| 1 | 556 | Microbiology | Virology | DNA viruses | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-parvovirus-b19-infection | For Erythema infectiosum, also called fifth disease that presents with a slapped cheek appearance. My mnemonic is, "when you slap someone, how many fingers do you slap them with? 5" | Mnemonic | |
| 2 | 359 | Endocrine | Pharmacology | Diabetes mellitus therapy | https://youtu.be/xEkoAv2W6iQ?si=wPzwLq0K-KTLZ3Qr | Dirty Medicine’s mnemonics are very good, 32:08 | Mnemonic | |
| 3 | 670 | Reproductive | Pathology | Breast cancer | information written in Robbin’s & the Pathoma book | 1- it would be a good idea to emphasize that lack of E-cadherin in lobular carcinoma results in loose cells, unlike ductal carcinoma. 2- add info about the comedy type in DCIS 3- add types of invasive ductal carcinoma: tubular and mucinous, and a little information about them 4- add histological photos differentiating between how ER/PR + look with staining, and HER2+ (the former have the nucleus stained while the latter has the cytoplasm stained, which reminds the reader that the former enter the nucleus while the latter works in the cytoplasm, related to signaling molecules in the endocrine chapter) 5- I would also add a table summarizing which conditions have a movable/solid tumor, bilateral or unilateral, multifocal, etc. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 4 | 670 | Reproductive | Pathology | Breast cancer | previous | incorrect spelling in my previous suggestion above this, 3- add information about the comedo type of DCIS, which may also help the reader understand why calcifications are seen in this type. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 5 | 689 | Respiratory | Physiology | Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hemoglobin-variants-that-alter-hemoglobin-oxygen-affinity?search=p50%20dissociation&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | The graph displaying the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve correctly shows Hb saturation (%) on the y-axis and PO2 (mm Hg) on the x-axis. At the 50% mark, a dotted horizontal line spans the width of the graph with "P50" listed next to the dotted line. The "P50" label is in line with the 50% Hb saturation mark, implying that P50 represents a Hb saturation. Instead, it represents a pressure: specifically, the pressure at which Hb is 50% saturation. The P50 is a value of pressure, not of Hb saturation, and so should not be listed along the 50% sat. point of the y-axis, but rather along the corresponding pressure point of the x-axis. | Minor erratum | |
| 6 | 477 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Polymyositis/dermatomyositis | https://usmle-rx.scholarrx.com/first-aid?id=930&firstAidYear=2023 | Specific markers: Anti Jo-1, anti Mi-2, anti-SRP ; Ant Jo-1,Mi-2-ma's Syrup, Aunt Jemima's Syrup. | Mnemonic | |
| 7 | 664 | Reproductive | Pathology | Cervical pathology | General pathology chapter of first aid and pathoma | dysplasia & CIS: CIN3 “severe, irreversible dysplasia”, should be written as “less likely to regress to normal” because reversibility is a feature of dysplasia that differentiates it from neoplasia | Major erratum | |
| 8 | 171 | Microbiology | Virology | Hepatitis viruses | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-e-virus-infection?search=Hepatitis%20viruses%20lack%20envelope&source=search_result&selectedTitle=13%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=13#H496154696 | nAkEd viruses (HAV and HEV), the two hepatitis viruses that lack an envelope can be used to spell naked, the A and E in naked could be higlighted in red to help remember. | Mnemonic | |
| 9 | 665 | Reproductive | Pathology | Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea | none | I suggest adding a table or diagram mentioning the primary and secondary causes of amenorrhea, as it is not quite obvious for the reader | Clarification to current text | |
| 10 | pg 673 of 2023 ed (2024 hasn't been released yet) | Reproductive | Embryology | Human chorionic gonadotropin | page 654 of 2023 edition; Medscape article oh hcG, PMID: 10548880, and many others. | Under Choriocarcninoma, it states that hCG shares beta subunit with TSH, its actually alpha subunit that is in common | Major erratum | |
| 11 | 369 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Digestive tract histology | none | There is no actual arrow in the histological picture in C which should point to the Peyer patches | Spelling/formatting | |
| 12 | 565 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pharmacology | Parkinson disease therapy | not needed | "dopAmine" is broken down by "mao-B" to "dopaC." (ABC) | Mnemonic | |
| 13 | 209 | Pathology | Inflammation | Acute phase reactants | UWorld | Procalcitonin is decreased in viral infections, not normal. | Major erratum | |
| 14 | 115 | Immunology | Pathology | Antiphospholipid syndrome | USMLE step 1 First aid | Anti B2 glycoprotein can be said as anti BaBy glycoprotein as it causes recurrent pregnancy loss | Mnemonic | |
| 15 | p642 | Reproductive | Embryology | Uterine (Müllerian duct) anomalies | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572146/#:~:text=Hysterosalpingogram%20is%20an%20imaging%20procedure,%2C%20and%20partner%2Dbased%20approach. | incorrect hysterosalpigogram correct hysterosalpingogram | Spelling/formatting | |
| 16 | p187 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | Vancomycin | p136 first aid | clostridium difficile should be correct to clostridiodes difficile | Minor erratum | |
| 17 | 240 | Pharmacology | Pharmacology | Muscarinic antagonists | https://usmle-rx.scholarrx.com/first-aid?id=490&firstAidYear=2023 | Duration tiotropium>ipratropium (drink tea over a long time) | Mnemonic | |
| 18 | 713 | Endocrine | Rapid Review | NEW FACT | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123577-overview?form=fpf | Increase in CAG is mentioned instead of increase in GAG in myxedema in hypothyroidism | Spelling/formatting | |
| 19 | 259 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Kaplan-Meier curve | up to date | in the description it is given y axis represnts event probability but in the adjacent graph y axis is represented by survival probability | Minor erratum | |
| 20 | 342 | Renal | Physiology | Primary polydipsia and diabetes insipidus | N/a (quoted this section of First Aid) | Diabetes insipidus is "characterized by the production of large amounts of dilute urine... [with a] specific gravity <1.006... [and an] osmolality usually <300 mOsm/kg." In order to remember that without intervention urine remains dilute: Diabetes Insipidus, urine so clear you can take a "sip o' dis". Also, page number 342 is 2023 version of First Aid. | Mnemonic | |
| 21 | 78 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Disorders of galactose metabolism | No such term as “galacitol” exists in medical literature. | Under classic galactosemia “galactitol” is mentioned as “galacitol” twice. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 22 | 370 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Abdominal aorta and branches | https://www.ucmals.com/pseudo-nutcracker-syndrome-myths-realities-and/ | It would be best to add a drawing clarifying nutcracker syndrome, such as the one in the link | Clarification to current text | |
| 23 | 128 | Microbiology | Basic Bacteriology | Bacterial genetics | no need | conjugation (the word "conjugal" is misspelled "congugal" in the illustration) | Spelling/formatting | |
| 24 | 686 | Respiratory | Physiology | Pulmonary circulation | none | delta x in the fraction is too far off | Spelling/formatting | |
| 25 | 695 | Respiratory | Pathology | Obstructive lung diseases | none | missing parenthesis at the end of emphysema notes | Spelling/formatting | |
| 26 | 194 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | Antimycobacterial therapy | n/a | "Don't Run Tu CLOse to LEopards", a mnemonic for remembering Dapsone and Rifampin for Tuberculoid form and adding Clofazimine for Lepromatous form | Mnemonic | |
| 27 | 126 | Microbiology | Basic Bacteriology | Pigment-producing bacteria | https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/1/14/intent-in-the-genocide-case-against-israel-is-not-hard-to-prove | "Israel has yellow sand" has got to go. Perhaps using a genocidal state for a mnemonic is not the best way to remember things. Why not something more along the lines of Isra-yellow-ii, to remember that A israelii has yellow granules | Mnemonic | |
| 28 | 559 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Visual field defects | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558982/ and https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1752-1947-6-117 | In the 2023 version (since the 2024 hasn't been released yet), it says next to point 6 (on Rx diagram): "Dorsal optic radiation Right lower quadrantanopia (left temporal lesion)" but it should say "left parietal lesion" not temporal | Minor erratum | |
| 29 | 673 | Reproductive | Pathology | Testicular tumors | https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjUkYHO6vmEAxWp7LsIHZmUANMQFnoECCYQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fmedicine-and-dentistry%2Fchorionic-gonadotropin-alpha-subunit&usg=AOvVaw3KG5I7WIkG3gm_3Cpd4rnY&opi=89978449 + was mentioned in the beginning of the chapter | last line in choriocarcinoma is incorrect. It should be ALPHA is similar, not BETA! | Major erratum | |
| 30 | 266 | Public Health Sciences | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | NEW FACT | Myself | “Watching you like a HAWk” for Hawthorne Effect | Mnemonic | |
| 31 | 562 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Cavernous sinus | Mnemonic based solely on material in page 562 of First Aid 2022 Edition (i.e. the contents of the cavernous sinus). | To recall the contents of the cavernous sinus, use the mnemonic "I, TOMATO." I: Internal carotid artery TOM: Trigeminal Nerve (Ophthalmic and Maxillary divisions) A: Abducens nerve T: Trochlear nerve O: Oculomotor nerve | Mnemonic | |
| 32 | 285 | Cardiovascular | Embryology | Aortic arch derivatives | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1923100-overview?form=fpf | "Fight 4 your Rights" = right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the 4th arch | Mnemonic | |
| 33 | 350 | Endocrine | Pathology | Hypoglycemia in diabetes mellitus | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/118361-overview#a4 | In the flow chart showing the mechanism of decreased available insulin in diabetes mellitus, increased glycogenolysis leads to hyperglycemia and glycosuria, not “hypoglycemia” which in turn leads to osmotic diuresis and increased plasma osmolality. | Minor erratum | |
| 34 | 395 | Gastrointestinal | Pathology | Molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6089587/ | Chromosomal instability pathway is more common in left-sided CRC cases, not right-sided. | Major erratum | |
| 35 | 142 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Salmonella vs Shigella | UWorld | Important pathophysiology of Salmonella Typhi | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 36 | 464 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Anatomy | Common knee conditions | https://www.physio-pedia.com/Valgus_Stress_Test | Unhappy triad” - Valgus Force. The image is labeled correctly but the image of the leg could confuse and at first glance could be misconstrued to show a Varus force. | Minor erratum | |
| 37 | 347 | Endocrine | Pathology | Thyroid cancer | n/a | For Medullary Carcinoma's association with MEN 2A and 2B, "MEN2"llary carcinoma | Mnemonic | |
| 38 | 593 | Psychiatry | Pharmacology | Antipsychotics | Self-study | Hello! Within Ani-Psychotics, the part about extra-pyramidal symptoms feels very wordy. This picture helps understand the symptoms and their timeline better, I have also added in the pharmacology to make it complete. | Clarification to current text | |
| 39 | 108 | Immunology | Immune Responses | Cell surface proteins | 1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2924742/ | CD 94 as a new and important marker for Natural Killer cell (NK cell) along with CD 16 and CD 56. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 40 | 495 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pharmacology | Celecoxib | n/a | Celecoxib selectively inhibits COX-2 and not COX-1. There are 2 C's in CeleCoxib, to remember this fact. 2 C's for COX-2. | Mnemonic | |
| 41 | 514 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Cerebral arteries—cortical distribution | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559186/#:~:text=Man%20in%20a%20barrel%20syndrome%20is%20a%20neurological%20syndrome%20involving,cord%2C%20or%20bilateral%20brachial%20plexuses. | ACA-MCA doesn’t involve lower extremity weakness | Major erratum | |
| 42 | 105 | Immunology | Pathology | Complement disorders | Deficiency or dysfunction of C1 inhibitor (previously referred to as C1 esterase inhibitor) leads to elevated bradykinin, which causes edema due to vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. - UWorld | C1 esterase inhibitor is now called C1 inhibitor. | Clarification to current text | |
| 43 | 418 | Hematology and Oncology | Systems | Complement | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.3109/07853890.2016.1162909?needAccess=true | C1 inhibitor deficiency (previously called C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency) causes hereditary angioedema - UWorld | Clarification to current text | |
| 44 | 356 | Endocrine | Pathology | Multiple endocrine neoplasias | Sotos JG. Abraham Lincoln's marfanoid mother: the earliest known case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B? Clin Dysmorphol. 2012 Jul;21(3):131-136. doi: 10.1097/MCD.0b013e328353ae0c. PMID: 22504423. | " Abraham Lincoln is a MEN 2B" this will help the medical students to remember the important point that ppl with MEN 2B have a marfanoid habitus, and since Abraham Lincoln is known for his marfanoid habitus it will help the students remember it. | Mnemonic | |
| 45 | 318 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Syncope | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mechanisms-causes-and-evaluation-of-orthostatic-hypotension?search=orthostatic%20hypotension&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H5755741 | For the Diagnosis of Orthostatic Hypotension the drop in SBP should be ≥ 20mmHg and/or fall in DBP should be ≥10mmHg; it's not just ">", it is "more than or equal to". Time criteria should be "within two to five minutes of quiet standing (after a five-minute period of supine rest)". | Clarification to current text | |
| 46 | 318 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Syncope | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/carotid-sinus-hypersensitivity-and-carotid-sinus-syndrome?search=carotid%20sinus%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E28&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H3491581588 | Add "Carotid Sinus Syndrome" with the following contents: recurrent reflex syncope in individuals with carotid sinus hypersensitivity when carotid sinus is stimulated (neck massage, shaving, tightening a necktie); increased baroreceptor response. Pause Heart Rate for ≥3 seconds AND/OR fall in SBP by ≥50mmHg when carotid sinus is massaged. Risk factors includes: Coronary atherosclerosis, previous history of neck surgery or irradiation, advanced age >50years. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 47 | 319 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Rheumatic fever | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-rheumatic-fever-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis | A (add) "nonsuppurative" consequence of (remove pharyngeal) infection with Group A B-hemolytic streptococci...... Antibodies to M protein cross-react with self antigens (add Nerve and myocardial protein), often myosin due to molecular mimicry......... Under Treatment section add " a) For the Eradication of foci of infection: Penicillin V, Cephalosporin/Macrolides (if allergic to penicillin) b) For Arthritis: NSAIDs (Aspirin,Naproxen). For Prophylaxis: Penicillin G" .......... Under Mnemonics JONES REPLACE "Pancarditis" with "Carditis" | Clarification to current text | |
| 48 | 422 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Anemias | no needed | Add "Sideroblastic Anemia" to Microcytic anemia and make the mnemonics "TAILS" | Clarification to current text | |
| 49 | 423 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Mentzer index | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4123424/ | ...... between thalassemia and iron deficiency "anemia". (add anemia to iron deficiency). In the formula Mention: Mentzer Index = MCV/RBC "count in millions". Don't just mention RBC. Add Mnemonics of "I"ndex is "I"ncreased in "I"DA (highlight and bold all "I") | Clarification to current text | |
| 50 | 475 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Seronegative spondyloarthritis | not needed | Replace Inflammatory Bowel Disease with " Spondyloarthritis associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease" or "IBD associated spondyloarthritis" | Minor erratum | |
| 51 | 713 | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | self understood | Superior Gluteal injury: hip that drops due to (remove) adductor weakness. Correction: ..... due to defective "ABDUCTOR MECHANISM" | Minor erratum | |
| 52 | 98 | Immunology | Cellular | Major histocompatibility complex I and II | self understood | In the "DIAGRAM OF MHC II, Remove the LABEL OF SHORT AND LONG ARM", MHC-II has 2 arms of EQUAL LENGTH. | Minor erratum | |
| 53 | 204 | Pathology | Cellular | Cellular adaptations | mnemonic | on the picture, you can write - change in cell 'S'tructure - dy'S'plasia,; cell 'T'ype - me'T'apalsia | Mnemonic | |
| 54 | 440 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Leukemias | not needed | TRAP = T: Tartare-resistant acid phosphotase, R: Red pulp, A: Absent lymphadenopathy, P: Purine analog treatment (cladribine, pentostatin) | Mnemonic | |
| 55 | 145 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Syphilis | https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/Content.aspx?bookid=369§ionid=39914797 | In the text, you mentioned Neurosyphilis in the section about tertiary syphilis, which can be confusing in board questions. This is because Neurosyphilis can occur during secondary syphilis, which is a common occurrence. However, students often incorrectly link it to the tertiary stage. The supportive text from AccessMedicine: The nervous system is affected early in syphilis, and 10–25% of patients have CSF abnormalities at the time of the development of the secondary stage. | Clarification to current text | |
| 56 | 394 | Gastrointestinal | Pathology | Colonic polyps | https://accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=853§ionid=49662229 | In Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome, a notable and often emphasized diagnostic feature, particularly in board exams, is the occurrence of adult-onset ileoileal or jejunojejunal intussusception. This is a distinctive finding due to both its unique location and the age at which it occurs. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 57 | 126 | Microbiology | Basic Bacteriology | Pigment-producing bacteria | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinomyces_israelii | Israel has yellow sand. Needs to be removed, the bacterium itself was named after a German scientist, nothing to do with Israel. I also don’t like to use mnemonics that remind me of genocide thank you very much | Mnemonic | |
| 58 | 640 | Reproductive | Embryology | Uterine (Müllerian duct) anomalies | no need | incorrect hysterosalpigogram correct hysterosalpingogram | Spelling/formatting | |
| 59 | 187 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | Vancomycin | p136 first aid | clostridium difficile should be correct to clostridiodes difficile | Spelling/formatting | |
| 60 | 523 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | NEW FACT | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546640/ and https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/gracile-fasciculus | Rule of G: The Gracile (Goll's) fasciculus carries sensory information from T6 and below | Mnemonic | |
| 61 | 478 | Neurology and Special Senses | Embryology | NEW FACT | Nbme 26 | Craniosynostosis: premature fusion of cranial bone sutures. Premature closure of sagittal suture causes elongation of cranium in anteroposterior dimension. Bregma: point where sagittal and coronal suture meet. Premature closure of coronal suture= Brachycephaly | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 62 | 310 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Heart failure | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353029/ | n diastolic HF the EDV will be decrease not remain normal . The explanation of this, in patients with diastolic HF the compleince of ventricles will be low ( hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) So it will receive less blood from atrium (the cause of congestion ) so EDV will decrease (EDV proportion inversly to Ejection fraction, so EF will decrease ) and SV will decrease ( SV proportion directly to Ejection fraction ,so EF will decrease ) these make the EF preserved in Diastolic HF. (EF=SV÷EDV) | Major erratum | |
| 63 | 310 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Heart failure | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353029/ | In diastolic HF the EDV it will decrease will not remain normal . The explanation of that, in patients with diastolic HF the compliance of ventricles will be low(steffness in LV /ex , hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) So it will receive less blood from atrium because the size of ventricle will be less like in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the left ventricle have concentric hypertrophy growth of myocardial ,so EDV decrease (which can cause systemic or pulmonary congestion ) (EDV proportion inversely to Ejection fraction, so EF will decrease ) and SV will decrease ( sv =EDV-ESV)/ ( SV proportion directly to Ejection fraction ,so EF will decrease ) these make the EF preserved in Diastolic HF.(in diastolic HF : decrease of edv / increase in edvp / decrease sv / preserved EF) (EF=SV÷EDV) | Major erratum | |
| 64 | 310 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Heart failure | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353029/ | In diastolic HF the EDV it will decrease will not remain normal . The explanation of that, in patients with diastolic HF the compliance of ventricles will be low(steffness in LV /ex , hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) So it will receive less blood from atrium because the size of ventricle will be less like in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the left ventricle have concentric hypertrophy growth of myocardial ,so EDV decrease (which can cause systemic or pulmonary congestion ) (EDV proportion inversely to Ejection fraction, so EF will decrease ) and SV will decrease ( sv =EDV-ESV)/ ( SV proportion directly to Ejection fraction ,so EF will decrease ) these make the EF preserved in Diastolic HF.(in diastolic HF : decrease of edv / increase in edvp / decrease sv / preserved EF) (EF=SV÷EDV) | Major erratum | |
| 65 | 310 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Heart failure | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353029/ | In diastolic HF the EDV it will decrease will not remain normal . The explanation of that, in patients with diastolic HF the compliance of ventricles will be low(steffness in LV /ex , hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) So it will receive less blood from atrium because the size of ventricle will be less like in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the left ventricle have concentric hypertrophy growth of myocardial ,so EDV decrease (which can cause systemic or pulmonary congestion ) (EDV proportion inversely to Ejection fraction, so EF will decrease ) and SV will decrease ( sv =EDV-ESV)/ ( SV proportion directly to Ejection fraction ,so EF will decrease ) these make the EF preserved in Diastolic HF.(in diastolic HF : decrease of edv / increase in edvp / decrease sv / preserved EF) (EF=SV÷EDV) | Major erratum | |
| 66 | 316 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Heart failure | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353029/ https://cvphysiology.com/heart-failure/hf006 | In diastolic HF the EDV it will decrease will not remain normal . The explanation of that, in patients with diastolic HF the compliance of ventricles will be low(steffness in LV /ex , hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) So it will receive less blood from atrium because the size of ventricle will be less like in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the left ventricle have concentric hypertrophy growth of myocardial ,so EDV decrease (which can cause systemic or pulmonary congestion ) (EDV proportion inversely to Ejection fraction, so EF will decrease ) and SV will decrease ( sv =EDV-ESV)/ ( SV proportion directly to Ejection fraction ,so EF will decrease ) these make the EF preserved in Diastolic HF.(in diastolic HF : decrease of edv / increase in edvp / decrease sv / preserved EF) (EF=SV÷EDV) | Major erratum | |
| 67 | 359 | Endocrine | Pharmacology | Diabetes mellitus therapy | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/practice-changing-updates?search=tirzepatide&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2%7E16&usage_type=default&display_rank=1, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glucagon-like-peptide-1-based-therapies-for-the-treatment-of-type-2-diabetes-mellitus?search=tirzepatide&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4%7E16&usage_type=default&display_rank=3, | new class of dual-acting GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP] receptor agonists such as tirzepatide are growing in clinical use and relevance for patients with diabetes and weight loss.. In fact UpToDate has released a practice changing update recommending the use of Tirzepatide or semaglutide for weight loss over other medications. Tirzepatide has shown greater control for diabetes and weight loss. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 68 | 717 | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | NEW FACT | Oxford Practice Grammar | "Presbyopia - Aging-related impaired accommodation, likely due to primarily due to decreased lens elasticity" This description should state either "likely due to" or "primarily due to". | Spelling/formatting | |
| 69 | 742 | Section IV Top-Rated Review Resources | Section IV Top-Rated Review Resources | NEW FACT | https://bootcamp.com/med-school | Additional high yield review resource that I was surprised not to see on the list - Med School Bootcamp. Many of the students in my class use Bootcamp extensively to learn material - it is more highly favored than B&B, plus it offers review questions after each video, in addition to USMLE-style questions. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 70 | 720 | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | Vitamin K | FA 2024 | "Vitamin K deficiency - Hemorrhagic disease of newborn with aPTT, normal bleeding time" It states that bleeding time is normal, but just says aPTT. According to FA 2024 on p. 69 the aPTT would be elevated. Proposed correction would be to include an up arrow before aPTT. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 71 | 475 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Seronegative spondyloarthritis | Amboss | In reactive arthritis , you can add a picture for keratoderma blennorrhagica | Clarification to current text | |
| 72 | 149 | Microbiology | Photo Acknowledgments | Photo Acknowledgments | Self-made with reference to First aid step 1, UWorld. | Diagram/Image for "ORGANISMS & DISEASES CAUSED BY THEM around the world (GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION)" | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 73 | 360 | Endocrine | Pharmacology | Fludrocortisone | https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.lib.utah.edu/contents/fludrocortisone-drug-information?search=fludrocortisone&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E64&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1 | Would add "hyponatremia" to "clinical uses", and would also add "hypernatremia, hyperchloremia, hypokalemia, and hypomagnesemia" to the "adverse effects." I think clinically speaking, the hypokalemia is the most clinically significant as it usually requires daily replacement. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 74 | 52 | Biochemistry | Laboratory Techniques | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay | none | In the illustration for indirect ELISA, an enzyme is mistakenly drawn for the primary antibody. | Minor erratum | |
| 75 | 55 | Biochemistry | Genetics | Population genetics | none | Genetic drift: chance instead of change | Spelling/formatting | |
| 76 | 600 | Renal | Anatomy | Renal blood flow | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-living-kidney-donors?search=living+donor+renal+transplant+left+kidney+longer+renal+vein&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Rule of L's: "L"eft kidney is taken during "L"iving donor transp"L"antation because it has a "L"onger renal vein | Mnemonic | |
| 77 | 427 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Nonhemolytic, normocytic anemias | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/aplastic-anemia-pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=fatty%20infiltration%20of%20hypocellular%20bone%20marrow%20aplastic%20anemia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Rule of A's for aplastic anemia causing fatty infiltration of hypocellular bone marrow: "A"dipose "Arrives" in "A"plastic "A"nemia | Mnemonic | |
| 78 | 115 | Immunology | Immune Responses | Immunodeficiencies | n/a | the car SKIDs 2 a stop. SCID associated with IL-2R gamma defect. | Mnemonic | |
| 79 | 152 | Microbiology | Parasitology | Protozoa—gastrointestinal infections | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cryptosporidiosis-treatment-and-prevention | Hello, first and foremost, I have to say that the edition I'm studying with is the 2023 edition, so I'm unsure if this suggested correction was already mentioned and added into the 2024 edition. But nonetheless, thank you very much for your consideration of this suggestion. In the Cryptosporidium entry under Protozoa—gastrointestinal infections, the treatment has listed "nitazoxanide in immunocompromised hosts". However, after looking online, it seems that nitazoxanide, while approved by the FDA for use in immunocompetent patients, currently has uncertain/unconfirmed findings in the treatment of cyrptosporidium in immunocompromised hosts. Whether this is something that should be changed in future additions or not, thank you very much for your consideration and for making First Aid such a helpful study source for Step 1. | Clarification to current text | |
| 80 | 676 | Reproductive | Pharmacology | Selective estrogen receptor modulators | Self-study | Hello! For Tamoxifen v/s Raloxifene I have put it in a simple table format for better understanding | Clarification to current text | |
| 81 | 429 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Extrinsic hemolytic anemias | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/warm-autoimmune-hemolytic-anemia-aiha-in-adults?topicRef=7084&source=see_link | Under AIHA, it is mentioned that both warm and cold AIHA are extravascular. However, both have an intravascular component in some cases as mentioned in the attached files. | Minor erratum | |
| 82 | 507 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Meninges | in the textbook | The image of the meninges doesnt have words written in English, instead it has boxes with x's in them | Spelling/formatting | |
| 83 | 612 | Renal | Physiology | Acid-base physiology | n/a | The acid-base physiology table on p612 is formatted with the compensatory response in red arrows. The majority of tables in First Aid instead format the causative change with a red arrow. It is confusing to read a table that is formatted differently, expecting the differently colored arrows to indicate the primary causative change per usual. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 84 | 626 | Renal | Pathology | Renal oncocytoma | N/A | Text indicates an arrow should exist in diagram A, but no arrow is shown. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 85 | 528 | Neurology and Special Senses | Neuropathology | Intracranial hemorrhage | N/A. This is an original mnemonic. | Classically, it is said on head/brain CT that Epidural Hematoma appears biconvex (lentiform/lens-shaped) and that Subdural Hematoma appears crescent-shaped. This is even noted in the current First Aid version. However, I had the most trouble remembering these two high yield facts (until recently) and propose we include the following mnemonic I created (which has been a game-changer for me): [Epidural: Egg-shaped. Subdural: Sock-shaped. (Epidural is shaped like an Egg. Subdural is shaped like a Sock.)] We could even go farther to address whether each condition "crosses suture lines". For example... [Epidural. Egg. Exclusive. (does not cross suture lines). Subdural. Sock. Sailor (or Surfer). (crosses suture lines).] Thanks for your consideration and for all your help with preparation for Step 1! | Mnemonic | |
| 86 | 690 | Respiratory | Physiology | Response to high altitude | N/A | Should be a colon after "Chronic ↑ in ventilation" indicating the following changes listed below this line only occur in the chronic hyperventilatory state. Currently reads "Chronic ↑ in ventilation." This does not intuitively appear to be a header for the information listed below. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 87 | 293 | Cardiovascular | Physiology | Pressure-volume loops and valvular disease | UWorld Step 1 Qbank - Question ID 945 -> Explanation of choice (A) | Under title of Aortic Regurgitation, explanation (in words) is correct, but graph is wrong. Aortic Regurgitation -> blood backflows in LV during diastole -> EDV increases -> SV increase (this is correctly written in FIrst Aid) but the graph is wrong. Due to increased SV -> Systolic pressure also increases (not 120 mm Hg). | Major erratum | |
| 88 | 669 | Reproductive | Pathology | Benign breast diseases | N/A | An easy way for students to remember mastitis: mass tits (inflammation="mass" in the breast="tits"). I apologize in advance for the vulgar slang. | Mnemonic | |
| 89 | 176 | Microbiology | Systems | Bugs causing diarrhea | N/A | Causes of watery diarrhea: "VIRAL PRO TRAVELERS PReFer a DIFFerent Concierge" (VIRUSES, PROtozoa, ETEC (TRAVELER'S diarrhea), C PeRFringens, C DIFF, Cholerae) | Mnemonic | |
| 90 | 176 | Microbiology | Systems | Bugs causing diarrhea | https://medinaz.com/blog/2022/08/24/bloody-diarrhea-causing-pathogens-mnemonic/ | Causes of bloody diarrhea: bloodY CASES | Mnemonic | |
| 91 | 239 | Pharmacology | Autonomic Drugs | Cholinomimetic agents | n/a | "Carbachol curtain call" closed curtains (eg after a theater performance) analagous to constricted pupils/ a lower pressure environment | Mnemonic | |
| 92 | 522 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Spinal tract anatomy and functions | No need (Mnemonic) | Spinothalamic tract: “pino” = pain. Thalamic = thermal (temperature). | Mnemonic | |
| 93 | 502 | Neurology and Special Senses | Embryology | Syringomyelia | Pathoma 2023 (I’ll provide a screenshot from the book in the file attachments section) | Most lesions occur between C8 and T1, but not to the extent of C2-T9! | Minor erratum | |
| 94 | 84 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Glycogen | Supporting evidence: Page 72 of USMLE First Aid has the correct direction of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis | In the second figure, the arrows in glycolysis is going from G1P to G6P to Glucose. These should be flipped. The arrows under gluconeogenesis should be flipped as well | Minor erratum | |
| 95 | 476 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Systemic lupus erythematosus | 1. AMBOSS Library , 2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36774306/ | As per recent data, the most common cause of death in SLE patients is due to cardiovascular diseases. (Actually the current advancements in treatment of kidney diseases have led to decreased mortality due to kidney failure among SLE patients and so now, cardiovascular diseases are most common cause of death in SLE.) | Clarification to current text | |
| 96 | 372 | Gastrointestinal | Anatomy | Portosystemic anastomoses | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4062210/ | There is an error in the existing portosystemic anastomoses image because the splenic vein should anastomoses with superior mesenteric artery after inferior mesenteric to make portal vein not to paraumbilical vien | Minor erratum | |
| 97 | 5 | Section IV Top-Rated Review Resources | Section IV Top-Rated Review Resources | Section IV Top-Rated Review Resources | Noticed it while reading | Hello! Bringing a typo from the Pixorize section to your attention- Comparable "to to" Sketchy and Picmonic. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 98 | 149 | Microbiology | Mycology | Systemic mycoses | Self-study | Hello! I was studying systemic mycoses and created a small diagram to help clarify the different forms fungi can take. Hope it helps! | Clarification to current text | |
| 99 | 725 | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | Dementia | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-cognitive-impairment-and-dementia | Chorea, "dementia", caudate degeneration, "dementia" (The word dementia is entered twice in the same line) | Spelling/formatting | |
| 100 | 717 | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | none | Aging-related impaired accommodation, " likely due to primarily due to" decreasd lens elasticity | Spelling/formatting | |
| 101 | 712 | Respiratory | Pharmacology | Phosphodiesterase inhibitors | https://www.daliresp.com/#:~:text=DALIRESP%20is%20not%20a%20bronchodilator,is%20not%20the%20effective%20dose. | Roflumilast is stated to bronchodilate, but it is not a bronchodilator | Major erratum | |
| 102 | 156 | Microbiology | Parasitology | Nematodes (roundworms) | N/A | ANcylostoma causes microcytic ANemia | Mnemonic | |
| 103 | 156 | Microbiology | Parasitology | Nematodes (roundworms) | N/A | "Enterobius VERMIcularis makes you SQUIRMY" (causes anal pruritus) | Mnemonic | |
| 104 | 156 | Microbiology | Parasitology | Nematodes (roundworms) | N/A | "Ethyl the witch loves to luau luau" - diETHYLcarbamazine treats WUCHereria bancrofti and LOA LOA | Mnemonic | |
| 105 | 585 | Psychiatry | Pathology | Narcolepsy | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-narcolepsy-in-adults | If when you laugh you're still (cataplexy), take you some modafinil | Mnemonic | |
| 106 | 599 | Renal | Physiology | Fluid compartments | n/a | The new mnemonic 'salty banana' is not helpful, because it doesn't distinguish intracellular from extracellular. The 2023 version 'HIKIN' was more useful. | Mnemonic | |
| 107 | 602 | Renal | Physiology | Calculation of reabsorption and secretion rate | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fractional-excretion-of-sodium-urea-and-other-molecules-in-acute-kidney-injury?search=fena&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E37&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | FeNa us usually styled as FENa | Spelling/formatting | |
| 108 | 613 | Renal | Physiology | Renal tubular acidosis | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-and-diagnosis-of-distal-type-1-and-proximal-type-2-renal-tubular-acidosis?search=renal%20tubular%20acidosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Mutations in the Cl/HCO3 exchanger AE1 also cause RTA1. This is not shown in the cell model on the left. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 109 | 563 | Neurology and Special Senses | Pharmacology | Parkinson disease therapy | N/A | Blocking MOA-“A”: “A”ntidepression. Blocking MOA-“B”: “B”arkinson’s treatment. | Mnemonic | |
| 110 | 241 | Pharmacology | Autonomic Drugs | Sympathomimetics | https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00841 | Dobutamine says -/decrease BP when it should be -/increase BP | Major erratum | |
| 111 | 555 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Horner syndrome | none | It says anhidrosis is absent under horner syndrome, so does that mean no sweating is absent ? Because the word anhidrosis means little to no sweating. | Minor erratum | |
| 112 | 378 | Gastrointestinal | Physiology | Gastrointestinal regulatory substances | Not needed | Mnemonic for the cells secreting these substances: somatostatin by D cells (somaDosDaDin), CCK by I cells (cholecystokInIn), secretin by S cells (Secretin), gastrin by G cells (Gastrin), GIP by K cells (gluKose-dependent insulinotropic peptide/ gastriK inhibitory peptide), Ghrelin by stomach (Gastric), Leptin by adipose tissue (Lipids) | Mnemonic | |
| 113 | 522 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Cranial nerves and arteries | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534861/figure/article-19565.image.f2/?report=objectonly | Ive attached the photo i'm referencing below, the diagram shows the brain, circle of willis and the cranial nerves; in the inferior to superior view, (caudal view). The grey matter in the spinal cord inidicates that the anterior spinal artery runs along the dorsal side of the spinal cord, which is not correct, its been confusing me for a while till I released it is a mistake. The gray matter should be flipped and the posterior horns should be facing the other side. | Minor erratum | |
| 114 | 85 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Glycogen storage diseases | N/A | Not sure how high yield this is, but Glycogen Storage Disease type VI is knows as Hers disease, which is classified by a deficiency in Hepatic glycogen phosphorylase. Hers for Hepatic (H for H). | Clarification to current text | |
| 115 | 164 | Microbiology | Virology | Paramyxoviruses | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/4/4/613 | RSV is listed twice in the families Paramyxovirus and Pneumovirus. It looks like Pneumovirus is a subfamily within Paramyxovirus. | Minor erratum | |
| 116 | 263 | Section I | Epidemiology & Biostatistics | Confounding vs effect modification | Text is inconsistent with diagram | it says "Note: Association disappeared after stratification" but the diagram shows a strong association between smokers and drinking coffee and weak/no association for non smokers who drink coffee (in the confounding section) | Major erratum | |
| 117 | 36 | Biochemistry | Molecular | DNA replication | N/A | "There are two sides to every story" - etopoSIDE and tenipoSIDE inhibit topoisomerase TWO | Mnemonic | |
| 118 | 64 | Biochemistry | Nutrition | Vitamin B1 | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-water-soluble-vitamins?search=wet%20beriberi&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | WET beriberi causes peripheral EDEMA (excess fluid) secondary to high-output cardiac failure | Mnemonic | |
| 119 | 339 | Endocrine | Physiology | Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias | 1. Laffin LJ, Rodman D, Luther JM, et al. Aldosterone Synthase Inhibition With Lorundrostat for Uncontrolled Hypertension: The Target-HTN Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2023;330(12):1140-1150. 2. Freeman MW, Halvorsen YD, Marshall W, et al. Phase 2 Trial of Baxdrostat for Treatment-Resistant Hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(5):395-405. 3. Oaks MK, Raff H. Differentiation of the expression of aldosterone synthase and 11 beta-hydroxylase mRNA in the rat adrenal cortex by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1995;54(5-6):193-199. 4. Raff H, Gehrand A, Bruder ED, Hoffman MJ, Engeland WC, Moreno C. Renin knockout rat: control of adrenal aldosterone and corticosterone synthesis in vitro and adrenal gene expression. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2015;308(1):R73-R77. | Aldosterone synthase catalyzes the conversion of 11-deoxycorticosterone -> Corticosterone AND corticosterone -> Aldosterone | Minor erratum | |
| 120 | 462 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Overuse injuries of the elbow | N/A | mnemonic "Mini Golf is Fun" . Medial, Golfer’s elbow, repeat Flexion | Mnemonic | |
| 121 | 504 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Sensory receptors | N/A | Pacinian Corpuscle: play pacman: play under pressure and controller vibrates. Meissner: tapping on a “miss’s” shoulder who’s hairless, gently | Mnemonic | |
| 122 | 88 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Ketone bodies | https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/02%3A_Unit_II-_Bioenergetics_and_Metabolism/16%3A_The_Citric_Acid_Cycle/16.03%3A_Regulation_of_the_Citric_Acid_Cycle#:~:text=Citrate%20synthase%20is%20regulated%20in,inhibitor%20of%20acetyl%2DCoA%20binding. | Chronic alcohol overuse creates a high NADH state which inhibits citrate synthase, thus leading to an accumulation of oxaloacetate. The First Aid text states only that high NADH state leads to an accumulation of oxaloacetate and fails to explain why a buildup of oxaloacetate would downregulate the TCA cycle. Without the knowledge that NADH inhibits citrate synthase, it is not intuitive to grasp that an increase in oxaloacetate would downregulate rather than fuel further iterations of the TCA cycle. | Clarification to current text | |
| 123 | 342 | Endocrine | Pathology | Primary polydipsia and diabetes insipidus | UWorld Step 2 Bank is the main source. NIH Article- https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470458/&ved=2ahUKEwjX2oKxrMqFAxW9UGwGHcJIDakQFnoECCQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2un471p9L2iNXvr_aSxqf- | Patients with AVP deficiency (AVP-D) (formerly central diabetes insipidus) or AVP resistance (AVP-R) (formerly nephrogenic diabetes insipidus) have impaired urinary concentrating ability and produce inappropriately dilute urine. This name update would require major changes wherever central/nephrogenic diabetes insidious is mentioned in the book. | Major erratum | |
| 124 | 446 | Hematology and Oncology | Pharmacology | Tamoxifen | UWorld Q ID 581 and UptoDate: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/abnormal-uterine-bleeding-and-uterine-pathology-in-patients-on-tamoxifen-therapy/print | Adverse effects of Tamoxifen include Uterine Sarcoma (in addition to endometrial cancer). This is extremely High yield. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 125 | 350 | Endocrine | Pathology | Diabetes mellitus | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/molecular-features-of-food-allergens?search=glycosylation%20and%20glycation&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E117&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 AND https://next.amboss.com/us/article/lt0vd3?q=diabetic+nephropathy#Zd107f9da1c66ed0ee9bcc2ce6d1c0694 | "non-enzymatic glycation" is an error on wording. Glycation is Non-Enzymatic Glycosylation. Glycosylation is an enzymatic process and usually limited to intracellular environment. Glycation is spontaneos and not requiring an enzyme, which is why it happens a lot in the extracellular vasculature. pg 616 and 711 also have this error. | Minor erratum | |
| 126 | 432 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Platelet disorders | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/immune-thrombocytopenia-itp-in-adults-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis?search=ITP&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | Immune Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a production of Antibodies against any Platelet antigen. But the text makes it seem exclusively characterized by Anti GpIIb/IIIa antibodies. UpToDate quote "The principal mechanism is thought to involve specific autoantibodies (typically, IgG), most often directed against platelet membrane glycoproteins such as GPIIb/IIIa [3-7]" | Minor erratum | |
| 127 | 620 | Renal | Pathology | Acute interstitial nephritis | "There are theories that the immune response may be overactive or in some cases inappropriate, and that this results in ongoing inflammation, the formation of granulomas, and in some cases, for scarring or fibrosis to occur. There is some growing evidence that this sarcoidosis immune response may also include an “autoimmune” response, with some reaction to “self” proteins. However, at the current time we do NOT consider sarcoidosis for the most part to be an autoimmune disease, like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematosis (lupus)." https://www.stopsarcoidosis.org/what-is-sarcoidosis/causes-risk-factors/ .................... ClinicalKey article for Sarcoidosis doesn't list that it's autoimmune. https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/clinical_overview/67-s2.0-c82bceae-8bdb-47ea-be2e-47472e8b0764#clinical-clarification-heading-6 | or autoimmune diseases (eg, Sjögren syndrome, SLE, sarcoidosis). | Minor erratum | |
| 128 | 311 | Cardiovascular | Pathology | Narrow complex tachycardias | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-atrial-fibrillation-rhythm-control-versus-rate-control?search=atrial%20fibrillation&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2 | This is both an addition+mnemonic, For "Rate Control" We can use - ABCD. A- Atrial Fibrillation B- Beta Blockers, C- Calcium channel blockers D- Digoxin. It's in synchronization with it's line of treatment (BB,CCB are 1st line, Digoxin is 2nd line) we can also add in "A" , the drug "Amiodarone" as 3rd line so it's "312" "ABCD" - Amiodarone 3rd line, BB+CCB 1st line, Digoxin 2nd line. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 129 | 432 | Hematology and Oncology | Pathology | Platelet disorders | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/uremic-platelet-dysfunction#H73411787 | "In patients with renal failure, uremic toxins accumulate and interfere with platelet adhesion." add "and aggregation." --> "In patients with renal failure, uremic toxins accumulate and interfere with platelet adhesion and aggregation." | Minor erratum | |
| 130 | 512 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Basal ganglia | N/A | Rule of D's: Dopamine is Direct and wants to Dance: Dopamine stimulates direct pathway to increase motion | Mnemonic | |
| 131 | 111 | Immunology | Immune Responses | Hypersensitivity types | 1.ROBBINS&COTRAN PATHOLOGIC OF DISEASE (tenth edition) 2.RAPID REVIEW PATHOLOGY EDWARD F. GOLJAN (fifth edition) 3. BASIC IMMUNOLOGY ABUL K. ABBAS (sixth edition) (I will provide photo from the books in the file attachements section)) | In type III reaction Examples: Rheumatoid arthritis. But Rheumatoid arthritis is in type IV reaction (T cell-mediated diseases)) | Minor erratum | |
| 132 | 516 | Neurology and Special Senses | Anatomy and Physiology | Cranial nerve nuclei | no needed | Rule of 4: Each of the 3 motor columns has 4 nuclei. From medial to lateral General somatic: Oculomotor nucleus (III), Trochlear nucleus (IV), Abducens nucleus (VI) and Hypoglossal nucleus (XII) General Visceral: Edinger-Westphal nucleus (III), superior salivatory nucleus (VII), inferior salivatory nucleus (IX) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (X). Special Visceral: Trigeminal motor nucleus (V), Facial nucleus (VII), Nucleus ambiguus (IX, X) and Spinal accessory nucleus | Mnemonic | |
| 133 | 479 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Vasculitides | Not nedded | Diseases with positive P-ANCA/MPO-ANCA: CoMPUterS (C: Churg strauss syndrome, M: Microscopic polyangiitis, P: P-ANCA (or MPU: MPO-ANCA), U: UC, S: 1• Sclerosing cholangitis. | Mnemonic | |
| 134 | 477 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue | Pathology | Polymyositis/dermatomyositis | Not needed | Pathophysiology of Polymyositis/ dermatomyositis: PDDP: Polymyositis= enDomysial inflammation vs Dermatomyositis= Perimysial inflammation. Polymyositis= muscular (8 letters) disease= CD8+ vs Dermatomyositis= skin (4 letters) disease= CD4+ | Mnemonic | |
| 135 | 559 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Visual field defects | N/A | Diagram has (4) and (7) icons misplaced, and (7) icon is overlaid on top of text. | Minor erratum | |
| 136 | 713 | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123577-overview?form=fpf#a4 | Myxedema in Hypothyroidism, you wrote an increase in CAGs in interstitial space, it should be GAGs | Spelling/formatting | |
| 137 | 86 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Lysosomal storage diseases | For Everything Else: First Aid and For Danon Disease: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/lysosome-associated-membrane-protein-2-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease-iib-danon-disease?search=danon%20disease%20x%20linked%20dominant&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 | To Remember the Inheritance of Lysosomal Storage Diseases: stoRAge-AR-Majority are Autosomal Recessive eXcept three are X-linked(Xception). Danon is X-linked Dominant(D for Dominant) and HunteR and FabRy are X-Linked Recessive.(R for recessive) | Mnemonic | |
| 138 | 172 | Microbiology | Virology | Hepatitis serologic markers | UpToDate: Hepatitis B virus: Screening and diagnosis | On the table in the Recovery Phase the Anti-HBc should be +(IgG) | Major erratum | |
| 139 | 606 | Renal | Physiology | Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | N/A | Macula densa is in the thick ascending limb (aka distal straight tubule) not the Distal convoluted tubule | Major erratum | |
| 140 | 607 | Renal | Physiology | Juxtaglomerular apparatus | N/A | Macula densa is in the thick ascending limb (aka distal straight tubule) not the Distal convoluted tubule | Minor erratum | |
| 141 | 608 | Renal | Physiology | Potassium shifts | see attachment | The transmembrane movement of K+ down its gradient is diffusion not solvent drag (which is a paracellular phenomenon unrelated to ion gradients) | Clarification to current text | |
| 142 | 608 | Renal | Physiology | Potassium shifts | N/A | No such thing as a H/K exchange (except for the ATPase). There is no electrochemical gradient that could support K+ uptake and H+ extrusion. This is just the appearance of H/K exchange due to alkali-stimulation of the Na/K ATPase as correctly noted in previous editions. | Clarification to current text | |
| 143 | 606 | Renal | Physiology | Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-renin-angiotensin-system?search=renin%20angiotensin%20aldosterone%20system&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H7496555 | The effect of systemic ANGII is to constrict both afferent and efferent to lower RBF/GFR. This diagram is showing the effect of low dose ANGII in TG Feedback, which does not belong on this diagram. | Major erratum | |
| 144 | 632 | Reproductive | Embryology | Important genes of embryogenesis | N/A | "Head to Butt": HomeoBox genes control segmental organization of embryo in CRANIO-CAUDAL axis | Mnemonic | |
| 145 | 634 | Reproductive | Embryology | Teratogens | N/A | "Can't go WARFARING without strong BONES to march and EYES to see the enemy": Warfarin caues bone deformities and optic nerve atrophy | Mnemonic | |
| 146 | 634 | Reproductive | Embryology | Placenta | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539704/#:~:text=HCG%20is%20vital%20in%20the,as%20the%20corpus%20luteum%20graviditatis. | "Hey Corpus luteum, Grow!": hCG: stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone (to grow CL lining) | Mnemonic | |
| 147 | 576 | Psychiatry | Psychology | Psychosis | n/a | "Contrast with illusions, which are misperceptions of real external stimuli (eg, mistaking a shadow for a black cat)" is repeated twice in the same paragraph (2nd time "Contrast with misperceptions (eg, illusions) of real external stimuli") | Minor erratum | |
| 148 | 185 | Microbiology | Antimicrobials | Piperacillin | https://www-uptodate-com.aucmed.idm.oclc.org/contents/principles-of-antimicrobial-therapy-of-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-infections?search=Principles%20of%20antimicrobial%20therapy%20of%20Pseudomonas%20aeruginosa%20infections&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H6674980 | Mnemonic to help remember to use Piperacillin on Pseudomonas " Pipe down Pseudomonas" | Mnemonic | |
| 149 | 414 | Hematology and Oncology | Anatomy | Eosinophils | https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1581§ionid=108064598 | Eosinophils also produce IL-5 (which is not mentioned in the book), along with MBP, histaminase, etc. (which are already mentioned in the book). This addition will help connect the dots on IL-5 antagonist for Pharmacology section on page 706 as well. | High-yield addition to next year | |
| 150 | 86 | Biochemistry | Metabolism | Lysosomal storage diseases | Not needed | [Note- Only mnemonic letters are taken in capital letters] sphingolipidoses: 1) " TEXaS GANG " - Tay Sachs, hEXosaminidase, GANGleoside 2) " FACT " - FAbry, Angiokeratomas, Ceramic Trihexoside 3) " MET ARYA in CAR SUv " - METachromatic leukodystrophy, Arylsulfatase A, CERebroside (CAR) SUlfate. 4) " GALena PSYCHOlogist IN KRABi " - GALactocerebroside PSYCHOsINe, KRABbe 5) " GAUtaM LIkes GLUe " - GAUcher, Macrophages, LIpid, GLUcocerebroside 6) " NICKy in SPaIN " - NIemann piCK, SPhINgomyelin. mucopolysaccharidoses: 1) " HURt ALIson DERMATologist " - HURler syndrome, A-L-Iduronidase, DERMATan sulfate. 2) " HUNT IDriS " - HUNTer syndrome, IDuronate-2 Sulfatase. | Mnemonic | |
| 151 | 559 | Neurology and Special Senses | Ophthalmology | Visual field defects | none | Numbers on the right are unrelated to the numbers on the left | Minor erratum | |
| 152 | 411 | Hematology and Oncology | Embryology | Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn | None | It might make sense to switch ABO hemolytic disease and Rh hemolytic disease in the table to match the above Blood groups for the students. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 153 | 207 | Pathology | Pathology | Psammoma bodies | Same Info as FA 2024, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/papillary-thyroid-cancer-clinical-features-and-prognosis#subscribeMessage | Better mnemonic: PSaMMOMa: Papillary thyroid carcinoma, Serous Ovarian carcinoma, Meningioma, Mesothelioma, Milk( Prolactinoma) | Mnemonic | |
| 154 | 142 | Microbiology | Clinical Bacteriology | Salmonella vs Shigella | https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-salmonella-gastroenteritis#:~:text=The%20typhoidal%20Salmonella%2C%20such%20as,with%20little%20or%20no%20diarrhea. | It is mentioned that the spread of salmonella typhi is hematogenous while it is mostly due to feco oral transmission which is not mentioned | Major erratum | |
| 155 | 711 | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | Rapid Review | Not needed | The entry for "Euvolemic hyponatremia in SIADH" states increased "ANB" instead of "ANP" (atrial natriuretic peptide). ANP is mentioned on page 342. | Spelling/formatting | |
| 156 | 572 | Psychiatry | Psychology | NEW FACT | Spelling Error, Provided in the Picture | In the page 572 of the latest edition, in child milestones ==> in toddler milestones (12-36 months) and in the second column there is "Recreation", "Rapproachment" "Realization" and it should be spelt "Reapproachment" not "Rapproachment" | Minor erratum | |