal CMV acquisition, which I think it's high-yield to add.	High-yield addition to next year
94	183	Microbiology	Systems	NEW FACT	https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases	I have always need a table of the various insects that transmit pathogens. I am sure that such a table would be very helpful.	High-yield addition to next year
95	185	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Piperacillin	https://www-uptodate-com.aucmed.idm.oclc.org/contents/principles-of-antimicrobial-therapy-of-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-infections?search=Principles%20of%20antimicrobial%20therapy%20of%20Pseudomonas%20aeruginosa%20infections&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H6674980	Mnemonic to help remember to use Piperacillin on Pseudomonas " Pipe down Pseudomonas"	Mnemonic
96	186	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Cephalosporins	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7448666/&ved=2ahUKEwilrseWwbqHAxXAMdAFHfbIBpYQ2LwJegQIIBAB&usg=AOvVaw2r3zpY33R2xn29AMcFnqb0	The name of enterobacter aerogenes changed to klebsiella aerogenes.	Minor erratum
97	187	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Vancomycin	p136 first aid	clostridium difficile should be correct to clostridiodes difficile	Spelling/formatting
98	187	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Vancomycin	p136 first aid	clostridium difficile should be correct to clostridiodes difficile	Minor erratum
99	189	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Tetracyclines	Spelling	TeratocyClines is correct (letter C should be added)	Spelling/formatting
100	191	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Dapsone	Mnemonic	Use daPsone for leProsy and Pneumocystis jirovecii.	Mnemonic
101	194	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Antimycobacterial therapy	n/a	"Don't Run Tu CLOse to LEopards", a mnemonic for remembering Dapsone and Rifampin for Tuberculoid form and adding Clofazimine for Lepromatous form	Mnemonic
102	198	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	HIV therapy	Not needed	[Note - only mnemonic letters are taken in capital] hiv therapy 1) nrti : "ABu dhabi To EMirates towers on sheikh Zayed road in LAMborghini" - ABacavir, Tenofovir, EMtricitabine, Zidovudine, LAMivudine 2) nnrti : "DORA EFfective in RILs (Reels)" - DORAvirine, EFavirenz, RILpivirine 3) INtegrase strand transfer inhibitors : "IN BIllion Dollars" -(INtegrase), BIctegravir, DOLutegravir 4) PROtease inhibitors : "LOki AT DAllas RITual PROgram" - LOpinavir, ATazanavir, DArunavir, , RITonavir, (PROtease) 5) ENTry inhibitors : "ENTer MARta's ENgagement" - (ENtry inhibitors), MARaviroc, ENfuvirtide.	Mnemonic
103	200	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Hepatic encephalopathy	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus_nonstructural_protein_5A	It is better to change the phrase of " HCV-encoded proteins" to " HCV-encoded NS (Nonstructural) proteins".	Clarification to current text
104	200	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Hepatitis C therapy	Mnemonic	Bolding and highlighting of Previr as well as Protease.	Mnemonic
105	204	Pathology	Cellular	Apoptosis	Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, Perkins JA, Robbins SL. Robbins Basic Pathology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024. p.47. Necroptosis: Pasparakis M, Vandenabeele P. Necroptosis and its role in inflammation. Nature. 2015;517(7534):311-320. doi:10.1038/nature14191. PubMed Pyroptosis: Jorgensen I, Miao EA. Pyroptotic cell death defends against intracellular pathogens. Immunol Rev. 2015;265(1):130-142. doi:10.1111/imr.12287. PubMed Ferroptosis: Dixon SJ, Lemberg KM, Lamprecht MR, et al. Ferroptosis: an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death. Cell. 2012;149(5):1060-1072. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.042. PubMed	Necroptosis: Caspase-independent cell death combining necrosis and apoptosis, dependent on the RIPK1-RIPK3 complex. RIPK1-RIPK3 signaling phosphorylates MLKL, forming pores in the plasma membrane. Pyroptosis: Induced by inflammasome activation, releasing IL-1, causing inflammation and fever. Ferroptosis: Apoptosis triggered by high cellular iron levels.	High-yield addition to next year
106	204	Pathology	Cellular	Cellular adaptations	mnemonic	on the picture, you can write - change in cell 'S'tructure - dy'S'plasia,; cell 'T'ype - me'T'apalsia	Mnemonic
107	204	Pathology	Aging	NEW FACT	Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, Perkins JA, Robbins SL. Robbins Basic Pathology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024. p.67. Childhood progeria (Hutchinson–Gilford syndrome): Gordon LB, Rothman FG, Lopez-Otin C, Misteli T. Progeria: a paradigm for translational medicine. Cell. 2014;156(3):400-407. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.028. PubMed Adult progeria (Werner syndrome): Oshima J, Sidorova JM, Monnat RJ Jr. Werner syndrome: Clinical features, pathogenesis and potential therapeutic interventions. Ageing Res Rev. 2017;33:105-114. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2016.03.002. PubMed	Progeria (premature aging): 1. Childhood progeria (Hutchinson–Gilford syndrome): Rare autosomal dominant disease caused by a mutation leading to progerin (abnormal prelamin A). Appears at 6-18 months with a beaked nose and bird-like facial features. 2. Adult progeria (Werner syndrome): Autosomal recessive disease due to a WRN gene mutation causing defective DNA helicase. Begins in the 20s-30s.	High-yield addition to next year
108	207	Pathology	Pathology	Psammoma bodies	Same Info as FA 2024, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/papillary-thyroid-cancer-clinical-features-and-prognosis#subscribeMessage	Better mnemonic: PSaMMOMa: Papillary thyroid carcinoma, Serous Ovarian carcinoma, Meningioma, Mesothelioma, Milk( Prolactinoma)	Mnemonic
109	208	Pathology	Cellular	Amyloidosis	https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04533	"Alzheimer disease β-amyloid protein Cleaved from amyloid precursor protein " was proved to be wrong and the main paper was retracted	Major erratum
110	209	Pathology	Inflammation	Acute phase reactants	UWorld	Procalcitonin is decreased in viral infections, not normal.	Major erratum
111	210	Pathology	Inflammation	Acute inflammation	Formatting	"Associated with" not "with associated"	Spelling/formatting
112	211	Pathology	Inflammation	Leukocyte extravasation	Mnemonic	E-selectin released from Endothelial cells.	Mnemonic
113	211	Pathology	Inflammation	Leukocyte extravasation	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-selectin	P-selectin is on the surface of cell, so it should be better to change "released" to "translocated to the plasma membrane".	Clarification to current text
114	211	Pathology	Inflammation	Leukocyte extravasation	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrin_alpha_L&diffonly=true	CD11a not CD11	Minor erratum
115	213	Pathology	Inflammation	Granulomatous inflammation	N/A	caseating: Cheesy texture. Noncaseating: non-cheesy texture. C match with C, Non C match with non C	Mnemonic
116	215	Pathology	Neoplasia	Neoplasia and neoplastic progression	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18614394/	"Uncontrolled, monoclonal proliferation of cells" This is not always the case. Many tumors could be polyclonal and not specifically monoclonal. It should say "Uncontrolled, often monoclonal proliferation of cells" instead to avoid any confusion.	Major erratum
117	215	Pathology	Neoplasia	NEW FACT	Created by self	Diagram to explain neoplasia (attached)	Clarification to current text
118	215	Pathology	Aging	NEW FACT	Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, Perkins JA, Robbins SL. Robbins Basic Pathology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024. p.67. Childhood progeria (Hutchinson–Gilford syndrome): Gordon LB, Rothman FG, Lopez-Otin C, Misteli T. Progeria: a paradigm for translational medicine. Cell. 2014;156(3):400-407. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.028. PubMed Adult progeria (Werner syndrome): Oshima J, Sidorova JM, Monnat RJ Jr. Werner syndrome: Clinical features, pathogenesis and potential therapeutic interventions. Ageing Res Rev. 2017;33:105-114. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2016.03.002. PubMed	Progeria (premature aging): 1. Childhood progeria (Hutchinson–Gilford syndrome): Rare autosomal dominant disease caused by a mutation leading to progerin (abnormal prelamin A). Appears at 6-18 months with a beaked nose and bird-like facial features. 2. Adult progeria (Werner syndrome): Autosomal recessive disease due to a WRN gene mutation causing defective DNA helicase. Begins in the 20s-30s.	High-yield addition to next year
119	220	Pathology	Neoplasia	Tumor suppressor genes	Mnemonic	APC stands for Adenomatous polyposis coli. So that, for remembering we can highlight and bold APC as well as C in Colorectal and AP in FAP.	Mnemonic
120	220	Pathology	Neoplasia	Tumor suppressor genes	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/E2F	Rb blocks transition from G1 to S phaseby E2F.So that it is better to change ";" to "—>".	Clarification to current text
121	220	Pathology	Neoplasia	Tumor suppressor genes	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/P53	As p53 activates p21 directly, it is better to change "," to "—>".	Clarification to current text
122	220	Pathology	Neoplasia	Tumor suppressor genes	Formatting	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha is correct. So, "a" should be changed to "alpha".	Spelling/formatting
123	223	Pathology	Neoplasia	Important immunohistochemical stains	Mnemonic	PECAM stands for platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule. So that we can highlight and bold "E" in both "pEcam" and "Endothelial" for remembering.	Mnemonic
124	224	Pathology	Neoplasia	Paraneoplastic syndromes	Formatting	Rise "to" is incorrect, because it means increasing here and it will be changed with "in"	Spelling/formatting
125	229	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Pharmacokinetics	Formatting	Distribute is a transitive verb. So, it should be changed to "may be distributed".	Spelling/formatting
126	232	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics	Pearson correlation coefficient	None	Vmax is written instead of Emax. The former is used for enzymes while the latter for drugs.	Minor erratum
127	239	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Cholinomimetic agents	n/a	"Carbachol curtain call" closed curtains (eg after a theater performance) analagous to constricted pupils/ a lower pressure environment	Mnemonic
128	240	Pharmacology	Pharmacology	Muscarinic antagonists	https://usmle-rx.scholarrx.com/first-aid?id=490&firstAidYear=2023	Duration tiotropium>ipratropium (drink tea over a long time)	Mnemonic
129	241	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Sympathomimetics	https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00841	Dobutamine says -/decrease BP when it should be -/increase BP	Major erratum
130	241	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Sympathomimetics	Mnemonic	We can bold and highlight letter T in "Terbutalin" and "asThma & Tocolysis".	Mnemonic
131	242	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Physiologic effects of sympathomimetics	Because of washing out of drug	In heart rate graph of epinephrine, the red line should be returned to base line at the end.	Minor erratum
132	243	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	α-blockers	Mnemonic	For remembering, we can highlight and bold "P" in "Ptsd" and "Prazosin".	Mnemonic
133	247	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Drug reactions—cardiovascular	Spelling	AntiCychotics should be changed to anti"p"Cychotics.	Spelling/formatting
134	247	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Specific toxicity treatments	Mnemonic	For remembering, we can highlight and bold "a" in "Xa" and "andexanet alfa".	Mnemonic
135	248	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Drug reactions—endocrine/reproductive	Mnemonic	For remembering, we can highlight and bold "p" in "hyperProlactinemia" and "antiPsychotic,haloPeridol,risperidone,metocloPramide,methyldoPa,veraPamil".	Mnemonic
136	249	Pharmacology	Pharmacology	Drug reactions—hematologic	its in the notes section. There is not a specific reference as this is a pneumonic that was created for reference	In light of the controversy and P Diddy with domestic Abuse maybe remove the reference to him as COOMBS test and replace with Honey COOMBS as a suggestion	Clarification to current text
137	249	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Drug reactions—hematologic	Clarification	Epoetin alfa should be placed to the next line beside Testosterone because of same mechanism. Also add spacing between lines of Notes section related to thrombotic complications to minimize misunderstanding.	Clarification to current text
138	250	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Drug reactions—neurologic	Spelling	PaclitaxTel is incorrect and T should be deleted.	Spelling/formatting
139	250	Pharmacology	Toxicities and Side Effects	Drug reactions—neurologic	Mentioned in First Aid in Another Chapter & https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension/	"Idiopathic intracranial hypertension" add "Danazol" since this is a known cause of increased ICP.	High-yield addition to next year
140	253	Pharmacology	Miscellaneous	Drug names	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3650962/	In page 253 ==> -tadine is termed h1 antagonist (Loratidine) while in reality this is actually 2nd gen! and "-tidine" is termed h2-antagonist and given example is Cimetidine, while in reality this is 1st gen!	Major erratum
141	256	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Observational studies	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glossary-of-common-biostatistical-and-epidemiological-terms?search=cohort%20study&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	A mnemonic to remember the difference between different observational studies; look at the second letter: cRoss-sectional - Right now (who has disease and risk right now). cAse-control - Already has the disease. cOhort - One day will have the disease (may have risks, see if they will One day get the disease)	Mnemonic
142	259	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Kaplan-Meier curve	up to date	in the description it is given y axis represnts event probability but in the adjacent graph y axis is represented by survival probability	Minor erratum
143	261	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Incidence vs prevalence	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430867/	Mathematical Relationship between Incidence and Prevalence. Prevalence= Incidence X Duration of the disease	Clarification to current text
144	262	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Bias and study errors	N/A	One can remember the Hawthorne effect by thinking of being watched like a hawk	Mnemonic
145	262	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Bias and study errors	Grammar	"on THE basis of" is correct not "on basis of".	Spelling/formatting
146	263	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Confounding vs effect modification	Text is inconsistent with diagram	it says "Note: Association disappeared after stratification" but the diagram shows a strong association between smokers and drinking coffee and weak/no association for non smokers who drink coffee (in the confounding section)	Major erratum
147	263	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Confounding vs effect modification	None	Under effect modification, the examples coulumn the word Oral Contraceptive (OCP) is spelled as OPC	Spelling/formatting
148	263	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Confounding vs effect modification	https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/bs/bs704-ep713_confounding-em/bs704-ep713_confounding-em_print.html	The graphic for confounding should have a dashed line in the stratified analysis part with smokers, drinking coffee -> lung cancer. It looks like it was done correctly in the 2023 version of First Aid but was changed in the 2024 version.	Major erratum
149	263	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Confounding vs effect modification	According to the content.	"No true association exists between the outcome and the FACTOR in some subgroups of the factor." is incorrect and "the factor" should be changed to "the exposure".	Minor erratum
150	263	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Confounding vs effect modification	Grammar	"with SUBJECT as their own controls" is incorrect and "subject" should be in the plural.	Spelling/formatting
151	265	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Outcomes of statistical hypothesis testing	no need	In the 2x2 table on the right ==> where the study says "study rejects H0" it should be "Study accepts H1" and down below where it says "Study does not reject H0" it should be "Study rejects H0". It literally says "study rejects H0, study doesn't reject H0" where this is clearly wrong.	Minor erratum
152	266	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	NEW FACT	Myself	“Watching you like a HAWk” for Hawthorne Effect	Mnemonic
153	267	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Confounding vs effect modification	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4249691/#:~:text=Confounding%20depends%20on%20how%20treatment,however%20relative%20to%20a%20population.	The first arrow in the confounding graph after stratification should be dashed arrow. Since this is confounding factor so that’s mean there’s no correlation	Minor erratum
154	285	Cardiovascular	Embryology	Aortic arch derivatives	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1923100-overview?form=fpf	"Fight 4 your Rights" = right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the 4th arch	Mnemonic
155	288	Cardiovascular	Anatomy	Heart anatomy	UWorld	Hello! The AV node is supplied by the atrio-ventricular (AV) nodal artery which is a branch of the posterior-descending artery.Posterior-descending artery origination depends on left or right dominance and so the blood supply of the AV node also depends on the dominance. The previous text of 'RCA supplies the AV node' will now be incomplete.	Clarification to current text
156	292	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Heart murmurs	First Aid	S3 is the sound from blood turburlence during early diastole, while S4 is the sound of the blood entering a stiffened ventricle. So, S3 is where Blod Hits Blood (3 words = S3) and S4 is where Blood Hits Heart Wall (4 words = S4).	Mnemonic
157	293	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Pressure-volume loops and valvular disease	UWorld Step 1 Qbank - Question ID 945 -> Explanation of choice (A)	Under title of Aortic Regurgitation, explanation (in words) is correct, but graph is wrong. Aortic Regurgitation -> blood backflows in LV during diastole -> EDV increases -> SV increase (this is correctly written in FIrst Aid) but the graph is wrong. Due to increased SV -> Systolic pressure also increases (not 120 mm Hg).	Major erratum
158	295	Cardiovascular	Anatomy and Physiology	Heart murmurs	Self	Right Heart Murmurs (Pulmonary Valve, Tricuspid Valve) increase during Inspiration. I of R i ght stands for Inspiration. Left Heart Murmurs (Aortic Valve, Mitral Valve) increase during Expiration. E of L e ft stands for Expiration.	Mnemonic
159	310	Cardiovascular	Pathology	ECG localization of STEMI	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4040874/	SALIC P, Easy way to remember ecg localization	Mnemonic
160	310	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Heart failure	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353029/	In diastolic HF the EDV will be decrease not remain normal . The explanation of this, in patients with diastolic HF the compleince of ventricles will be low ( hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) So it will receive less blood from atrium (the cause of congestion ) so EDV will decrease (EDV proportion inversly to Ejection fraction, so EF will decrease ) and SV will decrease ( SV proportion directly to Ejection fraction ,so EF will decrease ) these make the EF preserved in Diastolic HF. (EF=SV÷EDV)	Major erratum
161	310	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Heart failure	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353029/	In diastolic HF the EDV it will decrease will not remain normal . The explanation of that, in patients with diastolic HF the compliance of ventricles will be low(steffness in LV /ex , hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) So it will receive less blood from atrium because the size of ventricle will be less like in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the left ventricle have concentric hypertrophy growth of myocardial ,so EDV decrease (which can cause systemic or pulmonary congestion ) (EDV proportion inversely to Ejection fraction, so EF will decrease ) and SV will decrease ( sv =EDV-ESV)/ ( SV proportion directly to Ejection fraction ,so EF will decrease ) these make the EF preserved in Diastolic HF.(in diastolic HF : decrease of edv / increase in edvp / decrease sv / preserved EF) (EF=SV÷EDV)	Major erratum
162	310	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Heart failure	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353029/	In diastolic HF the EDV it will decrease will not remain normal . The explanation of that, in patients with diastolic HF the compliance of ventricles will be low(steffness in LV /ex , hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) So it will receive less blood from atrium because the size of ventricle will be less like in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the left ventricle have concentric hypertrophy growth of myocardial ,so EDV decrease (which can cause systemic or pulmonary congestion ) (EDV proportion inversely to Ejection fraction, so EF will decrease ) and SV will decrease ( sv =EDV-ESV)/ ( SV proportion directly to Ejection fraction ,so EF will decrease ) these make the EF preserved in Diastolic HF.(in diastolic HF : decrease of edv / increase in edvp / decrease sv / preserved EF) (EF=SV÷EDV)	Major erratum
163	310	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Heart failure	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353029/	In diastolic HF the EDV it will decrease will not remain normal . The explanation of that, in patients with diastolic HF the compliance of ventricles will be low(steffness in LV /ex , hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) So it will receive less blood from atrium because the size of ventricle will be less like in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the left ventricle have concentric hypertrophy growth of myocardial ,so EDV decrease (which can cause systemic or pulmonary congestion ) (EDV proportion inversely to Ejection fraction, so EF will decrease ) and SV will decrease ( sv =EDV-ESV)/ ( SV proportion directly to Ejection fraction ,so EF will decrease ) these make the EF preserved in Diastolic HF.(in diastolic HF : decrease of edv / increase in edvp / decrease sv / preserved EF) (EF=SV÷EDV)	Major erratum
164	311	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Narrow complex tachycardias	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-atrial-fibrillation-rhythm-control-versus-rate-control?search=atrial%20fibrillation&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	This is both an addition+mnemonic, For "Rate Control" We can use - ABCD. A- Atrial Fibrillation B- Beta Blockers, C- Calcium channel blockers D- Digoxin. It's in synchronization with it's line of treatment (BB,CCB are 1st line, Digoxin is 2nd line) we can also add in "A" , the drug "Amiodarone" as 3rd line so it's "312" "ABCD" - Amiodarone 3rd line, BB+CCB 1st line, Digoxin 2nd line.	High-yield addition to next year
165	312	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Hereditary channelopathies	Alex Midani (myself)	Roma(no)-Ward syndrome >> (no) deafness.	Mnemonic
166	315	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Cardiomyopathies	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582152/, https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001250	HCM tx: Mavacamten is myosin inhibitor FDA approved drug for symptomatic NYHA 2/3 2ndry to HCM with significant results (contraindicated in pregnancy).	High-yield addition to next year
167	315	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Cardiomyopathies	https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001250	HCM Tx: 2024 AHA guidelines state "For most patients with HCM, universal restriction from vigorous physical activity or competitive sports is not indicated." and is a Class 3 recc. '"Cessation of high intensity athletics" in the text must be revised/removed.	Major erratum
168	316	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Heart failure	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353029/ https://cvphysiology.com/heart-failure/hf006	In diastolic HF the EDV it will decrease will not remain normal . The explanation of that, in patients with diastolic HF the compliance of ventricles will be low(steffness in LV /ex , hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) So it will receive less blood from atrium because the size of ventricle will be less like in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the left ventricle have concentric hypertrophy growth of myocardial ,so EDV decrease (which can cause systemic or pulmonary congestion ) (EDV proportion inversely to Ejection fraction, so EF will decrease ) and SV will decrease ( sv =EDV-ESV)/ ( SV proportion directly to Ejection fraction ,so EF will decrease ) these make the EF preserved in Diastolic HF.(in diastolic HF : decrease of edv / increase in edvp / decrease sv / preserved EF) (EF=SV÷EDV)	Major erratum
169	318	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Syncope	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mechanisms-causes-and-evaluation-of-orthostatic-hypotension?search=orthostatic%20hypotension&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H5755741	For the Diagnosis of Orthostatic Hypotension the drop in SBP should be ≥ 20mmHg and/or fall in DBP should be ≥10mmHg; it's not just ">", it is "more than or equal to". Time criteria should be "within two to five minutes of quiet standing (after a five-minute period of supine rest)".	Clarification to current text
170	318	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Syncope	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/carotid-sinus-hypersensitivity-and-carotid-sinus-syndrome?search=carotid%20sinus%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E28&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H3491581588	Add "Carotid Sinus Syndrome" with the following contents: recurrent reflex syncope in individuals with carotid sinus hypersensitivity when carotid sinus is stimulated (neck massage, shaving, tightening a necktie); increased baroreceptor response. Pause Heart Rate for ≥3 seconds AND/OR fall in SBP by ≥50mmHg when carotid sinus is massaged. Risk factors includes: Coronary atherosclerosis, previous history of neck surgery or irradiation, advanced age >50years.	High-yield addition to next year
171	319	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Acute pericarditis	Not needed	Pericarditis causes: CRANIUMS- C: CT disorders (SLE, RA), R: thoracic Radiotherapy, A: autoimmune diseases (rheumatic fever), N: neoplasia (metastasis), I: Idiopathic or viral Infections (CoxB virus), U: Uremia, M: MI (early vs dressler’s syndrome), S: thoracic Surgery	Mnemonic
172	319	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Rheumatic fever	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-rheumatic-fever-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis	A (add) "nonsuppurative" consequence of (remove pharyngeal) infection with Group A B-hemolytic streptococci...... Antibodies to M protein cross-react with self antigens (add Nerve and myocardial protein), often myosin due to molecular mimicry......... Under Treatment section add " a) For the Eradication of foci of infection: Penicillin V, Cephalosporin/Macrolides (if allergic to penicillin) b) For Arthritis: NSAIDs (Aspirin,Naproxen). For Prophylaxis: Penicillin G" .......... Under Mnemonics JONES REPLACE "Pancarditis" with "Carditis"	Clarification to current text
173	322	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Vascular smooth muscle contraction and relaxation	https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/advan.00025.2003?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org	In the diagram "Cardiovascular agents and molecular targets," the cell is labeled as a smooth muscle cell. Because smooth muscle is phosphorylated when contracted, decreasing the intracellular calcium levels is not enough to cause muscle relaxation. Myosin-light chain phosphatase is needed to dephosphorylate myosin light chains. On the relaxation side of the cell, it would make more sense to show PKA inhibiting MLCK rather than PKA inhibiting PLB. For starters, not all smooth muscle cells have PLB. Secondly, the main process by which Gs coupled protein receptors cause smooth muscle relaxation is by the inhibition of MLCK. Showing PLB and SERCA makes more sense if you’re trying to demonstrate effects on cardiac contraction.	Clarification to current text
174	334	Endocrine	Physiology	NEW FACT	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6556629/	Chest wall injury (via ANS) which suppress dopamine release	Clarification to current text
175	335	Endocrine	Anatomy and Physiology	Thyroid hormones	https://firstaidteam.com/	First Aid 2024 page 335 has numbers (1-6) for the thyroid hormone; however, I couldn't find the explanations. Could you perhaps tell me what the numbers represent, even if I'm not sure if it will be noted as a correction?	Clarification to current text
176	336	Endocrine	Physiology	Parathyroid hormone	not needed	"Parathyroid is PISSed off at Phosphorus" - the end effect of PTH secretion is Inc Ca absorption and net PO4 excretion which can be recalled by this mnemonic.	Mnemonic
177	339	Endocrine	Physiology	Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias	1. Laffin LJ, Rodman D, Luther JM, et al. Aldosterone Synthase Inhibition With Lorundrostat for Uncontrolled Hypertension: The Target-HTN Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2023;330(12):1140-1150. 2. Freeman MW, Halvorsen YD, Marshall W, et al. Phase 2 Trial of Baxdrostat for Treatment-Resistant Hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(5):395-405. 3. Oaks MK, Raff H. Differentiation of the expression of aldosterone synthase and 11 beta-hydroxylase mRNA in the rat adrenal cortex by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1995;54(5-6):193-199. 4. Raff H, Gehrand A, Bruder ED, Hoffman MJ, Engeland WC, Moreno C. Renin knockout rat: control of adrenal aldosterone and corticosterone synthesis in vitro and adrenal gene expression. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2015;308(1):R73-R77.	Aldosterone synthase catalyzes the conversion of 11-deoxycorticosterone -> Corticosterone AND corticosterone -> Aldosterone	Minor erratum
178	341	Endocrine	Physiology	Signaling pathways of endocrine hormones	N/A	"Growth Hormone makes you JAKed."-GH uses a JAK/STAT pathway	Mnemonic
179	342	Endocrine	Pathology	Primary polydipsia and diabetes insipidus	UWorld Step 2 Bank is the main source. NIH Article- https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470458/&ved=2ahUKEwjX2oKxrMqFAxW9UGwGHcJIDakQFnoECCQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2un471p9L2iNXvr_aSxqf-	Patients with AVP deficiency (AVP-D) (formerly central diabetes insipidus) or AVP resistance (AVP-R) (formerly nephrogenic diabetes insipidus) have impaired urinary concentrating ability and produce inappropriately dilute urine. This name update would require major changes wherever central/nephrogenic diabetes insidious is mentioned in the book.	Major erratum
180	342	Renal	Physiology	Primary polydipsia and diabetes insipidus	N/a (quoted this section of First Aid)	Diabetes insipidus is "characterized by the production of large amounts of dilute urine... [with a] specific gravity <1.006... [and an] osmolality usually <300 mOsm/kg." In order to remember that without intervention urine remains dilute: Diabetes Insipidus, urine so clear you can take a "sip o' dis". Also, page number 342 is 2023 version of First Aid.	Mnemonic
181	346	Endocrine	Pathology	Hyperthyroidism	Self-study	Hello! The histology of hyperthyroidism shows scalloped colloid and is frequently featured in questions. It would be helpful to have a picture reference. I have attached a similar one.	Clarification to current text
182	347	Endocrine	Pathology	Thyroid cancer	n/a	For Medullary Carcinoma's association with MEN 2A and 2B, "MEN2"llary carcinoma	Mnemonic
183	350	Endocrine	Pathology	Diabetes mellitus	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/molecular-features-of-food-allergens?search=glycosylation%20and%20glycation&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E117&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 AND https://next.amboss.com/us/article/lt0vd3?q=diabetic+nephropathy#Zd107f9da1c66ed0ee9bcc2ce6d1c0694	"non-enzymatic glycation" is an error on wording. Glycation is Non-Enzymatic Glycosylation. Glycosylation is an enzymatic process and usually limited to intracellular environment. Glycation is spontaneos and not requiring an enzyme, which is why it happens a lot in the extracellular vasculature. pg 616 and 711 also have this error.	Minor erratum
184	350	Endocrine	Pathology	Hypoglycemia in diabetes mellitus	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/118361-overview#a4	In the flow chart showing the mechanism of decreased available insulin in diabetes mellitus, increased glycogenolysis leads to hyperglycemia and glycosuria, not “hypoglycemia” which in turn leads to osmotic diuresis and increased plasma osmolality.	Minor erratum
185	351	Endocrine	Pathology	Hyperglycemic emergencies	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3047968/#:~:text=DKA%20is%20associated%20with%20various,of%20prolonged%20and%20excessive%20hyperphosphaturia.	In the LABS section it reads the following “(…) Osmotic diuresis (leads to) high Potassium loss in urine (leads to) total body Potassium depletion.” I think hat there was a mistake here. that by Potassium it was meant to put Phosphate	Major erratum
186	356	Endocrine	Pathology	Multiple endocrine neoplasias	Sotos JG. Abraham Lincoln's marfanoid mother: the earliest known case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B? Clin Dysmorphol. 2012 Jul;21(3):131-136. doi: 10.1097/MCD.0b013e328353ae0c. PMID: 22504423.	" Abraham Lincoln is a MEN 2B" this will help the medical students to remember the important point that ppl with MEN 2B have a marfanoid habitus, and since Abraham Lincoln is known for his marfanoid habitus it will help the students remember it.	Mnemonic
187	359	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Diabetes mellitus therapy	https://youtu.be/xEkoAv2W6iQ?si=wPzwLq0K-KTLZ3Qr	Dirty Medicine’s mnemonics are very good, 32:08	Mnemonic
188	359	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Diabetes mellitus therapy	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/practice-changing-updates?search=tirzepatide&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2%7E16&usage_type=default&display_rank=1, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glucagon-like-peptide-1-based-therapies-for-the-treatment-of-type-2-diabetes-mellitus?search=tirzepatide&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4%7E16&usage_type=default&display_rank=3,	new class of dual-acting GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP] receptor agonists such as tirzepatide are growing in clinical use and relevance for patients with diabetes and weight loss.. In fact UpToDate has released a practice changing update recommending the use of Tirzepatide or semaglutide for weight loss over other medications. Tirzepatide has shown greater control for diabetes and weight loss.	High-yield addition to next year
189	360	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Fludrocortisone	https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.lib.utah.edu/contents/fludrocortisone-drug-information?search=fludrocortisone&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E64&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1	Would add "hyponatremia" to "clinical uses", and would also add "hypernatremia, hyperchloremia, hypokalemia, and hypomagnesemia" to the "adverse effects." I think clinically speaking, the hypokalemia is the most clinically significant as it usually requires daily replacement.	High-yield addition to next year
190	369	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Digestive tract histology	none	There is no actual arrow in the histological picture in C which should point to the Peyer patches	Spelling/formatting
191	370	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Abdominal aorta and branches	https://www.ucmals.com/pseudo-nutcracker-syndrome-myths-realities-and/	It would be best to add a drawing clarifying nutcracker syndrome, such as the one in the link	Clarification to current text
192	372	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Portosystemic anastomoses	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4062210/	There is an error in the existing portosystemic anastomoses image because the splenic vein should anastomoses with superior mesenteric artery after inferior mesenteric to make portal vein not to paraumbilical vien	Minor erratum
193	372	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Portosystemic anastomoses	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4062210/	There is an error in the existing portosystemic anastomoses image because the splenic vein should anastomoses with superior mesenteric artery after inferior mesenteric to make portal vein not to paraumbilical vien	Minor erratum
194	372	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Portosystemic anastomoses	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6428891/	A label for the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) should be added in the diagram to clarify the confluence of the SMV and the splenic vein to form the portal vein. At present, the diagram fails to label the SMV, and it incorrectly shows the splenic vein draining into the paraumbilical vein.	Minor erratum
195	374	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Liver tissue architecture	not needed	To simplify the zones here's a useful mnemonic: "Zone III is FAR from the TRIad" [III equals TRI and FAR is three lettered. Can further add ''and close to the center".] Meaning that zone 3 of the hepatocyte is actually away from the portal triad and close to the center.	Mnemonic
196	375	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Femoral region	https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/femoral-ring#:~:text=It%20contains%20fat%2C%20lymphatic%20vessels,below%20by%20the%20cribriform%20fascia.	The opening of the femoral ring, as suggested in the diagram, does not include the femoral artery nor the femoral vein. The femoral vein is the lateral border of the femoral ring and the lacunar ligament is the medial border. The femoral ring (and subsequently the canal) only contains fat, lymphatic vessels and the lymph node of Cloquet.	Major erratum
197	378	Gastrointestinal	Physiology	Gastrointestinal regulatory substances	Not needed	Mnemonic for the cells secreting these substances: somatostatin by D cells (somaDosDaDin), CCK by I cells (cholecystokInIn), secretin by S cells (Secretin), gastrin by G cells (Gastrin), GIP by K cells (gluKose-dependent insulinotropic peptide/ gastriK inhibitory peptide), Ghrelin by stomach (Gastric), Leptin by adipose tissue (Lipids)	Mnemonic
198	390	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Appendicitis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-appendicitis-in-adults-clinical-manifestations-and-differential-diagnosis?search=Murphy%27s%20triad%20appendicitis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=3#H5345945	1st symptom in appendicitis is usually the pain (periumbilical shifted to RLQ) followed by nausea and vomiting(2nd symptom) followed by Fever(3rd symptom).	Clarification to current text
199	394	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Colonic polyps	https://accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=853&sectionid=49662229	In Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome, a notable and often emphasized diagnostic feature, particularly in board exams, is the occurrence of adult-onset ileoileal or jejunojejunal intussusception. This is a distinctive finding due to both its unique location and the age at which it occurs.	High-yield addition to next year
200	395	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Colorectal cancer	N/A	CRC presentation in "Ascending colon causes iron deficiency Anemia"	Mnemonic
201	395	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6089587/	Chromosomal instability pathway is more common in left-sided CRC cases, not right-sided.	Major erratum
202	395	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/molecular-genetics-of-colorectal-cancer?search=chromosomal%20instability%20pathway&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H6	A way to remember the order of the Chromosomal Instability Pathway: During Colonoscopy, "Always Kill Polyps.": APC, KRAS, p53	Mnemonic
203	401	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Hereditary hyperbilirubinemias	Self-study	Hello! To ease the recall of the sequence of hereditary hyperbilirubinemias we can use the mnemonic- Go Climb, Don't Run. Each word standing for the disease- Gilbert Crigler-Najjar, Dubin-Johnson Rotor. Hope it helps!	Mnemonic
204	401	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Hereditary hyperbilirubinemias	N.A.	It was clearly mentioned that the cause of black liver in Dubin-Johnson syndrome is "impaired excretion of epinephrine metabolites", but the reason stated for having no black "Regular" liver in Rotor Syndrome was referring to the impaired storage of DB "Due to impaired hepatic storage of conjugated bilirubin"	Minor erratum
205	402	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Biliary tract disease	https://www.mdedge.com/gihepnews/article/140096/gastroenterology/sjogrens-syndrome-most-common-extrahepatic-pbc	Sjögren’s syndrome most common extrahepatic primary biliary cholangitis manifestation.	High-yield addition to next year
206	402	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Biliary tract disease	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-prognosis-of-primary-biliary-cholangitis?search=primary%20biliary%20cholangitis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E131&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H58137725	𝐏𝐫𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐬 has been reported by 20 to 70 percent of patients and often 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐝𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐣𝐚𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐞.	High-yield addition to next year
207	403	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Cholelithiasis and related pathologies	not needed	Can change it to 8 risk factors (8F's) and add 'Fibrates' to the original mnemonic.	Mnemonic
208	404	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Cholangiocarcinoma	https://sso.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-risk-factors-anatomy-and-pathology-of-cholangiocarcinoma?search=cholangiocarcinoma%20and%20clonorchis%20sinensis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H2292382571	Risk factors of cholangiocarcinoma are liver fluke infections but we need to be more specific;𝐂𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐎𝐩𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐤 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐚 and not all liver fluke infections.	Minor erratum
209	405	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Pancreatic adenocarcinoma	Self-study	Hello! For the picture reference of a tumor in the pancreatic head, It would be great if it could be enlarged and have arrow pointers similar to the ones on the Pancreatitis page to provide better understanding.	Clarification to current text
210	405	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Pancreatic adenocarcinoma	UWorld	Hello again! The major genomic abnormality in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a KRAS-activating mutation. This is referenced in the oncogenes list, but it should also be specifically highlighted here.	High-yield addition to next year
211	411	Hematology and Oncology	Embryology	Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn	None	It might make sense to switch ABO hemolytic disease and Rh hemolytic disease in the table to match the above Blood groups for the students.	Spelling/formatting
212	414	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy	Eosinophils	https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1581&sectionid=108064598	Eosinophils also produce IL-5 (which is not mentioned in the book), along with MBP, histaminase, etc. (which are already mentioned in the book). This addition will help connect the dots on IL-5 antagonist for Pharmacology section on page 706 as well.	High-yield addition to next year
213	416	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Hemoglobin electrophoresis	It is a mneumonic	All For Science Club will the menmonic to remember the arrangement of the Hb	Mnemonic
214	417	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Thrombogenesis	Not needed	EpitiFIBatide and tiroFIBan both bind on the same place as FIBrinogen i.e. at GpIIb/IIIa	Mnemonic
215	418	Hematology and Oncology	Systems	Complement	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.3109/07853890.2016.1162909?needAccess=true	C1 inhibitor deficiency (previously called C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency) causes hereditary angioedema - UWorld	Clarification to current text
216	419	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Vitamin K–dependent coagulation	N/A	Vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors: 1972. 1(0) = Factor X, 9 = Factor IX, 7 = Factor XII, 2 = Factor II	Mnemonic
217	421	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	RBC inclusions	Not Needed	Although the FA 2024 book divides them into bone marrow vs. peripheral smear findings. It would be great to a have a mnemonic to differentiate the findings of sideroblastic anemia as there are so many. Basophilic StiPPling - PeriPheral Smear, SideroBlasts in Bone, PaPPenHAMMER - Periphery, Iron containing (hammers are made of iron)	Mnemonic
218	422	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Anemias	no needed	Add "Sideroblastic Anemia" to Microcytic anemia and make the mnemonics "TAILS"	Clarification to current text
219	423	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Mentzer index	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4123424/	...... between thalassemia and iron deficiency "anemia". (add anemia to iron deficiency). In the formula Mention: Mentzer Index = MCV/RBC "count in millions". Don't just mention RBC. Add Mnemonics of "I"ndex is "I"ncreased in "I"DA (highlight and bold all "I")	Clarification to current text
220	423	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Mentzer index	-	Mentzer index in the text can be written as MentzeR Index, as in the M for MCV and R for RBC Count and hence the formula MCV/RBC count. Capital I can mean increases in IDA.	Mnemonic
221	427	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Nonhemolytic, normocytic anemias	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/aplastic-anemia-pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=fatty%20infiltration%20of%20hypocellular%20bone%20marrow%20aplastic%20anemia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Rule of A's for aplastic anemia causing fatty infiltration of hypocellular bone marrow: "A"dipose "Arrives" in "A"plastic "A"nemia	Mnemonic
222	429	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Extrinsic hemolytic anemias	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/warm-autoimmune-hemolytic-anemia-aiha-in-adults?topicRef=7084&source=see_link	Under AIHA, it is mentioned that both warm and cold AIHA are extravascular. However, both have an intravascular component in some cases as mentioned in the attached files.	Clarification to current text
223	429	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Extrinsic hemolytic anemias	1. Petz, L. D., & Garratty, G. (2004). *Immune Hemolytic Anemias*. Churchill Livingstone. 2. Hoffbrand, A. V., Higgs, D. R., Keeling, D. M., & Mehta, A. B. (2016). *Postgraduate Haematology*. 7th edition. Wiley-Blackwell.	In Cold AIHA, extravascular hemolysis is listed. IgM binding primarily leads to intravascular hemolysis via complement activation and the formation of MAC.	Minor erratum
224	430	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Heme synthesis, porphyrias, and lead poisoning	Self-study	Hello! For Heme synthesis and its associated Porphyrias & Lead poisoning, I have created a simple diagram format for a more concise revision	Clarification to current text
225	432	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Platelet disorders	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/immune-thrombocytopenia-itp-in-adults-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=ITP&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Immune Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a production of Antibodies against any Platelet antigen. But the text makes it seem exclusively characterized by Anti GpIIb/IIIa antibodies. UpToDate quote "The principal mechanism is thought to involve specific autoantibodies (typically, IgG), most often directed against platelet membrane glycoproteins such as GPIIb/IIIa [3-7]" https://www.uptodate.com/contents/immune-thrombocytopenia-itp-in-adults-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=ITP&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Minor erratum
226	432	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Platelet disorders	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/uremic-platelet-dysfunction#H73411787	"In patients with renal failure, uremic toxins accumulate and interfere with platelet adhesion." add "and aggregation." --> "In patients with renal failure, uremic toxins accumulate and interfere with platelet adhesion and aggregation."	Minor erratum
227	434	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Hodgkin vs non-Hodgkin lymphoma	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis-of-classic-hodgkin-lymphoma-in-adults?search=hodgkin%20lymphoma&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H2571368515	Add, Both "Present with Indolent course of painless lymphadenopathy, Mediastinal mass and Hepatosplenomegaly" in clinical signs and symptoms. Additionally, for Hodgkin's lymphoma add " Pel-Ebstein fever, Alcohol induced pain at the affected Lymph Nodes and Pruritus (d/t cytokines IL-2, Il-6)	Clarification to current text
228	437	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Leukemias	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-chronic-myeloid-leukemia	CML: I met (Imatinib) the whole gang (all myeloid cells on smear) in Philadelphia (Philadelphia chromosome 9:22)	Mnemonic
229	438	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Myeloproliferative neoplasms	https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41408-018-0054-y	Bone marrow studies: hyperplasia of mature megakaryocytes	High-yield addition to next year
230	440	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Leukemias	not needed	TRAP = T: Tartare-resistant acid phosphotase, R: Red pulp, A: Absent lymphadenopathy, P: Purine analog treatment (cladribine, pentostatin)	Mnemonic
231	441	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Heparin vs warfarin	N/A	HeparIN = INtrinsic pathway (PTT is used for monitoring)	Mnemonic
232	443	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Tumor lysis syndrome	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tumor-lysis-syndrome-pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-definition-etiology-and-risk-factors?search=tumor%20lysis%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2%7E103&usage_type=default&display_rank=2	To remember that in TLS you get hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, and hyperphosphatemia, I think "pour out the KUP." (KUP = cup)	Mnemonic
233	446	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Tamoxifen	UWorld Q ID 581 and UptoDate: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/abnormal-uterine-bleeding-and-uterine-pathology-in-patients-on-tamoxifen-therapy/print	Adverse effects of Tamoxifen include Uterine Sarcoma (in addition to endometrial cancer). This is extremely High yield.	High-yield addition to next year
234	452	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Brachial plexus lesions	Previous page	Erb palsy.. deltoid, supraspinatus should be deltoid, axillary	Major erratum
235	462	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Overuse injuries of the elbow	N/A	mnemonic "Mini Golf is Fun" . Medial, Golfer’s elbow, repeat Flexion	Mnemonic
236	464	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy	Common knee conditions	https://www.physio-pedia.com/Valgus_Stress_Test	Unhappy triad” - Valgus Force. The image is labeled correctly but the image of the leg could confuse and at first glance could be misconstrued to show a Varus force.	Minor erratum
237	466	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Childhood musculoskeletal conditions	Self-study	Hello! The reduction technique for radial head subluxation- Hyperpronate or flex + supinate the forearm, is a frequently asked question. I have attached pictures for reference. Hope it helps!	High-yield addition to next year
238	475	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Seronegative spondyloarthritis	not needed	Replace Inflammatory Bowel Disease with " Spondyloarthritis associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease" or "IBD associated spondyloarthritis"	Minor erratum
239	475	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Seronegative spondyloarthritis	Amboss	In reactive arthritis , you can add a picture for keratoderma blennorrhagica	Clarification to current text
240	476	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Systemic lupus erythematosus	1. AMBOSS Library , 2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36774306/	As per recent data, the most common cause of death in SLE patients is due to cardiovascular diseases. (Actually the current advancements in treatment of kidney diseases have led to decreased mortality due to kidney failure among SLE patients and so now, cardiovascular diseases are most common cause of death in SLE.)	Clarification to current text
241	477	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Fibromyalgia	no need	associated with “tender points,” stiffness <== This should be changed to ==> associated with "tender points", stiffness (The comma is mistakenly placed within the quotation marks)	Spelling/formatting
242	477	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Polymyositis/dermatomyositis	https://usmle-rx.scholarrx.com/first-aid?id=930&firstAidYear=2023	Specific markers: Anti Jo-1, anti Mi-2, anti-SRP ; Ant Jo-1,Mi-2-ma's Syrup, Aunt Jemima's Syrup.	Mnemonic
243	477	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Polymyositis/dermatomyositis	Not needed	Pathophysiology of Polymyositis/ dermatomyositis: PDDP: Polymyositis= enDomysial inflammation vs Dermatomyositis= Perimysial inflammation. Polymyositis= muscular (8 letters) disease= CD8+ vs Dermatomyositis= skin (4 letters) disease= CD4+	Mnemonic
244	478	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Vasculitides	N/A	For the HLA-B51 association with Behcet Syndrome. Behcet 5yndrone.	Mnemonic
245	478	Neurology and Special Senses	Embryology	NEW FACT	Nbme 26	Craniosynostosis: premature fusion of cranial bone sutures. Premature closure of sagittal suture causes elongation of cranium in anteroposterior dimension. Bregma: point where sagittal and coronal suture meet. Premature closure of coronal suture= Brachycephaly	High-yield addition to next year
246	479	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Vasculitides	Not nedded	Diseases with positive P-ANCA/MPO-ANCA: CoMPUterS (C: Churg strauss syndrome, M: Microscopic polyangiitis, P: P-ANCA (or MPU: MPO-ANCA), U: UC, S: 1• Sclerosing cholangitis.	Mnemonic
247	486	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Neuromuscular junction diseases	Page references refer to First Aid 2021	Improving with muscle use is waxing (as opposed to Myestenia gravis which has a waning effect); So the mnemonic is "You WAX a LAMborghini"	Mnemonic
248	489	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Dermatology	Autoimmune blistering skin disorders	Minor Formatting Error	"bullow the epidermis", the "bullow" on the right side of the page isn't fully bolded in red	Spelling/formatting
249	493	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Dermatology	Skin cancer	N/A	A mnemonic to remember the appearance of different skin cancers: Basal cell has Bright, Bulky Borders. Squamous cell has Senter (center) ulcers (and is the Second most common type plus associated with Scars).	Mnemonic
250	495	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pharmacology	Celecoxib	n/a	Celecoxib selectively inhibits COX-2 and not COX-1. There are 2 C's in CeleCoxib, to remember this fact. 2 C's for COX-2.	Mnemonic
251	497	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pharmacology	Psoriasis biologics	FA 2024	Mnemonic: United In Stopping Psoriasis Bothers: 12/23 and 17 are Great Relief Targets	Mnemonic
252	502	Neurology and Special Senses	Embryology	Posterior fossa malformations	N/A	A mnemonic to remember what Dandy-Walker is: Dandy-Walker malformation may cause patient to need a WALKER (No cerebellum for balance)	Mnemonic
253	502	Neurology and Special Senses	Embryology	Syringomyelia	Pathoma 2023 (I’ll provide a screenshot from the book in the file attachments section)	Most lesions occur between C8 and T1, but not to the extent of C2-T9!	Minor erratum
254	504	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Sensory receptors	N/A	Pacinian Corpuscle: play pacman: play under pressure and controller vibrates. Meissner: tapping on a “miss’s” shoulder who’s hairless, gently	Mnemonic
255	507	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Meninges	in the textbook	The image of the meninges doesnt have words written in English, instead it has boxes with x's in them	Spelling/formatting
256	507	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Sleep physiology	NBME	REM Sleep behavior disorder- loss of muscle atonynia during REM sleep leads to patients violently acting out their dreams	High-yield addition to next year
257	509	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Dopaminergic pathways	Anatomy books	The ventral tegmental area is located in the midbrain. In the drawing, it seems to be drawn in the pons while it must be displaced quite cranially to be in its right location in the midbrain.	Minor erratum
258	512	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Basal ganglia	N/A	Rule of D's: Dopamine is Direct and wants to Dance: Dopamine stimulates direct pathway to increase motion	Mnemonic
259	514	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Cerebral arteries—cortical distribution	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559186/#:~:text=Man%20in%20a%20barrel%20syndrome%20is%20a%20neurological%20syndrome%20involving,cord%2C%20or%20bilateral%20brachial%20plexuses.	ACA-MCA doesn’t involve lower extremity weakness	Major erratum
260	516	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Cranial nerve nuclei	no needed	Rule of 4: Each of the 3 motor columns has 4 nuclei. From medial to lateral General somatic: Oculomotor nucleus (III), Trochlear nucleus (IV), Abducens nucleus (VI) and Hypoglossal nucleus (XII) General Visceral: Edinger-Westphal nucleus (III), superior salivatory nucleus (VII), inferior salivatory nucleus (IX) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (X). Special Visceral: Trigeminal motor nucleus (V), Facial nucleus (VII), Nucleus ambiguus (IX, X) and Spinal accessory nucleus	Mnemonic
261	522	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Cranial nerves and arteries	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534861/figure/article-19565.image.f2/?report=objectonly	Ive attached the photo i'm referencing below, the diagram shows the brain, circle of willis and the cranial nerves; in the inferior to superior view, (caudal view). The grey matter in the spinal cord inidicates that the anterior spinal artery runs along the dorsal side of the spinal cord, which is not correct, its been confusing me for a while till I released it is a mistake. The gray matter should be flipped and the posterior horns should be facing the other side.	Minor erratum
262	522	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Spinal tract anatomy and functions	No need (Mnemonic)	Spinothalamic tract: “pino” = pain. Thalamic = thermal (temperature).	Mnemonic
263	523	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	NEW FACT	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546640/ and https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/gracile-fasciculus	Rule of G: The Gracile (Goll's) fasciculus carries sensory information from T6 and below	Mnemonic
264	524	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Spinal tract anatomy and functions	N/A	A mnemonic to remember the ascending spinal tracts: *Spinothalamic tract – *Switches *Sides and *Synapses, then ascends. It triggers when getting *Stabbed – pain and temperature. It is affected in a *Syringomyelia. // *Dorsal Column – *Directly ascends. It is for *Drummers and *Dancers – pressure, vibration, fine touch, and proprioception.	Mnemonic
265	528	Neurology and Special Senses	Neuropathology	Intracranial hemorrhage	N/A. This is an original mnemonic.	Classically, it is said on head/brain CT that Epidural Hematoma appears biconvex (lentiform/lens-shaped) and that Subdural Hematoma appears crescent-shaped. This is even noted in the current First Aid version. However, I had the most trouble remembering these two high yield facts (until recently) and propose we include the following mnemonic I created (which has been a game-changer for me): [Epidural: Egg-shaped. Subdural: Sock-shaped. (Epidural is shaped like an Egg. Subdural is shaped like a Sock.)] We could even go farther to address whether each condition "crosses suture lines". For example... [Epidural. Egg. Exclusive. (does not cross suture lines). Subdural. Sock. Sailor (or Surfer). (crosses suture lines).] Thanks for your consideration and for all your help with preparation for Step 1!	Mnemonic
266	531	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Seizures	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/seizures-and-epilepsy-in-children-classification-etiology-and-clinical-features	I think that at the beginning of the text the word "Affect" should be replaced by "Originate" because focal seizures can affect more than a single area of the brain after being originated by a single area of the brain.	Minor erratum
267	534	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Dementia	https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.ad.bcomnm.org/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-alzheimer-disease?search=alzheimer%20mri&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H406199175	Under the Alzheimer photo of affected area in brain, the Amygdala is highlighted instead of the Hippocampus	Minor erratum
268	534	Rapid Review	Neuropathology	Neurodegenerative movement disorders	https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04533	"Alzheimer disease β-amyloid protein Cleaved from amyloid precursor protein " the main paper published about this topic was retracted	Major erratum
269	537	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Multiple sclerosis	USMLE Rx	Hello! I found Lhermittes sign being asked in a couple of questions regarding MS and thought it would be helpful to reference it there.Lhermittes sign- an electrical sensation that runs down the spine when the neck is flexed, leading to the extension of the spine.The most common condition that causes Lhermitte’s sign is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)	High-yield addition to next year
270	539	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Multiple sclerosis	N/A	Ms. Snow White: MS is more common in SNOWY regions (away from equator) and a defect in WHITE matter.	Mnemonic
271	539	Neurology and Special Senses	Neuropathology	Neurocutaneous disorders	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557492/	Axillary or Inguinal Freckles are the Pathognomic for NF1 which is yet to be added. It’s also known as CROWE’S Sign. As the mnemonic CICLOPSS is already in the text, adding CROWE’S sign also satisfy the mnemonic, which could be of high yield	High-yield addition to next year
272	542	Neurology and Special Senses	Neuropathology	Childhood primary brain tumors	Self-study	Hello! For Pineal gland tumors, the text says 'most commonly extragonadal germ cell tumors.' It can be corrected to 'most commonly occurring' or 'most common.'	Spelling/formatting
273	547	Neurology and Special Senses	Otology	Otitis media	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/994656-overview#a4	The most common bacterial pathogen in AOM is Streptococcus pneumoniae, followed by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella. So, it's better to put Streptococcus pneumoniae the first causative organism in the text, given being most common.	Spelling/formatting
274	550	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Lens disorders	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ectopia-lentis-dislocated-lens-in-children#H8	Important clinical feature of ectopia lentis: Tremoulus iris with eye movement or Iridodonesis	High-yield addition to next year
275	550	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Lens disorders	https://www.aao.org/education/bcscsnippetdetail.aspx?id=0788d239-717b-4ae6-bed0-c52e26a4a847#:~:text=Cataract%20formation%20has%20been%20reported,young%20children%20have%20been%20reported.	Among the systemic disease causing Cataract- Atopic Dermatitis is one of them which is missing i n current text. The photo I have attached here is of Kanski’s ophthalmology	High-yield addition to next year
276	550	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Lens disorders	https://www.aao.org/education/bcscsnippetdetail.aspx?id=0788d239-717b-4ae6-bed0-c52e26a4a847#:~:text=Cataract%20formation%20has%20been%20reported,young%20children%20have%20been%20reported.	Atopic Dermatitis is one of the systemic disease causing bilateral cataract.	High-yield addition to next year
277	552	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Retinal disorders	no need	After the last topic ";Papilledema" there should be a "--------" just like other pages when a fact & the page ends. Look at the page after that "Uveitis" topic is followed by a separator "-----"	Spelling/formatting
278	555	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Horner syndrome	none	It says anhidrosis is absent under horner syndrome, so does that mean no sweating is absent ? Because the word anhidrosis means little to no sweating.	Minor erratum
279	555	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Ocular motility	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ocular-gaze-disorders -table. & all anatomy text books	SR should point upward and slightly inward (adduction) IR should point downward and slightly inward (adduction) IO Should show an upward and outward (abduction) direction because its secondary action is elevation and its tertiary action is abduction. SO Should show a downward and outward (abduction) direction because its secondary action is depression and its tertiary action is abduction.	Major erratum
280	556	Microbiology	Virology	DNA viruses	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-parvovirus-b19-infection	For Erythema infectiosum, also called fifth disease that presents with a slapped cheek appearance. My mnemonic is, "when you slap someone, how many fingers do you slap them with? 5"	Mnemonic
281	557	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Cavernous sinus	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459244/, https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/sella-turcica-tumor	Image indicating structures of cavernous sinus includes the anterior cerebral artery (ACA). Recommendation is to remove the ACA labelling, considering it is not clinically relevant here and can cause confusion. Instead, the Internal carotid branches can be labelled as intracranial ICA vs. cavernous ICA.	Clarification to current text
282	559	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Visual field defects	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558982/ and https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1752-1947-6-117	In the 2023 version (since the 2024 hasn't been released yet), it says next to point 6 (on Rx diagram): "Dorsal optic radiation Right lower quadrantanopia (left temporal lesion)" but it should say "left parietal lesion" not temporal	Minor erratum
283	559	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Visual field defects	N/A	Diagram has (4) and (7) icons misplaced, and (7) icon is overlaid on top of text.	Minor erratum
284	559	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Visual field defects	none	Numbers on the right are unrelated to the numbers on the left	Minor erratum
285	562	Neurology and Special Senses	Ophthalmology	Cavernous sinus	Mnemonic based solely on material in page 562 of First Aid 2022 Edition (i.e. the contents of the cavernous sinus).	To recall the contents of the cavernous sinus, use the mnemonic "I, TOMATO." I: Internal carotid artery TOM: Trigeminal Nerve (Ophthalmic and Maxillary divisions) A: Abducens nerve T: Trochlear nerve O: Oculomotor nerve	Mnemonic
286	563	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Parkinson disease therapy	N/A	Blocking MOA-“A”: “A”ntidepression. Blocking MOA-“B”: “B”arkinson’s treatment.	Mnemonic
287	564	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Neurodegenerative disease therapy	https://reference.medscape.com/drug/radicava-radicava-ors-edaravone-1000140#10	A new agent Edaravone, was approved by FDA in 2017 for the use in the treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. It is currently one of the only two main drugs available for the management of this condition.	High-yield addition to next year
288	565	Neurology and Special Senses	Pharmacology	Parkinson disease therapy	not needed	"dopAmine" is broken down by "mao-B" to "dopaC." (ABC)	Mnemonic
289	572	Psychiatry	Psychology	Normal infant and child development	https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/milestones-9mo.html	passes toys hand to hand (by 6 mo) - this is incorrect. Uptodate and CDC say that this happens at 9 months. So "6 mo" needs to be changed to "9 mo"	Minor erratum
290	572	Psychiatry	Psychology	NEW FACT	Spelling Error, Provided in the Picture	In the page 572 of the latest edition, in child milestones ==> in toddler milestones (12-36 months) and in the second column there is "Recreation", "Rapproachment" "Realization" and it should be spelt "Reapproachment" not "Rapproachment"	Minor erratum
291	576	Psychiatry	Psychology	Psychosis	n/a	"Contrast with illusions, which are misperceptions of real external stimuli (eg, mistaking a shadow for a black cat)" is repeated twice in the same paragraph (2nd time "Contrast with misperceptions (eg, illusions) of real external stimuli")	Minor erratum
292	577	Psychiatry	Pathology	Schizophrenia spectrum disorders	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/schizophrenia-in-adults-clinical-features-assessment-and-diagnosis?csi=abc96e6a-5766-47ad-a641-4050dad58f44&source=contentShare	When listing Negative symtoms making the first letter "A" red and/or capital in affect, apathy, anhedonia, alogia and replacing "social withdrawal" by "asocial" will make it easy to learn since they are listed as 5 A's in AMBOSS library and mentioned in the UPTODATE attached article/table. I hope that someone benefits from this approach!	High-yield addition to next year
293	579	Psychiatry	Pathology	Schizophrenia spectrum disorders	N/A	Schizophreniform is when Schiozphrenia is Forming (Schizophren-is-forming). Schizoaffective is Schizo + Affect (mood) problem	Mnemonic
294	585	Psychiatry	Pathology	Enuresis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nocturnal-enuresis-in-children-etiology-and-evaluation	In the definition, "Nighttime urinery incontinence" should be replaced by "urinary incontinence during sleep" because the child may have urinery incontinence during daytime sleeping and still have enuresis.	Minor erratum
295	585	Psychiatry	Pathology	Enuresis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nocturnal-enuresis-in-children-etiology-and-evaluation	In the definition, " > 5 years old" should be replaced by " ≥5 years old".	Minor erratum
296	585	Psychiatry	Pathology	Narcolepsy	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-narcolepsy-in-adults	If when you laugh you're still (cataplexy), take you some modafinil	Mnemonic
297	585	Psychiatry	Pathology	Narcolepsy	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-narcolepsy-in-adults#:~:text=(See%20'Medication%20selection'%20above,and%20illicit%20use%20is%20rare.	Modafinil is a first-line pharmacologic therapy for narcolepsy. So, I think in term of formatting, it should be before amphetamines.	Spelling/formatting
298	587	Psychiatry	Pathology	Psychiatric emergencies	""https://www.uptodate.com/contents/second-generation-antipsychotic-medications-pharmacology-administration-and-side-effects?csi=78b65234-a12d-4440-9e61-20f419a713c9&source=contentShare"" AND "https://www.uptodate.com/contents/first-generation-antipsychotic-medications-pharmacology-administration-and-comparative-side-effects?csi=19d781af-0c3e-465c-9b31-e5fa376b33b8&source=contentShare"	In the causes of acute dystonia stating "typical antipsychotics" isn't totally accurate. However, saying "Antipsychotics (Typical > Atypical)" is more accurate since BOTH generations can cause extra-pyramidal symptoms kindly refrence the UpToDate articles attached proving this fact.	Minor erratum
299	593	Psychiatry	Pharmacology	Antipsychotics	Self-study	Hello! Within Ani-Psychotics, the part about extra-pyramidal symptoms feels very wordy. This picture helps understand the symptoms and their timeline better, I have also added in the pharmacology to make it complete.	Clarification to current text
300	596	Renal	Embryology	Potter sequence	Uworld question ID 1752	add 2 more causes fetal exposure to ACEi and PPROM at <26 weeks	High-yield addition to next year
301	599	Renal	Physiology	Fluid compartments	n/a	The new mnemonic 'salty banana' is not helpful, because it doesn't distinguish intracellular from extracellular. The 2023 version 'HIKIN' was more useful.	Mnemonic
302	600	Renal	Anatomy	Renal blood flow	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-living-kidney-donors?search=living+donor+renal+transplant+left+kidney+longer+renal+vein&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Rule of L's: "L"eft kidney is taken during "L"iving donor transp"L"antation because it has a "L"onger renal vein	Mnemonic
303	602	Renal	Physiology	Calculation of reabsorption and secretion rate	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fractional-excretion-of-sodium-urea-and-other-molecules-in-acute-kidney-injury?search=fena&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E37&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	FeNa us usually styled as FENa	Spelling/formatting
304	603	Renal	Physiology	Nephron transport physiology	https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/14/5/10674 , https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1998.275.3.F319	The UT-A1 transporter is expressed on the apical membrane of terminal inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells, not in the collecting tubule located in the cortex. I suggest removing the receptors from the figure and adding a separate section for the collecting ducts. My students often confuse the collecting duct with the collecting tubule. The collecting duct has both cortical and medullary parts, which are incorrectly mixed with the collecting tubule in the figure.	Minor erratum
305	604	Renal	Physiology	Renal tubular defects	https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000333.htm	Under Fanconi Syndrome, "Growth retardation" should be updated to "Growth failure" or "Growth restriction"	Spelling/formatting
306	605	Renal	Physiology	Relative concentrations along proximal tubule	Not needed	Relative concentrations along proximal tubule {Mnemonic - Paranoid Creature In Ur Claudia Klaudia, Nana By Car Am Going} Paranoid (PAH) > Creature (Creatinine) > In (Insulin) > UR (your)(Urea) > Claudia (Cl-) > Klaudia (K+) > Nana (Na+) > By car (Bicarbonate) > Am (I'm)(Amino acids) > Going (Glucose)	Mnemonic
307	606	Renal	Physiology	Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system	N/A	Macula densa is in the thick ascending limb (aka distal straight tubule) not the Distal convoluted tubule	Major erratum
308	606	Renal	Physiology	Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-renin-angiotensin-system?search=renin%20angiotensin%20aldosterone%20system&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H7496555	The effect of systemic ANGII is to constrict both afferent and efferent to lower RBF/GFR. This diagram is showing the effect of low dose ANGII in TG Feedback, which does not belong on this diagram.	Major erratum
309	606	Renal	Physiology	Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system	not needed	The image should also depict ADH stimulated Urea absorption in the Collecting duct	Clarification to current text
310	607	Renal	Physiology	Juxtaglomerular apparatus	N/A	Macula densa is in the thick ascending limb (aka distal straight tubule) not the Distal convoluted tubule	Minor erratum
311	608	Renal	Physiology	Hormones acting on kidney	Uworld question ID 1161	About vasopressin: it increases water absorption in the cortical and medullary portion of the Collecting duct and urea passively in the medullary collecting duct. In the image, ADH (orange) is not depicting medullary collecting ducts.	Minor erratum
312	608	Renal	Physiology	Potassium shifts	see attachment	The transmembrane movement of K+ down its gradient is diffusion not solvent drag (which is a paracellular phenomenon unrelated to ion gradients)	Clarification to current text
313	608	Renal	Physiology	Potassium shifts	N/A	No such thing as a H/K exchange (except for the ATPase). There is no electrochemical gradient that could support K+ uptake and H+ extrusion. This is just the appearance of H/K exchange due to alkali-stimulation of the Na/K ATPase as correctly noted in previous editions.	Clarification to current text
314	609	Renal	Physiology	Electrolyte disturbances	https://feeds.buzzsprout.com/1171370/12868461-peak-your-ts-flatten-your-ps-widen-your-qrs-the-abcs-of-hyperkalemia	ECG changes in hyperkalemia: "Peak your T's, flatten your P's, and widen your QRS"	Mnemonic
315	610	Renal	Physiology	Acidosis and alkalosis	not needed	For Respiratory Alkalosis: Breathe ASAAPPP [ Breath- Hyperventilate, ASA-asprin, A-anxiety, P-Panic attack, acute Pain, Peak altitude, Pregnancy, Pulmonary embolism, Pneumonia]	Mnemonic
316	611	Renal	Physiology	Renal tubular acidosis	mnemonic.	Type 1: H+ defect (+ = 1). Type 2: HCO3- Defect (3-1 = 2). Type 4: Aldosterone problem (Aldosterone has 4 effect = Na, Water, K, H) and low NH4+. Type 1 and 2 hate bananas, therefore will have low serum Potassium, while Type 4 loves bananas and will have high serum Potassium.	Mnemonic
317	611	Renal	Physiology	Renal tubular acidosis	mnemonic	"TUBES HARD”: Type 1, 2 and 4, Bicarbonate, Stone risk, Hyperkalemia, Acidic blood, Renal tubules, Defect. T: Types (1, 2, 4). U: Urinary bicarbonate excretion issues. B: Bicarbonate (deficiency or reabsorption problem). E: Electrolyte imbalances (like potassium). S: Stone risk (especially in Type 1). H: Hyperkalemia (high potassium, common in Type 4). A: Acidic blood (metabolic acidosis). R: Renal tubules (the location of the defect). D: Defect in acid-base balance.	Mnemonic
318	612	Renal	Physiology	Acid-base physiology	n/a	The acid-base physiology table on p612 is formatted with the compensatory response in red arrows. The majority of tables in First Aid instead format the causative change with a red arrow. It is confusing to read a table that is formatted differently, expecting the differently colored arrows to indicate the primary causative change per usual.	Spelling/formatting
319	613	Renal	Physiology	Renal tubular acidosis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-and-diagnosis-of-distal-type-1-and-proximal-type-2-renal-tubular-acidosis?search=renal%20tubular%20acidosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Mutations in the Cl/HCO3 exchanger AE1 also cause RTA1. This is not shown in the cell model on the left.	High-yield addition to next year
320	615	Renal	Pathology	Nephritic syndrome	The topic is discussed in UW Q 16598	For membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis - it is worth adding that it is a manifestation of mixed cyroglobinemia/cryoglobinemic vasculitis. Here is a mnemonic to remember the presentation Cryo MAP" [MPGN, arthralgia, palpable purpura]	High-yield addition to next year
321	620	Renal	Pathology	Acute interstitial nephritis	"There are theories that the immune response may be overactive or in some cases inappropriate, and that this results in ongoing inflammation, the formation of granulomas, and in some cases, for scarring or fibrosis to occur. There is some growing evidence that this sarcoidosis immune response may also include an “autoimmune” response, with some reaction to “self” proteins. However, at the current time we do NOT consider sarcoidosis for the most part to be an autoimmune disease, like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematosis (lupus)." https://www.stopsarcoidosis.org/what-is-sarcoidosis/causes-risk-factors/ .................... ClinicalKey article for Sarcoidosis doesn't list that it's autoimmune. https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/clinical_overview/67-s2.0-c82bceae-8bdb-47ea-be2e-47472e8b0764#clinical-clarification-heading-6	or autoimmune diseases (eg, Sjögren syndrome, SLE, sarcoidosis).	Minor erratum
322	620	Renal	Pathology	Acute interstitial nephritis	Noticed it while reading	The DRAINS mnemonic listing has an erratic bracket next to Rifampin.	Spelling/formatting
323	620	Renal	Pathology	Acute interstitial nephritis	NBME	I recently solved an NBME and they referred to the 'auto-immune' disorders causing interstitial nephritis as 'systemic inflammatory' disorders, this way we can still mention Sarcoidosis.	Clarification to current text
324	621	Renal	Pathology	Consequences of renal failure	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/growth-failure-in-children-with-chronic-kidney-disease-treatment-with-growth-hormone	"Growth retardation" should be updated to "Growth failure" or "Growth impairment"	Spelling/formatting
325	626	Renal	Pathology	Renal oncocytoma	N/A	Text indicates an arrow should exist in diagram A, but no arrow is shown.	Spelling/formatting
326	628	Renal	Pharmacology	Angiotensin II receptor blockers	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/major-side-effects-of-angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors-and-angiotensin-ii-receptor-blockers?search=angiotensin%20converting%20enzyme%20inhibitors&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2%7E145&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Angioedema is second on the list of examples of ACEi side effects. Angioedema is very rare and this listing gives the wrong impression.	Minor erratum
327	628	Renal	Pharmacology	Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/major-side-effects-of-angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors-and-angiotensin-ii-receptor-blockers?search=angiotensin%20converting%20enzyme%20inhibitors&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2%7E145&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Angioedema is second on the list of ACEi side effects. Angioedema is very rare and this listing gives the wrong impression.	Minor erratum
328	632	Reproductive	Embryology	Important genes of embryogenesis	N/A	"Head to Butt": HomeoBox genes control segmental organization of embryo in CRANIO-CAUDAL axis	Mnemonic
329	634	Reproductive	Embryology	Placenta	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539704/#:~:text=HCG%20is%20vital%20in%20the,as%20the%20corpus%20luteum%20graviditatis.	"Hey Corpus luteum, Grow!": hCG: stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone (to grow CL lining)	Mnemonic
330	634	Reproductive	Embryology	Teratogens	N/A	"Can't go WARFARING without strong BONES to march and EYES to see the enemy": Warfarin caues bone deformities and optic nerve atrophy	Mnemonic
331	637	Reproductive	Embryology	Pharyngeal pouch derivatives	Klm embryology	Ventral wing give rises to superior parathyroids	Clarification to current text
332	640	Reproductive	Embryology	Uterine (Müllerian duct) anomalies	no need	incorrect hysterosalpigogram correct hysterosalpingogram	Spelling/formatting
333	642	Reproductive	Embryology	Uterine (Müllerian duct) anomalies	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572146/#:~:text=Hysterosalpingogram%20is%20an%20imaging%20procedure,%2C%20and%20partner%2Dbased%20approach.	incorrect hysterosalpigogram correct hysterosalpingogram	Spelling/formatting
334	643	Reproductive	Embryology	Congenital penile abnormalities	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypospadias-pathogenesis-diagnosis-and-evaluation?search=hypospadias%20and%20epispadias&topicRef=4984&source=see_link#H1646088235	A mnemonic to remember the Congenital Penile Abnormalities: "Penises can be HUGE." Hypospadias - Urethral Folds, Genital tubercle - Epispadias	Mnemonic
335	643	Reproductive	Anatomy	Female reproductive anatomy	not needed	Injury to the ureter can be remembered as "water under the bridge" (water=ureter; bridge=uterine artery)	Mnemonic
336	644	Reproductive	Anatomy	NEW FACT	https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Layers-of-the-scrotal-wall-a-Side-view-b-Transversal-view-1-skin-2-dartos-3-external_fig1_302385033#:~:text=1%20skin%2C%202%20dartos%2C%203,tunica%20vaginalis%209%20vas%20deferens	To fully understand the anatomy and answer questions correctly, I always lacked a picture and mnemonics with the layers of the scrotum.	High-yield addition to next year
337	660	Reproductive	Pathology	Choriocarcinoma	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499850/	I was doing a question on TrueLearn regarding choriocarcinoma. I got it wrong, but when I went to look it up in First Aid, it said that the beta subunit of hCG is similar to the beta unit of TSH but it is the alpha subunit of hCG that is similar to alpha subunit of TSH (& LH, FSH) which is why patients with choriocarcinoma can present with symptoms of hyperthyroidism and gynecomastia. It is a minor erratum but I thought it was worth mentioning. I attached a screenshot of my TrueLearn question where it states on the right side that it is the alpha subunit as well as linked an NCBI article about this. I love this book, thank you!	Minor erratum
338	660	Reproductive	Pathology	Hypertension in pregnancy	from First Aid itself (Cardiology - Pharmacology section)	Change the mnemonic "Hypertensive moms love nifedipine" to "New moms love hugs" because "New moms love hugs" mnemonic is mentioned in another chapter and it's more effective (N-nifedipine, M- methyldopa, l-labetalol, h- hydralazine)	Clarification to current text
339	664	Reproductive	Pathology	Cervical pathology	General pathology chapter of first aid and pathoma	dysplasia & CIS: CIN3 “severe, irreversible dysplasia”, should be written as “less likely to regress to normal” because reversibility is a feature of dysplasia that differentiates it from neoplasia	Minor erratum
340	665	Reproductive	Pathology	Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea	none	I suggest adding a table or diagram mentioning the primary and secondary causes of amenorrhea, as it is not quite obvious for the reader	Clarification to current text
341	665	Reproductive	Pathology	Ovarian tumors	https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/ovarytumorsertolileydig.html; Pathoma 2020, p 147 (Female Genital System & Gestational Pathology, Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors); Mertz M, Banet N. Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors: an overview of key findings. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2024 Jul 1;34(7):1111-1112. doi: 10.1136/ijgc-2023-004780. PMID: 37989480.	Under Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, the text states that it "Resembles testicular histology with tubules/cords lined by pink Sertoli cells." I believe the pink cells are Leydig cells, not Sertoli cells. Similar to the testes, better-differentiated subtypes of these tumors have Sertoli cells forming tubules with Leydig cells surrounding them in the stroma/interstitium. The resources attached refer to the Leydig cells as being eosinophilic and containing Reinke crystals.	Minor erratum
342	666	Reproductive	Pathology	Ovarian tumors	Board and Beyond, Lina Steinrud Mørch, Ellen Løkkegaard, Anne Helms Andreasen, Susanne Krüger-Kjaer, Ojvind Lidegaard JAMA 2009 July 16	in ovarian tumors it says there is decrease risk of ovarian tumors with pregnancy, history of breastfeeding, OCPs and tubal ligations. As per Boards and Beyond these fall in low risk group, people with these aren't protected against these cancers they have a lower incidence to have these cancers. Hormone replacement therapy increases risk of ovarian epithelia. Please provide clarification for OCPs increase or decrease because as per referred study from eMedicine Regardless of the duration of use, the formulation, estrogen dose, regimen, progestin type, and route of administration, hormone therapy was associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer.	Minor erratum
343	667	Reproductive	Pathology	Ovarian tumors	N/A	A mnemonic to remember parts of Dygerminoma: LDH - Large cells, Dysgerminoma, hCG	Mnemonic
344	669	Reproductive	Pathology	Benign breast diseases	N/A	An easy way for students to remember mastitis: mass tits (inflammation="mass" in the breast="tits"). I apologize in advance for the vulgar slang.	Mnemonic
345	670	Reproductive	Pathology	Breast cancer	information written in Robbin’s & the Pathoma book	1- it would be a good idea to emphasize that lack of E-cadherin in lobular carcinoma results in loose cells, unlike ductal carcinoma. 2- add info about the comedo type in DCIS 3- add types of invasive ductal carcinoma: tubular and mucinous, and a little information about them 4- add histological photos differentiating between how ER/PR + look with staining, and HER2+ (the former have the nucleus stained while the latter has the cytoplasm stained, which reminds the reader that the former enter the nucleus while the latter works in the cytoplasm, related to signaling molecules in the endocrine chapter) 5- I would also add a table summarizing which conditions have a movable/solid tumor, bilateral or unilateral, multifocal, etc.	High-yield addition to next year
346	670	Reproductive	Pathology	Breast cancer	previous	incorrect spelling in my previous suggestion above this, 3- add information about the comedo type of DCIS, which may also help the reader understand why calcifications are seen in this type.	High-yield addition to next year
347	673	Reproductive	Embryology	Human chorionic gonadotropin	page 654 of 2023 edition; Medscape article oh hcG, PMID: 10548880, and many others.	Under Choriocarcninoma, it states that hCG shares beta subunit with TSH, its actually alpha subunit that is in common	Major erratum
348	673	Reproductive	Pathology	Testicular tumors	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjUkYHO6vmEAxWp7LsIHZmUANMQFnoECCYQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fmedicine-and-dentistry%2Fchorionic-gonadotropin-alpha-subunit&usg=AOvVaw3KG5I7WIkG3gm_3Cpd4rnY&opi=89978449 + was mentioned in the beginning of the chapter	last line in choriocarcinoma is incorrect. It should be ALPHA is similar, not BETA!	Major erratum
349	676	Reproductive	Pharmacology	Selective estrogen receptor modulators	Self-study	Hello! For Tamoxifen v/s Raloxifene I have put it in a simple table format for better understanding	Clarification to current text
350	686	Respiratory	Physiology	Pulmonary circulation	none	delta x in the fraction is too far off	Spelling/formatting
351	689	Respiratory	Physiology	Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hemoglobin-variants-that-alter-hemoglobin-oxygen-affinity?search=p50%20dissociation&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	The graph displaying the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve correctly shows Hb saturation (%) on the y-axis and PO2 (mm Hg) on the x-axis. At the 50% mark, a dotted horizontal line spans the width of the graph with "P50" listed next to the dotted line. The "P50" label is in line with the 50% Hb saturation mark, implying that P50 represents a Hb saturation. Instead, it represents a pressure: specifically, the pressure at which Hb is 50% saturation. The P50 is a value of pressure, not of Hb saturation, and so should not be listed along the 50% sat. point of the y-axis, but rather along the corresponding pressure point of the x-axis.	Minor erratum
352	690	Respiratory	Physiology	Response to high altitude	N/A	Should be a colon after "Chronic ↑ in ventilation" indicating the following changes listed below this line only occur in the chronic hyperventilatory state. Currently reads "Chronic ↑ in ventilation." This does not intuitively appear to be a header for the information listed below.	Spelling/formatting
353	695	Respiratory	Pathology	Obstructive lung diseases	none	missing parenthesis at the end of emphysema notes	Spelling/formatting
354	704	Respiratory	Pathology	Pancoast tumor	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482155/	it is noteworthy to add that NSCLC is the most common cancer associated with Pancoast tumor.	High-yield addition to next year
355	704	Respiratory	Pathology	Superior vena cava syndrome	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482155/	Text says "Commonly caused by malignancy (Mediastinal mass, Pancoast tumor)" - Pancoast tumors are less common causes of SVC syndrome given their more peripheral location and cause ipsilateral facial flushing if the sympathetic/cervical ganglion is involved.	Clarification to current text
356	711	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	Not needed	The entry for "Euvolemic hyponatremia in SIADH" states increased "ANB" instead of "ANP" (atrial natriuretic peptide). ANP is mentioned on page 342.	Spelling/formatting
357	712	Respiratory	Pharmacology	Phosphodiesterase inhibitors	https://www.daliresp.com/#:~:text=DALIRESP%20is%20not%20a%20bronchodilator,is%20not%20the%20effective%20dose.	Roflumilast is stated to bronchodilate, but it is not a bronchodilator	Major erratum
358	713	Endocrine	Rapid Review	NEW FACT	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123577-overview?form=fpf	Increase in CAG is mentioned instead of increase in GAG in myxedema in hypothyroidism	Spelling/formatting
359	713	Rapid Review	Pathology	Hypothyroidism	N/A	In the factoid "Myxedema in hypothyroidism", "GAGs" is mistyped as "CAGs"	Minor erratum
360	713	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	self understood	Superior Gluteal injury: hip that drops due to (remove) adductor weakness. Correction: ..... due to defective "ABDUCTOR MECHANISM"	Minor erratum
361	713	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123577-overview?form=fpf#a4	Myxedema in Hypothyroidism, you wrote an increase in CAGs in interstitial space, it should be GAGs	Spelling/formatting
362	717	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	none	Aging-related impaired accommodation, " likely due to primarily due to" decreasd lens elasticity	Spelling/formatting
363	717	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	NEW FACT	Oxford Practice Grammar	"Presbyopia - Aging-related impaired accommodation, likely due to primarily due to decreased lens elasticity" This description should state either "likely due to" or "primarily due to".	Spelling/formatting
364	720	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	Vitamin K	FA 2024	"Vitamin K deficiency - Hemorrhagic disease of newborn with aPTT, normal bleeding time" It states that bleeding time is normal, but just says aPTT. According to FA 2024 on p. 69 the aPTT would be elevated. Proposed correction would be to include an up arrow before aPTT.	Spelling/formatting
365	723	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/infections-due-to-streptococcus-bovis-streptococcus-equinus-complex-sbsec-formerly-group-d-streptococci	For "Colon cancer associated with infective endocarditis" entry, include "Streptococcus gallolyticus" as an alternative to "Streptococcus bovis" to keep the presentation consistent throughout the text.	Clarification to current text
366	725	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	Dementia	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-cognitive-impairment-and-dementia	Chorea, "dementia", caudate degeneration, "dementia" (The word dementia is entered twice in the same line)	Spelling/formatting
367	738	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	Misoprostol	Formatting error	Every two commonly mistaken drugs switches background color between blue and white. However, between the drugs fluphenazine and mifepristone, there is no change in background color which affects the rest of the background colors of the text.	Spelling/formatting
368	742	Section IV Top-Rated Review Resources	Section IV Top-Rated Review Resources	NEW FACT	https://bootcamp.com/med-school	Additional high yield review resource that I was surprised not to see on the list - Med School Bootcamp. Many of the students in my class use Bootcamp extensively to learn material - it is more highly favored than B&B, plus it offers review questions after each video, in addition to USMLE-style questions.	High-yield addition to next year
369	747	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	ART stands for absolute risk of events in the exposed or treatment group" that is mentioned on page 258.	Clarification to current text
370	747	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	ARC stands for absolute risk of events in the control group" that is mentioned on page 258.	Clarification to current text
371	748	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	CH50 stands for 50% Haemolytic Complement that's mentioned on page 104	Clarification to current text
372	748	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	CXCR/CCR stands for C-X-C chemokine receptor/C-C chemokine receptor that's mentioned on page 108	Clarification to current text
373	748	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	DMARD stands for disease-modifying antirheumatic drug that's mentioned on page 168	Clarification to current text
374	748	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	Caspase stands for cysteine-aspartic protease.	Clarification to current text
375	748	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	CysLT1 stands for cysteinyl leukotriene1 that is mentioned on page 253.	Clarification to current text
376	749	Section IV Top-Rated Review Resources	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Spelling	EuChromatin (not euThromatin)	Spelling/formatting
377	749	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	FOXP3 stands for forkhead box p3 that is mentioned on page 100	Clarification to current text
378	749	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	Env stands for envelope that is mentioned on page 173	Clarification to current text
379	749	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	Gag stands for group specific antigen that is mentioned on page 173	Clarification to current text
380	749	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	GLP-1 stands for glucagon-like peptide-1 that's mentioned on page 253.	Clarification to current text
381	750	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	HSL stands for hormone sensitive lipase that is mentioned on page 88	Clarification to current text
382	750	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	Hib stands for Haemophilus influenzae type b that is mentioned on page 96	Clarification to current text
383	750	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Mnemonic	5-HETE stands for 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid that is mentioned on page 211	Clarification to current text
384	751	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	myocardial VOLUME oxygen consumption (volume is missed)	Minor erratum
385	751	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	MCAD ( Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase) should be added because of mentioning it on page 88	Clarification to current text
386	751	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	MBL-MASP stands for Mannose-binding lectin--MBL-associated serine protease that is mentioned on page 104	Clarification to current text
387	751	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	JC stands for John Cunningham that's mentioned on page 116	Clarification to current text
388	752	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Acetylcholine receptors	Internal inconsistency	The "Nm" abbreviation in the Abbreviations and Symbols section says it stands for "muscarinic ACh receptor in neuromuscular junction", but on p235, it is defined as nicotinic: "Nicotinic ACh receptors...Two subtypes: NN...and NM (found in neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle)."	Minor erratum
389	752	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	Pol stands for polymerase that's mentioned on page 173	Clarification to current text
390	752	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor	Nm is a nicotinic receptor. So, "muscarinic should be changed to "nicotinic".	Major erratum
391	752	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	NK1 stands for neurokinin1 that is mentioned on page 253.	Clarification to current text
392	753	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	RAG stands for recombination-activating gene that is mentioned on page 102	Clarification to current text
393	753	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	SRP stands for signal recognition particle that is mentioned on page 113	Clarification to current text
394	753	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	PrPc stands for cellular prion protein	Clarification to current text
395	753	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	PrPsc stands for scrapie prion protein that's mentioned on page 175	Clarification to current text
396	754	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Repetition	VMAT was written twice	Spelling/formatting
397	758	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	Contents of page 154	Image A on page 154 depicted schuffner stippling in RBC.	Minor erratum
398	805	Biochemistry	Genetics	Rett syndrome	https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/rett-syndrome https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/rett-syndrome/	On the reference page to look up MECP2 gene page 805 it has Rhett Syndrome spelled However, on the referenced page of 60 the disorder is spelled Rett Syndrome.	Spelling/formatting
399	132 (in the 2022 edition)	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Gram-positive lab algorithm	N/A -- self generated mnemonic	"OB GγN" -- To remember the order of gram positive sensitivities in the algorithm -- "Optochin sensitivity, Bacitracin sensitivity, Growth in 6.5% saline, gamma hemolytic, Novobiocin sensitivity"	Mnemonic
400	xxx	Neurology and Special Senses	Neuropathology	Cranial nerves	x	Lower Licks the Lesion (LMN lesions of tongue deviate towards the lesion)	Mnemonic
401	514	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy	Homunculus	First Aid 2024	The homunculus can be remembered by drawing a stick figure, the arms spread out in an 'M' shape and the 'A' drawn as legs. A circle in the dip of the 'M' to remember it as a face.	Mnemonic
402	267	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Pearson correlation coefficient	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/coefficient-of-determination/&ved=2ahUKEwid0oTr_--HAxWkFlkFHQq8AEAQFnoECDsQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1CLlhZWZN3RGBRlQPcl2xQ	The definition of Coefficient of determination is incorrect. "Variance in the " must be deleted to become correct because it is related to explained variation/total variation not variance of x.	Major erratum
403	320	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Myocarditis	Self made MNEMONIC	For the viral causes of myocarditis "ABC, HIV, that is six (letters) until nineteen" ==> A=adenovirus; B=parvovirus B19; c= Coxsackie; HIV; 6= HHV-6; until nineteen= COVID-19	Mnemonic
404	320	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Myocarditis	Self Made MNEMONIC	For the bacterial causes of myocarditis: "Don't dip (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) your lime (lyme disease; caused by Borrelia burgdorferi) into cholesterol (Mycoplasma pneumoniae has a cholesterol membrane)	Mnemonic
405	271	Public Health Sciences	Communication Skills	Gender- and sexuality-inclusive history taking	Grammar	"who identifieS as" is incorrect and should be changed to "who identifieD as".	Spelling/formatting
406	749	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	EMR stands for electronic medical record that is mentioned on page 271.	Clarification to current text
407	432	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Platelet disorders	https://reference.medscape.com/article/202158-overview	we can exclude the diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenia if we found splenomegaly in the physical examination	High-yield addition to next year
408	86	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Lysosomal storage diseases	Self-study	My eX was a FAB HUNTER Fabry and Hunter having an X-linked inheritance pattern	Mnemonic
409	276	Public Health Sciences	Healthcare Delivery	Medicare and Medicaid	Grammar	Elderly & Disadvantaged are adjectives. So, we should add "THE" before them to make nouns and correct the meaning.	Spelling/formatting
410	256	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Observational studies	Self-study	For better correlation, we can highlight the 2nd last letter of the word- case-contrOl for Odds ratio and cohoRt for Relative risk	Mnemonic
411	256	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Observational studies	Self-study	The "measures" of the Twin concordance study and Adoption study are the same, so they can be combined.	Spelling/formatting
412	526	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Effects of strokes	.	Addition of Weber syndrome in Posterior circulation	Major erratum
413	507	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Sleep physiology	.	EEG waveforms for sleep cycles	Clarification to current text
414	431	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Coagulation disorders	N/a	To remember that Hemophilia C is a deficiency in factor 11, I pretend the C is a mouth and add 2 lines for eyes to make a smiley face. Something like “C=“ written out.	Mnemonic
415	447	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	NEW FACT	1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/lenalidomide-drug-information 2. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/multiple-myeloma-initial-treatment	Suggestion for the Addition of Lenalidomide to the Anticancer Small Molecule Inhibitors Table: I recommend adding Lenalidomide, a derivative of thalidomide, to the Anticancer Small Molecule Inhibitors table on the page. Suggested Entry: Agent: Lenalidomide Target: E3 ubiquitin ligase complex (increases ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of key transcription factors) Clinical Use: Multiple Myeloma Mantle Cell Lymphoma Follicular Lymphoma Marginal Zone Lymphoma Myelodysplastic Syndromes (low- or intermediate-1-risk with deletion 5q) Adverse Effects: Myelosuppression (neutropenia, thrombocytopenia) Infections (secondary to neutropenia) Hepatotoxicity Rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) Thromboembolic events (DVT, PE) Secondary malignancies	High-yield addition to next year
416	285	Cardiovascular	Embryology	Heart morphogenesis	According to the content.	Aorticopulmonary septum in the part 3 should be bicolored as part 2.	Minor erratum
417	117	Immunology	Immune Responses	Transplant rejection	N/A	Clinical manifestations of Graft-VeRsus-Host-Disease --> Gaundice, Maculopapular Rash, Hepatosplenomegaly, Diarrhea	Mnemonic
418	350	Endocrine	Pathology	Diabetes mellitus	Uptodate	Decrease insulin cause hyperglycemia not hypoglycemia is error in flow chart	Major erratum
419	289	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Cardiac output variables	According to the content.	In Afterload section, it is better to reverse the sequence for providing a clearer understanding of the relationship between afterload, pressure, and wall tension. So this sequence is better: Increased afterload → Increased pressure → Increased wall tension.	Clarification to current text
420	446	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	NEW FACT	It is a mnemonic	Trastuzumab is reversible so the mnemonic is "Trust that it will reverse"	Mnemonic
421	291	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Cardiac and vascular function curves	According to the content.	In 2,4, and 6 curves, the direction of the arrow should be inverted.As these are inhibited.	Minor erratum
422	462	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Overuse injuries of the elbow	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/717#!#:~:text=Golfer%27s%20elbow%20%E2%80%94%20Golfer%27s%20elbow%20is%20treated%20with,Restart%20with%20a%20lighter%20weight%20or%20fewer%20repetitions.	Medial/ Golfer's elbow tendinopathy is due to repetitive elbow flexion and not wrist flexion. That is why it is an elbow overuse injury and not a wrist overuse injury!	Major erratum
423	462	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Overuse injuries of the elbow	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/elbow-tendinopathy-tennis-and-golf-elbow	Lateral/ tennis elbow tendinopathy is due to repetitive elbow extension and not wrist extension. That is why it is an elbow overuse injury and not a wrist overuse injury!	Major erratum
424	188	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Aminoglycosides	N/A	The text shows "Mean" (aminoglycoside) GNATS cannot killl anaerobes. This is a typo by closing the quotes after the word 'Mean' - the memory tool continues until the word anaerobes and the the end quote should be placed there. I was confused by this pneumonic for some time because of the formatting. It should read: "Mean (aminoglycoside) GNATS cannot kill anaerobes." instead of what is shown in the book	Spelling/formatting
425	624	Renal	Pathology	Nephroblastoma	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beckwith-wiedemann-syndrome	BeckWITH-Wiedemann Syndrome-- W: Wilms tumor; I: Increase in organ size; T: Tongue enlargement; H: Hemihyperplasia; And I also use the "WITH" to remember WT2 like "are you 2 coming WITH me?"	Mnemonic
426	294	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Splitting of S2	According to the content.	In paradoxical splitting, as it mentioned the aortic valve closed with delay. So on inspiration "A2" not P2 closes layer and moves closer to "P2" not A2.	Minor erratum
427	294	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Splitting of S2	https://stanfordmedicine25.stanford.edu/the25/cardiac.html	In Figures, A2 and P2 has the same height but it is incorrect and indeed, A2 is taller than P2 because of its loudness.	Clarification to current text
428	455	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Actions of hip muscles	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470555/	Hip extensors can be remembered by: “Go Straighten Some Legs” (G- Gluteus maximus, S- Semitendinosus, S- Semimembranosus, L- Long head of biceps femoris). Hip flexors can be remembered by: “Please Sit In Real Tight” (P- Pectineus, S- Sartorius, I- Iliopsoas, R- Rectus femoris, T- Tensor fascia lata (Imagine a person drawing knees in and flexing hips like in fetal position).	Mnemonic
429	642	Reproductive	Anatomy	Descent of testes and ovaries	FirstAid	As mentioned in the section on Hernias in Gastrointestinal Anatomy, the failure of the processus vaginalis to close can lead to an Indirect inguinal hernia & Hydrocele. Therefore, we can include the mention of Indirect inguinal hernia here as well.	Clarification to current text
430	359	Endocrine	Pharmacology	NEW FACT	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2-inhibitors-for-the-treatment-of-hyperglycemia-in-type-2-diabetes-mellitus#H2627189083	SGLT-2 inhibitors side effect: Euglycemic DKA	High-yield addition to next year
431	295	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Auscultation of the heart	Mnemonic	For remembering, in Inspiration maneuver we can use "RILE" word.(Right-sided murmurs increase with Inspiration & Left-sided murmurs increase with Expiration)	Mnemonic
432	444	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Antitumor antibiotics	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538187/ // https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8267727/#:~:text=Chemotherapeutic%20drugs%20can%20also%20be,cells%20%5B20%2C21%5D.	Anthracyclines are listed as G2/M phase specific. However, they are cell cycle nonspecific.	Major erratum
433	395	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Colorectal cancer	Mnemonic	APC -> KRAS -> TP53 this goes in the alphabetical order, A -> K -> T/P. So if they ask whats the last step before it becomes cancer, you'll know its T/P	Mnemonic
434	298	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Electrocardiogram	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507715/	In pacemaker rates: atria can be between SA & AV.	Clarification to current text
435	365	Gastrointestinal	Embryology	Ventral wall defects	1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519010/ 2.https://www.uptodate.com/contents/omphalocele-prenatal-diagnosis-and-pregnancy-management?search=omphalocele&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E52&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	FA - "Herniation of abdominal contents through umbilicus" (probably should be "through the base of the umbilical cord"). As per StatPearls: "It is a protrusion of the abdominal contents covered with peritoneum through the base of the umbilical cord" and as per UpToDate "An omphalocele is a midline abdominal wall defect of variable diameter at the base of the umbilicaal cord."	Minor erratum
436	301	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Capillary fluid exchange	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venule	It would be better to change venous end in the figure to "venule" end.	Clarification to current text
437	468	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Systems	NEW FACT	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430805/	I wanted to include a crucial fact that makes it easier to understand: Pagets disease: The disease can affect any bone in the body but is more often seen in the spine, pelvis, and skull. This is because of presence of red bone marrow in these regions, similar to how osteoporosis affects the same regions mainly.	High-yield addition to next year
438	308	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Coronary artery disease	According to the content.	In Unstable angina, it would be better to add "exertional" before chest pain in the phrase of intensity of chest pain.	Clarification to current text
439	636	Reproductive	Embryology	Umbilical cord	Self-study	2 umbilical arteries can be easily remembered with the mnemonic "ar'two'ries", as 1 artery signifies an anomaly.	Mnemonic
440	312	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Hereditary channelopathies	Mnemonic	For remembering, we can highlight and bold "SEN S" in "nielSEN Syndrome" and "SENSorineural".	Mnemonic
441	94	Immunology	Lymphoid Structures	Lymph node	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1899053-overview?form=fpf#a2	I am reaching out to suggest an update for the table describing lymph node anatomy. The table initially describes the follicle, which is in the outer cortex, followed by medulla, and then the paracortex. I wanted to suggest if the table could be more consistent and follow the anatomical structure of the lymph node so cortex-->paracortex-->medulla. Perhaps also replacing the heading of "follicle" as a subheading under the heading of cortex. I am reaching out to suggest an update for the table describing lymph node anatomy. The table initially describes the follicle, which is in the outer cortex, followed by medulla, and then the paracortex. I wanted to suggest if the table could be more consistent and follow the anatomical structure of the lymph node so cortex-->paracortex-->medulla. Perhaps also replacing the heading of "follicle" as a subheading under the heading of cortex.	Spelling/formatting
442	144	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Helicobacter pylori	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/helicobacter-pylori-and-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease	Trick to remember which part of the stomach Helicobacter pylori colonizes in: "When you're flying in a helicopter (Helicobacter), everyone below is the size of an ant (antrum)"	Mnemonic
443	706	Respiratory	Pharmacology	Asthma drugs	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-budesonide-therapy-for-adults-with-inflammatory-bowel-disease?search=budesonide&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2%7E133&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	In the figure on the bottom of page 706, a drug is spelled both "budesonide" and "budenoside". I believe "budesonide" is the proper spelling.	Spelling/formatting
444	454	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Upper extremity nerves	n/a	Mnemonic for remembering which nerves are injured in different humerus fractures: surgical neck = Axillary nerve; mid-shaft = Radial nerve; supracondylar = Median nerve; the nerves injured as the breaks progress down the humerus spell ARM	Mnemonic
445	331	Endocrine	Anatomy	Adrenal cortex and medulla	not needed	Cortex from Mesoderm and Medulla from Crest (M and C letters opposing each other)	Mnemonic
446	651	Reproductive	Physiology	Physiologic changes in pregnancy	N/A	In the diagram for endocrine changes, it says “resitance” instead of resistance	Spelling/formatting
447	unknown	Psychiatry	Psychology	Major depressive disorder	https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2017/04/klinisk-oversikt/what-distinguishes-prolonged-grief-disorder-depression	Prolonged grief reaction is said in First Aid, but in a question stem, there is "complicated grief reaction" in this question stem? I don't see the term "complicated grief reaction" in the typical Step 1 resources. Is this a new term? Perhaps that should be mentioned in future explanations or in First Aid itself!	Clarification to current text
448	unknown	Psychiatry	Psychology	Major depressive disorder	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK591827/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20ELNEC%2C%20there,exaggerated%20grief%2C%20and%20masked%20grief.	Original comment from student: Prolonged grief reaction is said in First Aid, but in a question stem, there is "complicated grief reaction" in this question stem? I don't see the term "complicated grief reaction" in the typical Step 1 resources. Is this a new term? Perhaps that should be mentioned in future explanations or in First Aid itself! Please add to FA the 4 types of complicated grief if there is a question about it in the question bank.	Clarification to current text
449	263	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	NEW FACT	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430882/	on page 263, in the sentence of 'between OPC use and DVT among smokers, the OPC should be OCP.	Minor erratum
450	450	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Upper extremity nerves	https://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/nerves/musculocutaneous-nerve/#section-66e6a5045a806	it is written in the book that muscolocutaneous nerve injury would lead to the loss of dorsal forearm sensory supply which is wrong as it supplies only the lateral part of the forearm	Minor erratum
451	511	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Basal ganglia	https://www-uptodate-com.cmich.idm.oclc.org/contents/huntington-disease-genetics-and-pathogenesis?search=neostriatum&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E2&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Instead of saying Striatum = putamen + caudate nucleus, it should say neostriatum. This makes it less confusing as the lentiform nucleus + caudate nucleus = corpus striatum.	Clarification to current text
452	390	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Appendicitis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-acute-appendicitis-in-adults	I suggest adding high-yield content to the "Appendicitis" section to include newer management options, such as nonoperative management with antibiotics for uncomplicated cases. This reflects current clinical practice trends and guidelines. Additionally, incorporating diagnostic imaging modalities (e.g., ultrasound and CT) and providing a concise differential diagnosis for right lower quadrant pain will enhance the section's clarity and comprehensiveness. These updates will provide more value to students preparing for the USMLE Step 1 by including up-to-date information while maintaining the high-yield focus of the book. Rewritten Section: Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the appendix (blue arrow in A), caused by fecalith (adults) or lymphoid hyperplasia (children). Pathophysiology: Proximal appendiceal lumen obstruction ➔ ↑ intraluminal pressure ➔ ischemia and bacterial overgrowth ➔ initial diffuse periumbilical pain (T8-T10) ➔ inflammation extends to serosa, irritates parietal peritoneum ➔ localized RLQ pain (McBurney point: 1/3 distance from right anterior superior iliac spine to umbilicus). Clinical signs: Nausea, fever; possible perforation ➔ peritonitis. Positive psoas, obturator, and Rovsing signs (RLQ pain with palpation of LLQ); guarding, rebound tenderness. Diagnosis: Clinical presentation, ultrasound, or CT (high sensitivity/specificity). Treatment: - Nonoperative: Antibiotics for uncomplicated cases (e.g., IV ceftriaxone + metronidazole, then oral amoxicillin-clavulanate). - Surgical: Appendectomy for most cases, especially with perforation or generalized peritonitis.	High-yield addition to next year
453	308	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Coronary artery disease	According to the content.	In Unstable angina, it would be better to add "exertional" before chest pain in the phrase of intensity of chest pain.	Clarification to current text
454	312	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Hereditary channelopathies	Mnemonic	For remembering, we can highlight and bold "SEN S" in "nielSEN Syndrome" and "SENSorineural".	Mnemonic
455	316	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Heart failure	According to the content.	In HFrEF graph, up arrow is incorrect and must be changed with down arrow.Because as it mentioned in the text above the contractility reduced in systolic dysfunction.	Minor erratum
456	316	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Heart failure	According to the content.	In HFpEF graph, up arrow is incorrect and must be changed with down arrow.Because as it mentioned in the text above the compliance reduced in diastolic dysfunction.	Minor erratum
457	303	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Congenital heart diseases	https://next.amboss.com/us/article/4403jT?q=vsd#UEXbE-; https://www.uptodate.com/contents/isolated-ventricular-septal-defects-vsds-in-infants-and-children-anatomy-clinical-features-and-diagnosis?search=vsd&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H37	Ventricular septal defects are not only associated with LV overload. The left-to-right shunting found in VSDs results in volume overload of the right ventricle. Volume overload of the ventricles results in dilated cardiomyopathy (eccentric hypertrophy of the ventricle). The shunting of blood also increases the volume of blood being pushed through the pulmonary artery, resulting in pulmonary hypertension. If pulmonary hypertension is present, RV hypertrophy will also develop to overcome the pulmonary vascular resistance.	Major erratum
458	426	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Macrocytic anemias	No need	Mnemonic for Diamond-Black(F)an anemia; ↑HB(F)%, Cranio(F)acial Abnormalities(Tri(F)alengeal thumb). the F's should be in red color so you can memorize those more easily	Mnemonic
459	317	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Cardiac tamponade	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482292/	"Restrictive cardiomyopathy" like constrictive pericarditis can cause pulsus paradoxus.	Clarification to current text
460	319	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Rheumatic fever	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anitschkow_cell	Anitschkow cells: enlarged macrophages with ovoid nucleus and wavy, rodlike chromatin inside in.	Clarification to current text
461	760	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	According to the image of page 319	Page number for acute pericarditis is "319" not 320.	Minor erratum
462	752	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Contraction	"PKA" stands for Protein Kinase A. It is mentioned in figure of page 322.	Clarification to current text
463	670	Reproductive	Pathology	Testicular torsion	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559125/	In the diagram P.670, testicular torsion diagram shows that the tunica vaginalis is partially covering testis, but this isn't true, in testicular torsion the tunica vaginalis surrounds testis and the spermatic cord so the testis can float freely to get torsion	Minor erratum
464	752	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Contraction	"PLB" stands for Phospholamban . It is mentioned in figure of page 322.	Clarification to current text
465	753	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Contraction	"SERCA" stands for SarcoEndoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase. It is mentioned in figure of page 322.	Clarification to current text
466	196	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Antiprotozoal therapy	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chagas-disease-chronic-trypanosoma-cruzi-infection	nifurtimox (T cruzi) - uptodate and amboss but have the treatment listed as benznidazole rather than nifurtimox. I attached the uptodate article and the amboss question bank and article pictures.	Minor erratum
467	137	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	NEW FACT	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-actinomycosis	Norcardia and actinomyces treatment should be SNAP'D and the D would stand for doxycycline treatment of Actinomyces with a penicillin allergy. .	Mnemonic
468	312	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Sick sinus syndrome	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sinoatrial-nodal-pause-arrest-and-exit-block#H4	Sinus Pause mentioned in Image is actually a Sinus Arrest ( Dropped P wave) with junctional escape Beat and in Sinus Pause there is actually a Delayed P wave .	Clarification to current text
469	78	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Disorders of galactose metabolism	https://exchange.scholarrx.com/brick/disorders-of-fructose-and-galactose-metabolism	Galactokinase deficiency typically presents with cataracts in older children (childhood or young adulthood), not infancy.	Minor erratum
470	343	Endocrine	Pathology	Growth hormone	Statpearls	Laron syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder that is due to defective GH receptor on hepatocytes (i.e. GH acts on its receptor via janus kinase pathway to produce IGF-1, which stimulates linear growth of the bone); Clinical features include proportionately short limbs and trunk; Treatment is recombinant IGF-1 supplementation.	High-yield addition to next year
471	343	Endocrine	Pathology	Hypopituitarism	Statpearls	Nelson syndrome is characterized by an enlargement of existing ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma after bilateral adrenalectomy for refractory cushing disease (due to removal of cortisol feedback mechanism); Clinical features are hyperpigmentation, headache and bitemporal hemianopia following bilateral adrenalectomy for refractory cushing disease; Treatment includes pituitary irradiation or surgical resection.	High-yield addition to next year
472	323	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Antiarrhythmics—potassium channel blockers (class III)	No need just mnemonic	AmIODarone is 40% IODine highlight IOD as mnemonic for Iodine	Mnemonic
473	690	Respiratory	Pathology	Epistaxis	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-epistaxis	Kiesselbach drives his Lexus with his LEGS: superior Labial artery, anterior and "posterior" Ethmoidal arteries; remove **Posterior Ethmoidal Artery as it doesn't involve in formation of Kiesselbach's plexus.	Clarification to current text
474	754	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations	"TG" also stands for "Thyroglobulin" that is mentioned in the figure of page 335.	Clarification to current text
475	338	Endocrine	Physiology	Insulin	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin&ved=2ahUKEwjIvO7e6eeIAxVuFFkFHZTxO5sQFnoECEsQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1shvsn0GOvC5LJCRsIorHn	In insulin structure, it is two disulfide bond. But figure shows one sulfur in each bond. So, one S must be added to each bond.	Minor erratum
476	734	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	Rapid Review	NA	"mamillary body" should be changed as "mammillary body"	Spelling/formatting
477	340	Endocrine	Physiology	Appetite regulation	Mnemonic	For remembering, we can highlight and bold "G" in "Ghrelin" and "hunGer".	Mnemonic
478	340	Endocrine	Physiology	Appetite regulation	Mnemonic	For remembering, we can highlight and bold "T" in "lepTin" and "saTiety".	Mnemonic
479	341	Endocrine	Physiology	Signaling pathways of endocrine hormones	Formatting	In PET CAT "in" TV, "in" isn't contraction. So it should be written in black	Spelling/formatting
480	439	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Chromosomal translocations	mnemonic	t(14;18) "F"ourteen for "F"ollicular lymphoma	Mnemonic
481	326	Cardiovascular	Pharmacology	Digoxin	https://cvpharmacology.com/cardiostimulatory/digitalis , https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1237121/#:~:text=The%20Na%2B%2DCa2%2B,Ca2%2B%20and%20Na%2B. , 10.1007/s11897-016-0302-z , Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts, 3rd edition textbook, Published by Wolters Kluwer (2021) ,	it is mentioned that Digoxin inhibits the sodium calcium exchanger indirectly , actually according to many resources and recent research , the Sodium calcium exchange activity is increased ( it's a two way pump that acts in both directions ) so it's activity actually increase so that calcium influx occurs increasing the calcium concentration inside the myocyte and so it increases it's contractility . sodium calcium exchanger pump works in both direction ( reversible ) since we reversed the gradient of sodium it will wok in opposite direction effluxing sodium out while influxing calcium , The Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) catalyzes the electrogenic exchange of Na+ for Ca2+ across the cardiac sarcolemma and is reversible, operating in either forward (Ca2+-efflux) or reverse (Ca2+-influx) modes	Major erratum
482	347	Endocrine	Pathology	Thyroid cancer	According to the content.	Follicular carcinoma: "tumor" is incorrect in "invades tumor capsule & vasculature" and it should be changed with "thyroid".	Minor erratum
483	348	Endocrine	Pathology	Hypoparathyroidism	According to the content.	In pseudohypoparathyroidism, "inactivation" of adenylate cyclase leads to misunderstanding and it would be better to be changed with "not activation or not stimulation".	Clarification to current text
484	69	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Antidiuretic hormone	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507876/#:~:text=Children%20with%20kwashiorkor%20were%20found,responds%20aggressively%2C%20causing%20sodium%20retention.	ADH increases not decreases in Kwashiorkor, in the book it says that edema arises from decreased ADH which I think is wrong	Major erratum
485	621	Renal	Pathology	Consequences of renal failure	https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/fibroblast-growth-factor-23#:~:text=Fibroblast%20growth%20factor%2D23%20(FGF23,et%20al.%2C%202006). And mentioned in UWorld in 3 different questions	Normal phosphate levels are maintained during early stages of CKD due to levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), which promotes renal excretion of phosphate(and inhibiting renal expression of 1-alpha hydroxylase). “FGF23 fights f(ph)osphate.”	High-yield addition to next year
486	375	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Femoral region	Netter - Atlas anatomy	Calrification about the femoral ring in the picture, it's drawn as it including the femoral artery and vein inside, but it's really includ only femoral canal and it's content	Clarification to current text
487	344	Endocrine	Pathology	Hypothyroidism vs hyperthyroidism	n/a	It is worth mentioning that elevated TRH induces hyperprolactinemia im primary hypothyroid patients.	Minor erratum
488	344	Endocrine	Pathology	Hypothyroidism vs hyperthyroidism	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122393-overview?form=fpf	In hypothyroidism, TSH is the most sensitive marker, as it is very sensitive to T3/T4 changes. (small changes in T3/T4 reflect large changes in TSH)	Clarification to current text
489	708, 56	Rapid Review	Genetics	NEW FACT	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/prader-willi-syndrome-clinical-features-and-diagnosis/print	Prader-Willi Syndrome is the silencing of PATERNAL gene or loss of it, or disomy of the maternal gene, silencing of the maternal gene. Similarly the same error exists for Angelman Syndrome is the silencing of the maternal gene, or disomy of the paternal, in both the rapid review and the genetics section.	Major erratum
490	361	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Cation exchange resins	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_zirconium_cyclosilicate	"Sodium" should be added before "zirconium cyclosilicate".	Minor erratum
491	640	Reproductive	Embryology	Uterine (Müllerian duct) anomalies	Jayaprakasan K, Ojha K. Diagnosis of Congenital Uterine Abnormalities: Practical Considerations. J Clin Med. 2022 Feb 25;11(5):1251. doi: 10.3390/jcm11051251. PMID: 35268343; PMCID: PMC8911320.	I would like to point out an error in the book: The Figure A for "Septate uterus, Incomplete resorption of septum" should actually depict a bicornuate uterus. Conversely, the Figure B for "Bicornuate uterus, Incomplete fusion of Müllerian ducts" should represent a septate uterus. This is based on references provided in the 2024 editions of First Aid, specifically: Jayaprakasan K, Ojha K. Diagnosis of Congenital Uterine Abnormalities: Practical Considerations. J Clin Med. 2022 Feb 25;11(5):1251. doi: 10.3390/jcm11051251. PMID: 35268343; PMCID: PMC8911320. Please refer to the attachment for more details.	Major erratum
492	365	Gastrointestinal	Embryology	Ventral wall defects	According to the content.	The figure of gastroschisis is incorrect and as mentioned above that, intestines are right side of umbilicus.	Minor erratum
493	339	Endocrine	Physiology	Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias	not needed	Addition to the very last line of the page that says starting with 1 causes HTN, ends with 1 causes female virilization. We can add "and if contains α (i.e 17-α and 5-α) it leads to ambiguous genitalia in males".	Mnemonic
494	761	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	According to the content.	The ventral wall defects:Image C is related to congenital "umbilical" hernia but wrongly is written congenital "diaphragmatic" hernia.	Major erratum
495	367	Gastrointestinal	Embryology	Pancreas and spleen embryology	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas_divisum	In pancreas divisum, two "parts" fuse and forms single head but two "ducts" don't fuse and lead to two separate ducts(divisum). So, it should be better "parts" change to "ducts".	Clarification to current text
496	697	Respiratory	Pathology	Sleep apnea	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482300/#:~:text=The%20presence%20of%20hypoventilation%20during,pathology%2C%20or%20chest%20wall%20disorder.	it is written that for diagnosing obesity hypoventilation syndrome the BMI is greater than or equal 30 kg/m^2 BUT according to it's new definition it should be greater than 30 kg/m^2 ( NOT equal ) and this is it's latest definition better than the one mentioned in the book " The presence of hypoventilation during wakefulness with PaCO2 more significant than 45 mm Hg in the presence of obesity (BMI greater than 30 kg/m^2) confirms the diagnosis, given that hypoventilation is not due to lung parenchymal or airway disease, pulmonary vascular pathology, or chest wall disorder. "	Minor erratum
497	369	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Digestive tract histology	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/jejunum%3Flang%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjbmcbmz5CJAxW8FFkFHdgFED0QFnoECBcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3Tl4TJxP_BhhLBS35Kszro	The jejunum has a delicate feature-like appearance. Therefore, "feathered"(having feathers) should be changed to "feathery" looking like feathers).	Clarification to current text
498	92	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Familial dyslipidemias	https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/585045_2; https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/126568-clinical?form=fpf	For type 1 hyperchylomicronemia, a very common ocular finding when TG levels >2500 is lipemia retinalis (Milky white retinal vasculature) and it is worth highlighting “LIPemia” coming from an Lipoprotein lipase deficiency	High-yield addition to next year
499	355	Endocrine	Pathology	Pheochromocytoma	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/124059-workup#c13 ; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6108014/	Histopathology of Pheochromocytoma is a nests of spindle or polygonal shaped cells, or a characteristic zellballen pattern.	High-yield addition to next year
500	356	Endocrine	Pathology	Multiple endocrine neoplasias	not needed	A association for MEN2 is that medullary thyroid ca and pheochromocytoma both have spindle/polygonal nests on histology.	Mnemonic
501	235	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Autonomic receptors	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526134/#:~:text=The%20nicotinic%20receptor%20subdivides%20into,central%20or%20neuronal%20receptor%20subtype.	In the figure, include a "Nn" next to the Adrenal Gland receptor to clarify that this is a nicotinic receptor of neuronal subtype.	Clarification to current text
502	652	Reproductive	Physiology	Apgar score	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-routine-management-of-the-healthy-newborn-infant/print	APGAR scores do not predict individual mortality or adverse neurologic outcome but FA mentions "If Apgar score remains low at later time points, there is risk the child will develop long-term neurologic damage."	Minor erratum
503	375	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Femoral region	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoral_canal&ved=2ahUKEwiQ8MX4h5WJAxXcrYkEHWiQKcMQFnoECDIQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3UiTstj3rBmfDmARStPpRF	The region referred to as the 'femoral ring' is incorrect and should be limited to the area surrounding the lymphatics.The "femoral ring" is the medial compartment of the femoral sheath.	Major erratum
504	135	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci)	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-guidelines?form=fpf , https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/02/prevention-of-group-b-streptococcal-early-onset-disease-in-newborns	This is the text regarding GBS prevention in pregnant patients in the FA book: "Screen pregnant patients at 35-37 weeks of gestation with rectal and vaginal swabs." The latest guidelines suggest screening for GBS at 36(0/7)-37(6/7) weeks of gestation. This is an important detail because the criteria for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis with Penicillin G for GBS include a positive culture for GBS at 36 weeks of gestation, not 35. Quoting the American College of Obstreticians and Gynecologists: "All women whose vaginal–rectal cultures at 36 0/7–37 6/7 weeks of gestation are positive for GBS should receive appropriate intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis unless a prelabor cesarean birth is performed in the setting of intact membranes."	Minor erratum
505	539	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Neurocutaneous disorders	Self-study	The Mnemonic for NF2 can be further elaborated to- NF2 affects 2 ears, 2 eyes, and 2 parts of the brain	Mnemonic
506	376	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Myopectineal orifice	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilioinguinal_nerve	The ilioinguinal nerve does not pass through the deep inguinal ring; it only passes through the superficial inguinal ring. Therefore, it should be replaced with the "genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve".	Major erratum
507	366	Gastrointestinal	Embryology	Intestinal atresia	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470548/	Duodenal atresia can present with a gasless distal bowel, similar to how jejunal and ileal atresia can present with a gasless colon.	Clarification to current text
508	377	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Hernias	https://www.mcw.edu/departments/surgery/divisions/minimally-invasive-and-gastrointestinal-surgery/patient-care/gerd-and-gastrointestinal-surgery-program/paraesophageal-hernia-hiatal-hernia#:~:text=Sliding%20hiatal%20hernias%20can%20cause,during%20or%20shortly%20following%20eating.	Paraesophageal hernia can also be associated with GERD, not only sliding hiatal hernia	Clarification to current text
509	377	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Hernias	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535449/#:~:text=A%20femoral%20hernia%20occurs%20in,ligament%20(lacunar%20ligament)%20medially.	The herniated loop in femoral hernia is bordered laterally by the femoral vein.	High-yield addition to next year
510	375	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Biliary structures	https://radiopaedia.org/articles/double-duct-sign	The double duct sign is not limited to gallstones that reach the ampulla of Vater; generally, it suggests a malignant cause, such as a tumor of the head of the pancreas, until proven otherwise.	High-yield addition to next year
511	378	Gastrointestinal	Physiology	Gastrointestinal regulatory substances	Mnemonic	For remembering, we can highlight and bold "G" in "Gastrin" and "G cells".	Mnemonic
512	378	Gastrointestinal	Physiology	Gastrointestinal regulatory substances	Mnemonic	For remembering, we can highlight and bold "S" in "Secretin" and "S cells".	Mnemonic
513	379	Gastrointestinal	Physiology	Gastrointestinal secretory products	Mnemonic	The parietal cells have "proton pumps". For remembering, we can highlight and bold "P" in "Parietal" and "Proton Pump".	Mnemonic
514	458	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Signs of lumbosacral radiculopathy	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1899031-overview#showall:~:text=Lumbar%20spinal%20nerves%20exit%20the%20vertebral%20canal%20by%20passing%20inferior%20to%20the%20pedicles%20of%20the%20corresponding%20vertebrae%20since%20early%20in%20development	Spinal nerves in the Lumbosacral spine exit below their corresponding vertebral body level, Ex: L4 nerve root exits between L4-5 (Not L3-L4 as pointed out in FirstAid)	Major erratum
515	380	Gastrointestinal	Physiology	Locations of gastrointestinal secretory cells	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zymogen	The zymogen is an inactive precursor of an enzyme. So in the figure, "elastase" and "carboxypeptidase" should be changed to "proelastase" and "procarboxypeptidase".	Minor erratum
516	524	Neurology and Special Senses	Neuropathology	Common brain lesions	https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/paramedian-pontine-reticular-formation	Paramedian pontine reticular formation Eyes look away from brain"stem" lesion (ie, toward side of hemiplegia).	Major erratum
517	705	Respiratory	Pharmacology	Pulmonary hypertension drugs	N/A	The figure under prostacyclin pathway says "arachadonic" acid. It should be spelled "arachidonic".	Spelling/formatting
518	386	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Gastric cancer	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0715/p189.html&ved=2ahUKEwj47P_iwp-JAxVUlIkEHVPnNZsQr4kDegQIIxAD&usg=AOvVaw0Vo10NdC5OKyNCIEAIR1IJ	"Irish node"-- metastatic spread of gastric cancer to the left anterior axillary lymph node.	High-yield addition to next year
519	184	Microbiology	Antimicrobials	Antimicrobial therapy	Hirakawa H, Kurabayashi K, Tanimoto K, Tomita H. Oxygen Limitation Enhances the Antimicrobial Activity of Fosfomycin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Following Overexpression of glpT Which Encodes Glycerol-3-Phosphate/Fosfomycin Symporter. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2018; 9. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01950	You should add a new antimicrobial which is “fosfomycin” to the list of Cell wall Synthesis inhibitors , it’s very high yield info… it’s one of the Epoxides group	High-yield addition to next year
520	632	Reproductive	Embryology	Teratogens	https://next.amboss.com/us/article/dm0oeg?q=fetal%20hydantoin%20syndrome#Z56ed19ac0df4634447aa69c9fcbd4eb3	I suggest to add that Phenytoin can cause “Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome” (hypoplastic nails, Microcephaly, IUGR, excessive hair growth on face and body)… Mnemonic: Phenytoin & Hydantoin both have “toin”	High-yield addition to next year
521	391	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Zenker diverticulum	According to the content.	As it is a false diverticulum, herniation of mucosal and "submucosal" tissue occurs. So "submucosal" should be added.	Clarification to current text
522	602	Renal	Physiology	Glucose clearance	First aid	In the chart, the green bar should represent normal. If it’s the range(60-120) the bar should be wider.	Minor erratum
523	392	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Malrotation	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladd%27s_bands	Ladd's bands attach the cecum to the retroperitoneum, so the figure must be corrected.	Minor erratum
524	392	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Volvulus	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2048554-overview&ved=2ahUKEwi_ua2846mJAxWDJDQIHW3qKJwQFnoECCQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2Q4ADE2jepmAC5CYW4OJpD	In sigmoid volvulus, the rotation is always counterclockwise, so the direction of the arrow in the figure must be changed.	Major erratum
525	448	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Key chemotoxicities	https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-neurologic-complications-of-conventional-non-platinum-cancer-chemotherapy?csi%3Dddffafc2-482b-4d6b-8a35-a59dbc2aeb45%26source%3DcontentShare&source=gmail&ust=1729980452622000&usg=AOvVaw1HumpLMr4zKRgyQBLCSLBr&rct=i	Asparaginase can cause Neurotoxicity …… the mnemonic is the Letter “A” looks like a hat on the head of the drawing so it remember us with Neurotoxicity	Mnemonic
526	762	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	According to the content.	The head of "Other intestinal disorders: image B" must be replaced with "Other intestinal disorders: image C" ,and vice versa.	Minor erratum
527	648	Reproductive	Physiology	Estrogen	https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/theca-externa	The image shows theca cells which respond to LH, however, it is the theca interna cells that carry this function as the externa cells are for structural support. It's worth mentioning the specific cell subtype.	Minor erratum
528	650	Reproductive	Physiology	Menstrual cycle	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252928-overview#a3	Under the follicular phase, it says late stages stimulate FSH however FSH is higher in earlier stages.	Minor erratum
529	532	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Headaches	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554611/#:~:text=The%20headache%20phase%20of%20migraine,features%20of%20the%20headache%20phase.	It is mentioned that migraines present as a unilateral headache. However, numerous studies have shown that migraines can present bilaterally in a minority of cases.	High-yield addition to next year
530	390	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Irritable bowel syndrome	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-irritable-bowel-syndrome-in-adults#:~:text=Irritable%2520bowel%2520syndrome%2520(IBS)%2520%E2%80%93,change%2520in%2520form%2520(appearance)%2520of	It is mentioned recurrent abdominal pain without clarifying the duration of that abdominal pain, I suggest we edit that according to rome criteria, which is abdominal pain occuring at least one day per week in the last 3 months	Clarification to current text
531	674	Reproductive	Pharmacology	Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs	not needed	Under clinical use: infertility is treated with pulsatile GnRH analog infusion; pulsatile vs continuous analog must be differentiated.	Clarification to current text
532	493	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Dermatology	Skin cancer	https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2656365/	Melanoma is all about the money (stains S-100). Make the M in melanoma and money bold to help reinforce the connection. The phrase “all about the money” suggests S-100 as if it’s currency, making it easier to remember the connection between melanoma and its characteristic staining.	Mnemonic
533	451	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Arm abduction	https://anatomy.elpaso.ttuhsc.edu/modules/upper_limb_module/upper_limb_05.html#:~:text=Muscles%3A%20supraspinatus%20(initiates%20abduction%20%2D,humerus%20bumps%20into%20the%20acromion.	Sup Dog Are you Salty. “Sup” represents the supraspinatus, which initiates abduction from 0–15°. “Dog” stands for the deltoid, responsible for continuing abduction from 15–90°. “Are” refers to the accessory nerve, which supports abduction above 90° by activating the trapezius. Finally, “U Salty” represents the serratus anterior, innervated by the long thoracic nerve, which completes the motion above 90° to allow full arm elevation.	Mnemonic
534	403	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Cholelithiasis and related pathologies	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirizzi%27s_syndrome	"Mirizzi syndrome" is a rare complication in which a gallstone becomes impacted in the cystic duct or neck of the gallbladder causing compression of the common hepatic duct, resulting in obstruction and jaundice.	High-yield addition to next year
535	750	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholescintigraphy?searchToken=9k1n99pcknwcs4ob8a35fg6ae	"HIDA" stands for "hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid". It is mentioned on page 403.	Clarification to current text
536	763	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	According to the content.	Since "Cholelithiasis and related pathologies: image C" is on page 403, page 404 must be changed to 403.	Minor erratum
537	115	Immunology	Immune Responses	Immunodeficiencies	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-neutropenia?csi=b7067173-69c2-4e3b-870d-c1d01dfe561b&source=contentShare	Congenital Neutropenia is any neutropenia present at or near birth. Neutropenia is defined by an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of less than 1500/microL. The underlying cause most commonly includes mutations that affect the production of myeloid cells. Many patients will remain largely asymptomatic. In more sever cases with lower neutrophil counts, patients may develop Stomatitis, gingivitis, GI ulcerations which lead to abdominal pain and diarrhea.	High-yield addition to next year
538	658	Reproductive	Pathology	Ectopic pregnancy	https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0215/p1080.html#:~:text=Uterine%20curettage%20can%20be%20used,nonviable%20intrauterine%20pregnancy%20is%20suspected., uworld question ID: 334	Although implantation is outside the uterus, bHCG continues its activity of preparing the endometrium via progesterone (dilated, coiled glands with vascularized edematous stroma and importantly, no products of conception (I.e villi) will be seen if uterine curettage performed)	High-yield addition to next year
539	658	Reproductive	Pathology	Ectopic pregnancy	not needed	should be changed to "recent" history of amenorrhea	Clarification to current text
540	625	Renal	Pharmacology	Diuretics: effects on electrolyte excretion	uworld. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482291/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12027225/	In the table there is an up arrow for Bicarbonate excretion in the Loop diuretics row which is incorrect and contradictory to the text written in the Blood pH row. Uworld also explains that the kidney retains Bicarb in order to balance the chloride loss.	Major erratum
541	414	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy	Eosinophils	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/eosin&ved=2ahUKEwiyoPin_sGJAxVSFVkFHcLsClMQFnoECCYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3VK9Xzdm4BuGMVQ2KczDG-	"Eosin" means "red dye" not pink.	Minor erratum
542	632	Reproductive	Embryology	Teratogens	https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/hypertension-pregnancy-5-things-clinicians-should-know-2024a1000ibn	For ACEi inhibitors - can add that the safe drugs of pregnancy are LMN (labetalol, methyldopa, nifedipine).	Mnemonic
543	632	Reproductive	Embryology	Teratogens	not needed	COcaine and niCOtine cause vasoCOnstriction	Mnemonic
544	749	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_frozen_plasma	"FFP" stands for "Fresh Frozen Plasma". It is mentioned on page 419.	Clarification to current text
545	763	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	According to the content.	"RBC morphology" is depicted on page 420 not 421.	Minor erratum
546	763	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	According to the content.	"RBC inclusions: Image A, B, and C" is depicted on page 421 not 422.	Minor erratum
547	420	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	RBC morphology	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/stomatocyte&ved=2ahUKEwjT2L-EiseJAxVZxjgGHYY7AxYQFnoECEoQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2Ngh4yjuLFiMU2jwE8GscN	"Stomatocytes" are red cells with a slit-like or “fish-mouth” central pallor.	High-yield addition to next year
548	669	Reproductive	Pathology	Cryptorchidism	https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10940471/	Early recognition and surgical repair before 1 year of age remain the most important intervention to reduce the negative impact of both unilateral and bilateral cryptorchidism. (It's more clear to specify rather than just "before 2 years of age")	Minor erratum
549	434	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Blood transfusion therapy	https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0315/p719.html	One apheresis platelet collection is equivalent to six pooled random donor platelet concentrates.One unit of apheresis platelets (single donor platelets) should increase the platelet count in adults by 30,000 to 60,000 per μL.	Clarification to current text
550	398	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease	https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(23)00418-X/fulltext	Changing from NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) to MASLD (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease).	Minor erratum
551	763	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	According to the content.	The titles "RBC inclusions: Image B" and "RBC inclusions: Image C" must be exchanged.	Minor erratum
552	p. 243	Pharmacology	Autonomic Drugs	Sympatholytics (α2-agonists)	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methyldopa-drug-information?source=auto_suggest&selectedTitle=1~2---1~2---Methyldopa&search=methyldopa	Mama needs her dope to relieve tension. M for Methyl, dope for dopa, and 2 a's = a2-agonist for gestational (mama) hypertension (relieve tension)	Mnemonic
553	152	Microbiology	Parasitology	Antiprotozoal therapy	https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=56b1575a-dff4-4c5a-a159-2f858e7a0cb8#id_link_38a482e8-df49-00aa-e054-00144ff8d46c	In the gastrointestinal protozoal infections table, treatment for Cryptosporidium includes nitazoxanide "in severe disease and/or immunocompromised." Data from a randomized trial did not show effectiveness better than placebo in this population, so nitazoxanide is only indicated for immunocompetent hosts.	Major erratum
554	753	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cell_distribution_width	"RDW" stands for "Red blood cell distribution width". It is mentioned on page 424.	Clarification to current text
555	753	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticulocyte_production_index%23:~:text%3DThe%2520reticulocyte%2520index%2520(RI)%2520should,and%2520therefore%2520red%2520blood%2520cells.&ved=2ahUKEwj8pIjDm8yJAxVSD1kFHfNrIH8QFnoECBQQBQ&usg=AOvVaw2l7DhPlMBAqrq0jE6-5rMe	"RI" stands for "Reticulocyte index". It is mentioned on page 424.	Clarification to current text
556	424,425.00	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Microcytic, hypochromic anemias	https://labpedia.net/anemia-part-4-thalassemia-alpha-thalassemia-beta-thalassemia-workup-and-diagnosis/	The "beta gene" is located on two copies of chromosome 11, not just one, and it is depicted incorrectly.	Minor erratum
557	750	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatosplenomegaly	"HSM" stands for "Hepatosplenomegaly". It is mentioned on page 425.	Clarification to current text
558	413	Hematology and Oncology	Anatomy	Monocytes	Not needed	Need to delete period/ full stop between “cells. in”, attached text: Found in blood, differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells. in tissues.	Spelling/formatting
559	356	Endocrine	Pathology	NEW FACT	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-multiple-endocrine-neoplasia-type-2?search=men2a&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E20&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H23352631	MEN2A and MEN2B conditions are related to endocrine neoplasias of the medulla in both the adrenal gland (Pheochromocytoma), and Thyroid (Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma). Although MEN2A and MEN2B differ where MEN2A is related to Parathyroid Hyperplasia, and MEN2B is related to Mucosal Neuromas, both of these subtypes are associated with Pheochromocytoma and Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. A helpful mnemonic to remember both medullary endocrine neoplasias for MEN2A and MEN2B is “MEN2llary”. “MEDUllary” sounds very similar to “MEN2llary”, making it a quick and easy way to remember the two medullary endocrine neoplasias associated with both MEN2A and MEN2B.	Mnemonic
560	655	Renal	Pathology	Sex chromosome disorders	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview#a5	Can add that feedback increase in LH upregulates aromatase to produce estrogen, increasing the Estrogen/Testostrone ratio -> resultant gynaecomastia	High-yield addition to next year
561	655	Reproductive	Pathology	Sex chromosome disorders	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-overview#a5	Can add that feedback increase in LH upregulates aromatase to produce estrogen, increasing the Estrogen/Testostrone ratio -> resultant gynaecomastia	Major erratum
562	154	Microbiology	Parasitology	Protozoa—hematologic infections	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/malaria-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-in-nonpregnant-adults-and-children?search=malaria&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H4160476600	P. ovale has three syllables and causes a tertian fever; P. malariae has 4 syllables and causes a quartan fever.	Mnemonic
563	435	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499874/	"Sezary syndrome" is an aggressive form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.	High-yield addition to next year
564	531	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Seizures	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nonconvulsive-status-epilepticus-classification-clinical-features-and-diagnosis?search=status%20epilepticus&topicRef=96933&source=see_link#H327107905	While the statement that Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus (GCSE) is defined by continuous seizures lasting 5 or more minutes, or 2 discrete seizures between which there is incomplete recovery of consciousness, is true, that is not the case for Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus (NCSE). For NCSE, defined as status epilepticus without prominent motor symptoms, the threshold is 10 minutes. In patients with baseline coma or encephalopathy, NCSE was defined by the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society (ACNS) as ictal activity constituting >20 percent of an hour of recording (ie, >12 mins).	Clarification to current text
565	640	Reproductive	Embryology	Uterine (Müllerian duct) anomalies	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572146/#:~:text=A%20hysterosalpingogram%20is%20a%20diagnostic,assessment%20of%20fallopian%20tube%20patency.	hysterosalpiNgogram is misspelled as "hysterosalpigogram"	Spelling/formatting
566	618	Renal	Pathology	Urinary incontinence	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/female-urinary-incontinence-treatment	Along Association of Urge incontinence, add “UMN Lesion in the spinal cord” in addition to UTI	Clarification to current text
567	524	Neurology and Special Senses	Neuropathology	Common brain lesions	https://next.amboss.com/us/article/br0Hfh?q=mental%20status%20examination#Y11516ca9eab47668bb8dafd7f2b20898	In Hemispital neglect syndrome, it's controversial to write that this is "agnosia" and might be misleading, maybe "inattention" since it can be both sensory or motor neglect.	Clarification to current text
568	437	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Leukemias	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/867446_3%23:~:text%3DThe%2520suffix%2520%2522nib%2522%2520indicates%2520a,fibrosarcoma%2520(RAF)%2520kinase%2520inhibitors.&ved=2ahUKEwi5h_eiiOGJAxXHD1kFHVneGaIQFnoECBMQBQ&usg=AOvVaw0fmDbfpvTZOiAWZVB5WHWQ	The suffix "-tinib" indicates that a drug is a Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI). This can be shown in "imaTINIB".	Mnemonic
569	658	Reproductive	Pathology	Ectopic pregnancy	USMLE Rx	Hello! Ectopic pregnancy can be best confirmed with a 'transvaginal' ultrasound as it has superior sensitivity for ectopic pregnancies.	Clarification to current text
570	131	Microbiology	Basic Bacteriology	Endotoxin	NA	Sepsis is a key and critical topic with a high likelihood of appearing in the exam. However, it is not comprehensively covered in any section of First Aid. I strongly recommend addressing this by either expanding the endotoxin section in microbiology or dedicating a clinical subsection to sepsis in an appropriate part of the book.	High-yield addition to next year
571	438	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Leukemoid reaction vs chronic myelogenous leukemia	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/46759/	The activity of the LAP enzyme decreases in CML, not the count. Therefore, it would be better to add "activity" after the word enzyme.	Clarification to current text
572	753	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinoma	"RCC" stands for "renal cell carcinoma". It is mentioned on page 439.	Clarification to current text
573	439	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Chromosomal translocations	Mnemonic	For remembering, we can highlight and bold "14(FOurteen)" in "(14;18)" and "FOllicular lymphoma".	Mnemonic
574	439	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Chromosomal translocations	Mnemonic	M is like I I(11);thus for remembering, we can highlight and bold "11" in "(11;14),(11;18)" and "M" in "Mantle,Marginal".	Mnemonic
575	359	Endocrine	Pharmacology	Diabetes mellitus therapy	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2-inhibitors-for-the-treatment-of-hyperglycemia-in-type-2-diabetes-mellitus#H4291761945	The Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors -gliflozin mnemonic could be changed to "GLucose flozin (flows in) 2 the urine" to emphasize the GL in the suffix (-GLiflozin), what is being excreted (GLucose), and the 2 in SGLT2 inhibitor. (Red and bolded text in the mnemonic: GL, flozin, 2)	Mnemonic
576	535	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Dyskinesias	First Aid 2024 page 535	"Family is Essential", to remember that essential tremor is often familial	Mnemonic
577	442	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Thrombolytics	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmin	Plasmin doesn't cleave thrombin. It cleaves fibrin, fibronectin, thrombospondin, laminin, and von Willebrand factor.	Major erratum
578	578	Psychiatry	Pathology	Major depressive disorder	First Aid 2024 pg 578	Remove the colon after "SIG" in the acronym "SIG E CAPS." Currently, the text says "SIG: E CAPS:", but it should say "SIG E CAPS:"	Spelling/formatting
579	444	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Antitumor antibiotics	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.oncolink.org/cancer-treatment/cancer-medications/overview/chemotherapy-primer-why-what-and-how%23:~:text%3DAnthracyclines%2520also%2520inhibit%2520the%2520enzyme,also%2520not%2520cell%2520cycle%2520specific.&ved=2ahUKEwiXhM3mwOaJAxWrEFkFHaTbLKkQFnoECBEQBQ&usg=AOvVaw2GiUG24lXNn4FVaMJNHrZ9	"Anthracycline is considered cell cycle-nonspecific.	Major erratum
580	574	Psychiatry	Pathology	Childhood and early-onset disorders	https://www.cdc.gov/adhd/hcp/treatment-recommendations/index.html	FA text for ADHD: "Treatment: stimulants (methylphenidate) +/- behavioral therapy" . Since diagnosis can be set after age 4, and up until age 6 CBT is indicated as first line treatment option, there should be a clarification for tx options before and after age 6	Clarification to current text
581	446	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Anticancer monoclonal antibodies	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastuzumab	"HER2", the target of trastuzumab, is missing and should be added.	Spelling/formatting
582	749	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor	"EGFR" stands for "epidermal growth factor receptor". It is mentioned on page 446.	Clarification to current text
583	750	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HER2	"HER2" stands for "human epidermal growth factor receptor 2". It is mentioned on page 446.	Clarification to current text
584	752	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_cell_death_protein_1	"PD-1" stands for "programmed cell death protein 1". It is mentioned on page 446	Clarification to current text
585	752	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-L1	"PD-L1" stands for "programmed death-ligand 1". It is mentioned on page 446.	Clarification to current text
586	748	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic_T-lymphocyte_associated_protein_4	"CTLA-4" stands for "cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4". It is mentioned on page 446.	Clarification to current text
587	748	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	https://www.altmeyers.org/en/internal-medicine/braf-gene-142399	"BRAF" stands for "B-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma". It is mentioned on page 447.	Clarification to current text
588	751	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitogen-activated_protein_kinase_kinase	"MEK" stands for "MAPK/ERK Kinase". It is mentioned on page 447.	Clarification to current text
589	447	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Chemotoxicity amelioration	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://tmedweb.tulane.edu/pharmwiki/doku.php/leucovorin&ved=2ahUKEwj3kOrqmOuJAxXYNlkFHekZCKcQFnoECDAQAQ&usg=AOvVaw26iUHR5sAJFG5PB8RXyA_B	Leucovorin is 5-formyl tetrahydrofolate; thus, it is a derivative of THF, not a precursor.	Minor erratum
590	752	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_1	"NK1" stands for "neurokinin 1". It is mentioned on page 447.	Clarification to current text
591	375	Gastrointestinal	Anatomy	Femoral region	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482388/	Fascial tube 3–4 cm below inguinal ligament. It should be clarified that it extends 3-4 cm below the inguinal ligament and ends there ,it could be understood as it is found 3-4 cm below the inguinal ligament	Clarification to current text
592	666	Reproductive	Pathology	Uterine conditions	UWorld	Hello! While studying from UWorld I found more clarity on Adenomyosis. Adenomyosis may occur due to endometrial invagination into the myometrium during periods of myometrial weakening or changes in vascularity at the endo-myometrial interface making it more common in multiparous women and women with a history of prior uterine surgery (c-section). Clinical features include dysmenorrhea, uterine tenderness, uniformly enlarged uterus, and instead of mentioning AUB- it is more relevant to describe the symptoms as regular, heavy menstrual bleeding.	Clarification to current text
593	447	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Chemotoxicity amelioration	Mnemonic	For remembering, we can highlight and bold 1. "GRA" in "filGRAstim & sarGRAmostim" and "GRAnulocyte", 2. "M" in "sargraMostim" and "Macrophage" , 3. "STIM" in "filgraSTIM" & "sargramoSTIM" and "STIMulating".	Mnemonic
594	448	Hematology and Oncology	Pharmacology	Key chemotoxicities	According to the content.	In this figure, we can add "5-FU" as a "red-colored 5" on the hands/fingers and feet/toes to represent erythrodysesthesia. "Methotrexate" can be represented as a "M" on the liver region, inside the C-shaped kidneys, on the tongue, and beside "B" [BM] in the pulmonary region to indicate hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, mucositis, and pulmonary fibrosis, respectively. "Nitrosourea" can be shown as a "hat-shaped N" on the head to represent CNS toxicity.	High-yield addition to next year
595	521	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Spinal tract anatomy and functions	i prepared this idea myself and applied it to medical students	I have created an imaginary image that students liked very much to permenantly remember the order of body presentation ( cervival , thoracic , lumbar and sacral ) on the dorsal column ( cuneate and gricilis tracts) , the lateral spinothalamic tract as well as the lateral corticospinal tract . at first it take one minute to understand , but later you can never forget such mnemonic. in the lateral tracts the order is the same as you sit with your legs down , while in the dorsal tract you put legs in the cleft between the each halves of the cord , this image is primarily prepared , if the idea is good , I can meake it more professional , please contact me	Mnemonic
596	674	Reproductive	Pharmacology	Selective estrogen receptor modulators	not needed	For Raloxifen, the mnemonic can be reiterated to "Relax, no weak bones, no cancer"	Mnemonic
597	57	Biochemistry	Genetics	Modes of inheritance	not needed	Autosomal dominant can be clarified as follows: 1)the punette square can have a legend saying "Heterozygous parent (Aa) vs. normal parent" = results is 50% ALL children affected 2) consider adding homozygous (AA) vs. normal parent = results in 100% ALL children affected	Major erratum
598	57	Biochemistry	Genetics	Modes of inheritance	not needed	For Autosomal recessive 1) punette square legend can say "carrier parent vs. carrier parent" = results in 25:50:25 ratio normal:carrier:affected, unaffected sibling 2/3 of puntte sq to be carrier 2) consider adding "disease parent vs carrier parent" results in 50 % ALL kids affected 3) consider adding "disease vs disease parent" 100% ALL kids affectedcted	Major erratum
599	57	Biochemistry	Genetics	Modes of inheritance	https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/x-linked-dominant-disorders#:~:text=X%2Dlinked%20Recessive%20and%20Dominant%20Diseases&text=Only%20males%20can%20inherit%20the,male%2Dto%2Dmale%20transmission.	For X linked dominant can add that it also has no male to male transmission	Clarification to current text
600	57	Biochemistry	Genetics	Modes of inheritance	not needed	For X linked recessive The sentence should be switched for clarity Heterozygous moms have 50% among sons affected and 25% among ALL kids affected.	Clarification to current text
601	450	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Upper extremity nerves	Formatting	"Wrist drop" would be better to be placed after "wrist" as it is not related to the loss of elbow extension.	Spelling/formatting
602	450	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Upper extremity nerves	According to the content.	It would be better to be added "/hand" after "paresthesias of the dorsal forearm".	Clarification to current text
603	450	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Upper extremity nerves	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial_branch_of_radial_nerve	The superficial radial nerve innervates the dorsal hand. Also, the dorsal forearm is innervated by the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm, which branches off the radial nerve before the elbow. So, "dorsal forearm" should be changed to "dorsal hand".	Minor erratum
604	229	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Extrinsic hemolytic anemias	Pathoma , the photo is attached bellow .	Cold AIHA–acute anemia in which primarily IgM + complement cause RBC agglutination and extravascular hemolysis upon exposure to cold , THE CORRECTION IS : INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS	Major erratum
605	616	Renal	Pathology	Nephrotic syndrome	See previous versions of FA.	(APPLIES ALSO TO "NEPHRITIC SYNDROME") Please briefly recapitulate the epidemiologic, presentation, and therapeutic characteristics of each nephritic and nephrotic disease (ie, MCC of nephrosis in children is minimal change dz, etc). This was very helpful information.	High-yield addition to next year
606	504	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Sensory receptors	prepared with me	there is no free nerve endings in crtilage and lens , the mnemonic is ( cartilage and lens , a car without sense)	Mnemonic
607	388	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Malabsorption syndromes	USMLE Rx	Hello! USMLE Rx mentions that loss of islet cell function leads to insulin-dependent diabetes, characterized by deficient insulin and glucagon production	High-yield addition to next year
608	452	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Brachial plexus lesions	Mnemonic	For remembering, we can highlight and bold "S" in "Supraspinatus" and "DIBS".	Mnemonic
609	425	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Microcytic, hypochromic anemias	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206490-overview#a4	The pictorial representation of the beta-globin genes should be modified to show two sets of chromosomes, with each set displaying a single beta-globin gene location, rather than one set of chromosomes showing two gene locations.	Clarification to current text
610	454	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Hand muscles	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thenar_eminence	"Adductor pollicis muscle is not in the thenar group of muscles.	Major erratum
611	454	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Distortions of the hand	According to the content.	Since extension of the MCP joint is performed by the extrinsic extensors, it would be better to be added "and extensors" after "remaining extrinsic flexors".	Clarification to current text
612	417	Hematology and Oncology	Physiology	Thrombogenesis	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2085501-overview#a4	The sentence "Formation of insoluble fibrin mesh" is out of context and location, 1' hemostasis ends at platelet plug formation which in temporary and unstable but promotes 2' hemostatsis using coag factors. This forms the insoluble fibrin-platelet plug. The image only depicts and talks about platelet plug formation. Instead the statement will be more relevant if pushed to the next page which talks about 2' hemostasis	Minor erratum
613	438	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Myeloproliferative neoplasms	uworld, https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/205114-clinical, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/art.1780080439	complications of polycythemia Vera include peptic ulcer disease deranged blood flow and also gouty arthritis due to high rbc turnover.	Minor erratum
614	455	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Knee exam	Mnemonic	For remembering, we can highlight and bold "L" in "Lateral" and "vaLgus".	Mnemonic
615	455	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Knee exam	Mnemonic	For remembering, we can highlight and bold "M" in "McMurray" and "Meniscus".	Mnemonic
616	432	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Platelet disorders	based on FA and b&b	I have made a easier format to broadly differentiate itp, ttp, dic and hus, shared in a image.	Clarification to current text
617	432	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Platelet disorders	based on FA and B&B	I have made a easier format to broadly differentiate itp, ttp, dic and hus, shared in a image. this is updated to the previosu submission.	Clarification to current text
618	485	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Dermatology	Common skin disorders	UWorld	The histopathologic findings in Verruca vulgaris also include papillomatosis. This refers to the upward elongation and prominence of the dermal papillae, which contributes to warts' characteristic rough and uneven surface.	High-yield addition to next year
619	456	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Lower extremity nerves	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectineus_muscle	The "pectineus muscle" is considered a composite muscle as the innervation is by the femoral nerve and occasionally (20% of the population) a branch of the obturator nerve called the accessory obturator nerve. So, it would be better to be added "(sometimes)" after pectineus in the obturator section.	Clarification to current text
620	309	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Evolution of myocardial infarction	UWorld	Hello! Wavy fibers are an early sign of myocardial injury and arise due to mechanical forces exerted by the contraction of surrounding viable myocardium against weakened, damaged myocytes. As no visible microscopic changes are typically observed in the first 4 hours, wavy fibers begin to appear after 4 hours, continuing into the early necrosis phase (4–12 hours).	Clarification to current text
621	350	Endocrine	Pathology	Diabetes mellitus	https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117739-overview#a1	In the mind map when the available insulin decreases so the glycogenolysis will increase and it will result in (hyperglycemia) not hypoglycemia!	Major erratum
622	456	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Lower extremity nerves	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_magnus_muscle	The "adductor magnus" is a composite muscle; therefore, it would be better to be added "(adductor part)" after adductor magnus in the obturator nerve section.	Clarification to current text
623	456	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Lower extremity nerves	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_magnus_muscle	The "adductor magnus" is a composite muscle; thus, it would be better to be added "(hamstring portion)" after adductor magnus in the sciatic nerve section.	Clarification to current text
624	456	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Lower extremity nerves	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biceps_femoris_muscle	The "biceps femoris" is a composite muscle. The short head is innervated by the common peroneal nerve and the long head is innervated by the tibial nerve. So, it would be better to be added "biceps femoris(short head)" in the common peroneal nerve section and be omitted "biceps femoris" from the sciatic nerve section.	Minor erratum
625	135	Microbiology	Clinical Bacteriology	Enterococci	CLSI M100 34th Edition page 107 and 108. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/216650-treatment#d8, under Enterococcal therapy.	It says ''Enterococci (E faecalis and E faecium) are normal colonic microbiota that are penicillin G resistant''. Here statement Penicillin G resistant is wrong and they are susceptible to Penicillin G though not as much as other Streptococci. In fact Penicillin (Ampicillin better) + Gentamicin is treatment of choice in sever penicillin susceptible Enterococcal infection like endocarditis. They do acquire drug resistance to Penicillin via either change in PBP or rarely Beta lactamase production, but they are not intrinsically resistant to Penicillin as implied by your statement.	Major erratum
626	457	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Lower extremity nerves	Formatting	It would be better to be changed "Common (fibular) peroneal" to "Common peroneal (fibular)".	Spelling/formatting
627	457	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Lower extremity nerves	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sural_nerve	The sural nerve is formed by the union of the tibial nerve and the common peroneal nerve. The sural nerve innervates the skin of the posterolateral leg and lateral ankle. Additionally, the common peroneal nerve innervates the entire dorsum of the foot, except for the lateral band. Therefore, the figure of the "Common peroneal nerve" should be corrected.	Major erratum
628	457	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Lower extremity nerves	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sural_nerve	"The sural nerve is formed by the union of the tibial nerve and the common peroneal nerve. The sural nerve innervates the skin of the posterolateral leg, lateral ankle, and lateral band of the dorsum of the foot. Therefore, the figure of the "tibial nerve" should be corrected.	Major erratum
629	457	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Lower extremity nerves	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/dorsal-muscles-of-the-foot&ved=2ahUKEwjUjJi9vYKKAxW0g4kEHRUSB2IQFnoECDQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1jVYnsexIp7CgxMUDgySKF	All the extensor muscles of the foot are innervated by the "deep fibular nerve"; thus, it would be better if "tibialis anterior" were replaced with "extensor muscles of foot".	Clarification to current text
630	457	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Lower extremity nerves	Mnemonic	For remembering, we can highlight and bold "T" in "Tibial nerve" and "Tarsal tunnel syndrome".	Mnemonic
631	457	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Lower extremity nerves	Formatting	Delete period after "iatrogenic" in the superior gluteal nerve section.	Spelling/formatting
632	457	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Lower extremity nerves	Grammar	The "intramuscular injection to" should be changed to "intramuscular injection into" in the superior gluteal section.	Spelling/formatting
633	381	Gastrointestinal	Physiology	Vitamin and mineral absorption	Self-study	1) The sentence 'vitamin B12 deficiency after terminal ileum resection' should come after bowel resection, as bariatric surgery would not typically involve the terminal ileum 2) Folate absorbed in 'jejunum' instead of 'small bowel' to be more precise 3) Can we highlight 'B' in bile salts as well, as it still fits in the Iron Fist 'B'ro mnemonic	Clarification to current text
634	458	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Ankle sprains	According to the content.	The color of the metatarsal bones is different from the related label.	Minor erratum
635	457	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Lower extremity nerves	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/achilles-reflex%23:~:text%3DThe%2520reflex%2520is%2520elicited%2520by,while%2520recording%2520the%2520soleus%2520muscle.&ved=2ahUKEwipnI6L2oaKAxUbGFkFHd7vC0wQFnoECE0QBQ&usg=AOvVaw3vvkvDU1B2epsw65LX-SfO	It would be better to be added "reduced Achilles reflex" in the presentation section of the tibial nerve.	Clarification to current text
636	459	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Motoneuron action potential to muscle contraction	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubule&ved=2ahUKEwiPj9P1soeKAxUgMlkFHZnkNtEQFnoECCkQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0dGjC-0C_q6cW73q4Uj5XM	"T-tubules" allow for the coordinated contraction of myofibrils within a muscle fiber, rather than the coordinated contraction of entire muscles with each other. Therefore, the phrase "coordinated contraction of striated muscles" should be changed.	Minor erratum
637	764	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	Spelling	"motoneuron" should be changed to "motor neuron".	Spelling/formatting
638	459	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Motoneuron action potential to muscle contraction	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanodine_receptor	The abbreviation for ryanodine receptor is "RyR", not "RR".	Minor erratum
639	172	Microbiology	Virology	Hepatitis serologic markers	https://www.hepatitisb.uw.edu/go/screening-diagnosis/diagnosis-hbv/core-concept/all#:~:text=Nearly%20all%20persons%20who%20recover,to%209%20months%20following%20infection.	2023 listed Anti-HBc as IgG for recovery phase, but 2024 has it as IgM	Minor erratum
640	460	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Skeletal muscle adaptions	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosatellite_cell	"repair damaged myofibrils" would be better to be changed to "repair damaged muscle fibers".	Clarification to current text
641	461	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Muscle proprioceptors	According to the content.	All instances of "a fiber" in the figure should be changed to "alpha fiber".	Minor erratum
642	461	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Muscle proprioceptors	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_spindle	Gamma motor neurons activate the intrafusal muscle fibres, changing the resting firing rate and stretch-sensitivity of the afferents.	Clarification to current text
643	461	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Muscle proprioceptors	Mnemonic	For remembering, we can highlight and bold "S" in "Stretch" and "muscle Spindle".	Mnemonic
644	461	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Bone formation	Formatting	"it" should be added between "later" and "replace with".	Spelling/formatting
645	525	Neurology and Special Senses	Pathology	Cerebral edema	https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10156932/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537272/	The basic cerebral edema types besides cytotoxic and vasogenic are osmotic and interstitial. Most distinct characteristics of interstitial would be that its main cause is hydrocephalus, and that it causes interstitial accumulation, unlike intra/extracellular of cytytoxic/vasogenic edema. Osmotic cerebral edema also has intestitial accumulation of fluids, with it being diffused to the interstitial space by the BBB, while keeping it intact(unlike vasogenic)(inc. permeability(vasogenic) vs inc. intracerebral osmolarity(osmotic)) ++can be caused when DKA is corrected rapidly in children	High-yield addition to next year
646	461	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Bone formation	https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9124578/	"Osteoclasts" do not contribute to the formation of woven bone. Instead, osteoclasts play a role in the remodeling of bone.	Minor erratum
647	462	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Anatomy and Physiology	Cell biology of bone	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone	It would be better to be added "(direct)" after "on osteoblasts" in parathyroid hormone section.	Clarification to current text
648	462	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Overuse injuries of the elbow	Mnemonic	For remembering, we can highlight and bold "T" in "laTeral", "Tennis", and "exTension".	Mnemonic
649	630	Reproductive	Embryology	Early embryonic development	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_luteum	Image has typo "Early copus luteum", should be "corpus" not "copus"	Spelling/formatting
650	465	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Common musculoskeletal conditions	According to the content.	The label "inflamed tendon sheaths" is incorrect because De Quervain's is defined as a noninflammatory condition.	Minor erratum
651	465	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Common musculoskeletal conditions	https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/palmar-aponeurosis&ved=2ahUKEwiHnpmJiZGKAxX88MkDHRxJPGYQFnoECCQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2STRrWtR6YgBnhPCnHFFWn	Dupuytren contracture is the thickening of the "deep" palmar fascia, not the "superficial" fascia.	Minor erratum
652	506	Neurology and Special Senses	Anatomy and Physiology	Blood-brain barrier	USMLE Rx	In the context of circumventricular organs, including the following can provide greater clarity: OVLT+ Subfornical organ-Osmoreceptors, Subcommisural organ- Transthyretin, Pineal gland- Melatonin, Median eminence of hypothalamus- ADH & Oxytocin	Clarification to current text
653	465	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Common musculoskeletal conditions	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartment_syndrome	Another characteristic of limb compartment syndrome, starting with "P", is "poikilothermia".	High-yield addition to next year
654	465	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Common musculoskeletal conditions	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartment_syndrome	In compartment syndrome, it would be better to be added "out of proportion" after "severe pain" and "exacerbated" before "with passive stretch".	Clarification to current text
655	705	Respiratory	Pharmacology	Arachidonic acid pathways	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38900855/	Spelling mistake in the prostacyclin pathway diagram: says "arachadonic acid" rather than "arachidonic acid"	Spelling/formatting
656	482	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Dermatology	Epithelial cell junctions	Self-study	For Hemidesmosome- Would it be possible to highlight the 'B' in 'B'asal cells, 'B'asement membrane and 'B'ullous pemphigoid	Mnemonic
657	466	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Childhood musculoskeletal conditions	https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/1015/p1310.html	Risk factors for developmental dysplasia of the hip include the 5 Fs: First-born, Feet-first (breech), Female, Flexible (hyperlaxity syndromes), and a positive Family history of DDH, as well as oligohydramnios.	High-yield addition to next year
658	466	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Childhood musculoskeletal conditions	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipped_capital_femoral_epiphysis?searchToken=7ryhcuw025e3je9ll88vngr5w	In SCFE, the epiphysis is held in the acetabulum by the ligamentum teres; thus, the metaphysis actually moves laterally and anteriorly in relation to the epiphysis.	Minor erratum
659	467	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Common pediatric fractures	According to the content.	The arrow in the figure of the greenstick fracture is incorrect, as it shows the compression side, whereas it should depict the tension side, which is on the opposite side.	Major erratum
660	485	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Dermatology	Common skin disorders	Noticed it while reading	.....secondary to contact 'with' allergen.	Spelling/formatting
661	469	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Lab values in bone disorders	https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Biochemical-features-of-nutritional-rickets-hypophospha-temic-rickets-and-vitamin_tbl1_370128230	In the types of "rickets", calcium (Ca) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels can be normal. Therefore, to cover all types, it would be better to include this.	Minor erratum
662	257	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Clinical therapeutic trial	It is just a mnemonic	Q) Number of phases in clinical trials ? 👉 5 letter of word (trial). Q) Which phase is Open label and which is RCT ? 👉 zerO, One, fOur all with ( O) letter So Open label - Two, Three with ( T) letter So rcT	Mnemonic
663	258	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Quantifying risk	Just a mnemonic	Relative Risk Reduction, how to remember its formula ? We will say it Risk Reduction ( Absolute Risk Reduction : ARR ) relative ( compared ) to control ( Attributable Risk to control : ARC) ? So the formula will be ( ARR ÷ ARC ) Another formula, we will say Relative Risk ( RR) Reduced below 1 So the formula will be ( 1 - RR )	Mnemonic
664	262	Public Health Sciences	Epidemiology & Biostatistics	Bias and study errors	No added knowledge, just a mnemonic	Hawthorne effect is due to awareness of patients so they change their behavior We can highlight (aw) common between Hawthorne and awareness Pygmalion effect where performance of patients grow when observer is confident in them We can highlight ( P : performance ) ( g : grow )	Mnemonic
665	92	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Familial dyslipidemias	Mnemonic	How to know if inheritance is AD or AR ?👉 If pathogenesis in : (1) LDL receptor defect So inheretance is AD ( coomon letter D between LDL & AD ). 👉 If Pathogenesis is VLDL overproduction So inheritance is AD ( common letter D between VLDL & AD)	Mnemonic
666	70	Biochemistry	Nutrition	Ethanol metabolism	Mnemonic	How to determine site of each enzyme affect alcohol metabolism ? There is Two( 2 ) enzymes : When alcohol enter a cell, it reaches cytoplasm first then mitochondria First enzyme loacted in Cytoplasm 👉 Alcohol Dehydrogenase(DH) Second enzyme located inside mitochondria 👉 Acetaldehyde DH Drugs affect which enzyme ? Fomepizole affect first enzyme Disulfiram affect Di enzyme ( Di means two)	Mnemonic
667	75	Biochemistry	Metabolism	TCA cycle	Mnemonic	Which step produce which substance ? To make the cycle numbered as the pictured First (1), last ( 8 ) & Step (6 )enzyme 👉 No substance produced Fourth (4) step 👉 Tetra in latin 👉 produce GTP Fifth step (5 ) step 👉 produce FADH2 The remaining three steps (2 / 3 & 7 ) 👉 produce NADH	Mnemonic
668	84	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Glycogen regulation by insulin and glucagon/epinephrine	Mnemonic	inSulin 👉 common keyword is ( S) - gluKagon, Katecholamine👉 common keyword is ( K) - supported doc illustrate	Mnemonic
669	86	Biochemistry	Metabolism	Lysosomal storage diseases	Mnemonic	Niemann-pick : highlight ( N) & ( M) letter / Gaucher highlight ( G) letter / tay-sachs : can't See or Spot " cherry red" / details inside doc file	Mnemonic
670	108	Immunology	Immune Responses	Cell surface proteins	Mnemonic	CD receptor begin with letter : T 👉 so it is located on T. Cell F 👉 it is located on fagocyte cell Eight 👉 Eat cell ( APC) Six 👉 Six letter cell ( Natural Killer) ( Killer is six letter) If there is two letter such as ( CD86 )Is it Eating cell (8 ) or NK cell ( 6 ) ?? We conaider the large number ( 8), So it is on eating cell ( APC)	Mnemonic
671	640	Reproductive	Embryology	Uterine (Müllerian duct) anomalies	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-uterine-anomalies-overview	Septate Uterus and Bicornate Uterus: The information presented is correct. The images are mislabeled. Septate is identified by a 75 degree or smaller angle and Bicornate by a 105 degree or larger angle on imaging. In the 2023 first aid edition, septate uterus is labeled ‘A’ with attached picture and bicornate uterus is labeled ‘B’ with an attached picture. In the 2024 first aid edition, septate uterus is labeled with the picture that was ‘B” in the 2023 version and bicornate is labeled with the picture that was ‘A’ in the 2023 version. In summary, the labeled pictures in the 2024 version are flipped and incorrectly marks which image goes with septate and bicornate uterus so that the septate uterus information is tagged with the bicornate picture and vise versa.	Major erratum
672	471	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Primary bone tumors	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20953407/	In Ewing sarcoma, "neuroectodermal" is not the same as "mesenchymal"; therefore, it would be better to be changed "parentheses" to "or".	Spelling/formatting
673	161	Microbiology	Virology	DNA viruses	Self-study	Hello! Regarding Parvovirus: 1. Would it be helpful to move 'aplastic crisis in sickle cell disease' after mentioning RBC destruction, for example, placing it after '...hydrops fetalis and death in fetus,' since the cause for the aplastic crisis is also RBC destruction. 2. Could we consider changing 'death in fetus' to 'death in utero' for more clarity?	Clarification to current text
674	161	Microbiology	Virology	DNA viruses	FirstAid	HPV also causes laryngeal papillomatosis (recurrent respiratory papillomatosis)	Clarification to current text
675	472	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis	https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9917649/#:~:text=SBCs%20are%20imaged%20as%20well,cartilaginous%20background%20with%20calcification%20elements	Since a cyst is fluid-filled, the label "subchondral bone cyst" is incorrect.	Minor erratum
676	472	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis	Mnemonic	For remembering, we can use "HD" for "Heberden nodes" at "Dip" and "BP" for "Bouchard nodes" at "Pip".	Mnemonic
677	614	Renal	Pathology	Nephritic syndrome	Self-study	In the RPGN immunofluorescence findings, we have stated 'Granular IF - PSGN or DPGN.' Since PSGN now falls under the broader term of Infection-related glomerulonephritis, we may need to update this reference as well.	Clarification to current text
678	401	Gastrointestinal	Pathology	Hereditary hyperbilirubinemias	https://uptodate.proxyucr.elogim.com/contents/evaluation-of-jaundice-caused-by-unconjugated-hyperbilirubinemia-in-children, https://uptodate.proxyucr.elogim.com/contents/inherited-disorders-associated-with-conjugated-hyperbilirubinemia	Gilbert Cries, Rotates and Dies - Gilbert syndrome, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, Rotor syndrome, Dubin-Johnson syndrome. It goes G-C-R-D, this orders it by type (the first two are unconjugated hyperbillirubinemias, the second two are conjugated hyperbillirubinemias) and by severity (the first one of each pair is the less severe form, the second one is the more severe form, i.e. Gilbert goes before Cries because it is the more severe of the two).	Mnemonic
679	473	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Gout	Mnemonic	For remembering, we can highlight and bold "XO" in "Xanthine Oxidase" and "febuXOstat".	Mnemonic
680	472	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	NEW FACT	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0953620510000373, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37482966/#:~:text=The%20broad%20pneumoconiosis%20prevalence%20rate,%25%20annually%20during%202009%2D2019.	Caplan syndrome is a valid consideration for patients with RA; however, this is a very very low yield finding for Step1 consideration (see absence in Q banks) especially as the incidence of pneumoconiosis declines. Originally Caplan reported 13 cases with pulmonary nodules among 51 subjects with RA among about 14,000 claimants for pneumoconiosis disablement benefit (see reference) and as noted prior the incidence Is remarkably decreasing (See ref 2)	Clarification to current text
681	472	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis	https://ard.bmj.com/content/79/4/546#, https://journals.lww.com/jaaos/fulltext/2015/12000/tendinopathies_of_the_hand_and_wrist.6.aspx, also note its listing on UpToDate as well as Emboss	Tenosynovitis is a critical diagnostic sign of Rheumatoid arthritis and is much higher yield than many of the extra-articular manifestations listed and so I think deserves mention on this page	High-yield addition to next year
682	625	Renal	Pharmacology	Diuretics site of action	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mechanism-of-action-of-diuretics	Mnemonic for site of action of diuretics: Can Osmosis Lighten The Pee? 1. Can: Carbonic Anhydrase Inh. in the first location (promixal tubule). 2. Osmosis: Osmotic diuretics in the second location (descending loop). 3. Lighten: Loop diuretics in the third location (ascending loop). 4. The: Thiazide diuretics in the fourth location (distal convoluted tubule). 5. Pee: Potassium-sparing diuretics in the fifth location (distal/collecting duct).	Mnemonic
683	314	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Myocardial infarction complications	None needed.	It is more logical for "Myocardial infarction complications" to come directly after "ECG localization of STEMI". This saves the student from having to flip back and forth between pages when correlating complications with the evolution of MI.	Spelling/formatting
684	474	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Sjögren syndrome	Grammar	It should be added "a" before "baby" in "risk of giving birth to baby".	Spelling/formatting
685	765	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	According to the content.	The image of septic arthritis on page 474 shows the knee joint, but the caption at the end of the book refers to septic arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint.	Minor erratum
686	472	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis	Mnemonic	For remembering, we can highlight and bold "M" in "rheuMatoid factor" and "IgM".	Mnemonic
687	475	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Seronegative spondyloarthritis	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil-in-cup_sign	The "pencil-in-cup" deformity can occur in any phalangeal joint, not just the DIP joints; thus, it would be better to be deleted "DIP".	Minor erratum
688	475	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Seronegative spondyloarthritis	According to the content.	The arrows in image C should be shifted, and they do not correctly show the syndesmophytes.	Minor erratum
689	46	Biochemistry	Cellular	Microtubule	Self-study	Arrows point in the same direction in front of 'Retrograde' and 'Anterograde'.	Spelling/formatting
690	476	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Antiphospholipid syndrome	not needed	'anticoag' and 'PTT' in lupus antucoagulant causes prolonged PTT to show the hematological relation. will help to differentiate which antibody affects VDRL and PTT.	Mnemonic
691	315	Cardiovascular	Pathology	Cardiomyopathies	UWorld "Athlete's heart adaptations"	Something along the lines of this: FACT NAME: Athlete’s heart. DESCRIPTION: LV and RV changes depend on type of training. “E”ndurance training––“e”ccentric LV hypertrophy. Increased RV cavity size, LV EDV, and SV. LV ejection fraction is unchanged. “S”trength training––con“s”entric LV hypertrophy. No change in RV size or EDV. Mild increase in LV ejection fraction. “” can be bolded in red for mnemonic aid.	High-yield addition to next year
692	477	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Polymyositis/dermatomyositis	uworld, https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1095113-overview#a3	both polymyositis and dermatomyositis can occur alone or as a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with underlying malignancy - most commonly adenocarcinomas of ovary lung pancreas	Clarification to current text
693	473	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease	not needed	the mnemonic can be altered to say Blue rhomBoid (when Parallel)	Minor erratum
694	473	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Gout	not needed	in the images for Gout and CPPD it is worth adding a legend showing axis of the compensator ray for the direction, it will be easier to extrapolate the birefringence from it.	Clarification to current text
695	422	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Anemias	First Aid itself mentions it as a cause of microcytic anemia on pages 425, 728, and 733	Under microcytic anemia, the mnemonic should be TAILS, not TAIL. The extra S is for sideroblastic anemia	Clarification to current text
696	425	Hematology and Oncology	Pathology	Microcytic, hypochromic anemias	N/A	To remember the causes AND microscopic findings in sideroblastic anemia: Sideroblastic Anemia Causes Iron Laden Mitochondria And Lots-o'-dots (representing basophilic stippling), where S is B-Six deficiency, A is alcohol, C is copper deficiency, I is isoniazid, L is linezolid, M is MDS, A is ALA-synthase gene defects, and L is lead poisoning	Mnemonic
697	753	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	Abbreviations and Symbols	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor#:~:text=SNRIs%20are%20monoamine%20reuptake%20inhibitors;%20specifically%2C%20they%20inhibit%20the%20reuptake%20of%20serotonin%20and%20norepinephrine.	"SNRI" stands for serotonin–norepinephrine "reuptake" (not receptor) inhibitor.	Minor erratum
698	682	Respiratory	Physiology	Lung volumes and capacities	No need	Replace 'there are 4 volumes and 4 capacities' with 'there are 4 STATIC volumes and 4 STATIC capacities' . There are also dynamic volumes and capacities like FEV1, FVC, MBC which you mention in the book in other places but do not list with these lung volumes/capacities	Minor erratum
699	765	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	Spelling	In the "polymyositis/dermatomyositis:Image A" section, "Groton" is incorrect and should be changed to "Gottron"	Spelling/formatting
700	765	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	Photo Acknowledgments	According to the content.	The explanation of "Vasculitides: Image A" does not correspond with the figure on page 479.	Major erratum
701	292	Cardiovascular	Physiology	Auscultation of the heart	https://www.uptodate.com/contents/auscultation-of-heart-sounds?search=s3%20gallop&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E67&usage_type=default&display_rank=1	Heart sounds - S”3” number 3 looks like a wide open chamber which resembles dilated ventricles while S”4” the number has a narrow hole which resembles a thick hypertrophic ventricle	Mnemonic
702	479	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Vasculitides	According to the content.	The "J" label should be placed after p-ANCA, as the picture shows, rather than after glomerulonephritis.	Minor erratum
703	481	Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue	Pathology	Scleroderma	https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/scleroderma	There are two main types of scleroderma: "localized" and "systemic". However, here, only the systemic type is referred to.	Minor erratum